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Memory Stimulators.
1961 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea; X-15; The Young Doctors; A Raison in the Sun, A Taste of Honey; One-Eyed Jacks; The Outsider; Carry On Regardless; Splendor in the Grass; Come September; The Curse of the Werewolf; Bachelor in Paradise; The Guns of Navarone; The Secret Partner

Songs:

Tossin' and Turnin'; Big Bad John; Exodus; Runaway; Runaround Sue; Will You Love Me Tomorrow; Travelin' Man; Michael; The Lion Sleeps Tonight; Blue Moon; Surrender; Take Good Care Of My Baby; Hit The Road Jack; Run To Him; Crying; Foolin' Around; I Dream Of Hill Billy Heaven; I Fall To Pieces; Walk On By; Under the Influence Of Love; Signed, Sealed and Delivered; Losing Your Love; Soft Rain.

Books: "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson.

Stage: "Camelot" opens on Broadway.

NEWS:

Consumer Price Index: 89.6

The USSR announced that it had set off a 50 megaton nuclear blast (2500 times more powerful than the Hiroshima, Japan, bomb of 1945. Protest marches followed, worldwide.

President Kennedy of the U.S.A., only 90 days after assuming power, and at the urging of the C.I.A., supported an invasion of Cuba by Ex-patriots. President Castro found out in time leading to the "Bay of Pigs" slaughter of the invaders.

In launching his "New Frontier", President Kennedy states "Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country."

Prime Minister Diefenbaker, of Canada, leads Canadians in a rush to build fallout and blast shelters; the government Emergency Measures Organization circulate free copies to thousands of do-it-yourself shelter plans.

1961 - On January 17,
Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, of the newly independent Congo in Africa.
He and President Joseph Kasavubu were opposed by Joseph Mobutu.
Fewer than 20 Congolese had higher academic education at this point.
When Lumumba had visited President Eisenhower in the previous July, he had asked that the State Department supply him with a blond prostitute to stay with him at Blair House, the President's guest quarters. He was also known to smoke hemp, practice witchcraft and be "undisciplined" in other ways. This behaviour was totally repugnant to Eisenhower and the establishment of the time who knew nothing of the customs of other nations and could not "suffer fools quietly".

As early as January, 1960, Richard Bissell, in charge of the NSA and its U2 project, had ordered William Harvey to set up a "standby capability" for what was called euphemistically "Executive Action", by which was plainly meant a capability for assassination of foreign leaders as a "last resort". At he time, both of these employees of the CIA were convinced that the White House had orally urged the creation of such a planning capability. In January and March of 1960, secret discussions in a subcommittee of the Special Group had spoken about assassination planning with the proposed target then being Fidel Castro of Cuba.

In July, 1960, Lumumba had visited Washington.
At that time, black troops in the Congolese army rebelled; there was a bloodbath.
Both President Joseph Kasavubu and Prime Minister Lumumba appealed to Eisenhower for help.
Eisenhower did not want to open the door to U.S.S.R. involvement so he sent them to the UN (United Nations) which typically discussed it. At that point, Lumumba made it clear that he would take aid from anyone. The Soviet Union obliged and immediately the U.S.A. intelligence community began speaking of Lumumba as "a person who was a Castro or worse." By August 25, 1960, Dulles had sent a cable to the CIA in Leopoldville, Congo, asking who would get rid of Lumumba. Minutes of the Special Group on the same day, and later of the National Security Council (NSC) on September 25, 1960 had stated "It was finally agreed that planning for the Congo would not necessarily rule out getting rid of Lumumba."

During September, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the CIA's resident toxic-substance expert, was asked by Richard Bissell to make preparations for an assassination attempt. The design was to obtain various toxic biological materials that would produce a disease indigenous to that part of Africa; in late September he took the materials to Lawrence Devlin, the CIA district officer in Leopoldville, Congo. To avoid identification with the U.S.A., the NSA hired two non-Americans who never knew each other, sent them to the United States to be trained by the CIA to be professional killers; then sent them to the Congo. Only then, when Justin O'Donnell, a CIA agent, was called on to supervise the killers, did an American refuse to follow the string of orders. The problem was resolved without American assistance when Lumumba was captured by Mobutu's troops flown to Elizabethville and murdered by Congolese. The planning and preparation had been done; as time progressed, the process would be refined.

During the above period, other targets considered and planned for were Colonel Abdul Kassem in Iraq (killed in his own country by firing squad before the CIA-NSA completed their plans), President Rafael Trujillo, the dictator of the Dominican Republic (ambushed and assassinated on May 30, 1961 by non-Americans using guns supplied by the CIA), and Fidel Castro, in Cuba.

Only "committed" people who followed authority without question, who believed in the cause-effect, right-wrong, black-white, divine-satanic, two alternative view of reality, and were religiously conservative enough to see themselves as supporting the ONLY righteous alternative could support a high cost, high power deception of the voters in the performance of murders and cheating as a sacrifice required to defeat an evil enemy. Given that such has been established, who would they disdain in their own country and would they seek to "protect" it from him by assassination?

1961 - On January 22,
U.S.A. President John F. Kennedy is inaugurated into office.
He has been critical of Eisenhower's approach to many things.
He opts for a more diplomatic handling of State Department affairs.
While he has been in politics for a time, his military service in WWII does not put him in sympathy with the conservative views promoted by former Generals and high ranking career officers, nor with high ranking career government bureaucrats. His social circles have been more focused on university academics, senators, and the financially fortunate. He has an idealism which encourages him to make America more equal in opportunity and civil rights for all and believes in diplomacy before force.

Kennedy's approach to politics was termed by some as "pragmatic", a subtle form of authoritarianism - for it was a view of the world in which some men led other men. To Kennedy, politics came down to personalities, not to major forces or crucial issues. What mattered first of all was the handful of men who exercised leadership. Political ideas, political institutions, political programs were of interest only to fill in the details. Politics was a matter of who had power and what they did with it. His background had taught him that public image in politics was everything; the mass media could make or break your career. In addition, he knew that a stance of confidence, authority, and directness often conveyed a sense of power to others. Winning was everything, and the only way to win was to have power and use it. Power was the charisma of image built on a base of privilege and wealth. He played his part with conviction and planning, like a good poker player. He was the first Catholic elected President in the U.S.A. He knew nothing of the NSA's activities, the existence of MJ-12, the communications with the REDS, BLONDS and the arrangements with the GRAYS.

Elected partially on the paranoia generated by a media campaign that exploited a non existent USA-USSR missile gap, Kennedy initiated a buildup of USA strategic and conventional military forces. He accelerated the development of the Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile and the Minuteman land-based ICBM, giving these projects the highest national priorities. Krushchev's earlier Soviet strategy of emphasizing land-based ICBMs at the sacrifice of submarine-launched missiles and manned bombers as well as conventional military forces - a more defensive approach - would now have to be scraped. A clash over where each nation could place these nuclear missile armed devices would arise.

1961 - In January,
USA Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara appointed by President Kennedy, determines that there is no missile gap after all between the USA and the USSR. Much of the previous political campaign had revolved around the nation's military posture and its suggested weakness. Unannounced to the public, McNamara now found that there was indeed a missile gap - and the Russians were on the unpleasant side of it. Shortly before the November, 1960 USA election, the USS George Washington submarine had launched 2 Polaris missiles at targets more than 1,000 miles distant and struck them both. The subsurface-launched missile revolutionized modern strategic warfare by suggesting second-strike force. Such became the core of the USA deterrent policy; it would take the Russians more than a decade before they could match the technology.

1961 - During January,
U.S.A. President John F. Kennedy concludes that the Pentagon under the direction of Robert McNamara is not responding fast enough to his desired shift from deterrence to counterinsurgency; he initiates a "Special Group for Counterinsurgency" and the "Green Berets". The intent was to shift from a basic philosophy of "massive retaliation" and nuclear deterrence to counterinsurgency to enable America to fight "brushfire" guerilla warfare around the globe. The weapons of insurgency: defoliation, napalm, anti-personnel and incendiary bombs, massive air power replacing ground troops, and psywar tactics reflected a massive change in military strategy and co-depended heavily upon the military-academic-scientific-industry unit to function. To the intellectual idealist that Kennedy was, the "professional" solution was more attractive than the brutality of hand-to-hand combat and safer for the home troops. By May, 1961, 100 Green Berets would be assigned to Vietnam, thus officially assigning the first combat troops to that country. Eisenhower had sent "military advisors", beginning in 1955.

1961 - During January,
Robert Kennedy is sworn in as Attorney General of the USA by his brother President John F. Kennedy.
At the age of 35 he was the youngest man to sit in the infrequent meetings of the Cabinet.
Within days of his appointment he created a "Hoffa Unit" within the Justice Department and gave it priority over other business. Jimmy Hoffa, noted labour union leader now found himself confronted by a superior force bent on convicting him of illegal activities. Kennedy had more money, more lawyers, and an obsession of religious zeal toward riding America of what he believed was rampant organized crime. Robert (Bobby) set out to convict all major criminal elements even if the only charge he could snare them with was the owning of too many Mourning doves (Joseph Aiuppa) or the fact that they had made a false statement on a Veterans Administration loan application (Louis Gallo).

1961 - On January 31,
SAMOS II (Missile Defense Alarm System) is launched by the USA.
Its intent was to provide a 30-minute warning to the USA in the event of a nuclear weapons attack from the USSR by missile. Both MIDAS II and SAMOS II "detected" a land- or submarine-launched missile by comparing its hot plume with the cooler background. Unfortunately, sunlight glinting on clouds could sometimes mimic and did mimic the infrared radiation (IR) signature (pattern) of a missile launch. On 3 occasions, MIDAS II readings prompted urgent calls from the American President to the Soviet Premier as preparations were being made for WWIII. SAMOS II, publicly described as having a mission of photographing terrain and both sensing and recording electromagnetic radiation was, more specifically, a reconnaissance satellite with improved sensors for sudden infrared patterns. It proved as inaccurate as MIDAS II. At first, neither all Soviet launch sites were covered nor were impact predictions accurate. Sudden volcanic eruptions, jet aircraft suddenly emerging from heavy cloud cover, sunlight glinting off aircraft and other influences could result in the relay of a signal which would be interpreted by the human operators as a missile launch. In one observation, misread light from the rising Moon was misread to indicate a missile attack.

Machine vision would require 15 years of intensive research and development to become somewhat dependable.
Human scientists, through their errors, demonstrated how little awareness they had of the complexities involved in "processing" optical information and in the environmental factors influencing vision on the Earth. Until their efforts turned from development of "detection" technology to "processing and interpretation" technology, such satellites and devices would remain highly unsuitable as indicators of when to begin a nuclear retaliatory attack against another nation. SAMOS II only increased the confusion over what a positive detection meant and when it would be suitable to begin the countdown to a counterattack.

1961 - Between February 3rd and 5th,
Astronomical factors, eight planets in conjunction under the sign of Capricorn, contributed to a prediction from India that the earth would split into pieces. The Hindu in India prepared en masse. In England, George King, leader of the Venusian Society and claiming to be the Venusian candidate to the United Nations also forecast February 5 as the final day. Fewer earthquakes and volcanic eruptions were recorded than usual.

1961 - During the year,
In the U.S.A., an underground cave in which an atomic device had been detonated on September 13, 1957, was entered by three specialists. The device had been placed in an artificial cave hollowed out of rock 800 feet down, at the end of a zigzag corridor 2000 feet long. Scientists had originally calculated that access to the cave would be impossible for a hundred years, because of the heat absorbed by the rock. Soundings made by means of special instruments indicated that this margin of safety had been grossly overestimated and clearing of the corridor leading to the cave began.

The cave had originally been hollowed out in the form of a sphere with a diameter of 120 feet.
The explosion had reshaped and enlarged the cavity such that it now was 150 feet wide and only 30 feet high. The temperature inside was found to be 120 degrees F. and the siliceous rock was covered with crystals created by the fusion; many had been reduced to fragments by pieces of shattered rock. Among these crystals were rubies and diamonds. It is unreported as to the quantity and quality of the precious stones taken from the cave. There is no current record of how many similar tests were planned and executed after this finding.

Before the global agreement against underground nuclear tests was declared in 1991, more than 868 such tests had been conducted.

Retrieval and sale of 100 pounds of precious gems and sale on the wholesale market could result in a capital appreciation of $770 million at 1961 dollar values. Construction of interconnecting underground tunnels linking secret facilities under U.S. Navy control and NSA security and funded by black operations began in 1964. The Vietnam/Laos/Cambodia war produced 200 billion dollars of contracts over 25 years or 8 billion per year. If only 5% of those funds were allocated to top secret "black" projects which were cancelled, the funding available for the construction of underground bases and tunnels would average a minimum of .4 billion (40 million). These figures are not adjusted for purchasing power at today's values and typically represent 10 to 15 times the purchasing power of the 1994 dollar. Base locations were chosen as military bases and tunnels frequently pass under Federal or private owned park reserves or Indian reservations. Monies came from or were supplied through Rockefeller companies or affiliates and defense industry contractors.

