Definition: of "Massacre" for this document.

There are many personalized interpretations of what the term "Massacre" should be applied to.

The range of definitions and applications of the word vary by ..

1. Numbers of individuals: from 3 persons and up.
2. Gender of individuals: women, men, women & children, all persons.
3. Degree of Helplessness: civilians, no weapons, captured, disabled, dependent.
4. Religious affiliation: often, one group will only show concern for their own members.
5. Racial assumption - categorization: often, a self-defined group will consider all others as Rejects.
6. Historical date or period: often, only events preserved in the histories of the survivors.
7. Species boundaries: aboriginals have often been assumed to be non-human.
8. Duration of Event: often noted as what happens in a day or several days.

The definition applied here is according to the Guidelines I have received from Spiritual Guidance in answer to my prayer for what boundaries are best Relevant to a consideration of this practice.

"Massacre" in THIS document is defined as:

1. Numbers of individuals: More than 60.
   --- Smaller numbers may be the result of personal, rather than organizational, choice.
2. Gender of individuals: Either gender; any.
3. Degree of Helplessness: Not prepared to defend.
4. Religious affiliation: Any self-named organization.
5. Racial assumption - categorization: Any.
6. Historical date or period: as Spiritually Guided.
   --- This may include earlier than surviving records, as given by Spiritual Guidance.
7. Species boundaries: any lifeform which is part of the same genome.
8. Duration of Event:
   --- the behavior may be short (Rage/Hate) or, longer (Hate/Dissociation/Cultural)

NOTE:
Reported numbers are most often incorrect.
Aggressors frequently minimize the numbers they have murdered, from shame, or, insensitivity.
Victimized groups often have no identity records in the aggressor population, or, they are destroyed.
An absence of literate survivors able to become educated and self-sufficient in the aggressor culture can provide NO voice to leave a record of numbers and event descriptions.

RELEVANCY:
There are other massive losses of life in human history which involve equal, and often larger, losses of life. These are often without the massive imposition of terror/shock Energy Block creation in the remaining population. They also do not present opportunities for aggressor political systems to manipulate and dramatize the realities into extensive imprinted HATE, which encourages generations long feud-type of prejudice, vengeance, miscommunication, victimization, and further Energy Block creation .. this time in the original aggressor population. Examples of non-massacre events are these:

• Economic collapses through mismanagement resulting in widespread poverty, starvation, conflict.
• Endemic chronic illnesses ... including multiple parasite, virus, and bacterial spread.
• Pandemic plagues and acute illnesses ... encouraged by poor sanitation, overpopulation, etc.
• Earthquakes resulting in significant numbers of building collapses and infrastructure losses.
• Floods resulting from defoliation, unusually heavy rainfalls, poor selection of building locations.
• Forest Fires which grow in size and devastation as a result of ecological interference by humans.
• Massive technological breakdowns, including nuclear power plant meltdowns, power grid failures ....
• Tsunamis which are significant enough to result in high level immediate flooding of shorelines.
• Volcanic eruptions and their associated (mud flood, toxic gases, lava flows) results.

Unlike the human perpetrated massacres, the above more natural events can be AVOIDED by the use of Spiritual Guidance (warnings), Intuition (sensitivity), Ecological awareness (actions of other lifeforms), Historical discernment (the reality of past and patterned events), and Population balancing (to eliminate the densification of populations, the use of weather risk areas as building locations, the interruption of natural means of ecological harmonization by well intentioned yet misunderstood patterns in nature.

Loss of life, by these means, and in these ways, demonstrates the great wastefulness of massacres as population control events, additionally frustrated by the willful destructive use of resources (metals, energy, chemicals, food) and skills.

    70 AD-08-09 AD :   +1,000,000 - Massacre of Jerusalem -- Jewish citizens by Roman troops.
Project Earth, 04-399BC-99AD.htm

... the Romans who are intent upon eliminating a rebellious group of colonials as an example for the rest of the empire. The reward of God for their denial and murder of his messenger and example, Jesus Messiah (Christ) was evident in the description of Flavius Josephus. He wrote that the hills surrounding Jerusalem were studded with thousands of crosses as far as the eye could see during the final siege. A year after the fall of Jerusalem, in 71 A.D., as a final reaction against the un-Christian and typically ethnocentric Jewish conflict with the Roman nation, the Romans ploughed the Temple Mount and the city and the nearby land around Jerusalem, and sowed it with salt - an effective sterilizer of the soil, which would make the lands a desert.

The Christian response, promoted by Jesus Messiah, would have been peaceful co-existence, politically, and an adoption of a spiritually-based lifestyle. Instead, rather than be reactionaries - seeking to change the human status quo, the Jews had continually rebelled - to adopt the status quo equally for themselves apart from the Romans. They had sought the materialistic seeking and human authority-based lifestyle of the Romans, and, as an independent nation, they presented themselves as direct opposition to the Roman nation and empire.

For almost 600 years, the Roman tribal military state had been expanding, consolidating, losing, and recapturing territory. Particularly during the past 30 years, the quest for territorial power and the degradation of the office of the emperor had been dominant trends. The emperors saw that they were on the verge of their power and territory beginning to slip away: civil disorder and terrorism had to be crushed, now.

Despite the firm orders of the Roman centurions, their enraged soldiers threw torches into the Jewish Second Temple and within minutes it was fully ablaze. The Roman General Titus, had seen the beautiful Temple, then considered the greatest building in the Roman Empire, and had not wanted it to be destroyed. He had implored the Jewish defenders to surrender on the terms that the Temple and the city not be destroyed. A huge number of pilgrims had entered the city shortly before the Roman encirclement, to celebrate the Feast of the Passover: the population had swelled to 1,250,000.

As the Temple burned, the heat melted the sheets of gold that covered much of the building, and the molten gold ran down into every crack between the foundation stones. When the fire finally cooled, the Roman soldiers used wedges and crowbars to overturn every stone to search for this gold, thus fulfilling the words of Jesus Messiah (Christ):

The Christian New Testament: The Gospel of St. Luke, 19: 43 - 44
"For the days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, an compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side, and shall lay thee even with the ground, and thy children within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one stone upon another; because thou knewest not the time of thy visitation"

  135 AD-08-09 AD :   +2,918,000 - Israel: Jews in opposition to, and by Roman troops.
Project Earth, 05-100-1199.htm

The emperor Hadrian brought his legions against the Jewish army of Simon Bar Kochba, on the 9th day of Av (the Jewish month of August), and the anniversary of the burning of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 A.D. Dio Cassius, the Roman historian, wrote that more than 580,000 men were killed by the sword alone, not counting those which died afterwards by fire and famine which followed. It was a desperate battle southwest of Jerusalem. Dio Cassius, wrote that the horses of the Romans were wading in blood up to their girth in the mud and mire of the valley battleground. This was the last great army of an independent Israel; it was slaughtered without mercy. More than 3,000,000 Jews died throughout the Middle East, leading to a dispersion of the Jews which would last almost 18 centuries.

   581-618 :   +1,950,000 - China, The Sui Dynasty - forced labor building of the Sui canal.
Project Earth, 05-100-1199.htm

The Sui Dynasty in China, resulted in the imperial unity being restored over the country.
It's capital, Ch'ang-an, was relocated to the political north while its granary remained in the fertile and productive south.

The Sui Canal was built to connect the two sites.
It was built from corvee labour mandated from the regions local to each section of it.
3.6 million labourers were assembled from all able-bodied men between the age of 15 and 20.
In more sparsely populated areas, all of the commoners between the age of 15 and 55 were forced to work.
Those who would not or could not fulfil the demands placed on them were punished by flogging and neck-weights.

A child, old man, or woman from the same region was drafted to bear food for each labourer.
Including 50,000 police and section chiefs, the total numbered 5.5 million. Earth-moving equipment was limited to hoes, baskets, and shirt bibs. Losses from death and flight were high. 2 million men were said to have been "lost". The social and financial cost of such projects and added military campaigns into Korea and Central Asia contributed to the weakening of the empire. Li Yuan, an official, and his second son, Li Shih-Min, took authority and proclaimed the Thang dynasty in 618.

        782 AD :           4,500 - Massacre of Verden -- Saxon (German) pagans by French Christians.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Verden
Mass killing of Saxons by Frankish king Charlemagne during his campaign to conquer and Christianize their territory in today's Northern Germany

The Massacre of Verden, Bloodbath of Verden, or Bloody Verdict of Verden (German Blutgericht von Verden) was a massacre of 4,500 captive rebel Saxons in 782. During the Saxon Wars, the Saxons rebelled against Charlemagne's invasion and subsequent attempts to Christianize them from their native Germanic paganism. The massacre is recorded as having occurred in what is now Verden in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Historian Alessandro Barbero ... comments that the incident would be little more than a footnote in scholarship were it not for controversy in German circles due to Nationalistic sentiment before and during the Nazi era in Germany. He concludes that "in reality, the most likely inspiration for the mass execution of Verden was the Bible", citing the biblical tale of the total extermination of the Amalekites and conquest of the Moabites by David (after the Moabites were defeated, two out of three are recorded as having been stretched out and killed). Barbero says that, in turn, Charlemagne likely "wanted to act like a true King of Israel". Barbero further points out that a few years later, a royal chronicler, commenting on Charlemagne's treatment of the Saxons, records that "either they were defeated or subjected to the Christian religion or completely swept away."

1209:         22,000 - Italian citizens by knights of Pope Innocent III power grab.

1215-1279:   3,100,000 - Chinese civilians by Mongol invaders.

14xx-15xx :         51,000 - Europeans/Asians by Mongols.

1500-1600 :         20,000 - Uruguayan Aboriginals by Spanish Christians.

1500-1600 :         53,000 - Incans (Chile/Ecuador) by Spanish Christians.

1535:         3,240 - City of Munster, Germany: Anabaptists by Catholic and Protestant troops.

16xx-16xx :           1,000 - Buddhists by Hindus.

1645 -  -  -  :     800,000 - Yangzhou massacre - Chinese Ming (southern) by Chinese Qing (northern).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou_massacre

The Yangzhou massacre took place in 1645 in Yangzhou, China, during the Qing Dynasty. Mass killings of residents in Yangzhou were conducted by Qing troops under the command of Prince Dodo after they conquered the city from forces loyal to the Southern Ming regime of the Hongguang Emperor.

The massacre lasted ten days after the city fell on May 20, 1645.
Traditionally, the number of victims was reported as close to 800,000, ....
The defending commander, Shi Kefa, was also executed by Qing forces after he refused to submit to their authority.

The alleged reasons for the massacre were:

To punish the residents because of resistance efforts led by the Ming official Shi Kefa.
To warn the rest of the population in Jiangnan of the consequences of resisting the invaders.

The book "An Account of Ten days at Yangzhou" by Wang Xiuchu, (English translation and annotation by Lynn A. Struve) was a first-person eyewitness account of the massacre. Following are excerpts from Wang Xiuchu's report (in Struve's translation):

Several dozen people were herded like sheep or goats. Any who lagged were flogged or killed outright. The women were bound together at the necks with a heavy rope - strung one to another like pearls. Stumbling with each step, they were covered with mud. Babies lay everywhere on the ground. The organs of those trampled like turf under horses' hooves or people's feet were smeared in the dirt, and the crying of those still alive filled the whole outdoors. Every gutter or pond we passed was stacked with corpses, pillowing each others arms and legs. Their blood had flowed into the water, and the combination of green and red was producing a spectrum of colors. The canals, too, had been filled to level with dead bodies.

Then fires started everywhere, and the thatched houses... caught fire and were soon engulfed in flames... Those who had hidden themselves beneath the houses were forced to rush out from the heat of the fire, and as soon as they came out, in nine cases out of ten, they were put to death on the spot. On the other hand, those who had stayed in the houses - were burned to death within the closely shuttered doors and no one could tell how many had died from the pile of charred bones that remained afterwards.

1775-1875:   +200,000 - California aboriginals by Christian & economic invaders.
(From Project Earth file: 08-1751-1861.htm

Genocide in California, U.S.A. took place beginning in the late 1700s and continuing for over 100 years.
It is estimated that at the beginning of the period over 225,000 natives lived peaceably in California.
Over the next 100 years their numbers were decimated to about 25,000. Displaced Europeans comprised the majority of those which invaded the territory seeking material wealth in the form of land ownership, commercial profit or gold mining and panning.