1961 - In January,
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev delivered a militant speech avowing Soviet support for wars of national liberation.
Intended for the Chinese, the American adminstration interpreted it as a virtual declaration of war.

1961 - During the year,
Leonard Hayflick, while at the Wistar Institue in Philadelphia, made the discovery that the only cells with the capacity for indefinite cell division (growth) were cancer cells. The assumption before that time was that most body cells of the human would simply replicate forever, in a proper environment (except those of the brain, nerves, muscles, and kidneys). Hayflick found that there was a maximum number of times that ordinary body cells will double by division in a laboratory culture dish. For human cells, it is about 50 times.

Cells divide much slower in the human body than in a laboratory culture.
Cells which Hayflick had taken from the lung of a 20-year-old human divided in the laboratory a further 20 times and stopped. Cells which had been frozen at he 15th division stopped dividing until they were then thawed. Active once more, the cells which had divided 20 times continued on for another 32 divisions. Yet each species was different. Mouse cells divided 12 times and stopped.

Years later it would be found that old female rat ovaries that had stopped cycling, began to cycle again when placed into a young rat. And young ovaries transplanted into an old female stopped cycling. Before 1980, humans would know very little about the operation and multiplicity of hormones in their own bodies and less where it concerned other species. Cell division rates and hormones could influence longevity, aging symptoms, and cancers. Several decades of increasing life expectancy in the USA stopped in 1954.

1961 - In a January 30
USA State of the Union Address, newly elected president John F. Kennedy warns the nation that in Vietnam "the tide is unfavourable.
The news will be worse before it is better."
During this year and leading up to it hundreds of new nations were struggling to break from their colonial past and establish modern institutions. Kennedy called upon Americans to be the "watchmen of the walls of freedom" and promised to assert firm, vigorous leadership. The new frontiersmen of the Kennedy administration - young, academic, energetic, proud, aggressive - accepted without question the basic assumptions of the southeast Asia containment policy and believed that the apparent advance of Communism must be met directly and stopped. A massive buildup in nuclear weapons and long-range missiles was ordered in preparation for the expected armageddon.

In settling the major policy issues, Kennedy would be cautious rather than bold, hesitant rather than decisive, and improvisational rather than sly and calculating. The public will was always a consideration and its potential opposition to politically rationalized deceptive and coercive policies aimed at other nations; such policies were first tried as intelligence and "black" programs with the hope that their success would make it unnecessary for the administration to ask its citizens for support, and, reveal the true nature of the involvement in Vietnam and elsewhere. Victory would sanction all and replace the sting of rejection with the label of heroism. In private, the restraints came away, and, as promised, the leadership was intellectualizing in decision-making, aggressive and intolerant in action, insolent of other nations and cultures through pride in one's own.

Kennedy would increasingly fear that the survival of the United States would depend on its capacity to defend "free" institutions. Unfortunately he and his administration would neither understand that "undeveloped" nations were not naturally capitalistic nor that an expansionist economic system of any colour might be detrimental to their striving for self-directedness. Previously colonized states were typically schizoid in wanting the materialistic benefits of their former masters while idealistically adopting or rejecting a parallel economic system to their previous host nation. It was a half-lie to suggest that formerly colonized nations would automatically have a "free" perception once granted independence constitutionally. It was a half-lie to suggest that a "defense" of freedom could be carried out with military coercion, political manipulation and taxpayer deception.

1961 - By the beginning of February,
The Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (FIAB) was reactivated by President Kennedy.
Established by former President Eisenhower in 1956, the FIAB had fallen into disuse. Now, an 11-member board of prominent businessmen, scientists and other outside government decisionmakers and capitalist society authorities again served to directly influence the decisions of the American President who believed that crucial decisions were having to be made, or would have to be made, which could not be delayed for a discussion and acceptance by the somewhat democratic legislatures of the government. President Kennedy was always predisposed to the intellectualism of professionals and academics at the expense of military leaders or elected government representatives. This predisposition would increase and promote the degree to which the American public would be deceived and manipulated by those who ultimately decided on the foreign policy and the covert use of their tax monies.

1961 - During March,
Wilbert B. Smith, head of "Project Canada" in Canada, delivers a speech to the Vancouver Flying Saucer Club.
He imparts information allegedly obtained from extraterrestrial sources that casts doubt on the validity of some basic concepts of North American science and the cultural ideas of the time. He mentions having made "hardware that works" from information given him by extraterrestrial intelligences.

1961 - During March,
British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was directly advised by French leader Charles de Gaulle, and indirectly through USA President John F. Kennedy, that admission of the Great Britain into the EEC would be allowed to proceed only if there was a political as well as an economic commitment made to Europe by Britain. De Gaulle, frustrated with the cost and complexities of developing a unilateral nuclear deterrent, provided Macmillan with an opportunity to barter nuclear technology for an entry into the EEC. Between the autumn of 1961 and the spring of 1962, British diplomats would appear to be pursuing a sincere desire to enter the EEC.

Diplomatic documents, released to the public more than 30 years later, from their safety in government secrecy classification, would reveal that an intent of Macmillan and his advisers was to transform the EEC from within into an institution which favoured Britain's interests. The public were told the opposite by their media. Macmillan was painted to appear as the humbled leader who in the interest of Britain and Europe was willing to accept a position at the EEC table as an equal among equals.

A further complication arose in that some politicians believed that a closer unity with European nations would downgrade the priveleged status which Commonwealth countries enjoyed with Britain. Could Britain afford to alienate them in hope of better economic returns from the EEC membership?

Another rising anxiety for Macmillan was the civilian situation in Britain in which rising numbers of unemployed and social service difficulties were resulting in demonstrations of unrest. Entry into a free trade common market was increasingly being feared by the British commoner as a factor capable of aggravating the economic sacrifices already being made.

1961 - On April 12,
Yuri Gagarin, a 27 year old major in the USSR Air Force, became the first man to be publicly acknowledged for rocketing into space.
The Vostok 1 ("East") spacecraft circled the earth once in 108 minutes, reaching an altitude of 187 miles. His first words while in orbit were: "I am in good spirits. The machine is working perfectly".

It would not be revealed until 1991 that the retrosection failed to separate before re-entry, breaking away only when the retaining straps burned through. Gagarin was declared to have remained inside the spherical capsule for the landing, but like the 5 subsequent Vostok cosmonauts he did use an ejection seat at 7 km altitude because of the high landing speed. Gagarin was purely a passenger; the controls were locked against his interference. This was common on many Soviet space flights. Gagarin became a national hero; he never made another space flight. He allegedly died in March, 1968, at the age of 34 in a jet aircraft training flight.

1961 - On April 17,
The Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba by the U.S.A. CIA trained and supported "La Brigada".
The troops with their tanks and supplies sailed from Guatemala where they had trained to mount an essentially conventional military assault originally intended to be structured as a guerilla operation. It would be superseded by Operation Mongoose, a CIA operation to secure Fidel Castro's overthrow.

Adlai Stevenson, ambassador to the United Nations, opposed it when he heard plans of it on April 10. Chester Bowles, undersecretary of state opposed it also on hearing of it. On April 12, President Kennedy publicly stated that the U.S.A. would not intervene militarily in Cuba. On April 13 he ordered that the air strike planned for April 15 had to appear as if it had originated in Cuba with defecting Castro pilots. A cover story was prepared at the last minute for the news media to suggest that planes flown from Nicaragua to Florida had actually originated in Cuba.

At mid-day on Sunday, April 16, President Kennedy gave the final go-ahead.
Hours later he cancelled the air strike after Stevenson demanded that he stop the operation: only the air strike was still within his control. The plan had called for effective air cover together with strategic bombing of communications facilities: a microwave-based telephone system, bridges, railways. Also designated were Cuba's airfields, naval facilities and armoured vehicle depots. With these left operable and the Cuban populace supporting their leader, success of the invaders was doomed.

At dawn on April 17, La Brigada landed on the beach at Zapata, on the Bay of Pigs.
After 3 days of fighting they surrendered. Lacking air support, the Cuban Air Force had sank one of the two Brigade transports involved, which carried most of the ammunition. The President approved an air strike on the morning of April 18 only to have it frustrated by low clouds over the targets and three of the B-26's shot down with others damaged. The President was strongly encouraged by the military to respond again while civilian and state advisors advised against it.

Kennedy was only 90 days in office.
He had consulted with many advisors in the White House, the intelligence organizations, the military and the state department. His brother, Bobby Kennedy, had virtually assumed responsibility for the operation on the idealist assumption that defeating Communism in the neighbourhood would make him and his brother heroes - to both the American people and to their father. Together, he and Jack had surrounded themselves with action-oriented people who held strong opinions regarding what should be done, how and why. Bobby was easily impressed by the power and high technology which now appeared to be at his disposal and motivated by the military and intelligence feedback that Communism was the devil and that their own political bureaucracy was a sham for action, Bobby believed that his position as Attorney General justified his assumption of command and leadership. His brother, John F. (Jack) was more mature both in experience and political negotiation: he considered and worried about the consequences of how such military interference in the affairs of another state would appear through the media to the rest of the world. President Kennedy compromised ordering U.S. plans to protect the B-26's and landing craft but not to fire on Cuban planes or ground targets. A timing error resulted in the B-26's being delayed; the invaders were driven back to the sea.

The pride of achievement through action in the face of vast media attention provided the opportunity for the greatest of media celebration or the most humbling of media exposure with the considerable impact on the international community regardless of the direction. The physical discomfort which Jack had endured through the 1950's from his WWII back injury had left him with an attitude of "take action now, for tomorrow you may not be here". Such a "live for the moment" attitude had led to desperate actions taken on the basis that the end justified the means. His father Joe had always emphasized success by action, not by participation; results meant success. Jack was surrounded by advisors, who, for other reasons, shared the attitude: they had not been promoted, decorated, hired - because they were team members - they were aggressive, results-oriented leaders - who like General/President Eisenhower had got the job done regardless of cost or ruthlessness.

This failure would be a constant source of embarrassment to the Kennedy brothers; they would make it one of their mountains of shame. Predictably, Jack would react by becoming more individualistic in his decisions and less trusting of advisors. Instead of admitting that he had been caught doing wrong, morally, he admitted that he had made mistakes by listening to experts rather than reaching his own (immoral) decisions. Both Jack and Bobby were out of their league. They were playing with realist thinkers. They were talking about guilt and innocence, right and wrong: justice; they had forgotten what it meant. In time, their pragmatism and idealism would be hated as immature, destructive and embarrassing by those who had the power behind the scenes: the people who could really call the shots.

The Grays and Reds were completely confused by this aspect of human behaviour.
How could humans be so distrustful and inconsistent in their behaviour.
Why would humans elect and appoint persons to leadership positions who were, on the one hand, apparently inconsistent in behaviour - said they believed in one thing and then supported the opposite, and, on the other hand, seemed to lack any greater spiritual awareness than the average citizen? American politicians talked about principles of freedom and tolerance and the importance of self-determination for states, and their military were supposed to support such aims, yet they spent great sums of taxpayer's monies doing the opposite while deceiving the taxpayer of the real purpose and means.

Human individuals appeared neither to recognize nor be able to control the influence of parental, spousal or cultural imprinting and training by self-directed behaviour guided by spiritual principles such as love, humility, self-responsibility, reverence, sharing and compassion. To the Grays, such demonstrations confirmed to them that humans were even of questionable value as future slaves/robots. The Reds felt greater sorrow and disappointment for what they knew would be the future of humanity on the Earth.

1961 - On April 18,
Joe Simonton, a 60-year -old Wisconsin poultry farmer, saw a bright silvery flying saucer when he stepped out into his yard in the morning. It was hovering above the ground. A hatch opened and he saw 3 humanoids inside dressed in black suits. They were human in appearance but unusually short.

One of the beings held up a jug and made motions which suggested to the farmer that he wanted water. When he returned, he found the beings "frying food on a flameless grill of some sort". In exchange for the water, the "men" in the saucer gave Simonton 3 of the pancake-like objects that they had been cooking. They closed the hatch and took off over the trees. Simonton reported the incident to the sheriff who found no evidence but felt that Simonton was telling the truth. Simonton ate one of the cakes, mentioning that it tasted like cardboard. The others eventually made their way to the Food and Drug laboratory of the U.S.A. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Technicians there found that the cakes had been made of buckwheat, soybean hulls and wheat. This fact led to critics declaring that the fact that the mixture lacked scientific sophistication and possessed basic earth-food ingredient indicated that it could not have come from outer space!