The natives were often expected to be fierce and dangerous by the Easterners who had been exposed to mass media accounts which dramatized events in the favour of invading settlers which had abused the native peoples first. New settlers tended to shoot first and then ask questions, even shooting natives who had been converted to Christianity and were approaching them to offer welcome or assistance. Others were slaughtered because they occupied preferred locations.

Scalping was a custom begun by greedy and vengeful European settlers in the Eastern U.S.A. and resulted in bounty hunter-mercenaries being paid for each "Indian" scalp turned in as a way of clearing a territory of the largely peaceful hunting and farming natives.

1829-08-16:       +12,000 - Christian civilians by Kurds and bashibazouks.
(From Project Earth file: 09-1862-1901.htm

Beginning in 1876, reports began to reach Constantinople, and through the mass media, the world - of the atrocities.

Between July 28 and August 16, reports that over 12,000 men, women and children had been killed by the Kurds and bashibazouks, sanctioned by the Turks stirred international sympathies. Graphic descriptions by Januarius Aloysius MacGahan, an Irish-American journalist were highly emotional as the articles told of the finding of thousands of civilians found massacred in churchyards and of a suggested common practice of women and girls having been stripped to their underwear and raped by all who wished with the last participant being responsible for murdering the victim.

80 correspondents turned up to cover the Russian activities, without restriction. After a war of less than a year's duration, 4 remained alive. There was little attempt to provide a background understanding to the events leading to the unrest nor was there any attempt by the political leaders involved to try and control, negotiate or otherwise diminish the clashes before they begun. Afterwards, participation and interest by other human groups in the proceedings was more a quick "clean-up" reaction by political leaders motivated by the public outcry of their citizens, or by personal pride and autocracy. Over a hundred years later, the same festering wounds would lead to a much larger, longer, disastrous outbreak of hostilities.

1842-01-06:         15,600 - Massacre of Elphinstone's Army civilian followers, English & Indians by Afghans.
4,000 soldiers of the British East India Company and 12,000 civilians and camp followers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Elphinstone%27s_Army

In 1838 the British East India Company feared an increased Russian influence in Afghanistan after Dost Mohammed Khan had seized power from former ruler Shuja Shah Durrani in 1834. Dost Mohammed had rejected earlier overtures from Russia, but after Lord Auckland, the Governor-General of India, tried to force Afghan foreign policy under British guidance, he renewed his relationship with the Russians. Lord Auckland followed the counsel of his adviser William Hay Macnaghten to support Shuja Shah, dismissing the advice of Alexander Burnes that Dost Mohammed should be supported, and resolved to seek a military solution. He began to assemble his forces in late 1838.

The army, under the command of General Sir Willoughby Cotton, with Macnaghten as his chief adviser, consisted of 20,000 soldiers and were accompanied by 38,000 civilian camp followers (craftsmen, stretcher bearers, cooks, servants, barbers, tailors, armourers, cameleers, etc., as well as families of both Indian and British soldiers). In March 1839 they crossed the Bolan Pass and began their march to Kabul. They advanced through rough terrain, crossing deserts and mountain passes at a height of 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) but made good progress and took Kandahar on 25 April. They also captured the until-then impregnable fortress of Ghazni on 22 July in a surprise attack, losing 200 men killed and wounded while the Afghans lost nearly 500 men killed and 1,600 taken prisoner, with an unknown number wounded. An Afghan had betrayed his sovereign and the British troops managed to blow one city gate and marched into the city in a euphoric mood. The ample supplies acquired in Ghazni considerably aided the further advance, which otherwise would have been difficult.

The 1842 Kabul Retreat (or Massacre of Elphinstone's Army) was the entire loss of a combined force of British and Indian troops from the British East India Company and the deaths of thousands of civilians in Afghanistan between 6-13 January 1842. The massacre, which happened during the First Anglo-Afghan War, occurred when Major General Sir William Elphinstone attempted to lead a military and civilian column of Europeans and Indians from Kabul back to the British garrison at Jalalabad more than 90 miles (140 km) away. They were forced to leave because of an uprising led by Akbar Khan, the son of the deposed Afghan leader, Dost Mohammed Khan.

Afghan tribes launched numerous attacks against the column as it made slow progress through the winter snows of the Hindu Kush. In total the India Company army lost 4,500 troops, along with 12,000 civilian workers, family members and other camp-followers. The final stand was made just outside a village called Gandamak on 13 January.

Out of more than 16,000 people from the column commanded by Elphinstone, only one European, an Assistant Surgeon named William Brydon, and a few sepoys would eventually reach Jalalabad. The Afghanis subsequently released a number of British prisoners and civilian hostages. However many Indians were not handed back and were instead sold into slavery or killed.

The retreat has been described as "the worst British military disaster" until the fall of Singapore exactly a century later.

The leadership of Elphinstone is seen as a notorious example of how the ineptitude and indecisiveness of a senior officer could compromise the morale and effectiveness of a whole army (though already much depleted). Elphinstone completely failed to lead his soldiers, but fatally exerted enough authority to prevent any of his officers from exercising proper command in his place.

Historians still debate whether Akbar Khan ordered the massacre, sanctioned it, or was unable to prevent it. Some of the British officers and families taken hostage later claimed that Akbar Khan had called out "Spare them!" in Persian, but "Kill them!" in Pushtu to the tribesmen. Either way, the British reaction to such an atrocity must have been clear to him. He died near the end of 1847, possibly poisoned by his father Dost Mohammed, who may have feared his ambitions.

1899-1902:   +984,000 - Philippine civilians by American troops.
(Project Earth, 09-1862-1901.htm

The American Campaign to suppress revolt in the Philippines urged on by the American media, dragged on until 1902. Wholesale and indiscriminate killing by American troops had depopulated large sections of the country. There were complaints that the troops had on occasion been ordered to "kill everything over 10 years old," and that the Twentieth Kansas had swept through a town of 17,000 inhabitants leaving not one native alive.

Hearst's New York Journal would state: "The weak must go to the wall and stay there .... We'll rule in Asia as we rule at home. We shall establish in Asia a branch agent of the true American movement towards liberty."

1915:   1,900,700 - Armenian civilians by Turkish armed forces.
(Project Earth, 10-1902-1919.htm)

Death camps are set up in Armenia by the Turks and almost 2 million Armenians are killed out of a population of 3-1/2 million. Many of the remainder are driven into southern U.S.S.R., included in the Turkish population, rejected by the Azerbejani or go to Iran or Iraq. The British had been fighting against the Turks and the Ottoman Empire (Egypt to Austria-Hungary to southern Russia). Turkey had sided with Germany and used the Armenians as scapegoats for their failure. Additionally envious of the Armenian's intellectual, artistic and marketing expertise, the Turks imprisoned and massacred them in this Islamic versus Christian conflict.

1918-03-xx:     12,700 - March Days, Baku -- Azerbaijani inhabitants by Dashnak and Bolshevik Russian forces.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/..

.. March Days, in which Dashnak and Bolshevik forces had massacred Azerbaijani inhabitants of the city in March 1918.

1918-09-xx:     27,000 - September Days, Baku -- Armenian Christians by Turkish Moslems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Days

Armenian Christians killed by the Army of Islam; victims include small children, and many robberies and rapes took place during the massacre

Since April 1918, the city of Baku had been governed by a Soviet (council) under the leadership of the Bolshevik Stepan Shahumyan. The Baku Sovnarkom or Soviet had been collaborating with the local branch of the Armenian Dashnaktsutiun party to establish control over the city and its surrounding environs but by the beginning of the summer of that year, it found itself under increasing threat by the advancing armies of the Ottoman Empire. The armed forces of the two sides clashed in June and July but the forces loyal to the Baku Soviet were unable to halt the joint Ottoman-Azerbaijani offensive and were forced to retreat. With the Ottomans and Azeris poised to strike Baku and with no promise of material support from Moscow, the Baku Soviet was forced to turn to a British expeditionary force which was stationed in the region under the command of Major General Lionel C. Dunsterville. Although Shahumyan was under orders from Moscow to deny entry to the British, he was overruled by his peers in the Soviet, who formally requested British help in late July. On July 31, Shahumyan and the other Bolshevik members of the Baku Sovnarkom resigned from their posts and control of the city was assumed by the Centro-Caspian Dictatorship.

In August, the Ottoman military, led by the Army of Islam, launched a new assault against the frontline positions, which were primarily manned by Armenians. Despite some initial victories, the Armenians had to retreat. The size of the British expeditionary force had proved ultimately to be too small to make much of an impact in the defense of Baku. In the first week of September, a joint Ottoman-Azerbaijani force composed of 15,000 men advanced without much resistance toward Baku and by September 13, had reached the suburbs of the city; meanwhile, Baku's Muslim population prepared to welcome the entry of the Ottoman army. The remaining Armenian troops were too ill-prepared to halt the advance and Dunsterville refused to retain his force any longer. On September 14 his force evacuated from Baku and sailed to Enzeli, leaving the city virtually defenseless.

A terrible panic in Baku ensued once the Turks entered the city.
The Armenians crowded the harbor in a frantic effort to escape the fate that they knew always accompanied a Muslim victory. Regular Ottoman troops were not allowed to enter the city for two days, so that the local irregulars - bashibozuks - would conduct looting and pillaging, a practice in accordance with Muslim tradition for cities that resisted. Despite this order, regular Ottoman troops participated alongside the irregulars and the Azeris of Baku in the plundering, who then turned their fury against the city's Armenian population. Calls by the German officers attached to the Ottoman command staff to treat the local population with leniency were ignored by the Ottoman commanders. The man in charge of posts and telegraphs in Baku, one of those who negotiated the surrender of the city and vainly tried to prevent the worst excesses, noted:

Robberies, murders and rapes were at their height [at 4.00 p.m. on 15 September].
In the whole town massacres of the Armenian population and robberies of all non-Muslim peoples were going on. They broke the doors and windows, entered the living quarters, dragged out men, women and children and killed them in the street. From all the houses the yells of the people who were being attacked were heard.... In some spots there were mountains of dead bodies, and many had terrible wounds from dum-dum bullets. The most appalling picture was at the entrance to the Treasury Lane from Surukhanskoi Street. The whole street was covered with dead bodies of children not older than nine or ten years. About eighty bodies carried wounds inflicted by swords or bayonets, and many had their throats cut; it was obvious that the wretched ones had been slaughtered like lambs.

From Telephone Street we heard cries of women and children and we heard single shots. Rushing to their rescue I was obliged to drive the car over the bodies of dead children. The crushing of bones and strange noises of torn bodies followed. The horror of the wheels covered with the intestines of dead bodies could not be endured by the colonel and the asker (adjutant). They closed their eyes with their hands and lowered their heads. They were afraid to look at the terrible slaughter. Half mad from what he saw, the driver sought to leave the street, but was immediately confronted by another bloody hecatomb.

On September 16, the Ottoman divisions formally entered the city in a victory parade reviewed by Ottoman High Command. Baku would subsequently be proclaimed as the capital of the newly established Azerbaijani Republic.

The September Days (Armenian: 1918 - Baku Massacres of Armenians) refers to a period during the Russian Civil War in September 1918 when ethnic Armenians were massacred by Enver Pasha's Army of Islam and their local Azeri allies when they captured Baku, the soon-to-be capital of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. According to most estimates, approximately 10,000 ethnic Armenians were killed in the violence, although some sources claim the number to be as high as 30,000. The massacre is said by some scholars to have been carried out in retaliation for the earlier March Days, in which Dashnak and Bolshevik forces had massacred Azerbaijani inhabitants of the city in March 1918. It was the last major massacre of World War I.

Estimates of the dead range from 10,000 to 30,000 Armenians.
According to a special commission formed by the Armenian National Council (ANC), a total of 8,988 ethnic Armenians were massacred, among which were 5,248 Armenian inhabitants of Baku, 1,500 Armenian refugees from other parts of the Caucasus who were in Baku, and 2,240 Armenians whose corpses were found in the streets but whose identities were never established. According to Hrant Avetisian up to 50,000 of Baku's 70-80,000 person Armenian community were killed and deported.

1917-11 to 1919-11  9,760,000 - Blockade of Moscow and Petrograd by the Germans, then, the Allies.
Project Earth, A Report files: 10-1902-1919.htm

The mass media reported the fall of the Soviet Bolsheviks on no fewer than 91 occasions.
And when, despite the reservations of USA President Wilson, the Allies went ahead with intervention - at first to stop the Germans walking through Russia and then, after the WWI ended, to stop the Red peril of Communism - the news correspondents reported either grossly exaggerated successes or nothing at all.