Thus, one of the common expectations and preconceptions often expressed in this area of investigation was again voiced by "scientists", government authorities", and so-called "educated" persons. Apart from whether the incident happened or not, the same composition of ingredients in the late 1980s and the 1990s would have classified it as a "health food" superior to most mass produced foods in both its level of nutrition, digestion, and freshness. In addition to this factor, if an extraterrestrial could sustain itself on a food found on a distant planet, why would it have made any sense to continue to use flight reserves as well as giving away such a precious commodity to another being who might not be able to ingest it or appreciate it?

Simonton received a lot of ridicule following from the articles written about his experience and he eventually voiced regret at having shared his experience and vowed never to do so again, should he be so fortunate again in the future. This has been the typical reaction to which observers have been subjected when expressed in any technologically advanced nation with any level of political power or media presence.

Jacques Vallee, a mathematician and astronomer, later drew a parallel between the Simonton report and the traditions of European farmers. By custom, they had left clean water for fairies who exchanged food with them, particularly wheat and buckwheat. Legend has it that the fairy folk were notoriously ill-tempered, and therefore were to be respected.

1961 - During late April,
John McCone a former defense contractor and a former head of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was made the new CIA Director.
President Kennedy was enraged at the Bay of Pigs result and at first threatened to splinter the CIA into a thousand pieces. He settled for the then director of the CIA, Allen Dulles.

1961 - On April 27
On Lake Onega, NE of Leningrad, 25 witnesses saw a bluish green oval object the size of a jetliner, flying silently at very high speed, scrape the lake ice then rise and fly off. Sample pieces of the ice contained a residue of magnesium, aluminum, calcium, barium, and titanium. A strange piece of metal and tiny black grains, resistant to acid and heat, were found to be composed of iron, silicon, sodium, lithium, titanium, and aluminum.

1961 - On May 5,
Navy Commander Alan B. Shepard, aboard the U.S.A. Freedom 7 spacecraft, travelled 116 miles high in a sub-orbital flight that lasted 15 minutes. He becomes the first publicized American man-in-space.

1961 - On May 11,
The U.S.A. sends additional troops to South Vietnam.
President Kennedy orders 400 Special Forces troops and 100 other American military advisers sent. No publicity is given to either move. Although the numbers are relatively small, it represents the first such expansion of American military presence in Saigon beyond a 685-troop limit, which, if done openly, would be the first formal breach of the Geneva agreement by the U.S.A.

President Diem, in a letter to President Kennedy, asks for "considerable" build-up of the U.S. forces and an increase of 100,000 men in the South Vietnamese Army. "Inflated infiltration figures" are used to support the threat of Communism from the North. The Presidency agrees to finance a 30,000-man increase in South Vietnam's Army. The Joint Chiefs of Staff estimate that 40,000 U.S. servicemen will be needed to "clean up the Vietcong threat." National intelligence estimates report "little evidence" that the Vietcong rely on external supplies. U.S. General Taylor meets with President Diem and thereafter recommends a Mekong Delta flood 6,000 to 8,000-man "relief task force, largely military in composition," including "combat troops" for protection and warns that they may "expect to take casualties" but that they can be removed or phased into "other activities." While President Kennedy approves the major recommendations, Diem is upset with the response. Previous American demands for liberalized reforms and insistence on American participation in decision-making with the Diem government are withdrawn.

On the same day, President Kennedy orders the start of a campaign of covert warfare against North Vietnam to be conducted by South Vietnamese agents directed and trained by the Central Intelligence Agency (U.S. C.I.A.) and some American Special Forces troops. Within weeks, the North Vietnamese Government makes repeated protests to the International Control Commission (I.C.C.) that its airspace and territory are being violated by foreign aircraft and South Vietnamese ground raids across the demilitarized zone (DMZ) which separates North and South Vietnam. Nothing was done.

Also on May 11, orders from President Kennedy called for the infiltration of South Vietnamese forces into southeastern Laos to find and attack Communist bases and supply lines.

1961 - During May,
A nuclear power-plant failure and contamination incident involving a Soviet Hotel Class nuclear-propelled, nuclear ballistic missile submarine occurred during a missile test in the North Atlantic test range. Near the coast of England, crew members and other submarine passengers were seriously contaminated when a reactor cooling pipe broke. Parts of the ship, and the missiles themselves were also contaminated up to a level of 5 roentgens per hour in the worst contaminated areas. After a 2-month ventilation of the submarine, the missiles were transferred to 2 diesel submarines for testing. The completion of the launch tests were considered a great success. The submarine's reactor plant was replaced at Severodinsk during 1962, and it was put back into service.

1961 -
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), centred in Paris, became a group of 24 nations, including most of the major industrialized countries. Its members included Canada, the USA, Japan, and 18 western European countries. Its purpose was to coordinate economic and social policies amongst its members and promote economic assistance to developing countries.

It had now become accepted by the major Capitalist countries that a global economy would evolve under the capitalist norms which each of them had adopted and accepted as preferable and inevitable. Included in this awareness was the perception that the greatest collective profit would be derived from the maximum "development" of early capitalist economies and through a segmentation of the world market. The former could be best attained through collective support for third world indoctrination through continued "development" loans, aid, and other material "bribes". The latter would best be managed by the major industrialized nations promoting themselves in the world market with products and services which best related to their culture AND produced little competition with their associate countries. Furthermore, social and political stability would remain important in their own countries in order to effect efficient production and maximum profit.

Keynesian economics is a major consideration here with the prospect of incurring high deficits in order to increase the dependency and passivity of one's own citizens while encouraging addictive consumerism. An addict is easily manipulated and becomes a mercenary to the supplier. Free will is lost to the majority. Absolute, though not obvious, power - and its suggestion of security and wealth - are the motivators of the political leaders.

The O.E.E.C. (Organization for European Economic Cooperation) is now terminated and an expansion of world trade with a co-ordination of Western aid will become the most noticeable economic changes.

1961 - On May 25,
The American Lunar Program was proposed by President John F. Kennedy.
The USA would pursue as a national goal a manned landing on the Moon by the end of the decade.
It was intended to raise the American spirit from the humiliation of the Bay of Pigs, divert their attention from the Southeast Asian conflict, and provide the next example of a rationalization of public debt to finance economic recovery already dependent upon the armament/defense industry. Aerospace might become a substitute for defense in the budget and employment considerations of the future. To maintain a healthy capitalistic economy one had to have an expansive economy. That had only been attained in past human history by:

     1. conquest and thievery of the goods and the capital of others;
     2. enslavement of dependency of workers as cheap labour;
     3. increased stratification of society into rich and poor sectors;
     4. increased production through capital intensive industrialization;
     5. increased production by civilian motivation (fear, urgency, ...);
     6. drastic decrease in population numbers by disease, famine or war;
     7. decrease in competition by monopolization and privilege;
     8. provide financing to buyers (loans) to increase market activity;
     9. create a market by government debt financing of the economy.

The American Lunar Program would inject $24.5 billion ($118 billion in 1991 valuation) into the economy between 1961 and 1972. It would provide tens of thousands of higher than average paying jobs across the nation in previously (and future) armaments industries.

North American Rockwell was selected as the prime contractor for the Apollo Command and Service Modules. Twenty would be built; 17 would be used. Although the modules never publicly held more than a crew of 3, they could have been fitted for a crew of 6. Grumman Aircraft received the contract for the Lunar Modules. In 1995, it would be part of one of the top ten most powerful entities in the world.

The fundamental benefits of the Apollo Program were that it provided a distraction for the American, a higher standard of living for them, the pride of having a few men stand on the surface of a satellite which would not easily support human life, the retrieval of 385 kg of rock and soil in one of the most expensive mining explorations, and the development of sophisticated technologies at 20 times the cost that would have been necessary if a practical on-Earth purpose had been devised in the beginning. Choices - humans have them. War or peace; wealth or pride?

1961 - By the summer,
USA White House adviser Walt W. Rostow, economist and former MIT professor, and other advisers were urging President Kennedy to undertake an all-out effort in Vietnam. Rostow had long advocated the employment of such "unexploited counterguerrilla assets" as helicopters and the newly created Green Berets. In a statement typical of practical thinkers about the subject of technology, he stated: "It is somehow wrong to be developing these capabilities but not applying them in the crucial theater. In Knute Rockne's old phrase, we are not saving them for the junior prom." He warned Kennedy that to "turn the tide" the United States must "win" in Vietnam. If Vietnam could be held, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia could be saved, and "we shall have demonstrated that the Communist technique of guerilla warfare can be dealt with." Obviously, Rostow had no first-hand experience of guerrilla warfare.

1961 - In the June report,
TDSI-24, discussing Nuclear Reactor Power Runaway, also referred to in the industry as a "Significant Event", popular causes for such incidents are noted. Entitled "Douglas Point Nuclear Power Plant Preliminary Accident Analysis", it was produced by Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Nuclear Power Plant Division, Toronto, Ontario. Its findings include:

   "A. Reduction or loss of cooling in the reactor, if
    1. boilers, or
    2. feedwater system fails;
    3. circulating pump failure;
    4. flow channel becomes blocked;
    5. coolant circuit develops a serious leak;
    6. loss of power to pumps or boilers;
    7. failure of safety valves;
    8. failure of signalling devices.

  B. Excessive Reactor Power develops from
    1. increases in the moderator level;
    2. removal of absorbers;
    3. insertion of boosters;
    4. decreased admium content in the moderator;
    5. Xenon poison burned out of the fuel;
    6. advancing fuel in the channels;
    7. draining off coolant from fuel channels."

Of significance is the fact that there are this many defined circumstances during which the CANDU reactor model, the SAFEST known reactor system ever to be designed in this century and the LEAST utilized system internationally, can reach a self-destruct point of core meltdown. This state is described in the industry as "The China Syndrome" after the fantasy that such an operational stage would melt a hole through the bottom of the reactor and continue through the Earth to the opposite side of the planet.

In reality, much of the excess power generated would have the capacity to at least explode the reactor and spread nuclear fallout over hundreds of square miles, depending upon the prevailing weather at the time and during the following week. Regional ground water sources would likely be contaminated and the land and the produce grown on it afterwards could become toxic for human use. Some of the conditions mentioned involve the failure of components; other, involve systems of apparati containing hundreds of parts - each capable of wear and failure.

The report goes on to quote the USA Federal Power Commission statistic regarding the average operating duration of the plants in its jurisdiction as 9 years. The industry regards a longevity of 20 years to be a safe consideration. Many would be continuing in use after a period of 30 years!

1961 - On June 21,
A 300-Foot Diameter Metallic Disc hovers over a ground-to-air missile base outside of Rybinek, USSR, about 92 miles north of Moscow, at an altitude of 20,000 feet. Missiles launched toward the object explode when they reach a distance of a mile and a quarter from it.

1961 - On June 29,
The USA Transit 4A Able Star stage exploded in space leaving a quantity of space debris in orbit.

1961 - By July,
A Breeder Reactor on the shores of Lake Michigan was shut down just seconds before it would have exploded and annihilated the city of Detroit. No public information that the incident had happened was released until 1978.

1961 - On July 9,
Many Citizens and Police Officers sight UFOs over Waterford Township, Michigan.

1961 - During July,
Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister, announces to the British Parliament that he will seek the entry of Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), a stance which is the opposite of his position taken in 1956. What or who had changed his mind?

Macmillan had succeeded Eden as Prime Minister in January, 1957.
Had Macmillan's earlier opposition to the membership simply been a political intellectualization taken by a member of a democratic parliament. Such would indicate the uselessness of such an institution if members simply opposed proposals for the sake of asserting one's identity apart from any relevancy to the citizens and any personal commitment to any concept of efficiency and truthfulness.

1961 - On July 21,
Virgil I. (Gus) Grissom, aboard the U.S.A. Liberty Bell spaceship, made a 15 minute rocket flight from Cape Canaveral; his capsule sank under him in the Atlantic forcing him to swim until assistance arrived. It is the second publicized Mercury flight.

1961 - During July,
North Vietnam announced that it had captured 3 South Vietnamese undercover agents and was putting them on trial.
They had survived the crash of a plane shot down while preparing to parachute them into North Vietnam territory. The North Vietnamese protested formally to Britain and the Soviet Union - the co-chairmen of the 1954 Geneva conference on peace in Vietnam. They described in detail what they said the captives had disclosed about their American training and equipment.

1961 - On July 29,
British Prime Minister Macmillan acknowledged that his negotiations with the 6 European Community nations, and in particular France, were uncertain. Trying to maintain political popularity in high unemployment Britain and push for entry in the EC had left the British Delegation continually under stress. They were being forced to carefully and tactfully express their comments, first to other nations representatives at the Brussels negotiations, and secondly, to the British press. Who was lying to whom. Or, was it a case of telling so many half truths that in the end one had forgotten what they were supposed to be commited to?

In the ongoing childish political feud between de Gaulle of France and Macmillan of Britain, each wanted to have leadership influence over all the other members in a union of equals - yet no one would make the embarrassing mistake of actually saying that was their position. In a supposed union of equals, Macmillan insisted on protecting Commonwealth trade, preserving the benefits of domestic agriculture and respecting the obligations to Britain's EFTA partners - whose basis for economic union was one of free trade. Political unification of the union would be the next step. Military alliance had been the first step. Britain, with the help of the USA, had its own nuclear weapons; France intended to develop its own.

Clouding the issue of the acceptance of Britain as a member were applications received from Denmark and Ireland at the same time. Britain accounted for over 40% of Ireland's imports and consumed 60% of its total exports. It was assumed by members of the Council of Ministers in Brussels that the three applications were related and somewhat dependent upon the acceptance of Britain. Thus the British application received primary consideration with the other two being left for later consideration. The suggestion, often made by supporters or participants of an elitist-driven democracy is that leaders are somehow more intelligent or more adept at decisionmaking than members of the general public. Human leaders continually prove this to be a fallacy.

In this case, the senior elected officials of the European governments were assuming that nations wishing to join their union were already working covertly with Britain for the purpose of hedging their chances. The truth was that such a rationalization was purely spurious and circumstantial. There was no evidence of such an expectation; no one mentioned such an expectation; no one asked about such an expectation; everyone believed that there was such an expectation. And it was on the strength of the communication skills of these leaders that a global economic crisis could be initiated or avoided - and, that a global nuclear war could be averted or begun.

1961 - On August 6,
Gherman Titov, A USSR cosmonaut in Vostok 2 ("East"), circled the earth 17 times in 25 hours, 18 minutes, before returning to earth. A factor in progressing to a 17 rev flight from a single rev was that suitable landing sites could not be found in the USSR for the lesser numbers. On landing Titov experienced serious disorientation and had inner trouble for some time afterwards. He never made another flight.

Unlike American manned flights, Soviet flights were made with cabin air of the same pressure and composition as at the Earth's surface. Ejecting at a high altitude under such conditions would require instant equalization of pressure in the inner ear in order to avoid damage. In American flights, pure oxygen was used, increasing the hazards of fire and explosion markedly, and, a reduced pressure - presumably on the rationalization that the lower the difference in pressure between the outside in space and the inside, would provide less chance of a rupture. Soviet probes were always built heavy and sturdy; this was never a factor for them.

1961 - During August,
The Berlin Wall was built by the East Germans to divide the city of Berlin in Germany.

1961 - In September,
Hurricane Carla became the biggest American hurricane on record, cutting a swath of devastation from the Gulf Coast to Kansas. It drove nearly 500,000 people from their homes, yet massive evacuation kept the death toll down to fifty.

1961 - During September,
"Newsweek" magazine warned Americans "We stand on the brink of war."
During September, Diem urgently requested additional economic assistance from the USA.
By early October, both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the National Security Council were considering the introduction of sizable American combat forces into Vietnam. Kennedy flatly rejected a negotiated settlement, as suggested by Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles and former diplomat W. Averell Harriman. Harriman knew by spaceperson contact that the war would only worsen for the USA and eventually be lost. Better to withdraw now before being more closely involved, than to place one's whole international image in the fire. Kennedy, afraid and proud and unaware of the true past of Japan's surrender, believed that "strength and determination" would defeat the enemy.

Kennedy knew the mass media versus reality risk:
"The troops will march in; the bands will play; the crowds will cheer, and in four days everyone will have forgotten. Then we will be told that we have to send in more troops. It's like taking a(n alcoholic) drink. The effect wears off, and you have to take another," he told Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Kennedy opted to "increase significantly the volume of American assistance and the number of advisers" in full awareness that it was violating the Geneva Accords of 1954.

1961 - In September,
The Vietcong drastically stepped up their operation for a brief period.
They seized a provincial capital just 55 miles from Saigon.
Intelligence analysts reported a substantial increase in the size of the Vietcong regular forces.

1961 - On the night of September 19/20,
Betty and Barney Hill were returning to their home at 953 State Street, in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, by U.S. Route 3 from Canada, near Cannon Mountain. Betty was a Social Worker and Barney worked as a Postman. At about 11 pm, they became aware of a 'bright star' in the southwest. They became fascinated by it as they drove and Betty became adamant that it had a "pancake shape". South of Indian Head, the light swung in front of the car, hovered above the road and was seen by Barney through binoculars to be a flattened disc with a line of windows along its edge. A red light appeared to either side of the 'pancake'.

Barney stopped the car, got out, and taking the binoculars went out into the road for a better view. As he did so, the object moved to the left. It was silent and was coming closer. There were about a dozen figures silhouetted against the windows, and they seemed to be looking at the Hills. The UFO tilted and began to descend. The 2 red lights moved outwards, appearing now as 'fins' protruding like stabilizers from the body of the 'pancake'. The figures inside were seen to be rushing about as if preparing for something. Betty was extremely concerned about Barney's health; he was muttering to himself, "I don't believe it. This is ridiculous."

Closer now, the entities inside could be described.
They wore dark one-piece suits and walked very smoothly.
By this time, the UFO image completely filled the field of Barney's glasses.
His fascination turned to horror and he began screaming, "They're going to capture us!"
He jumped back into the car and sped off down the road. They must have driven underneath it, for they lost view of it and then heard a beeping noise from behind and the car began to vibrate. The next thing either could remember was Betty saying, "Now do you believe in flying saucers?" and her husband saying, "No". There were more beeps and they recognized they had driven quite a way down the road.

Arriving home, the Hills were confused by the blank in their memory of part of the road and the fact that they arrived several hours later than expected. Within 10 days, Betty began having recurrent nightmares, during which she saw alien faces with large cat-like eyes and images of being carried on board the craft. These seemed to her to be dreams and she assumed that her mind was simply trying to fill the memory gap she was worried about. Barney could not recall anything of the period and also experienced difficulty sleeping although he had no nightmares.

Betty went to see her doctor about the nightmares and he sent her to a specialist, Dr. Duncan Stephens. After one year, conventional approaches (drugs,etc.) showed no success so he recommended them to Dr. Benjamin Simon, a prominent Boston psychiatrist, who was noted for his use of hypnosis to remove memory blocks caused by traumas. It was into 1964 before treatment relieved the trauma and both Betty and Barney independently described similar memories.

Their memories were of an experience of being taken aboard a craft in a sort of cataleptic state, both being subjected to medical examinations and having a sort of telepathic conversation with these aliens, who showed them a map of the heavens to explain where they came from. Description of the beings included one that "looked like a red-headed Irishman", to one "with a black coat" with a black scarf thrown around his neck, to those with insect-like faces with a wide, thin mouth and huge slanting eyes. Under hypnosis, Barney was most terrified of the eyes of the being, "Oh, those eyes! They're in my brain!"

A New England journalist, John Fuller later wrote up the transcripts of the sessions into a book The Interrupted Journey. It became a best seller and was made into a movie The UFO Incident in the 1960's. Barney died of a stroke in 1969.

One of the early taped sessions includes the following recounts of their experiences.
Each was hypnotised separately and were unaware of the experience of the other.

Simon: "... not going to trouble you, you can remember everything now."
Barney: "I try to maintain control so Betty cannot tell I am scared.
God, I'm scared.

Simon: "Alright go on, experience it."
Barney: "I gotta get my gun (screaming)
And I put it in my coat ... and then I get out the binoculars and it is there ... and I look and I look and it shifts over. And I think I'm not afraid I'll shoot it down but I'm not afraid and I walk - I walk out and I walk across the road. And there it is up there. Oh God (screaming) it - it's very big and it's not that far - and I can see it tilted toward me"

Simon: "You say tilted, what did it look like?"
Barney: "It looks like a big, big pancake with windows and rows of windows - and I look up and down the road, can't somebody come and tell me this is not here. It can't be. There, ther's a man! (hysterical) Is he a captain? What is he? And he's gonna look at me ..

(Barney later drew a sketch of what he saw: a disk-like object with humanoids stationed around the edge looking out through windows; one was at a control panel and one figure grinned. Barney thought that the size was similar to that of a 4-engined aircraft of the time.)

******************************

Betty: "So then they roll me over on my back and the examiner has a long needle in his hand - and I see the needle - and it's bigger than any needle I've ever seen - and I ask him what he's going to do with it (terrified) - and he said just a simple test that won't hurt me - and I ask him what? - and he said he just wants to put it in my navel - it's just a simple test - and I tell him NO, it will hurt, Don't do it. Don't do it! And he said 'no it won't hurt.' And I'm crying and I tell him that it's hurting, it's hurting and hurting - take it out! And then the leader - he comes over and he puts his hand in front of my eyes and he says 'It'll be alright, I won't feel it.' - and the pain goes away."

1961 - October 6,
A large luminous object flew over Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela, frightening many fishermen who jumped into the water. One of them, Bartolome Romero, drowned accidentally.

1961 - On October 10,
The EC Ministers were addressed in Paris by the head of the British Delegation, Mr. Heath.
In increasingly typical political deception, British Prime Minister Macmillan attempted to suppress publication of the speech in London - the central media source for the population supposedly represented by the speech. That is, the people whom the leaders were speaking for were not supposed to know what their leaders were telling the leaders of other nations who had been and could remain economic competitors.

Heath prefaced the statement supporting Britain's application for membership in the EC by praising the Treaty of Rome, the foundation of the EC, which had specified the elimination of internal tariffs, a common customs tariff, a common commercial policy, and a common agricultural policy. He then went on to propose the concept of an "enlarged community" which subverted the essential core of the EC concept - unity and commitment.

"We hope to see an enlarged Community including ourselves and as many of our EFTA partners as may wish to become full Members. As to the remainder of the EFTA countries, we should like to see an association between each of them and the enlarged Community ... the wider trading area thus created would include, not only the members of the enlarged Community, but also the remaining Members of the EFTA ...."

This was like an individual applying for membership in a club, the importance of which were the oaths of allegiance to each other as members, of a willingness to favour and work closely with other members, and, of an acknowledgement of the benefits of the strength against competitors from such a membership - and then, expressing a willingness to enter partly into a secondary membership with less requirements and obligations. Adding more dilution to the concept of membership and union, Heath, speaking for Britain, had spoke of letting anyone in the neighbourhood join as partial members or affiliates. These modifications of the original concept of European Union were quite intentional.

In the original concept of the EC, France had been the most influential member by virtue of its wealth of imperial history and military power, in addition to its physical size. All of the other nations respected and looked to France as an unannounced leader. British politicians conserved their pride in their equally grandiose imperial history and military power. In addition, they assumed political influence with the USA because of their combined efforts in building the first atomic bomb, in combined military intelligence operations during WWII and in the interim, and, in the nostalgic affiliation which many North Americans shared with Britain by way of their ancestors. Britain would not take second place in a real union which was assumed to be responding like a federation. The way to break the spell of France's influence would be to diffuse the perception of a tightly commited membership - which for humans, demands a leader to determine and maintain order.

Britain's suggestion of an "enlarged Community" was like having a co-op style business approached by a prospective member who proposed a new marketing plan, new structure, and new identity - so that they could be a member. The benefit proposed was that then many more people could become members, part-members, affiliate members, and wannabe members. If the "co-op" took the bait, the new member would acquire the influence of a leader in the new structure. It would be the first example of such a rogue membership, it would be the largest and most powerful of the foreseeable applicants, and there would be many more such members - seeking maximum benefits for minimum commitment - than either the original commited members, or, the potential new applicants willing to opt for full involvement.

The possible and further speedy extension of the EC would politicize such an organization making it closer to that of an extended NATO, and, potentially, a larger and stronger Western Alliance against the USSR and communism. Macmillan, who had drafted the speech, had presented this possibility to President Kennedy (USA) who particularly favoured the military advantages. What Kennedy did not appreciate were specific references to the Commonwealth, which he considered irrelevant, and, references to the EFTA, which he considered obstructive. Ideally, Kennedy supported the EC becoming a political counterpart to NATO; an enlarged economic community would be counterproductive to the USA: it would segregate trade away form the USA and its branch plant economy in Canada.

France would remain in opposition to the concept of an "enlarged Community" which would change the European identity of the Community to a fragmented global one. If Britain were to drag in all the Commonwealth nations with it, African, North American, Caribbean, Asian and Pacific nations would become members of a European Community. For De Gaulle, Britain was desired but not at the expense of it bringing a bunch of foreigners and outsiders with it. Macmillan countered to this perception with the pride of noting that Her Majesty's Government would be seen as abandoning its (economic and political) commitments all over the (Commonwealth) world in the defence of Europe if it were to accept their exclusion from the EC. If that was the choice, Britain would have to turn away from Europe and withdraw its military support for the defense of Europe against the USSR. In spite of these threats, de Gaulle continued to hold open an invitation to Britain, without this concession.