300,000 Allied soldiers marched into Russia to fight the Germans and stayed to fight the Red Army. There were Frenchmen, Britons, Americans, Balts, Poles, Greeks, Finns, Czechs, Slovaks, Estonians, and Latvians. They drew a ring around Moscow and Petrograd that threatened to strangle the Russian Revolution, and their actions, coupled with the Allied economic blockade, increased Russian casualties from famine, disease, and civil war was to almost 14 million. Then the war with Germany ended.

BLOCKADES and Pulverizing attacks of CIVILIAN occupied urban areas during military conflicts often result in the majority of the dead being non-combatant, unarmed, civilians. Equally often ignored by the mass media, they represent the Quiet Genocide of wars .. which politicians and historians choose to relegate to Expendable Collateral vestiges forced to participate without choice, regard, or acknowledgement.

1920-03-22/26:         32,000 - Shusha pogrom -- Armenian Christians by Turkish Moslems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha_pogrom

Armenian Christians killed by Muslim Tartars; many children were killed and many women were raped; the killings are sometimes referred to as "genocide

According to Richard Hovannisian, "Azerbaijani troops, joined by the city's Azerbaijani inhabitants, turned Armenian Shushi into an inferno. From March 23 to 26, some 2000 structures were consumed in the flames, including the churches and consistory, cultural institutions, schools, libraries, the business section and the grand homes of the merchant class. Bishop Vahan (Ter-Grigorian), long an advocate of accommodation with the Azerbaijani authorities, paid the price of retribution, as his tongue was torn out before his head was cut off and paraded through the streets on a spike. The chief of police, Avetis Ter-Ghukasian, was turned into a human torch, and many intellectuals, including Bolshevik Alexandre Dsaturian, were among the 500 Armenian victims".

According to the description of Azerbaijani communist O. Musaev,

"a ruthless destruction of defenceless women, children, old women and old men began.
Armenians were exposed to a mass slaughter (...). And what beautiful Armenian girls were raped and then shot. (...) At an order of (...) Khosrov-bek Sultanov, pogroms proceeded for more than six days, houses in the Armenian part were crushed, plundered and reduced all to ashes, everyone led women away whenever they wished, to musavatist executioners. During these historically "artful" punishments Khosrov-bek Sultanov, keeping speeches, talked to Moslems about holy war (Jihad) and called on to them to finish off the Armenians of city Shusha, not sparing women, children, etc."

According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Third Edition, 1970), these events contributed to the death of 2096 of the city's population. Subsequently, only a few Armenian families remained.

Nadezhda Mandelstam wrote about Shusha in the 1920s:

"...in this town, which formerly, of course, was healthy and with every amenity, the picture of catastrophe and massacres was terribly vivid... They say after the massacres all the wells were full of corpses. (...) We didn't see anyone in the streets or on the mountain. Only downtown, in the market-square there were a lot of people, but there wasn't any Armenian among them, they were all Muslims".

On January 21, 1936, in the Moscow Kremlin, during the reception of the delegation from the Azerbaijan SSR, Sergo Ordzhonikidze remembers his visit to destroyed Shusha: "Even today I remember what I saw in Shusha in 1920, with horror. The most beautiful Armenian town was completely destroyed, and in the wells we saw corpses of women and children."

The former Minister of Internal Affairs of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Behbut khan Javanshir, was assassinated during Operation Nemesis of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, as ARF believed that he was involved in these events.

Estimates of casualty figures are uncertain and varied: 500 to 20,000-30,000 Armenian victims - and destruction of many buildings in Shusha. According to Andrey Zubov, "the British administrator of Karabakh, colonel Shuttleworth did not prevent the discrimination of Armenians by the Tartar administration of governor Sultanov. Interethnic tensions resulted in a horrible massacre, in which most Armenians in the town of Shusha perished. Baku parliament refused even to condemn the perpetrators of the Shusha massacre, and the war started in Karabakh. The English tried to interfere between the Armenian and Azerbaijani troops. When they left the region, the Azerbaijani army was completely defeated by the Armenians in early November 1919. Only the interference of the English prevented the march of the Armenian troops to Elizavetpol and Shemakha". Historian Giovanni Guaita wrote, that Azerbaijani and Soviet authorities "during the decades will deny and try to hush up the mass killings of about 30,000 Armenians"

192x-196x :   2,875,900 - Owners, Serfs, Intellectuals by Russian Communists.

1933:   9,000,000 - Europe.

1933-1944: 27,500,000 - China: Asian civilians by Japanese troops.

1935:         60,000 - civilians by Nationalists, Spanish Civil War.

1935:         60,000 - civilians by Republicans, Spanish Civil War.

1936-1938:   +2,678,000 - The Chistka (Great Purge): 'Old Bolsheviks' citizens by the State.
Project Earth, 12-1935-1940.htm

The Chistka (Great Purge) in the U.S.S.R. was Stalin's elimination of the 'Old Bolsheviks' in the party and army as a precondition for the establishment of Stalin's dictatorship. 8 mil. people were arrested; the camps of northern Russia and Siberia contained 5-6 mil.; their numbers doubled in 1940-42. Arrests, interrogation and executions were carried out with the assistance of the N.K.V.D. (All-Union Commissariat of Internal Affairs).

With the peasants reduced in numbers and terrified into submission, the intelligence forces which required victims for its bureaucratic success, turned against the educated and the party officials. Of the 1,966 delegates to the party Congress in 1934, 1,108 were to be arrested or executed during the 1936-38 purges.

Of the 139 members and candidates of the Central Committee elected at this Congress, 98 would be executed. No meaningful members of the party could escape implication in genocidal activity as they were compromised by their party loyalty. It was a "Catch-22": if you survived the suppression of the peasants then it was because you participated in the suppression of the peasants.

1937:         41,000 - Chinese civilians by Japanese Army Unit 731, experimentation, POWs, annoyances.

1937-07-07:     2,618 - Shanghai civilians by Japanese troops.

1939:     1,400 - Passengers on the Athenia liner, by German submarine.

1934-1944: 27,500,900 - Asian civilians by Japanese troops/invaders.
(from: Project Earth, 14-1944-45

1944 - Dated August 1, Document #2701 at the Japanese prisoner of war (POW) camp headquarters in Taihoku read:

"Whether (the POWs) are destroyed individually or in groups, or however it is done, with mass bombings, poisonous smoke, drowning, decapitation, or what, dispose of them as the situation dictates. ... In any case it is the aim not to allow the escape of a single one, to annihilate them all, and not to leave any traces."

Within the ruthless Japanese code of honour, only a coward would allow himself to be taken prisoner. As an extension of this fear-induced tribal ethic derived from population overcrowding and a desperate grasp for the material sufficiency behind land possession and enemy extinction, any prisoners taken by the Japanese were despised. Such prisoners were considered subhuman, and, as such, were valuable and useful only as cheap labour. Since prisoners proved more plentiful than the requirement for labour, their lives were worthless in the eyes of the Japanese. It was not considered a display of human respect that POWs received starvation rations: it was gross waste. Prisoners were mercilessly herded and coerced to work to a point of exhaustion with whips, beatings, and the fear of decapitation. More than 30% of the 50,000 British and Canadian prisoners of the Japanese died in prison camps, on forced marches, on forced work details, by roadside execution, or for the purpose of keeping secret the hidden construction projects.

In Europe, the survival proportions of 142,319 Allied prisoners of war were close to 19 out of each 20. In German and Italian detention camps, Allied soldiers shared 2 ethical considerations. While each group could view itself as a different race, they all shared a professed belief in Christianity and each considered their background to be "European." Physical resemblances were similar such that spies from one side of the conflict did not find it difficult to infiltrate the ranks of the enemy. Languages and script were similar. These similarities stood as glaring differences against the Asian featured Japanese. Obvious dissimilarities of physical features, language, script, religious belief, and culture prompted the all too common "human" racist reaction of disrespect, dislike and fear which had been the foundation of many previous European-based genocide actions. Through the previous 10 years, Japanese troops had massacred, tortured, raped and murdered 27,500,000 persons: most were Asian civilians; about 1% were European troops.

1940, Spring:      15,000 - Polish officers at Karyn Forest by Stalinist Security Forces.
Project Earth, 12-1935-1940.htm

In the Spring of 1940, 15,000 Polish officers were exterminated in Katyn Forest in western U.S.S.R. by the Stalinist security forces. As more intelligence reports suggested to Stalin that Germany intended to turn against him, more dispatches to the German consul were allowed to be intercepted by the U.S.S.R. security forces declaring the value of the pact, and the harder Stalin appeared to demonstrate to the Germans that he could be of value to them by subverting and executing those who resisted the advance of Germany.

1941 to 1943:   1,000,000 - Civilians of Leningrad-Stalingrad by German troops.
Project Earth, 13-1941-1943.htm

In what will become a 900-day siege of Leningrad-Stalingrad, over 1 million civilians will die.
At least 475,000 will be buried in ONE mass cemetery.

1942-1945:   1,888,700 - Jews, Gypsies, mentally ill by German Nazi Christians.
Project Earth, 14-1944-45.htm

1944 - In September, "Efficient Extermination Procedures" were being followed by the German officers at the Polish Auschwitz internment camp. The operations staff were alerted to the expected arrival times of trainloads of abducted, arrested, and deceived Jews who rode into the camp on a railway spur. They fired up the incineration ovens in readiness.

Most of the arrivals had travelled in bare, unheated, crowded, freight cars with no washrooms or water supply. As they disembarked from the train, SS officers divided the group into 2 lines: men in one column; women and children in a second. They were told to leave their luggage - whatever they had been able to carry with them, at the station. It would be looked after for them and they would not need it where they were going. The two lines were then directed toward the gas chambers next to crematoriums 1 and 2, or, towards the gas chambers next to crematoriums 3 and 4, at the other end of the camp. A few of the arrivals might be removed into the camp itself to supplement the labour force. They would be replacing the diseased, or those who had been randomly shot, and died during the previous hours. Within an hour after their arrival, all had been divided and dispersed.

Following gassing in either the underground converted morgues or in the custom-made above ground chambers, the bodies were prepared for the crematoria ovens. Shoes were removed and neatly labelled and stacked on shelves awaiting economic recirculation to non-Jewish families. Rings, jewelry, and gold teeth were removed and collected in bins for later meltdown for the financial benefit of the state. Eyeglasses were placed in another collection and distribution area. Even the women's hair was shaved off for possible reworking into wigs or blankets for the consumer market. Then the bodies might be loaded on carts which would be pushed along tracks to the oven doors.

For over a year, the 4 crematoria had been operating at full capacity: 4756 bodies per day, that is, more than 142,000 people gassed and burned to ash each month - more than 1,700,000 to date in this one camp. And this did not include those who were murdered before June, 1943, nor those who were murdered at other camps or in other countries. The extermination program had evolved slowly and out of the necessity of the internment process being so popular and being extended longer than expected. Most Europeans had been pleased to work with the SS officers in their region or nation; sometimes, it was a case of one having to identify and surrender a Jew, or, having oneself suspected of resisting the aims of the state - and being arrested. With so many people being imprisoned in such bleak and unhygienic surroundings, death from disease and maltreatment had quickly exceeded the burial capacity of the region and small crematoria had been constructed. Then, with the constant and large influx of arrivals, and the decreasing resources of the German state, the numbers had to be slashed - it was impractical to build more or larger camps, it had been reasoned. Either way, cooperating with the SS was a convenient way to rid oneself of "strangers", nasty people, and anyone you didn't like. With such success, it was getting to a point such that Himmler was having to consider building more crematoria and gas chambers in other camps.

1945-05-03:         4,200 - SS Cap Arcona - German inmates by British.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cap_Arcona_%281927%29
Killing of concentration camp inmates by RAF in the last days of the Second World War

The Cap Arcona was a large German luxury ocean liner, formerly of the Hamburg-South America line. It transported passengers between Germany and South America until 1940 when it was taken over by the German Navy.

Late in the war, the ship was used for the evacuation of Germans from East Prussia.
While heavily-laden with prisoners from Nazi concentration camps, she was sunk in 1945 by the Royal Air Force. About 5,000 people died. The sinking of the Cap Arcona was one of the biggest single-incident maritime losses of life during the war and, as such, one of the largest maritime losses of life in history.