The proposal for an "enlarged Community" could only be constructively considered if acted upon with speedy negotiations and flexibility. Macmillan was not known for flexibility, and, due to the inherent potential complexity of the multi-tiered concept, delays would see the discussions handed over to as many bureaucracies. If it reached that stage, government academicians and theorists and legalists would bury any further consideration for years. By then, a mountain of paperwork would make further consideration slow and nearly impossible.

Presented with the (obvious) choices of either using the Treaty aspects which were acceptable as bargaining tools to extort the new concessions, or, to concede such aspects immediately as a point of goodwill and an apparent strong foundation on which to construct the remainder, Macmillan opted for the former, and more lengthy approach. Deception, manipulation and coercion - those favoured tools of human political negotiation - would be used, rather than straightforwardness, assertiveness, and flexibility. The outcome would build an unfavourable attitude towards the membership of Britain by all 6 of the current EC members. Increasingly, for them, Britain's position was too far removed from the central intent and agreement of the current members.

The political deception was played out on several levels.
Britain's economy was sick during this period. Rushing into the EC might convey to the rest of the nations on the Earth that Britain really had become, as it was in reality, a third-rate economic and political power. Macmillan had proudly made it his private political mission to preserve Britain as a Great Power.

1961 - On October 12,
A Glowing Ball-Shaped Object is witnessed by many people over Indianapolis.
It is the first sighting of Frank Edwards who will become a UFO researcher.

1961 - On October 13,
U.S.A. President Kennedy gives secret orders for allied forces to "initiate ground action, including the use of U.S. advisers if necessary," against Communist aerial resupply missions in the vicinity of Tchepone, in the southern Laotian panhandle.

1961 - During October 14-15,
A Wave of UFO Sightings occurs over Argentina.

1961 - During October,
The "SWP Disruption Program" was initiated by the FBI Cointelpro against the Socialist Workers party (SWP).
In a secret FBI memorandum, the operation was justified on the grounds that:

- the party had been "openly espousing its line on a local and national basis through running candidates for public office and strongly directing and/or supporting such causes as Castro's Cuba and integration problems ... in the South."

Hoover was using the FBI to block legal political activity that departed from the capital-based economic system and bureaucratic status quo, to disrupt opposition to state policy, and, to undermine the civil rights movement.

1961 - Beginning in November,
"Operation Mongoose", a CIA - U.S.A. Attorney General program to assassinate Cuban leader Fidel Castro is formed.
It will be spurred on by Robert Kennedy's constant prodding and will renew the CIA's association with known organized crime leaders including Robert Maheu, John Rosselli, and Sam Giancana. Until his decision to take over informal direction of the CIA's covert activities towards expediency in Cuba and Vietnam, Robert Kennedy had fiercely attacked the above organized crime leaders as well as Jimmy Hoffa, a major union leader.

Some persons described Robert as "avid" and "a wild man" in his determination.
Bobby often bypassed the chain of command, including the Director and senior CIA officers, to speak directly to junior officers as he pressed for results and action against Castro. On January 19, 1962, Robert addressed the 5412 Committee, stressing the President's interest in getting rid of Castro. It was "the top priority in the U.S. government - all else is secondary. No time, money, effort, or manpower is to be spared ... Yesterday ... the President had indicated (to Bobby) that the final chapter had not been written - it's got to be done and will be done."

On May 7, 1962, Robert met with Richard Helms, Lawrence Houston, and Sheffield Edwards and was briefed regarding the CIA- organized crime connections and their attempts to get rid of Castro. Shortly afterwards, Giancana was approached with a proposition of paying $150,000 to hire some gunmen to go into Cuba and kill Castro. The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion ($50 million) had left the Kennedy's humiliated and Robert was willing to do anything to satisfy his anger, broken pride, and assumption of power. He had seen his brother humiliated to the point of openly crying.

Robert's brother, and President, John F. Kennedy knew of the plans to kill Castro and destabilize Cuba, and was equally in favour of them. His instructions were to assess and implement whatever schemes were appropriate to get rid of Castro and his government. Killing Castro was within the scope of the assignment. The President had accepted responsibility for the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba and had put it down to listening to experts rather than reaching his own conclusions. Now, he and brother Bobby flaunted their power over the CIA in their determination to run everything their way and force success. Their father, Joe, had brought them up in a household where "We're winners, we don't have any failures around here."

The Mongoose team came up with 33 different plans; some to be carried out by "Task Force W".
They included a poison dart gun, an explosive seashell, a poisonous wetsuit, disinformation spread to the Cubans, a poison stick pen, industrial and crop sabotage and other methods. Even after the Director, John McCone, had instructed his staff to stop all such operations, on the direction of Robert Kennedy, as the Cuban Missile Crisis mounted in October, 1962, two groups of CIA-trained Cuban assassins were landed on Cuba. A major in the Cuban Army, Rolando Cubela, was approached in Paris and given a poison pen to use against Castro; he declined, asking instead for a sniper rifle. At least 6 major operations were carried out inside Cuba by CIA-Cuban teams in 1963; each of which was aimed at disrupting government and damaging industry and agriculture. Operation Mongoose formally came to an end in October, 1962. Task Force W was disbanded by early 1963 and replaced by a CIA group called the Special Affairs Staff.

1961 - By mid-November,
President Diem of South Vietnam angrily protests the American offer to increase aid and numbers of military advisers provided certain political administrative modifications are made in Diem' government. He tells Ambassador Frederick Nolting that South Vietnam "did not want to be a protectorate." State Department officials confirm to Kennedy that Diem is the only politician capable of the presidency and the emphasis of American action is shifted from reform (ethical) to efficiency (materialism).

1961 - On December 15,
Geological uplift/decline trends are announced:

    Rising - southern France 
    Sinking - North Sea European coast
    - Spain 
    - north central France
    - Scandinavia (south)
    - mid-Atlantic range (2 to 3 feet/year): Iceland, Azores, Ascension

1961 - During December,
U.S.A. President John F. Kennedy takes measures to end U.S.A. involvement in Southeast Asia.
With Top Secret NSC memos, he changes the responsibility for all paramilitary and covert operations to the Joint Chiefs of Staff from the CIA-NSA thereby bringing him into direct knowledge of all covert activities.

From this time, until his assassination in the Fall of 1963, covert funding of Spaceperson/human shared projects was reduced by 70% and the possibility of the President finding out the full background and reversing Eisenhower's 1954 decision to keep the presence of the Space cultures hidden was almost certain. Nelson Roosevelt's leadership and that of others in directing the covert funding operations for "the survival of American culture and peoples in the coming annihilation of much of the world" was threatened by a "spoiled naive idealist" who was becoming a threat to that survival.

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1962 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

A Taste of Honey; Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?; The Music Man; Whistle Down the Wind; Advise and Consent, The Manchurian Candidate; Dr. No; Damn the Defiant; The Longest Day; To Kill A Mockingbird; Carry On Cruising; The Prince and the Pauper; How the West was Won; Lawrence of Arabia; Trial and Error; The Counterfeit Traitor; Days of Wine and Roses; The Playboy of the Western World; The Fast Lady

Songs:

I Can't Stop Loving You; Big Girls Don't Cry; Roses Are Red; Stranger On the Shore; Sherry; Johnny Angel; Return To Sender; Soldier Boy; The Stripper; Breaking Up Is Hard To Do; Ramblin' Rose; Good Luck Charm; Loco Motion; Bobby's Girl; Monster Mash; The Wanderer; Devil Woman; She Thinks I Still Care; Misery Loves Company; Charlie's Shoes; The End Of The World; P.T. 109; The Ballad of Jed Clampet; A Little Bitty Tear; A Wound Time Can't Erase; A Girl I Used To Know; Woverton Mountain; You're For Me.

General News:

Consumer Price Index: 90.6

Examples of American Cost of Living:
$17,600    One-Family home
 $2,650    Annual college costs - Harvard
 $2,529    Intermediate-sized car
     $8.00   Monthly Electric bill
     $1.00   Haircut
     $0.31   Gasoline per gallon
     $0.05   Daily Newspaper
     $0.04   First Class Postage stamp
 $5,021    Production worker gross earnings: after-tax as a % of gross: 88

USA President Kennedy orders a quarantine of Cuba until the USSR removes missiles already installed there.

Canada sends its first satellite, Alouette, from a California base into a 600-mile-high orbit at a cost of $2,900,000. It was designed to study ionosphere interference that plagued radio signals in the Far North. Canada becomes the third nation to send a satellite into space.

Marilyn Monroe is found dead of an apparent suicide in the bedroom of her Hollywood bungalow.
An autopsy shows that she swallowed three dozen sleeping pills. She was 36.
Her later known intimate relationship with USA President Kennedy and reports of agents dressed in black searching and removing documents from her house before the death was officially discovered, raises questions as to whether she was murdered.

Unusually strong volcanic activity is reported in Antarctica under the 3000 foot layer of ice.

1962 - By this year,
At least 20 major radical right American organizations were active, including the John Birch Society.
Their combined membership was about 300,000; their annual budgets topped $20 million; the total number of sympathizers approached 5 to 10 million people. One such group, the Minutemen, supposedly had 25,000 men trained ready for combat against any invading Communist force.

Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona became a spokesperson for the Conservative Right.
He denounced Federal matching grants to states as a "mixture of blackmail and bribery." The UN was full of Communist spies and the USA would be best served by leaving it. Foreign aid was a giveaway. The USA had to continue nuclear testing. The Federal government had to get out of education, agriculture, urban renewal, and Social Security. Rich and poor alike should pay income tax at the same rate. Thus ran the creed.

The old apparent certainties of pre-Depression days had gone; nothing had replaced those expectations and dreams. The intervening governments had not returned the American Dream that hard work and education would equal material wealth, respect and happiness. Instead, so often characteristic of human endeavours, - population density, deficient education in coping and communication skills, a hypocracy of faith and denial, inflexible traditions, obsessive fears and trauma induced obsessions - provide a basis for masked anarchy.

While everyone tried to say, do, wear and support the "right" principles, they subverted their own expectations by destroying those of others. Individualism, gossip, favouritism, prejudice, and pride all ran free of a strong spiritual guideline. Without a vision for the future or coherent perspective on the present, people frequently sought for a return to what was idealized as the "good old days" - few of which had been that good. To the degree that people felt helpless, adrift, desperate or betrayed - they sought dramatic forceful political action to set everything back into order for them.

1962 - During the year,
The Use of Common Prayers and Bible Classes in American state schools is declared unconstitutional.
Morning devotions and Bible studies in American schools as a tradition stops except in some state institutions where the community leaders favour the devotions with the support of the teachers and general community. The use of such prayers and studies in some state schools is made an issue in 1995 when a Lutheran Christian family raise objections in an all-Christian community with the protest that they disagree with religious instruction or patterning in the schools.

1962 - In January,
A panel report of the USA Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (U.S.G.P.O), concluded that:

"It is generally agreed that the greatly enlarged public sector since World War II, resulting from heavy defense expenditures, has provided additional protection against depressions, since this sector is not responsive to contraction in the private sector and provides a sort of buffer or balance wheel in the economy."

1962 - On January 14,
The European Community Agricultural Policy (CAP) agreement was reached by the then 6 members.
According to the Treaty of Rome, if the Policy had not been concluded by the end of 1961, the EEC could not proceed to the second stage: Common Market. In 1957, France had made considerable concessions to German industrial power when it accepted the Common Market Agreement. Now Germany, with a less efficient agriculture than France, was being asked to make comparable concessions. Industrial jobs in France had been lost to Germany. With this agreement, agricultural jobs in Germany were likely to be lost. With considerable opposition from Germany and marathon negotiating sessions through late 1961 and up to this date, the Agreement was concluded - effective retroactive to the first of the year.

It should be remembered: politicians are assigned the authority to make laws, change laws and cancel laws. They can change the truth with the stroke of a pen. They can change economic and political reality without consensus, and, frequently, without consultation. In this instance, the leaders of the 6 European nations changed the reality of the timing of their agreement in order to allow them to support the laws which they had passed for their own guidance and censure, and, which they had failed to concur with.

Individuals who make future economic or career plans which are dependent upon the consistency of political actions or intentions are in danger of building their house on sand in a valley: the changes which can happen are all beyond their control.