The 27,561 gross ton Cap Arcona, named after Cape Arkona on the island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, was launched in 1927. She was considered one of the most beautiful ships of the time, was the largest German ship on the South American run, and carried upper-class travelers and steerage-class emigrants, mostly to South America.

In 1940, the Cap Arcona was taken over by the Kriegsmarine (the German Navy), painted overall gray and used in the Baltic Sea as an accommodation ship in Gotenhafen (formerly Gdynia, Poland). In 1942, she was used as a stand-in for the doomed Titanic in the German film version of the disaster. On 31 January 1945, the Kriegsmarine reactivated her for Operation Hannibal, where she was used to transport 25,795 German soldiers and civilians from East Prussia to western Germany. These trips were made very dangerous by mines and Soviet submarines.

On 30 January, the MV Wilhelm Gustloff, carrying a total of 10,582 passengers and crew, was torpedoed by the Soviet submarine S-13 and sank in forty minutes. An estimated 9,400 died. In the early morning of February 11, the same submarine S-13 torpedoed the 14,666-ton SS General von Steuben on its way to Copenhagen with military and civilian passengers. 3,500 were lost. On 20 February, the Cap Arcona's captain Johannes Gertz shot himself in his cabin in Copenhagen rather than face another trip back to Gdynia. On 30 March 1945, the Cap Arcona finished its third and last trip between Poland and Copenhagen carrying 9,000 soldiers and refugees, but her turbines were completely worn out. They were repaired only partially and her days of long-distance travel were over. She was decommissioned, returned to her owners Hamburg-Süd and ordered out of Copenhagen Harbor to Neustadt Bay.

Towards the end of April 1945, the Germans assembled a small fleet of ships in the Bay of Lübeck, comprising the liners Cap Arcona and SS Deutschland, and the smaller vessels Thielbek and Athen. Since the steering motors were out in the Thielbek and the turbines were out in the Cap Arcona, the Athen was used to transfer prisoners from Lübeck to the larger ships and between ships. By the end of the month, these ships held more than 10,000 prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp and its subcamps, and two barges came from Stutthof and Mittelbau-Dora camps. The order to transfer the prisoners from the camps to the prison ships came from Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann in Hamburg, who was himself acting on orders from Berlin.

Later, during a war crimes tribunal, Kaufmann claimed that the prisoners were destined for Sweden. However, at the same trial, Bassewitz-Behr, Hamburg's last Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF), said that the prisoners were in fact slated to be killed "in compliance with Himmler's orders". It has been suggested that the plan called for scuttling the ships with the prisoners alive and aboard, while Kurt Rickert, who had worked for Bassewitz-Behr, testified at the Hamburg War Crimes Trial that he believed that the vessels were to be sunk by U-boat or Luftwaffe aircraft. Eva Neurath, who was present in Neustadt, and whose husband survived the catastrophe, reported that she was told by a police officer that the ships held convicts and were scheduled to be blown up.

On 30 April 1945, two Swedish ships, Magdalena and Lillie Matthiessen, sailed from Lübeck, the first with 223 western European prisoners, for the most part French-speaking, who were transferred from the Thielbek to the Magdalena, and the second with 225 women from Ravensbrück on board for transportation to hospitals in Sweden.

On 2 May 1945, the British Second Army reached the towns of Lübeck and Wismar.
No. 6 Commando, 1st Special Service Brigade commanded by Brigadier Derek Mills-Roberts, and 11th Armoured Division, commanded by Major-General George P. B. Roberts, entered Lübeck without resistance. On that day Mr. De Blonay of the International Committee of the Red Cross informed Major-General Roberts that 7,000-8,000 prisoners were aboard ships in the Bay of Lübeck.

Equipped with lifejackets from locked storage compartments, most of the SS guards were able to jump overboard from the Cap Arcona, and there are rumours that despite the water temperature of only 7°C, they were busy shooting any prisoners who tried to escape. German trawlers sent to rescue Cap Arcona's crew members and guards managed to save 16 sailors, 400 SS men, and 20 SS women. Most of the prisoners who tried to board the trawlers were beaten back, while those who reached shore were shot down. The prisoners who managed to swim ashore were mainly gunned down by the SS. Only 350 of the 4,500 former concentration camp inmates who had been aboard the Cap Arcona survived.

RAF Pilot Allan Wyse of No. 193 Squadron later recalled, "We used our cannon fire at the chaps in the water ... we shot them up with 20 mm cannons in the water. Horrible thing, but we were told to do it and we did it. That's war.

The prisoners were from at least 30 nationalities: American, Belarussian, Belgian, Canadian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourger, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swiss, Ukrainian, Yugoslavian and others.

1945-04-29:              550 - Dachau massacre, - German prisoners by American troops.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_massacre
Killing of concentration camp German guards and returning SS Troops by liberation US troops in the last days of the Second World War

The Dachau liberation reprisals were a series of killings of German camp guards and German prisoners of war from the Dachau concentration camp on April 29, 1945, during World War II. Following the prisoners' liberation by American soldiers from 45th Infantry Division of the U.S. Seventh Army, American soldiers wounded and killed German camp guards and German prisoners of war. The reprisals occurred after the U.S. 45th Infantry Division entered the Dachau concentration camp.

Before the soldiers entered the camp, they found outside 40 roofless boxcars (or freight-cars) full of emaciated dead bodies in advanced stages of decomposition. More bodies were found about the camp. Some had been dead for hours and days before the camp's capture and lay where they had died. Soldiers reported seeing a row of cement structures that contained rooms full of hundreds of naked and barely clothed dead bodies piled floor to ceiling, a coal-fired crematorium and a gas chamber.

General Dwight D. Eisenhower issued a communiqué regarding the capture of Dachau concentration camp:
"Our forces liberated and mopped up the infamous concentration camp at Dachau. Approximately 32,000 prisoners were liberated; 300 SS camp guards were quickly neutralized." ...

The investigation resulted in the U.S. Military considering courts-martial against those involved, including the Battalion commander Lt. Col. Felix Sparks, while Col. Howard Buechner was cited in the report for dereliction of duty for not giving the wounded SS men in the coal yard medical aid. However, General George S. Patton, the then recently appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges. Therefore, the witnesses to the killings were never cross-examined in court.

1945:   4,000,000 - USSR Prisoners of War murdered by Germans.

1945:      100,000 - Okinawa civilians by American troops fighting Japanese troops.

1945:   2,000,000 - Polish civilians murdered by Germans & Stalinists.

1945:       3,748 - Soviet Prisoners of War for Germany executed by Soviet forces..
Project Earth, 14-1944-45

1945 - After the War ends with Germany, Soviet Army Prisoners of War are executed and German prisoners of war are taken to Gulag work camps in Siberia and elsewhere. Soviet POWs, according to Stalin's earlier orders, are regarded as traitors. Thousands are taken off of trains in Poland, executed, and dumped in trench mass graves. Their spaces on the trains, bound for the Soviet Union are filled with German POWs.

1945-04 to 09:   1,620,000 - Unarmed German soldiers and civilians by USA and French Armies.
Book: Other Losses, by James Bacque.
An Investigation into the Mass Deaths of German Prisoners
at the Hands of the French and Americans After World War II.

In the U.S. Army prison camps of western Germany at the end of WWII, almost 4 million German soldiers were held prisoner outdoors, in barbed-wire enclosures, with little or no food and water, for many months.

The French Army, which took some 630,000 prisoners from the Americans to use as reparations labor, starved and mistreated them so badly that likely 250,000 died.

In the American camps, at least 750,000 died.

Most were soldiers of the Wehrmacht who surrendered on May 8, 1945, but many scores of thousands were women, children and old men.

.. The plans made at the highest levels of the U.S. and British governments in 1944 expressed a determination to destroy Germany as a world power once and for all by reducing her to a peasant economy, although this would mean the starvation of millions of civilians. ...

Nothing was further from the intent of the great majority of Americans in 1945 than to kill off so many unarmed Germans after the war. Some idea of the magnitude of this horror can be gained when it is realized that these deaths exceed by far all those incurred by the German army in the west between June 1941 and April 1945. ..

(030)
The "chaos" which Eisenhower had said would prevent the Germans from feeding themselves was of course going to be created in part by the Allies themselves, because they would dismantle the central German institutions, including welfare agencies. They would hamper or abolish production of a list of over 500 items, as the Morgenthau Plan had stipulated. Yet the message said that the army would place responsibility upon "German authorities." There were no "authorities" to do the maintaining, once the army, the government, the welfare agencies, including the German Red Cross and important elements of trade were abolished.

(036)
In April 1945, hundreds of thousands of German soldiers as well as the sick from hospitals, amputees, women auxiliaries, and civilians were caught ... One inmate at Rheinberg was over 80 years old, another was aged nine ... Nagging hunger and agonizing thirst were their companions, and they died of dysentery. A cruel heaven pelted them week after week with streams of rain ... amputees slithering like amphibians through the mud, soaking and freezing. Naked to the skies day after day and night after night, they lay desperate in the sand of Rheinberg or slept exhaustedly into eternity in their collapsing holes.

(064)
... In camps along the Rhine, between May 1 and June 15, 1945, the Medical Corps officers recorded a horrendous death rate, 80 times as high as anything they had ever observed in their lives. ... so many from dysentery and diarrhea, so many from typhoid fever, tetanus, septicemia, all at rates unheard of since the middle ages. ... people were reported dead of "emaciation" and "exhaustion." The three main killers were diarrhea and dysentery (treated as one category), cardiac disease and pneumonia. ... only 9.7 percent to 15 percent of the prisoners had died of causes clearly associated with lack of food, such as emaciation and dehydration, and exhaustion. Others died of diseases caused by the foul exposed conditions which were undoubtedly exacerbated by starvation. ... Their ages ranged from 15 to well over 50. Many were captured in an exhausted state. Others were formerly hospital patients. Exposure, overcrowding of pens and lack of food and sanitary facilities all contributed to these excessive rates. The surveying doctors were calm in their knowledge that "former patients" ... were taken from their hospital beds and sent sick and half-naked into barbed wire cages to sleep in mud, while thousands of beds in the same hospitals went empty. ...

(068)
By the end of May (1945) more people had died in the U.S. camps than died in the atomic blast at Hiroshima. Not a word reached the press.

(085)
In the British zone, widespread starvation among civilians was the result, according to (English publisher Victor) Gollancz. The high civilian death rate, 80 percent above the rate in Britain, where it was 1.2 percent per year, showed that starvation was causing up to 220,080 deaths per year in the British zone alone. This was the zone where U.S. General Hilldring thought the Germans were being treated too lavishly. In the French zone, the official ration was only slightly higher than the ration in the death camp of Belsen. ..

(087)
Captain Julien thought as he walked gingerly over the scarred terrain among the living dead in the former American camp, "This is just like Buchenwald and Dachau." He had fought with his regiment, the Troisieme Regiment de Tirailleurs Algerians, against the Germans because they had ruined France, but he never imagined any revenge like this, muddy ground "peopled with living skeletons," some of whom died as he watched, others huddled under bits of cardboard which they clutched although the July day was hot. Women lying in holes in the ground stared up at him with hunger edema bulging their bellies in gross parody of pregnancy, old men with long gray hair watched him feebly, children of six or seven with the raccoon rings of starvation looked at him from lifeless eyes. Julien hardly knew where to begin. He could find no food at all in this camp of 32,000 people at Dietersheim.

1947-195x: 47,800,700 - Multifaith Chinese by Communist Chinese.

1947-xx-xx:         5,675 - Sikhs/Moslems by India Hindus.

1947-02-28:         23,275 - The 228 Massacre, Formosans by Nationalist Chinese (Christian).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/228_Incident

An anti-government uprising in Taiwan that began on February 27, 1947 which was violently suppressed by the KMT-led Republic of China government and which resulted in the massacre of numerous civilians, beginning on February 28, or 2/28. Estimates of the number of deaths vary from 10,000 to 30,000 or more.

In 1945, 50 years of Japanese rule of Taiwan ended due to Japan's loss in World War II, and in October the United States on behalf of the Allied Forces handed temporary administrative control of Taiwan to the Kuomintang-administered Republic of China (ROC) under General Order No. 1 to handle the surrender of Japanese troops and ruling administration. Local inhabitants became resentful of what they perceived as a high handed and frequently corrupt KMT authorities inclined to the arbitrary seizure of private property and economic mismanagement. The flashpoint in tensions came on February 27 in Taipei, when a dispute between a cigarette vendor and an officer of the Office of Monopoly triggered civil disorder and an open rebellion that lasted for days. The uprising was violently put down by the military of the Republic of China and the island was placed under martial law.

1946, November:    +6,000 - North Vietnamese civilians by French colonial forces
(Project Earth, 15-1946-47.htm

The French shell Haiphong, Vietnam, killing 6,000 citizens.
This would begin the Vietnam War. Roosevelt knew that colonialism had to go and had sided with the independence movement. Roosevelt profoundly disliked France and its leader Charles De Gaulle, and regarded the French as "poor colonizers" who had "badly mismanaged" Indochina and exploited its people. Roosevelt had died in April, 1945.

Other political and business interests in America began to see the importance of southeast Asia for raw materials once they examined the previous attraction of both Japan and France to the area. Southeast Asia was the world's largest producer of natural rubber and was an important source of oil, tin, tungsten, and other strategic commodities. Without an open southeast Asia, air and sea routes between Australia and the Middle East and the United States and India could be cut. In addition, President Truman and his administration were now more concerned about the safety of Europe against the advance of the U.S.S.R. and believed that only a unified defense would be effective. France had to be part of the equation. France would not agree to a membership in NATO unless the USA helped it in southeast Asia to regain its colonies.

By early 1947, Ho had appealed repeatedly to the United States for American support, even indicating that Indochina would be "a fertile field for American capital and enterprise" and raising the possibility of an American naval base at Camranh Bay. U.S. diplomats in Vietnam insisted that they could find no evidence of direct Soviet contact with the Vietminh, and they stressed that regardless of ideology, Ho had established himself as the "symbol of nationalism and the struggle for freedom to the overwhelming majority of the population." Washington refused to even acknowledge receipt of Ho's messages. The Truman administration, obsessed with Europe, offered no assistance to Vietnam against the French colonizers. Substantial American funds, provided to France under the Marshall Plan, were used to finance the war in Indochina.

1959-1962:   50,000,000 - The (Mainland China) Great Leap Forward famine.
http://munkschool.utoronto.ca/canadacentre/

September 27, 2011
Disaster Series Opening Event,
Canada Centre for Global Security Studies

This conference brought together experts on various aspects of the greatest man-made disaster in history, the Great Leap Forward famine of 1959-62 in which more than 30 million people starved to death in rural China. The catastrophe also had a vital impact on China's human and national security at the height of the Cold War.

The featured speaker, Professor Frank Dikotter, has published an award-winning book on the subject that has uncovered new data and offered fresh perspective on several aspects of the famine. More generally, by analyzing how the Great Leap Famine affected Chinese politics and security, we can better grasp how various types of regimes respond to disaster and what this portends for the international security environment.

1961-1963:     +160,000 - Civilians killed in the Vietnamese war by American troops.
From Project Earth, file 23-1963-65.htm

1965:     +100,000 - Civilians killed in the Vietnamese war by American troops.
From Project Earth, file 23-1963-65.htm

1965-10---:   1,118,900 - Islamist vs Communists, Indonesia.
Jakarta, East Java, Bali Transition to the New Order, 1965 October to 1965-March 1966
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%931966

The Indonesian killings of 1965-1966 were an anti-communist purge following a failed coup of the 30 September Movement in Indonesia. The most widely accepted estimates are that more than 500,000 people were killed. The purge was a pivotal event in the transition to the "New Order"; the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was eliminated as a political force, and the upheavals led to the downfall of president Sukarno and the commencement of Suharto's thirty-year presidency.

The failed coup released pent-up communal hatreds which were fanned by the Indonesian Army, which quickly blamed the PKI. Communists were purged from political, social, and military life, and the PKI itself was banned. The massacres began in October 1965, in the weeks following the coup attempt, and reached their peak over the remainder of the year before subsiding in the early months of 1966. They started in the capital, Jakarta, and spread to Central and East Java and, later, Bali. Thousands of local vigilantes and army units killed actual and alleged PKI members. Although killings occurred across Indonesia, the worst were in the PKI strongholds of Central Java, East Java, Bali, and northern Sumatra. It is possible that over one million people were "imprisoned" at one time or another.

Sukarno's balancing act of "Nasakom" (nationalism, religion, communism) had been unraveled.
His most significant pillar of support, the PKI, had been effectively eliminated by the other two pillars -- the army and political Islam; and the army was on the way to unchallenged power. In March 1967, Sukarno was stripped of his remaining power by Indonesia's provisional Parliament, and Suharto was named Acting President. In March 1968, Suharto was formally elected president.

The killings started in October 1965 in Jakarta, spread to Central and East Java and later to Bali, and smaller outbreaks occurred in parts of other islands, including Sumatra. The communal tensions and hatreds that had built up were played upon by the Army leadership who demonised Communists, and many Indonesian civilians took part in the killings. The worst massacres were in Central and East Java where PKI support was at its strongest. The situation varied across the country and the role of the Army has never been fully explained. In some areas the Army organised, encouraged, trained, and supplied civilian groups and local militias. In other areas, communal vigilante action preceded the Army, although in most cases killings did not commence before military units had sanctioned violence by instruction or example. It was in the earlier stages of the killings that the army's direct involvement in clashes with the PKI occurred. By the end of October, groups of devout Muslims joined the purge of Communists claiming it was their duty to cleanse Indonesia of atheism.

In some areas, civilian militia knew where to find known Communists and their sympathisers, while in others the Army demanded lists of Communists from village heads. PKI membership was not disguised and most suspects were easily identified within communities. The American Embassy in Jakarta supplied the Indonesian military with lists of up to 5,000 suspected Communists. Although some PKI branches organised resistance and reprisal killings, most went passively to their deaths. Not all victims were PKI members. Often the label "PKI" was used to include anyone to the left of the Indonesian National Party (PNI). In other cases victims were suspected or simply alleged Communists.

Methods of killing included shooting, and, beheading with Japanese-style samurai swords.
Corpses were often thrown into rivers, and at one point officials complained to the Army that the rivers running into the city of Surabaya were clogged with bodies. In areas such as Kediri in East Java, Nahdlatul Ulama youth wing (Ansor) members lined up Communists, cut their throats and disposed of the bodies in rivers. The killings left whole sections of villages empty, and the houses of victims or the interned were looted and often handed over to the military.

Local Chinese were killed in some areas, and their properties looted and burned as a result of anti-Chinese racism on the excuse that Aidit had brought the PKI closer to China. In the predominantly Christian islands of Nusa Tenggara, Christian clergy and teachers suffered at the hands of Muslim youth.

Although there were occasional and isolated flare ups until 1969, the killings largely subsided by March 1966, when either there were no more suspects, or authorities intervened. Solo residents said that exceptionally high flooding in March 1966 of the Solo River, considered mystical by the Javanese, signaled the end of the killings.

Although the general outline of events is known, much is unknown about the killings, and an accurate and verified count of the dead is unlikely to ever be known. There were few Western journalists or academics in Indonesia at the time, the military was one of the few sources of information, travel was difficult and dangerous, and the regime that approved and oversaw the killings remained in power for three decades. The Indonesian media at the time had been undermined by restrictions under "Guided Democracy" and by the "New Order's" take over in October 1966. With the killings occurring at the height of Western fears over the Cold War, there was little investigation internationally, which would have risked complicating the West's preference for Suharto and the "New Order" over the PKI and the "Old Order".

In the first 20 years following the killings, thirty-nine serious estimates of the death toll were attempted. Before the killings had finished, the army estimated 78,500 had died while another early estimate by the traumatised Communists put the figure at 2 million. The army later estimated the number killed at a possibly exaggerated 1 million. In 1966, Benedict Anderson estimated the deaths at 200,000 and by 1985 had offered a range of 500,000 to 1 million. Most scholars agree that at least half a million were killed, more than any other event in Indonesian history. An armed forces security command estimate from December 1976 put the number at between 450,000 and 500,000. A 2012 documentary by Joshua Oppenheimer, "The Act of Killing", places the number of deaths between 1 and 3 million people.

Arrests and imprisonment continued for ten years after the purge.
A 1977 Amnesty International report suggested "about one million" PKI cadres and others identified or suspected of party involvement were detained. Between 1981 and 1990, the Indonesian Government estimated that there were between 1.6 and 1.8 million former prisoners "at large" in society. It is possible that in the mid 1970s, 100,000 were still imprisoned without trial. It is thought that as many as 1.5 million were imprisoned at one stage or another. Those PKI members not killed or imprisoned went into hiding while others tried to hide their past. Those arrested included leading politicians, artists and writers such as Pramoedya, and peasants and soldiers. Many did not survive this first period of detention, dying from malnutrition and beatings. As people revealed the names of underground Communists, often under torture, the numbers imprisoned rose from 1966-68. Those released were often placed under house arrest, had to regularly report to the military, or were banned from Government employment, as were their children.

Many suspected communists were shot, as well as beheaded, strangled, or had their throats slit by the military and Islamic groups. The killings were "done face to face", unlike mechanical processes of mass killing in Khmer Rouge Cambodia or Nazi Germany.

As of 2012, an annual cultural re-enactment of the massacres was encouraged, staged, accepted as an expression of political independence and freedom, and participated in by local volunteer actors as a display of national pride and personal membership.

1967-10-05:         690 - Asaba massacre - Nigerian Civil War, Civilians by Nigerian Second Division troops.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba_massacre

The Asaba massacres occurred in early October 1967, during the Nigerian Civil War, fought over the secession of Biafra (the former Eastern Region of Nigeria). Biafran troops invaded the Midwest Region of Nigeria, to the west of the River Niger, in early August, 1967. They spread west, taking Benin City and reaching as far as Ore, where they were pushed back by the Nigerian Second Division, under the command of Col. Murtala Muhammed.

The Federal troops gained the upper hand, and forced the Biafrans back to the Niger, where they crossed the bridge back into the Biafran city of Onitsha, which lies directly across from Asaba. The Biafrans blew up the eastern spans of the bridge, so that the Federal troops were unable to pursue them.

The Federal troops entered Asaba around October 5, and began ransacking houses and killing civilians, claiming they were Biafran sympathisers. Leaders summoned the townspeople to assemble on the morning of October 7, hoping to end the violence through a show of support for "One Nigeria." Hundreds of men, women, and children, many wearing the ceremonial akwa ocha (white) attire paraded along the main street, singing, dancing, and chanting "One Nigeria." At a junction, men and teenage boys were separated from women and young children, and gathered in an open square at Ogbe-Osawa village. Federal troops revealed machine guns, and orders were given to open fire. It is estimated that up to 700 men and boys were killed, some as young as 12 years old.

The bodies of some victims were retrieved by family members and buried at home. But most were buried in many mass graves, without appropriate ceremony. Many extended families lost dozens of men and boys. Over the next weeks, most of the town was destroyed, many women and girls were raped or forcibly "married," and large numbers of citizens fled the town, many not returning until the war ended in 1970.

1971-03-25:   2,800,400 - 1971 Bangladesh genocide - Urdu Hindus and Bihari Muslims by each other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_atrocities

The 1971 Bangladesh genocide refers to the bloodshed and human rights abuses in East Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Massacres, killings, rape, arson and systematic elimination of religious minorities (particularly Hindus), political dissidents and the members of the liberation forces of Bangladesh were conducted by the Pakistan Army with support from local militias: the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams - formed by the Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami party. The casualties estimated by different sources, numbered between 300,000 to 3 million. The war also witnessed ethnic violence between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking Biharis, including atrocities perpetrated by mobs and militias loyal to both sides in the war.

During the war, the Pakistan Army and its local collaborators carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war. However, the most extreme cases of targeted killing of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. Professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers and writers were rounded up by Pakistan Army and the Razakar militia in Dhaka, blindfolded, taken to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city to be executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur. Allegedly, the Pakistani Army and its paramilitary arm, the Al-Badr and Al-Shams forces created a list of doctors, teachers, poets, and scholars.

Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war.
Again, exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of war-babies. The Pakistani Army also kept numerous Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Dhaka Cantonment. Most of the girls were captured from Dhaka University and private homes.