1962 - During the year,
Defoliants become "a central weapon" in the overall Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW) strategy of the U.S.A.throughout Southeast Asia.
Known as "Operation Ranch Hand", more than 50,000 tons of herbicides were dropped on South Vietnam between 1965 and 1970; the country being protected received the majority. Beginning in 1961 the U.S.A. had used the defoliants in South Vietnam on an "experimental" basis. Very conservative estimates of the crop and jungle destruction between 1961 and 1968 noted five million acres of land "sterilized", that is, 12% of the country. Between late 1961 and October of 1969, Vietnamese estimated that 43% of the arable land and 44% of the total forest area of South Vietnam were sprayed at least once and in many cases two or three times with herbicides. Large populated areas were sprayed as well?

The agents used consisted of "Orange", a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, used on general crops; "White" 20% picoloram and 80% isoprophlamin salt from 2,4-D; and "Blue", a form of arsenic; as well as Phenol compounds and "earth sterilizing" agents. During 1968 alone, the U.S.A. spent $70.8 million on defoliation. After 9 years of spraying, the program was temporarily suspended in June, 1970, long enough to use the C-123 cargo planes to transport troops and supplies to Cambodia. The spraying then resumed. Symptoms of exposure included difficulty breathing, tiredness, fever, thirst, vomiting, cramps, muscle paralysation, numbness of extremities, miscarriages, mutations, loss of hair, heart and back pains, red rashes, blistering, internal bleeding, mental instability.

1962 - On February 5,
The AQUARIUS Zodiac Astrological Age begins.
Seven planets will be aligned in Aquarius on this day.
Both Leo Taxil (1880s) and American clairvoyant Jeane Dixon would reckon this day or the next as the birth of an Antichrist - who would be responsible for beginning a war of Armageddon near the year 2000. The Peruvian spiritual messenger Willaru Huayta, of the Quechua nation, and familiar with the Inca calendar, also chose this month and year for the commencement of the Age of Aquarius.

According to the present calendar, the signs of the zodiac complete one cycle every 25,725 years, according to the present relative positions and paths of the planets in the Earth's solar system. As there are 12 sections or "ages" to this cycle, each cycle has a duration of 2143 years according to the modern calendar. It should be noted that because in the current calendar there is both a 1 B.C. and a 1 A.D., going backwards beyond these dates requires an allowance for them by the addition of 1 year. That is, the previous age of Pisces began approximately in 180 B.C. (1962-(2143+1)). The dates of previous ages are more approximate than the present because the historical dates used by humans were based on differing lengths of calendars which were not as accurate as the current one. Also, at a distant enough time, the length of year of the Earth was different than today and variations in day length are also probable.

Aquarian traits include:

  sympathetic > humanitarian, kind, parental; 
  independent > eccentric, freedom-loving, tactless, indifferent; 
  spontaneous > friendly, willing, risk-taker, pioneer; 
   rebellious > progressive outlook, straining to be unconventional; 
  originality > authoritative, egotistical, inventive, initiator; 
      dynamic > a reforming spirit, rebellious, contrary; 
   passionate > faithful, loyal, follower of causes, idealistic; 
   analytical > intellectually inclined, fixed in opinions, distant; 
     addicted > unpredictable, absent-minded, irritable;

An Aquarian culture is one in which the participants all want to do their own thing, as long as it is exciting or intellectually stimulating, and, as long as it suggests commitment to the improvement of some situation for which credit can be assumed internally. Since a great number of issues, topics and causes may be intellectualized to fit this agenda, such a culture is likely to have many revolutionaries, each working according to the status quo which is personally believed to be most beneficial for everyone else. This compulsion to exceed, manage, control, and set in motion can produce anarchy and a considerable amount of conflict within the civilization.

Passionate individuals and groups may each vigorously promote and support causes which are as opposing as right-to-life vs women's rights; world peace vs national expansion and independence; communism vs capitalism; socialism vs elitist autocracy; save-the-whales vs open fishing rights; ecological protection vs market expansion; bureaucratic permanency vs economic self-sufficiency; human rights liberalism vs criminal justice conservativism; protest vs terrorism; religious fundamentalism vs occult variability; conventional medicine vs wholistic health care; industry subsidies vs product bans and limitations; addictive substance availability vs substance abuse awareness; justice for all vs privelege for special groups; "pure" science vs dedicated science; lust vs hate.

The challenge of the Aquarian culture, as is the challenge for each stage of astro-civilization, is to find a balance between what one is inclined to do and what is necessary if constructive options are to be followed which promote survival. At best, some focus will coordinate all of the explosive energy expended to truly revolutionize, in a positive manner, all aspects of civilization. At worst, anarchy will result in much effort being lost in ego-centred pseudo-idealistic battles which result in little or no improvement in the self-destructive traditions inherited from earlier ages.

Decisionmaking in the Aquarian society is at once limiting and imaginative.
The Aquarian seeks to change society according to the status quo ideals which he or she has been taught - without the feedback and input of the rest of the culture. This limitation of outlook is further intensified by a denial of one's emotions and spirituality - although each may be sought in confusion, and its justification by the use of hollow self-rationalization. You can never outwit nor out-rationalize an addict. They have required so many excuses in the past to reaffirm their compulsions that their life has become a contest of self-justification. Because rational thought is often based on imagination, projection, suggestion, intention, expectation, orderliness, originality and independence - the benefits of experience and spirituality are equally often either ignored or debased. Yet experience can offer a context to reality, a demonstrated capability of definition of difficulty, an awareness of individual differences, and a context for group support. And spirituality can bring an awareness of the apparent randomness of some realities, respect, openness, insight, focus, and, survival.

Thus, the Aquarian is inclined to respond from within the same reasoning-need framework of the Taurean, Arian and Piscean - all the while irritated by the constraints produced by the failures and destructiveness of each and attempting, be reacting, to correct each. The challenge is whether the Aquarian can be truly a rebel and not just a reactionary. Can the Aquarian do what he or she is inclined to reject, in reality? Can the Aquarian find the error within and make fundamental changes which can spark a "recovery" from the abuses of history? The Aquarian Age presents a challenge of responsibility , self-responsibility. If individuals fail to be self-responsible, what can they offer by way of example for the masses which form the civilization? And yet, all of the rationalizations possible will be ineffective against actions taken. If the Aquarian remains content to be self-obsessed with toxic shame and acting out with pride, distance and passion - whatever destructiveness has arrived as heritage will be magnified in the future. Spiritually, humans always have constructive and enduring positive choices. But from their historically noted "fall from grace" have they, can they, will they - ask for and follow spiritual guidance and direction?

Family and emotional relationships in the Aquarian Age are likely to be typified by independence, absence, loneliness, intellectual, ambivalent. Aquarians, in attempting to release the identity constrictions of their heritage, have a tendency to rationally excuse immature behaviour deny their children of equality. Children, too often may fit the "to be seen, heard, and ignored" pattern. Yet human children require a sense of parental guidance and mentoring if they are to develop a confident identity. Being treated like ornaments, not-yet-equals-of-adults, dependents, fragile beings, an integral part of the family "structure", and, as emotional confidants and friends - all serves to communicate to the child that their parents are really "out-of-touch"!

Children, during such times - unless their parents develop good emotional awareness, listening and empathy skills and spiritual decisionmaking abilities - will be left lost in perpetual childhood, or, parented by other institutions in the civilization: schools, peer groups, mass media, commerce. Since each of these extended families has a different and obsessive focus - the evolving adult will, under such circumstancs, be encouraged to be clever, disoriented, open-minded, traumatized, depressed, prone to addiction, mercenary, deceptive, manipulative, well-intentioned, distrustful. It doesn't have to be this way, IF parents and institutions can find and provide a focus for human civilization. The door is open, everyone cares, stimulation is constant, desperation alternates with coping out, everyone is busy and hurrying - but what is the destination?

Careers and occupations which are likely to benefit in the Aquarian Age are those which call for originality in place of, or in addition to, formality (structure), productivity and innovation (risk), facilitation and motivation (sales) skills. All of the earlier status quo activities are now reaching a point of being "maxed out." Yet the competion demanded by the capital-based economies, expanding and confliction populations, and inevitable declines in resources - demands new frameworks and new foundations. Anything less will lead to a slow death punctuated by dramatic catastrophes. What are beneficial occupations to such a cause may not be the chosen ones, for so great is the amount of deception, manipulation, misinformation, fantasy, and intellectualization already present from history - that realistic constructive choices will prove difficult for the individual to discern. Challenges will abound between what may be constructive and what may bring employment; between what is ethical and what pays the bills.

Sociologists, charity workers, astrologers, astronomers, archaeologists, and communicators all have the opportunity to increase the awareness and reality of human civilization. To do so effectively, most will have to escape the bonds of cultural and intellectual confinement - often at the potential or real loss of such current traditions as permanent employment, long-term relationships, social recognition, promoted material luxury, and, self-denial. Other, perhaps more likely Aquarian pursuits will include those which promise fantasy, excitement, elitism, humanistic rationalism, and self-obsession: entertainment, mass media, space exploration, sales, technological invention (irrespective of intent), biochemistry, market competion, special interest groups. Originality may lead to experimentation with options either rejected before or newly inspired. Originality may result in unmediated disasters or spontaneous miracles. Originality is fundamentally a choice to be different; its danger and its benefit is that constructive traditions may be discarded and that constructive traditions may be acquired. Human choice, and possibly, extraterrestrial contribution, will determine whether this astrological age determines the extinction of human civilization, or, a true revolution in its focus.

Afterthought:

There are 12 Zodiac stages.
Gemini is considered the most "youthful" sign.
If we set an average human lifespan, guided by healthy self-management strategy, as 83 years, then each "age" is equivalent to the degree of human development achieved over a 7-year period.

Thus a Gemini Civilization is relative to the development of a human from birth to age 7.
Taurean civilization relates to human development between ages 7 and 14. Arian covers ages 14 to 21. Piscean takes us from 21 to 28. That leaves the Aquarian Age as relative to human development between the ages of 28 and 35. With this analogy, how confident and safe do you feel in knowing that the fate of humanity is the responsibility of a civilization with the coping skills of a human aged 28 to 35? It's your world.

1962 - During the year,
Vatican II, a Catholic leadership and ecumenical conference, allows nuns to adopt less formal habits (costumes)and reviews and eliminates some convent procedures and rules. Twice as many women as men are involved in the lesser authority positions of priest and nun. Many nunneries have continually built more and more authoritarian institutions with impractical, wasteful, and demeaning regulations for their participants. The self-depreciation encouraged in numerous nunneries has led to increased incidences of some forms of female cancers. Priests are in the midst of epidemics of alcoholism and abuse of patrons which the church and the community will hide and deny for another 2 decades. Both priests and nuns have been used as cheap labor for centuries in order to build the material wealth and power of the Catholic Christian Church. The archaic habit outerwear of the nuns has increasingly distanced the church representatives from the people whom they seek to help and guide towards a more spiritual and socially fulfilling lifestyle. Less extreme outerwear and a greater flexibility to take positions of service in the community plus a greater freedom for self-acceptance and assertion will lead to both greater positive influence within the community than in the past and a growing desire to assume positions of authority reserved previously for men only.

The institution built to place secular power and authority behind the spread of greater spiritual preparation for humanity has more frequently encouraged the development of inequities of extremes in the past. Can it undo the negativity and destructiveness that it has assisted in spreading and encouraged by way of the hypocracies which its founder fought against?

1962 -
Hermann Oberth, Dr. says that ... UFO's ... (2) fly by means of artificial gravity fields; and (3) produce high-tension electric charges to push air out of their paths so that it does not start glowing, and strong magnetic fields to interact with ionized air.

1962 - Early in the year,
A strategic hamlet program is introduced into South Vietnam by American advisers.
Developed by the British counter-insurgency expert Sir Robert Thompson, on the basis of experiences in Malays and the Philippines, and designed to isolate the Vietcong from its principal source of support, the people of South Vietnam. According to the plan, peasants from scattered villages would be brought together into hamlets surrounded by moats and bamboo stake fences and protected by military forces.

The hamlets were regarded not only as a means of protecting the people against Vietcong terror but also as the instrument of a social and economic revolution that would bind the people closely to the government. The re-institution of village elections, the establishment of land reform programs, and the creation of schools and medical services were expected to persuade the people that life under the government offered more than under the Vietcong.

The original program had been instituted to protect Malays against Chinese insurgents.
Here, Vietnamese were being protected from Vietnamese - who could tell the difference?
By the end of the year, 3500 hamlets were declared as established with 2000 more under construction. Many peasants had to relocate and many were left landless. Much of the money sent from America to institute services for the villagers ended up in the hands of the Vietnamese underworld or with corrupt officials. Largely, the people were further alienated from Diem and the Americans. In many cases, no relevant security existed for the hamlets and they were quickly overrun or changed support to the Vietcong. Now, the ARVN and American forces had villages which they had fortified, as enemies.