Among other sources, Susan Brownmiller refers to an even higher number of over 400,000.

In 1947, at the time of partition and the establishment of the state of Pakistan, Bihari Muslims, many of whom were fleeing the violence that took place during partition, migrated from India to the newly independent East Pakistan. These Urdu-speaking people held a disproportionate number in the new country's population. Biharis were adverse to the Bengali language movement and the subsequent nationalist movements because they maintained allegiance toward West Pakistani rulers, causing anti-Bihari sentiments among local nationalist Bengalis. When the war broke out in 1971, the Biharis sided with the Pakistani army. Some of them joined Razakar and Al-Shams militia groups and participated in the persecution and genocide of their Bengali countrymen including the widespread looting of Bengali properties and abetting in other criminal activities against them. It is alleged that in the these Biharis were executed at the time of war. Few researchers are trying to figure it out, but those are not supported by all sides of the war. R J Rummel estimated that 150,000 non-Bengals were massacred, with a low estimate of 50,000 and a high estimate of 500,000.

1972-198x:   3,100,400 - Cambodian Multi-Faith by Khmer Rouge Peasant Communists.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Pot

Pol Pot (born Saloth Sar (Khmer: 19 May 1925 to 15 April 1998) was a Cambodian Communist revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge from 1963 until his death in 1998. From 1963 to 1981, he served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea. From 1976 to 1979, he also served as the prime minister of Democratic Kampuchea. Pol Pot became leader of Cambodia on April 17, 1975, and his rule was a dictatorship. During his time in power he imposed agrarian socialism, forcing urban dwellers to relocate to the countryside to work in collective farms and forced labor projects. The combined effects of executions, forced labor, malnutrition, and poor medical care caused the deaths of approximately 25 percent of the Cambodian population. In all, an estimated 1 to 3 million people (out of a population of slightly over 8 million) died due to the policies of his three-year premiership.

Saloth Sar, after switching to a technical school at Russey Keo, north of Phnom Penh, qualified for a scholarship for technical studies in France. He studied radio electronics at the EFR in Paris from 1949 to 1953. He also participated in an international labour brigade building roads in Zagreb in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1950. After the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh as the government of Vietnam in 1950, French Communists (PCF) took up the cause of Vietnam's independence. The PCF's anti-colonialism views attracted many young Cambodians, including Sar.

In 1951, he joined a communist cell in a secret organization known as the Cercle Marxiste ("Marxist circle"), which had taken control of the Khmer Student's Association (AER) that same year. Within a few months, Saloth joined the PCF. His poor academic record was a considerable advantage within the anti-intellectual PCF who saw uneducated peasants as the true proletariat.

The Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975.
As the leader of the Communist Party, Saloth Sar was the designated leader of the new regime.
He took the name "brother number one" and declared his nom de guerre Pol Pot. This derives from Politique potentielle, the French equivalent of a phrase supposedly coined for him by the Chinese leadership. An alternative version of the origin of Pol Pot's name is from Philip Short, who states that Saloth Sar announced that he was adopting the name in July 1970 and suspects that it is derived from pol: "the Pols were royal slaves, an aboriginal people," and that "Pot" was simply a "euphonic monosyllable" that he liked.

A new constitution was adopted on January 5, 1976, officially altering the country's name to "Democratic Kampuchea."
The newly established Representative Assembly held its first plenary meeting on April 11 - 13, electing a new government with Pol Pot as prime minister. His predecessor, Khieu Samphan was instead given the position of head of state as President of the State Presidium. Prince Sihanouk was given no role in the government and was placed under detention.

Immediately after the fall of Phnom Penh, the Khmer Rouge began to implement their concept of "Year Zero" and ordered the complete evacuation of Phnom Penh and all other recently captured major towns and cities. Those leaving were told that the evacuation was due to the threat of severe American bombing and it would last for no more than a few days.

Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge had been evacuating captured urban areas for many years, but the evacuation of Phnom Penh was unique due to its scale. The first operations to evacuate urban areas occurred in 1968 in the Ratanakiri area and were aimed at moving people deeper into Khmer Rouge territory to better control them. From 1971-1973, the motivation changed. Pol Pot and the other senior leaders were frustrated that urban Cambodians were retaining old capitalist habits of trade and business. When all other methods had failed, evacuation to the countryside was adopted to solve the problem.

In 1976, people were reclassified as full-rights (base) people, candidates, and, depositees - so called because they included most of the new people who had been deposited from the cities into the communes. Depositees were marked for destruction. Their rations were reduced to two bowls of rice soup, or "p'baw" per day. This led to widespread starvation. "New people" were allegedly given no place in the elections taking place on March 20, 1976, despite the fact the constitution supposedly established universal suffrage for all Cambodians over age 18.

The Khmer Rouge leadership boasted over the state-controlled radio that only one or two million people were needed to build the new agrarian communist utopia. As for the others, as their proverb put it, "To keep you is no benefit, to destroy you is no loss."

Hundreds of thousands of the new people, and later the depositees, were taken out in shackles to dig their own mass graves. Then the Khmer Rouge soldiers buried them alive. A Khmer Rouge extermination prison directive ordered, "Bullets are not to be wasted." These mass graves are often referred to as "The Killing Fields".

The Khmer Rouge also classified people by religion and ethnic group.
They banned all religion and dispersed minority groups, forbidding them to speak their languages or to practice their customs. They especially targeted Buddhist monks, Muslims, Christians, Western-educated intellectuals, educated people in general, people who had contact with Western countries or with Vietnam, disabled people, and the ethnic Chinese, Laotians and Vietnamese. Some were put in the S-21 camp for interrogation involving torture in cases where a confession was useful to the government. Many others were summarily executed.

According to François Ponchaud's book "Cambodia: Year Zero",

"Ever since 1972, the guerrilla fighters had been sending all the inhabitants of the villages and towns they occupied into the forest to live and often burning their homes, so that they would have nothing to come back to." The Khmer Rouge systematically destroyed food sources that could not be easily subjected to centralized storage and control, cut down fruit trees, forbade fishing, outlawed the planting or harvest of mountain leap rice, abolished medicine and hospitals, forced people to march long distances without access to water, exported food, embarked on foolish economic projects, and refused offers of humanitarian aid, which caused a humanitarian catastrophe: hundreds of thousands died of starvation and brutal government-inflicted overwork in the countryside.

To the Khmer Rouge, outside aid went against their principle of national self-reliance.
According to Solomon Bashi, the Khmer Rouge exported 150,000 tons of rice in 1976 alone.
In addition, "Coop chiefs often reported better yields to their supervisors than they had actually achieved. The coop was then taxed on the rice it reportedly produced. Rice was taken out of the people's mouths and given to the Center to make up for these inflated numbers.... 'There were piles of rice as big as a house, but they took it away in trucks. We raised chicken and ducks and vegetables and fruit, but they took it all. You'd be killed if you tried to take anything for yourself.'" According to Henri Locard, "the reputation of KR leaders for Spartan austerity is somewhat overdone. After all, they had the entire property of all expelled town dwellers at their full disposal, and they never suffered from malnutrition."

Property became collective, and education was dispensed at communal schools.
Children were raised on a communal basis. Even meals were prepared and eaten communally.
Pol Pot's regime was extremely paranoid. Political dissent and opposition was not permitted.
People were treated as opponents based on their appearance or background. Torture was widespread, thousands of politicians and bureaucrats accused of association with previous governments were executed. Phnom Penh was turned into a ghost city, while people in the countryside were dying of starvation, illnesses, or simply killed.

U.S. officials publicly predicted shortly after the fall of Phnom Penh that more than one million people would be killed by the Khmer Rouge; President Gerald Ford had warned of "an unbelievable horror story." Modern research has located 20,000 mass graves from the Khmer Rouge era all over Cambodia. ... UNICEF estimated 3 million had been killed. ... By late 1979, U.N. and Red Cross officials were warning that another 2.25 million Cambodians faced death by starvation due to "the near destruction of Cambodian society under the regime of ousted Prime Minister Pol Pot," who were saved by international aid after the Vietnamese invasion.

1979 - By early November,
Politically induced Famine in Cambodia had resulted in the deaths of 167,000 persons and the change in lifestyle for over 350,000 from material self-sufficiency to material urgency and desperation. The military influence had grown from the long war in Vietnam. North Vietnamese and Chinese support had been routed through Laos and Cambodia in the hope of protection from air attack by virtue of international law. Virtue was not a consideration for the Americans who had actively participated in and promoted the war for 2 decades. Early in the 70's, America had intensively bombed areas of Laos and Cambodia and used CIA agents to organize, brainwash and arm bands and tribes into fear-driven warriors. Households were stripped of their male members' work contributions in order to train and serve as combat and insurgency troops. Males became increasingly dependent upon the military system which provided them with capital in exchange for servitude. Such military indoctrination lulled men and their families away from their former patterns of self-sufficiency.

Crops did not get planted.
Others were confiscated by the government or by the troops themselves, for food.
A great number of crops were destroyed by troop "exercises", chemical weapons and the devastation of bombs. When the situation became widespread enough for the rest of the world to become aware of it, emergency supplies of food were flown in from industrialized nations ... most of whom were responsible for the militarization of the country. In predictable fashion, the emergency supplies of food were confiscated by the political authorities and used to feed the military. The innocent civilians influenced died of starvation.

Pol Pot aligned the country politically with the People's Republic of China and adopted an anti-Soviet line.
This alignment was more political and practical than ideological. Vietnam was aligned with the Soviet Union, so Cambodia aligned with the rival of the Soviet Union and Vietnam in Southeast Asia. China had been supplying the Khmer Rouge with weapons for years before they took power.

In December 1976, Pol Pot issued directives to the senior leadership to the effect that Vietnam was now an enemy.
Defenses along the border were strengthened and unreliable deportees were moved deeper into Cambodia. Pol Pot's actions were in response to the Vietnamese Communist Party's fourth Congress, which approved a resolution describing Vietnam's special relationship with Laos and Cambodia. It also talked of how Vietnam would forever be associated with the building and defense of the other two countries.

1976 - 1980:   1,900,000 - Laotian and Cambodian civilians by CIA trained Mountain tribesmen.
(from Project Earth files: 28-1974-75.htm)

Throughout the 1970s, American CIA agents induced southeast Asian mountain tribes to become arms carrying guerilla fighters by purchasing unlimited quantities of heroin from the semi-agricultural tribes. The tribes became dependent on the cropping and sale of their poppy harvest and, in servitude and material greed, took up weapons to fight against southeast Asians believed to be Communists. Too often the brutal and ruthless killing methods they were taught were used against rival tribes and any non-local group which fell out of favour with these mercenary armies. At least 40,000 men were known to have been "trained" in this fashion. They contributed to the outright slaughter of 2 million Laotian and Cambodian civilians. Their drugs entered the civilian American streets and financed the continuance of the shipments of arms and other supplies back to southeast Asia. Gradually, American civil drug dependency rose, along with drug-related crime.

Perhaps as many as one third of the murders attributed to Pol Pot were actually carried out by these mountain tribes, incited against them!

1976 - 1985:       27,870 - Argentinean civilians by Argentinean Armed Forces..
(from Project Earth files: 29-1976.htm)

1976 - On March 24,
The Argentine Armed Forces were given the authority to "control" the population, which under the new military junta, were lobbying for democracy. By February, 1984, democracy would return.

..., 30,000 teenagers and young adults would be detained on suspicion of working against the government. All would be murdered. None would be legally charged or tried in court. Under torture or the influence of drugs, the names of other suspects would be acquired. To conceal the illegal and immoral activities, corpses were dismembered and parts of different bodies would by interchanged to frustrate any later identification.

Periodically, some of those questioned and drugged would be loaded unconscious aboard an armed forces plane, flown out over the ocean, stripped, and dumped out of the cargo hatch - to die of trauma when they struck the water, or, from drowning. The local Roman Catholic priests were informed of these events by the relatives of the victims. The Vatican was also notified. No formal acknowledgement of, denunciation of, or penalties for such crimes would be forthcoming from the Roman Catholic Church, the presumed state religion. International publicity of the atrocities would first become widespread in 1995.

A military general would first testify in 1987 that he had personally dropped over 30 people from planes over the ocean. For suspected collaboration with the terrorists, 6 people, including a pregnant woman, were burned to death near a small village. In the process of its mother burning, the foetus inside of at least one pregnant woman was propelled at least 10 or more feet out of the body - a common process caused by the pressures bloating up the woman's body as she burned to death. Military forces frequently broke into the homes of suspects, or their parents, pointing machine guns and brutalizing the men. Some were tortured in front of their families before being taken away. Some were threatened because they were Jews, or were believed to be.

Also reported as ...

1976 - By May, The Argentina Military Junta had implemented ruthless measures to suppress civilian subversives who were planting bombs with apparent indiscrimination.

During the next 7 years, approximately 27,000 suspected subversives would be murdered.
Teenagers and adults, males and females were involved. Often, after beatings and torturous interrogations, detained persons would be killed and their bodies incinerated and buried in mass graves. At least 2,000 persons were drugged and thrown alive from airplanes high over the ocean.

These activities were authorized by the highest levels of military and political authority and representatives of the church in this primarily Roman Catholic country, approved the flight executions as "a Christian form of death." The officers involved typically justified their actions as part of a routine of following the orders of a superior authority; in protection of the Fatherland; retribution for the chaos and destruction caused by the civil unrest. While much was suspected, little was acknowledged until the mid-1990's.

The Argentine Navy School of Mechanics (ESMA) in Buenos Aires was used as a front for the kidnapping, torture and disappearance of most of the thousands of civilians involved. "Cleanup flights" were conducted every Wednesday for a period of more than 3 years. Up to 20 prisoners would be dropped into the ocean on each flight. NONE were guerrilla leaders. Adolfo Francisco Scilingo, a lieutenant-commander in the Argentine Navy would later describe the 2 flights which he supervised as typical and including the following details.

Male and female prisoners were selected for the flight and told that they were going to be transferred to a prison in the south (or to a concentration camp) and that they had to be vaccinated. The "vaccine" injected was a sedative which made them groggy, barely able to walk. They were helped up the stairs from the detention cells at the motor pool of the Navy Mechanics School into a truck. It took them to the restricted military zone of Aeroparque, Buenos Aires' in-town airport.

A Navy physician on board would then inject the prisoners with a second sedative, which put them to sleep. The prisoners were then undressed. Over the ocean, at a predesignated spot chosen according to known currents which were expected to carry them further out to sea, the sedated naked males and females were dumped out. Other persons not personally involved with the flights expected that the prisoners had gone to a prison or concentration camp. But their were no large camps or prisons.

Numerous bodies were recovered from the South Atlantic and examined by forensic experts.
They found indications of "polytraumatism" that indicated the bone-breaking impact of hitting the water from (a fall) a considerable height, at about 160 k/ph. At the time, there was some discussion as to whether the victims could have been abducted by extraterrestrials, experimented on and then dumped from a UFO.

Rationally and visually, injecting fellow humans with sedatives and throwing them into the night sky made it emotionally easier for the executioners to murder.

"No one was aware he was going to die. ... Because they put the prisoners to sleep, they didn't have to face them as people. ... It is almost an act of magic. They evaporate."

The ESMA officers never discussed the flights among themselves though most were involved such that anyone who wished to maintain a good performance record for advancement would take part in one or more flights. All would be protected from prosecution by a series of government decisions and pardons from the mid-1980's and many of the officers involved in the extermination flights would still be on active duty in the 1990s.

1979-xx-xx:         23,777 - Herat Massacre - Afghani citizens, by the Soviet Union Communists.

1980-1985:    +142,000 - Iraqi & Iranian troops and civilians, War.
Project Earth Report file: 33-1985-7.htm

The Iran-Iraq War has been in progress for over 5 years.
The dead from both sides totals more than 130,000. There is no record of wounded.
Thousands of Iranian youths have died by walking through Iraqi minefields to clear a path for the soldiers.
Iraq, having to use most of its oil revenues to purchase a continuing supply of armaments, has repeatedly requested peace with the currently occupied boundaries. Iran has remained firm on its conditions for peace:

a) Total Iraqi withdrawal from all Iranian territory;

b) Hundreds of billions of dollars in war reparations;

c) Replacement of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and the Baathist regime 
                                             with a fundamentalist Islamic government.

Iran also depends on its oil exports to pay for its military financing.
Iraq is now attacking civilian oil tankers filling up at Iran's principal oil terminal at Kharg Island and the terminal itself. The resulting oil-fouling from such activities is killing life in the Red Sea. Estimates suggest that if the present environmental degradation continues, the Red Sea will be a "Dead" sea in 10 years.

While NOT a true massacre, each side determines to win by maiming and killing as many of their enemy as possible in expectation that surrender will terminate the war when the experienced HUMAN losses are greatest.

1986-1991:       +97,800 - Civilians murdered by Guatemalian national troops.
(Project Earth files: 34-1988-9.htm)

Anyone disliked by the current dictator, supported and assisted by the USA government, or disliked by any of the nationalist troops, was murdered as a suspected Communist.

1988-09-xx:         867 - Civilian townspeople of Kurdish Halabja, by Iraqi chemical weapons.
(Project Earth files: 34-1988-9.htm)

In September, Chemical Weapons were used as part of an ongoing search-and-destroy operation in Kurdistan by the Iraqi government under the leadership of Saddam Hussein.

It was not the first time that the Kurds had been gassed.
The British Army had killed thousands more by gas shells in 1920.
Neither incident incurred international penalty, thereby suggesting sanction.

The men, women, and children in the town of Halabja became the latest civilian casualties.

1990:      200,000 - Bulawayo civilians, suspected NDC supporters by Magabe Fifth Brigade, Zimbabwe.

199x-199x :         12,800 - Moslems by Serbs (Christian).

1990 :     237,000 - Civilians by Christian and nationalist troops.
Project Earth files: 35-1990.htm

Wars cost more than $50 billion, kept more than 5 million persons under arms, and, killed at least 250,000 - most of whom were civilians.

1990-1991 :     111,200 - Iraqi Civilians (Moslems) by American Christians.

1986-2009 :       30,200 - Central African Civilians by the Lord's Resistance Army.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kony

Joseph Kony born (in) 1961) is the leader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a guerrilla group which used to operate in Uganda. While initially purporting to fight against government suppression, the LRA allegedly turned against Kony's own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a theocracy. Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium, and has been considered by some as a cult of personality, and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom. Ideologically, the group is a syncretic mix of mysticism, Acholi nationalism, Islam, and Christian fundamentalism, and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and local Acholi tradition.

Kony has been accused by government entities of ordering the abduction of children to become sex slaves and child soldiers. An estimated 66,000 children became soldiers. And from 1986 up until about 2009, there were at least 2 million people internally displaced.

Kony was indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands, in 2005 but has evaded capture. Kony has been subject to an Interpol Red Notice at the request of the ICC since 2006. Since the Juba peace talks in 2006, the LRA no longer operate in Uganda. Sources claim that they are in the Democratic Republic of Congo, or Central African Republic or South Sudan. In 2013 Kony was reported to be in poor health and Michel Djotodia, president of the Central African Republic, claimed he was negotiating with Kony to surrender.

1993-00-00 :     +100,000 - Burundi: Tutsi and Hutu civilians killed in an attempted Tutsi coup
Project Earth file: 37-1992-3.htm

1993 - In Burundi, central east Africa, the country's first democratically elected president, Melchior Ndadaye, a Hutu, is gunned down in an attempted military coup by Tutsi supporters. At least 100,000 Tutsis and Hutus will be killed in the subsequent massacres. Political assassinations, grenade attacks and tribal clashes will continue. The tiny nation is largely poor, agricultural and desperately overcrowded. The nation has no recognized birth control programs and the despair resulting from inadequate material resources and minimal education levels simply encourage more pregnancies as the comfort and pleasure of loving momentarily raise the spirit.

1994-01-xx:         24,300 - Mass bombardment of Kabul by Hezb-i Islami.

1994-04-06:       574,300 - Tutsi civilians murdered by Hutu militia.
Project Earth files: 38-1994.htm

During February, ...
In Rwanda, Africa, anarchy begins to expand.
A nation of 7 million people, assassinations are becoming daily events.
The Interahamwe (The People Who Stand Together), an extremist Hutu militia, oppose power sharing with the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front and its Hutu allies. A war of ethnic killings and assassinations escalates. France and South Africa support and arm the government forces.

The Patriotic Front was built from a small army of refugees, most from the minority Tutsi tribe who had fled the first wave of post-independence massacres in the early 1960s. Stateless in neighbouring countries like Uganda, which helped arm and train the rebel army, many of the rebels learned the art of guerilla war fighting with now Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni's rebels who overthrew dictator Milton Obote. The Patriotic Front begin complaining of the radio broadcasts that warned of a massacre campaign being planned.

Belgian U.N. peacekeepers try to assist in bringing the two sides together, but Hutu dictator Juvenal Habyarimana stalls on negotiations while recruiting and training more Interahamwe and dispensing anti-Tutsi propaganda. The U.N. Security Council mandate is to MONITOR the ceasefire only, not to enforce peace.

From April 06, as many as 500,000 women, children, men, Red Cross workers, and others would be killed and more than 1 million would flee to the largest refugee camp in the world, located across the border in Tanzania. Both neighbours and gangs of killers are trucked into areas to massacre whole villages at a time. They are usually composed of extremist government troops plus members of the Interahamwe. As the refugees cross the border, Tanzanian border troops add to the degradation and injustice by stealing any money the Tutsis have.

On April 7, Rwanda government soldiers arrest 10 Belgian U.N. soldiers guarding interim Prime Minister Agathe Unilingiyimana ordering them to surrender their weapons. The soldiers, part of Hutu dictator Juvenal Habyarimana's elite Presidential Guard, cut the Belgian soldier's achilles tendons to make it easier to torture them and then shoot them. When the rest of the Belgian soldiers pull out of Rwanda, the disgusted Belgians burn and cut apart their blue U.N. berets. Their officers don't try to stop them. The U.N. remains ineffective throughout, while millions die of massacre, hunger, cholera. The mobile propaganda radio continues to tell fleeing Hutus that they will be massacred.

1995-06-00:        58,718 - Bosnian civilians by Serbian rebel militias.
Project Earth files: 39-1995.htm

On June 08, the USA House of Representatives passed a bill to lift the arms embargo against the Bosnian government. President Clinton had already spoken of vetoing the bill if it was next accepted by the Senate. Perhaps 60,000 persons have died in the conflict; most have been unarmed and non-resisting civil casualties. One American soldier has his life threatened - and the most heavily armed human nation on the Earth threatens to intervene, in revenge.

1995-07-xx:         8,373 - Srebrenica massacre (Bosnian War) - Bosnian Muslims by Serbian & Greek Christians.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre

The Srebrenica massacre, also known as the Srebrenica genocide, refers to the July 1995 killing, during the Bosnian War, of more than 8,000 Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by units of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) under the command of General Ratko Mladi. The mass murder was described by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as the worst crime on European soil since the Second World War. A paramilitary unit from Serbia known as the Scorpions, officially part of the Serbian Interior Ministry until 1991, participated in the massacre and it is alleged that foreign volunteers including the Greek Volunteer Guard also participated.

In April 1993, the United Nations declared the besieged enclave of Srebrenica in the Drina Valley of north-eastern Bosnia a "safe area" under UN protection. However, in July 1995, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), represented on the ground by a 400-strong contingent of Dutch peacekeepers, Dutchbat, did not prevent the town's capture by the VRS and the subsequent massacre.

In 2004, in a unanimous ruling on the case of Prosecutor v. Krsti, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), located in The Hague, ruled that the massacre of the enclave's male inhabitants constituted genocide, a crime under international law. The forcible transfer of between 25,000 to 30,000 Bosniak women, children and elderly which accompanied the massacre was found to be confirming evidence of the genocidal intent of members of the VRS Main Staff who orchestrated the massacre.

"The Preliminary List of People Missing or Killed in Srebrenica" compiled by the "Bosnian Federal Commission of Missing Persons" contains 8,373 names. While the overwhelming majority of them were men, some 500 were under 18, and victims include several dozen women and girls. As of July 2011, 6,598 victims have been identified through DNA analysis of body parts recovered from mass graves

1999-04-27:              391 - Meja massacre, Albania - Albanian Muslims by Serbian Christians.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meja_Massacre

Serb police and paramilitary forces killed at least 300 Albanian men in the village of Meja, in Dakovica municipality. On the same day, in the nearby village of Korenica 13 Albanian men were killed and their bodies burned. Another 67 people from Korenica remain missing, as well as fifty-three other villagers from the surrounding area who were seeking refuge in Korenica.