The problem, oblivious to the slaves who tried to impose it was that many of the peasants had been content with the freedom of their fields and small villages and wanted it to remain that way. Those shepherded to the hamlets felt more like prisoners than free persons. They were now surrounded by "mercenaries" whose position it was to make them dependent on a central political authority, a government, even as they, the mercenaries were. All of the troops depended upon the state for their food, clothing, social prestige and employment. Previously, the peasant had depended on no-one but himself and his neighbours.

The policies of the Vietminh promised to correct the inequalities of land ownership.
The South Vietnamese Army (ARVN and Civil Guard) promised, yet delivered only coercion and restrictions. Inevitably, some of those housed in the hamlets were or became sympathetic to the Vietcong and rebelled against ARVN or American advisers, or assisted the Vietcong. This increased distrust between the parties, and, in fear and paranoia, more and more innocent Vietnamese were brutalized or murdered in an effort to stabilize the situation. Vengeance only enhanced the anarchy on both sides.

The primary United States contribution at this time was "Project Beefup"
The Military Assistance and Advisory Group (MAAG) was replaced by an enlarged and reorganized Military Assistance Command (MAC), headed by American, General Paul Harkins, located in Saigon. American military assistance more than doubled to Vietnam between 1961 and 1962 and included 300 military aircraft and 9,000 American military advisers. Idealistically committed veterans from WWII and the Korean War set up regional civil action programs, used helicopters to move ARVN troops and both supervised and flew bombing and strafing missions. At first the use of helicopters, unknown to the Vietnamese, frightened the superstitious peasants and the Vietcong out of hiding and made them appear suspicious and easy targets. The routine of the air strike followed by landings of troops largely defeated the intent of the exercises.

1962 -
Basil Van den Berg claims to have deciphered the hieroglyphics on a photographic plate allegedly given Adamski by Venusians and to have constructed an anti-gravity device based on them.

1962 - On Feb 09,
Ronald Wildman, while driving on the Irvinghoe Road, having left Dunstable and approaching a set of crossroads at Tringford, in Bedfordshire, England, saw an oval-shaped object ahead of him. It was white with black markings at regular intervals around the perimeter. It appeared to be 20 to 30 feet above the road, and at least 40 feet wide. His car engine power began to fade as he drove within 20 yards of it. As he drove on the UFO stayed about 20 feet above and ahead of him. Suddenly, a white haze appeared around the perimeter of the object and it veered off to the right at high speed. After it disappeared, the car's engine appeared to return to full power.

1962 - During February,
The Shah of Iran was fortunate when an attempted assassination by the U.S.S.R. KGB, failed.
Ivan Anisimovich Fadeikin, born in Moscow, was in charge.
Just before the Second World War, Fadeikin completed his studies in the Faculty of Journalism in Moscow State University and was accepted for work in intelligence. After the war, he continued in intelligence, and became first an officer and then the chief of "V" Department, which mounted direct actions (sabotage, diversions, and the physical liquidation of enemies of the Soviet regime). It was in this capacity that Fadeikin first visited Iran.

After WWII, Iran had been protected by the U.S.S.R. occupation troops until the Communist Tudeh party formed an autonomous government in Azerbaijan and Kurdistan. Iran had been a key to the British empire for it was one of Britain's major suppliers of oil. A Briton had owned all the oil rights since 1901 on a 60 year lease; Britain bought most of the interest for its navy and paid royalties to the Shah. Withdrawal of British troops was followed by UN demands for the U.S.S.R. to withdraw. In 1949 there had been an assassination attempt on Mohammed Reza Pahlevi (Shah from 1941 and British sympathizer) when he refused to step down before the commonly elected Muhammad Mussadegh who eventually became Shah and nationalized the oil company in 1951.

By 1953, Britain and the U.S.A. agreed to cooperatively undermine Mussadegh by intelligence efforts.
British concerns were to regain the oil; the U.S.A. wanted to prevent the U.S.S.R. from access to it. The British played up the dangers of Soviet expansion and this together with growing American fear and distrust of Stalin motivated the American Executive Office. In June, 1953, the U.S.A. CIA undertook Operation Ajax which was successful in overthrowing Mussadegh in September and making General Fazlollah Zahedi prime minister. Following this CIA-organized coup in Iran, the new Shah became a personal dictator. Reforms were complicated by corruption, the Islamic sects, the socioeconomic gap between the uneducated and the restless intelligentsia. The Shah became increasingly anti-Soviet, remembering humiliation he had been subjected to by Stalin during WWII. These apprehensions convinced the U.S.S.R.leadership that the Shah was simply going to become part of the American empire and as such a threat: the Shah must die.

The decision had to be made by the Politburo and when made, such tasks were referred to as "special Central Committee tasks", shrouded in the strictest secrecy. Khrushchev was then the Soviet leader and during this time he met with American President Kennedy. The plan was simple in that a remote detonated explosion, packed in a small car along the route most often taken by the Shah's car, would kill him as he passed or the illegal (non-KGB hired local citizen) would finish the job with a sniper's bullet. The explosives were delivered in small amounts through the diplomatic bag to the Soviet embassy and the car, when packed to the roof, was primed and parked. In February, as the Shah was driven past, the illegal pressed the remote control button, and nothing happened. The bomb was defused and driven away; the control was sent back to the lab. The illegal had pressed the button, yet without holding it down, the detonator would not work. Had the bomb gone off, it was estimated that everyone in a radius of 500 metres would have been killed, including the illegal!

The failure had no effect on Fadeikin's career as it resulted from a technical malfunction.
However, in demonstrating the oft unprofessional petty background to what could determine your career in the KGB, or the Communist Party, he was demoted from a promotion to chief of the First Directorate in 1974. Fadeikin was a tough, disciplined man and an enemy of alcohol. He forbade the sale of even beer in the canteens. To mark his well deserved promotion, he gave a huge banquet in the KGB headquarters in Karlshorst. After he had allowed himself to take a little strong drink, he loosened up and mentioned briefly how Semyon Tsvigun, who was then first deputy chairman of the KGB, was not the most intelligent of people. It happened that someone who attended the banquet immediately reported to Tsvigun the uncomplimentary remarks. Tsvigun was married to the sister of Brezhnev's wife, who had no difficulty persuading Andropov, the KGB chairman, who was himself a distant relation to the sister, that Fadeikin should be punished. Fortunately, he belonged to the party establishment and only received a demotion out of the KGB to atomic industry security. As the Russian proverb says, "One raven never pecks out the eyes of another."

"Operation Ajax", which resulted in the coup placing Zahedi in power, was immensely successful for an early CIA effort of its kind. That, unfortunately, led the U.S.A., as feared by the chief agent involved, Kermit Roosevelt to conclude:

"Foster Dulles had been so pleased and mesmerized by the success I'd had in Iran that he just figured I could solve any problem anywhere in the world. I tried to explain to him very carefully just why it was we'd succeeded in Iran: because careful studies had convinced us that first and foremost the army and secondly the people wanted the same things we did. ... And I said, if you don't want something that the people and the army want, don't give it to clandestine operations, give it to the marines."

Pride would get in the way in the future and the decision-makers would have a tendency to get involved where they were not wanted and then be shamed into stubbornly trying to stick it out. The above described activities show how easily one can be manipulated by fear and distrust and the lengths to which some governments will go to try and alleviate those fears.

1962 -
Leon Davidson in an open letter to saucer researchers states that
"The Central Intelligence Agency ... took over the public image of the 'flying saucer' created by secret flights of U.S. aircraft and artificial meteor research, ... during the period 1947 - 48. By 1950, the CIA had set in motion a plan encouraging public belief in interplanetary travel through a psychological technique of guiding the release of planted information, ordering secret tests of authentic military developments which gave misleading impressions to observers. CIA delegated the Air Force to act as official "investigator" to stave off public inquiry. It secretly sponsored the formation of saucer study groups and contact clubs ... set up many saucer publishers, sponsored the publicizing of ... (books), and sponsored the wave of saucer articles in 1952 in 'Life' and 'Look', etc. The CIA also conducted hoaxes ... in addition to other activities of this nature.

1962 - On February 20,
U.S.A. astronaut John Glenn orbited the Earth 3 times in a public display of American space technology.

1962 - On March 16,
The Cosmos Series of USSR Satellites began.
The general name would be a disguise for the large number of CIS/Soviet military launches; well over half of the series will be for this use. By 1992, there will have been 2176 or more satellites launched in this series. Frequent useful longevity would be 2 to 5 years, thereafter requiring replacement. Launches would sometimes be first announced under the Cosmos title, and only after successful deployment be named Venera, Mars, Meteor or some other final designation. In this manner, interplanetary probes, in particular, would go unnoticed if they failed. Launch numbers would reach a high of 101 in 1976. During the first 10 years 500 satellites were orbited. The annual launch rate would never be less than 70 between the years of 1970 and 1987.

Accordingly, the Cosmos Series will be launched from the 3 main Soviet space facilities of Tyuratam, Plesetsk and Kapustin Yar; most will go from Plesetsk. Cost of each is impossible to estimate because of the variety of payloads, locations and a lack of reference to hours of labour and quantities of materials used. Without the latter, no accurate comparison can be made to the cost of American or other launches. Soviet citizens are usually paid considerably less than Americans as regards standard of living and materials may be gathered/mined/processed by prison labour equally as well as commune labourers. A suggested average per launch cost of rocket propulsion vehicle and satellite payload of the American production of a comparable unit would be US $15,000,000 (1962).

1962 - During the year,
The S.S. Streatham Hill, a British freighter leased by the Soviet Union, struck a reef with its propeller and limping in damage went into the harbour of San Juan, Puerto Rico for repairs. Many of the 80,000 bags of Cuban sugar on board were offloaded into a warehouse during the period of repairs. CIA covert forces took the opportunity to contaminate most of the sugar with "a harmless but unpalatable substance."

President Kennedy was informed by a White House official who had seen a report of the action.
Kennedy was furious because he had not been informed of the action and it had been undertaken without his direct authority. This indicates the naivety of Kennedy about the covert actions being undertaken by his intelligence agencies as well as the power of decision which had already been assumed by such agencies. Many such actions had and would occur between the USSR and the USA.

1962 - During April,
Flight Commander P.J. (initials) attached to the TAC FighterWing, was deployed at Wright-Patterson AFB and mistakenly entered an air hanger where he thought the gym was located. Upon entering the hanger he was approached by an air police sentry with a sub-machine gun. Behind the sentry was a saucer-shaped object of approximately 12-15 feet in diameter suspended off the ground by two engine test stands. There were no markings or insignia on the saucer. It had no rivet markings. The saucer was roped off and 8 guards stood at parade rest around it. P.J. returned to Myrtle Beach AFB, South Carolina, later.

1962 - On April 18,
An object was reported to have exploded over the deserts of Nevada.
The roar was heard for miles and the flash of light was so bright that it lit the streets of Reno like the noonday sun. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Rolph, a spokesman for the North American Air Defense Command in Colorado Springs, Colorado, told reporters that the first observers had seen a glowing red object, heading to the west, over the Oneida area. It was at great altitude. Radar picked up the object and Nellis and Las Vegas Air Force Bases were alerted. Interceptors were scrambled from Phoenix. It was seen as a glowing red object over Nephi, Utah by witnesses and it landed near Eureka, Utah for a few minutes disrupting the electrical service from a power plant there.

Continuing westward, it disappeared from radar screens 70 miles northeast of Las Vegas, coincident with a brilliant explosion. Other witnesses described the object as an oval-shaped orange object that was making a quiet whirring sound. The ground around it was lighted as if the sun were coming up when it passed over Eureka. Because of the apparent control which the security agencies held over the media, only one newspaper appears to have carried the story at the time and most of the country heard nothing about it. Officially, the incident was justified as a meteor, but meteors cannot be tracked by radar, they do not set down and take off, and they do not make 120 degree turns as this one would have in order to light up the streets of Reno and then explode over Las Vegas.

1962 - On April 30 and again on September 5,
Eugenio Siragusa, of Catania, Sicily, received communication from UFO spacepersons by mental telepathy.

1962 - During the year,
U.S.A. President John F. Kennedy initiates the formation of a military anti-terrorist organization known as the "U.S. Navy SEALS". They will typically conduct covert operations worldwide in which they wear black jumpsuits covering all except part of their face, use high-tech person-to-person communications and equipment including the use of black unmarked helicopters. Their activities will largely be unknown and uncensored by the citizens who finance their existence.

1962 - In May,
Louis Kervan publishes his "Biological Transmutations".
In it he made clear that those who believe in a system of farming which takes into account chemistry alone are in for a rude shock and that man and animals nourished on diets formulated by chemists will not long survive. Kervan freely accepted the formulation set out by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, who had founded chemistry, that as far as chemical reactions were concerned elements could be shifted but not transmuted; elements could be combined but nothing created nor lost. The mistake made by science, Kervan contended, was to assume that all reactions in living organisms are chemical in nature and that, consequently, life should be interpreted in chemical terms.