The Meja massacre (Albanian: Masakra e Mejës) was the mass execution of 500 Kosovo Albanian civilians committed by Serbian police and paramilitaries and Yugoslav Army forces as an act of retaliation for the killing of six Serbian policemen by the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The executions occurred on 27 April 1999 in the village of Meja near the town of Dakovica, during the Kosovo War. The men were pulled from refugee convoys at a checkpoint in Meja and their families were ordered to proceed to Albania. Men and boys were separated and then executed by the road. The massacre is considered to have been the largest of the Kosovo War. As of 2008, the number of identified victims had reached 345.

As we were walking through Meja we saw about 300 dead bodies piled up on top of each other in a pasture.
It was a big pile of bodies heaped together in a mess, not laid out in any orderly way. The Serbs didn't let us look at them; they said "fast fast fast.". . . The bodies in Meja were in a pasture on our left. The pile of bodies was about the size of a tent. Up to four feet high, piled on top of each other. I recognized a couple of men who were alive. There were about fifteen men with their backs to the bodies, facing the Serbs.

1999-11-20:         2,200 - Odi massacre - Civilians by Nigerian military.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odi_massacre

Odi massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odi_massacre

The Odi massacre was an attack carried out on November 20, 1999, by the Nigerian military on the predominantly Ijaw town of Odi in Bayelsa State. The attack came in the context of an ongoing conflict in the Niger Delta over indigenous rights to oil resources and environmental protection. Reported rumours suggested that the order for the massacre came from the presidency under the regime of former president Olusegun Obasanjo.

Prior to the massacre, twelve members of the Nigerian police were murdered by a gang near Odi, seven on November 4 and the remainder in the following days. In revenge, the military invaded, exchanged fire, (exchanged fire with who??? )and then proceeded to indiscriminately attack the civilian population and the town's buildings. Every building in the town except the bank, the Anglican church and the health center was burned to the ground.

Death toll
A wide range of estimates have been given for the numbers of civilians killed. Human Rights Watch concluded that "the soldiers must certainly have killed tens of unarmed civilians and that figures of several hundred dead are entirely plausible." Nnimmo Bassey, Executive Director of Environmental Rights Action, claims that nearly 2500 civilians were killed. The government initially put the death toll at 43, including eight soldiers

2009-07-26/28:     1,217 - Boko Haram Uprising - Boko Haram Islamists by Nigerian Security forces police.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_Uprising

2009 Boko Haram Uprising
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_Uprising
The 2009 Boko Haram Uprising was a conflict between Boko Haram, a militant Islamist group and Nigerian security forces. Violence across several states in northeastern Nigeria left over 1,000 dead, with around 700 killed in the city of Maiduguri alone, according to one military official.

A government inquiry later found that, while long-standing tensions existed between Boko Haram and the Nigerian Security forces, the immediate cause of the violence stemmed from an incident in which a group of the sect's members were stopped by police in the city of Maiduguri as they were on the way to the cemetery to bury a comrade. The officers, part of a special operation aimed at stamping out violence and rampant crime in Borno State, demanded that the young men comply with a law requiring motorcycle passengers to wear helmets. They refused and, in the confrontation that followed, several were shot and wounded by police.

According to initial media reports the violence began on 26 July when Boko Haram launched an attack on a police station in Bauchi state, with clashes between militants and the Nigeria Police Force spreading to Kano, Yobe and Borno soon after. However President Umaru Yar’Adua disputed this version of events, claiming that government security forces had struck first.

“I want to emphasize that this is not an inter-religious crisis and it is not the Taliban group that attacked the security agents first, no. It was as a result of security information gathered on their intention ... to launch a major attack,’’ he said.

Nigerian troops surrounded the home of Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf in Maiduguri on 28 July after his followers barricaded themselves inside.

At the time, it was the worst violence the country had experienced since November 2008. Islam online suggests that politics, not religion, was the cause of the violence. However some people, including Christian pastor George Orjih, were reportedly murdered specifically because they refused to convert to Islam.

Prior to the clashes, many local Muslim leaders and at least one military official had warned the Nigerian authorities about Boko Haram. Those warnings were reportedly ignored.

2009-07-26:             52 - Bauchi - Nigerian Security police by Boko Haram militants.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_Uprising

Bauchi
On 26 July, over fifty people were killed and several dozen were injured in Bauchi when a gun-battle erupted as a police station was attacked by seventy Nigerian Boko Haram gang members who possessed grenades and guns. 32 Boko Haram militants were killed in the fighting, along with a soldier. The government claimed that 39 militants had been killed, and confirmed the death of a soldier. The attack was carried out following the detainment of the gang's leaders. Security forces then retaliated by raiding the group's neighbourhoods. Isa Yuguda, State Governor of Bauchi, commented: "We have pre-empted the militants. Otherwise the situation would have been bad. I'm calling on all the people of Bauchi to be calm and be rest assured the situation has been brought under control."

A night time curfew was declared in the aftermath and police maintained a visible profile. Businesses were still open in the area.

2009-07-28:         780 - Maiduguri - Boko Haram militants by Nigerian security forces.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Boko_Haram_Uprising

Maiduguri
100 bodies were reported to be found beside police headquarters in Maiduguri.
Hundreds of people are leaving their homes there to escape the violence.
A jailbreak was also reported but this has not yet been confirmed. Several civilian corpses lie on the city's streets; many were shot dead after being pulled from cars. The country's army and police are on patrol and firing.

On 28 July, Army soldiers reportedly launched an offensive on the compound of sect leader Mohammed Yusuf and a nearby mosque used by his followers in the Borno state capital of Maiduguri. Troops shelled Mohammed Yusuf's home in the city after Yusuf's followers barricaded themselves inside. Shots rained across the city. On 30 July, Nigerian security forces killed 100 Boko Haram militants in fighting in Maiduguri. Security forces fought their way into a Mosque occupied by militants and raked the inside with machine gun fire. Elsewhere, Military and Police forces engaged militants in house to house fighting. It was initially reported that among them was Boko Haram vice-chairman Abubakar Shekau, but that has since been proven false as video has appeared of Shekau since. Nigerian policemen were also killed. Maidguri was declared secure, and Nigerian forces began setting up mortar positions to shell the remaining enemy compound. On 30 July, Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf, leader of Boko Haram, was captured by Nigerian security forces and was shot dead while in police custody, possibly while attempting to escape. On 2 August, another group of women and children abducted by the Boko Haram sect were found locked in a house in Maiduguri. The military said 700 people were killed in Maiduguri during the clashes. The Red Cross later said that 780 bodies had been taken from the streets of the city and buried in mass graves.

2010-01-17:             334 - Jos riots - Yoruba Christians by Hausa-Fulani, Muslim herdsmen.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Jos_riots

2010 Jos riots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Jos_riots
The 2010 Jos riots were clashes between Muslim and Christian ethnic groups in central Nigeria near the city of Jos. The area has been plagued by violence for the past twenty years motivated by multiple factors. The clashes have been characterised as "religious violence" by many news sources, although others cite ethnic and economic differences as the root of the violence. The Anglican Archbishop of Jos, Benjamin A. Kwashi stated,

"What seems to be a recurring decimal is that over time, those who have in the past used violence to settle political issues, economic issues, social matters, intertribal disagreements, or any issue for that matter, now continue to use that same path of violence and cover it up with religion."

The first spate of violence of 2010 started on 17 January and lasted at least four days. Houses, churches, mosques and vehicles were set ablaze during the fighting. At least 200 people were killed. Hundreds of people died in fresh clashes in March 2010. According to the New York Times, the slaughtered villagers were Yoruba, mostly Christians, slain by machete attacks from the Hausa-Fulani, a group of Muslim herdsmen. Hundreds more left the scene of the attack in case the perpetrators returned

Overview
January
Jos is the capital of Plateau State, in the middle of the divide between the predominantly Muslim Hausa north of Nigeria and the predominately Christian (Yoruba) south. More than 5,000 people have been displaced in the violence. Reports on the catalyst vary. According to the state police commissioner, skirmishes began after Muslim youths set a Catholic church, filled with worshippers, on fire. Other community leaders say it began with an argument over the rebuilding of a Muslim home in a predominantly Christian neighbourhood that had been destroyed in the November 2008 riots. A 24-hour curfew was imposed on the city on 17 January 2010, and Vice-President Goodluck Jonathan ordered troops to Jos to restore order. Vice-President Jonathan currently holds executive authority, as President Umaru Yar'Adua was in Saudi Arabia receiving medical treatment from November 2009 until his return on 24 February 2010 with current medical and governmental status as yet unclear. By 19 January 2010, at least 50 people had been arrested.

On 20 January 2010, the BBC reported the fighting had spread to Pankshin, 100 km from Jos. These reports have been denied by the Army. Figures provided by medical and aid officials, religious and community leaders as well as global rights watchdog Human Rights Watch (HRW) put the death toll in the clashes at 492. HRW, quoting figures it got from Muslim officials, said that 364 of those killed were Muslims. The state police command said that there were 326 deaths and 313 arrests.

This is the third major incident of rioting in Jos in the last ten years. One thousand people were killed in riots in 2001, and 300 died in subsequent violence in 2008.

March
Before dawn on 7 March 2010, more than one hundred Christian villagers were killed by Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders in Dogo-Nahawa village near Jos. The attacks went on for four hours, and nearby villages were also targeted. Guns were fired by the perpetrators to cause panic and led to villagers running towards them to be chopped up by machetes. The villagers were mainly Berom Christians. Buildings were also set alight. Most of the dead were women and children. One of the dead was an infant less than three months of age. Corpses were dumped in the streets. Goodluck Jonathan urged that the killers be caught. The death toll was later updated to more than 300 and later 500. Hundreds more left the village in case the attackers returned.

Causes
Both Muslim and Christian youth have been blamed for starting the violence, with various reasons given. According to a local paper, attackers yelled "Allahu Akhbar" before burning down churches and homes. The Vatican has expressed outrage and sadness. The Plateau State Christian Elders Consultative Forum said that the attack was "yet another jihad and provocation".

The significance of religious differences has been questioned with the roles of social, economic, and tribal differences also considered. An ethnic rivalry between the Hausa and Berom peoples may be a factor in the violence. However, this simplistic assertion is challenged because most ethnic groups in Plateau, who are predominantly Christian share the same sentiments with the Berom, and collectively see an Islamic threat in their own lands. The archbishop of the capital Abuja said that it was "a classic conflict between pastoralists and farmers, except that all the Fulani (herders) are Muslims and all the Berom (farmers) are Christians."

Professor Kabiru Mato of the University of Abuja also played down the role of religion in the riots: "I don't see anything religious. Wherein religion could be the difference between the two warring factions, fundamentally it's a manifestation of economic alienation. So social apathy, political frustration, economic deprivation and so many factors are responsible." But this view has also been challenged by the fact places of worship like Churches have always been the targets of these riots for whatever root reason. So religion is a galvanizing force in the crisis no matter what the initial cause of conflict.

"The Beroms have been accused of resenting the economic progress of other settler groups: yet, this is another simplistic assertion. Most Plateau natives collectively feel they do not have the Federal connections or patronage other major ethnic groups have. And most Nigerian wealth has been driven by oil money. The Beroms and other Plateau natives are predominantly farmers and have had to experience their lands taken away and degraded by tin mining. Now, they have to contend with migrant groups who use Federal influence and wealth to displace them from their own lands. The massive structure of the Federal Government is fuelled primarily by oil money. The Beroms, as well as other Plateau natives, feel they should have a measure of autonomy in their core lands just the way Native Americans in their homesteads are treated as a Sovereign nation, elevated to the status of a protected minority. Nigeria's constitution has no place for respecting the rights of minorities, whether it is Jos, or the Niger Delta."

There is also the issue of discrimination against the mainly Muslim "settlers" of Jos, even if they have been living in the city for decades. This further accentuates divisions in the city. While the mainly Christian indigenous population are classified as "indigenes," the mainly Muslim immigrants to Jos are classified as "settlers" and find it difficult to stand for election ... among other things

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2013-00-00       +8,000 - Suicide bombing of Iraqi civilians by Moslem Fundamentalists

This "numbers killed" total is what is commonly quoted in North American media as the total of many bombings executed multiple times each month across the country.

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