Kervan wrote that one of the main purposes of his book was "to show that matter has a property heretofore unseen, a property which is neither in chemistry nor in nuclear physics in its present state. In other words the laws of chemistry and biochemists lies in their desire to apply the laws of chemistry at any cost, with unverified assertions in a field where chemistry is not always applicable. In the final phase the results might be chemistry, but only as a consequence of the unperceived phenomenon of transmutation."

Cultivation based on classical chemistry alone fails wherever intensive and abusive methods are employed. The marked crop increases can last only a certain time. The use of chemical fertilizers has led to a mounting lack of resistance to pests. The increase in infestation is no more than a consequence of biological imbalance. "Classical soil scientists and agronomists attached to the dogma that biology equals chemistry cannot conceive that all that is within plants has not been put into the soil. They are not the people to advise farmers; farmers should be guided by the enlightened and intelligent agriculturalists who have long recognized the division between a purely chemical and biological agriculture. ... If they are men of good faith, they will admit their past errors, but one doesn't ask that much - only that they act."

1962 - In June,
The U.S.A. begins aerial spraying of herbicides over large areas of Vietnam.
A Japanese scientific study concluded that by 1967, American chemical attacks had ruined more than 3.8 million acres (or one-half) of the arable land in South Vietnam, and were a direct cause of death for nearly 1000 peasants and more than 13,000 head of livestock. Another source would report that in 1967 alone, the Pentagon would use 60 million dollars' worth of defoliants and herbicides, that is, 12 million gallons, which was enough to cover nearly half of the arable land in South Vietnam.

We now know that this degree of Ecocide sends signals from the plants affected into space and that those signals are more effective in reaching highly technical intelligent beings than the electromagnetic radio signals we beam proudly into space. Interpretation of such signals would relate only one thing: a part of this planet is horribly dying.

1962 - By June,
The USA had adopted a "Flexible Response Strategy" to replace its earlier "massive retaliation" defense policy.
That is, previous to Sputnik I, in 1957, the USA considered that they were invincible to USSR nuclear weapons - believing that they would have to be delivered by bomber. With direct threat of attack out of the question, the USA felt able to offer a "nuclear umbrella" of protection over Europe in defense of a conventional attack by the USSR. In that case, nuclear bombs could be delivered to targets in the Soviet Union from bases leased from NATO countries. Massive retaliation would be the response.

Now, American politicians and military advisors recognized that a direct nuclear attack could possibly be made against them from space. It seemed unreasonable to risk an attack against oneself for offering to defend someone else. The new strategy was designed by a team headed by former Secretary of State Dean Acheson. First, a significant increase in NATO conventional forces in Europe would be undertaken. Secondly, Exclusive American control over the Western nuclear deterrent was considered necessary.

At this time, Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara explained the policy at University of Michigan commencement exercises thus:

"In short, then, limited nuclear capabilities, operating independently, are dangerous, expensive, prone to obsolescence and lacking in credibility as a deterrent .... At the same time, the general strategy I have summarized magnifies the importance of unity of planning, concentration of executive authority, and central direction. There must not be competing and conflicting strategies to meet the contingency of nuclear war."

In other words, "Europe, look after yourself." This left Britain defending Europe with its limited nuclear capability, and, some would say, under the direction of the USA. Within a week, McNamara had to clarify this point publicly by stating that "Britain's Bomber Command ... is part of a thoroughly coordinated Anglo-American striking force ... I was therefore not referring to Britain ...." Britain could act independently as part of a joint strategy! The truth was that President Kennedy had written in in April that "over the long run it would be desirable if the British decided to phase out of the nuclear deterrent business."

1962 - During June,
British leader Harold Macmillan, entered into an agreement with French leader Charles de Gaulle to provide nuclear assistance to France in exchange for French support for Britain to be admitted into the EEC. Britain's own nuclear deterrent program was highly dependent upon American support in terms of research results and technology at the time. If France developed a nuclear capability, where might it use it? Southeast Asia and North Africa had provided continuing colonial disappointment to the recovery of the former French Empire. With the USA begging off direct protection for Europe and Britain not a member of the EC, France was the only nation capable of developing and maintaining a nuclear deterrent.

Earlier in the spring, the USA had encouraged France to purchase American conventional war weapons in order to improve its economic balance of payments. De Gaulle responded enthusiastically by sending an emissary with a shopping list for nuclear components. It had been rejected. Kennedy reaffirmed his policy of not feeding a series of national nuclear deterrents based on each developing an insecurity based on the possession of such by a neighbour. If they wanted such a deterrent, each would have to develop its own.

In May, Macmillan had suggested to Martine de Courcel, French Ambassador to London, that "it might be possible for Britain and France, within the framework of NATO, to hold their nuclear power as trustees for Europe." Asked if this would be possible without American agreement, Macmillan replied that it would. Macmillan rationalised the arrangement on the basis that France stood to gain little from Britain's entry into the EC. Increasing their joint military capability seemed to better justify allowing Britain into the EC, or, perhaps act as a bribe to France for such support.

1962 - On the night of June 25-26,
Rocket-like Objects were seen to emerge from and return to a hovering UFO near Tucson, Arizona, by several teenage boys.

1962 - In the summer,
Sedan and Small Boy atomic bomb tests were fired in the Utah test range.
Sedan was 100 kilotons, and created a crater over 1200 feet in diameter and over 300 feet deep.

Small Boy, was fired slightly above ground, where it could be expected that fallout would be heavy. Particularly after these two tests, highly contaminated milk was found in 39 local dairy farms. It was estimated that up to 250,000 children might be involved in thyroid uptake of the I-131 through milk.

1962 - In July,
Telstar is launched and becomes the first human communications satellite, able to relay television signals across the ocean.

1962 - During the early 1960s,
Eckhard Hess, a German-born psychologist, developed the pupilometer.
It measured the pupil, that round spot in the middle of the human eye, as it expanded (dilated) and contracted. These changes were an indicator of how intently the subject was examining a picture which had been presented to it, or, anything else in the field of vision. Many of the American advertising agencies and university laboratories became very enthusiastic of its potential, expecting that the results would indicate what people liked.

The machine could not tell the experimenters what it was in a particular and that the subject liked or disliked but it could indicate as to whether there was a strong response (which could be either positive or negative) when the subject was exposed to a test ad or picture. A further complication was that the subject's pupil was more likely to dilate at the sight of dark colours than of light colours as a simple adaptation to brightness of image. The development did, however, spur interest in technical developments which would more directly indicate the true and largely subconscious interests of individuals.

1962 - On July 17,
The First Voyage to the geographic North Pole by a USSR sub, the November Class "Leninsky Komsomol" occurred.
It was 4 years after the USA submarine "Nautilus" had sailed under the North Pole and before the "Skate" had surfaced there. The Soviet press reported that the submarine had manoeuvred under the Arctic ice "to detect and destroy 'enemy' nuclear submarines trying to approach Soviet shores." Upon return to Murmansk, on July 20, Krushchev personally decorated both Engineer-Captain 2nd Rank R.A. Timofeyev, and the flotilla commander, Rear Admiral A.I. Petelin, with the nation's highest medal of recognition making each a Hero of the Soviet Union. As usual the mass media was being used for mass deception. The Soviet citizens were not informed of the earlier exploits of the Americans in the Arctic.

1962 - On July 22,
Mariner 1, a USA 202 kg planetary exploration satellite, was launched by an Atlas Agena B rocket from Cape Canaveral. An attempted Venus flyby, it failed because of an error in the flight guidance equation. Atlas veered off course immediately following launch and had to be destroyed.

1962 - On August 5, at 3.45 a.m.,
Marilyn Monroe was murdered at her house in California.
Most of the information surrounding the event would not become public for 30 years until the publication of "The Marilyn Files", compiled by Robert F. Slatzer and published by S.P.I. Books in 1992.

Marilyn carried trauma induced energy blocks from her childhood and her adult years which increasingly influenced her emotionally as well as physically. She experienced hypersensitivity reactions to environmental factors which are only in the 1990s beginning to be understood. Those reactions gave her chronic tiredness, depression, respiratory infections, digestive upsets and headaches, particularly after 1961, - which the doctors of the era serving her misdiagnosed, missed or simply misprescribed for.

Her father had deserted her mother before her birth and her mother had suffered a nervous breakdown shortly after her birth. A ward of the County of Los Angeles, she was in a dozen foster homes before she was 15. She married on the advice of a foster father and later divorced her first husband when faced with the choice of housewife or movie star. Her second marriage failed when her Joe DiMaggio could not cope with her greater popularity than his and her busy career schedule. Her third marriage ended after two miscarriages and perhaps because of her relationship to JFK. Lack of a father image and her underprivileged childhood left her with insecurities which made her sensitive to the approval of outsiders, in awe of privileged society, and attracted to intelligent men with high social standing.

This insecurity and lack of self-esteem plus her natural beauty encouraged the retention of a social mask which suggested to the public that she was a naive, little girl, dumb blonde - which brought her lots of attention - usually of the kind her spirit did not want. It led to many, both acquaintances and associates, believing that her illness symptoms were little more than hypochondria of a self-centred spoiled woman. Many women despised her or were jealous of her for this apparent ploy of helplessness which attracted men to her as well as her beauty. The reality of her illness and the associated learned defense reactions plus her inappropriate coping skills often kept others from accepting and acknowledging her as the sensitive, empathic individual desirous of knowledge which she was.

Marilyn's liaison with John F. Kennedy (JFK) was to prove to be one of the most enduring in her life.
It continued through her marriages to Joe DiMaggio and Arthur Miller and spanned most of a decade, beginning before 1954. They first met at Jack Kennedy's brother-in-law's, screen star Peter Lawford's, beachside hideaway in Santa Monica. JFK was attracted to all beautiful women and at first saw Marilyn in much the way that men of the time saw sexual conquests. Her attraction to him was more obsessive from the beginning for he was handsome, intelligent, socially recognized, from a privileged background, and confident - all of which she felt she lacked. She wanted the freedom and acceptance which appeared to go with those traits. JFK, who had initiate the relationship, put ambition first, and to that end Marilyn was doomed to lose.

At JFK's Spring 1962 birthday gala at Madison Square Garden, a fundraiser for the Democratic Party, Jacqueline Kennedy, his wife, chose to stay away when she heard that Marilyn would be attending. Further, she stipulated that if JFK did not terminate his relationship with Marilyn completely, she would divorce him. After the gala, at a reception, JFK and his brother Bobby took her aside and told her the news. JFK would not risk the end of his career and the disgrace of such a humiliation. JFK never called her again nor answered any of her letters. On or about July 25, 1962, Marilyn attempted suicide in total spiritual depression and became a RED Walk-in.

In the interim, Robert Kennedy, brother to JFK and then Attorney General of the U.S.A., had become her confidant and in going to her rescue while she was on the rebound from Jack, she became compulsive about him. Walk-ins are not perfect. They try to do the best they can with the physical body, the person's skills and contacts, and the higher spiritual nature and capabilities which they bring to the identity they have taken over. Marilyn's situation was a mess. She had beauty; she had influential contacts in the highest political offices; those contacts were in jeopardy of losing their political and social power by virtue of her association with them; Herbert Hoover, Director of the F.B.I. hated JFK but wanted to safeguard the office of the Presidency; the Mafia hated both brothers for their war on organized crime and wanted to see them disgraced; the military-industrial complex feared and disliked the JFK for his curtailing the influence of the CIA and Black Projects and threatening to withdraw from Vietnam. Alternative 2 and 3 leaders became her worst enemies.

"Reborn" as a Walk-In, Marilyn (1962) brought with her, knowledge of the "alien" contracts which had been made with the U.S.A. military-industry-government representatives by the GRAYs, BLONDS, and REDS. She now knew of the negotiations, the secrecy, Alternative 2 and 3 Projects, the likely disasters to follow, the choices offered by the REDS and the idealism of the Kennedy's which might finally release the truth to the world which Eisenhower had been afraid to do - tell the world about the presence of other world beings and of the choices of servitude or salvation offered by the differing groups.

There was a sense of urgency and Marilyn (1962) called Bobby.
He couldn't believe what she was saying and thought she had gone insane.
Bobby conferred with Jack. If they were afraid before that their association with her might end their careers, now they were terrified - she was unstable, she might go public anytime. She was discreet, but her enthusiasm and new self-directedness before Bobby was taken as a nervous breakdown and he enlisted the aid of a doctor to give her a stronger than usual dose of her regular sedative. Then they left, shortly after midnight on the morning of August 5.

Marilyn and the Kennedy's had been under surveillance by the F.B.I. for some months.
Her house had been electronically bugged by the F.B.I. and an agent overheard all of what she had said. For some reason, he took the information mentioned to be of national security interest and contacted a source within Alternative 3. While Bobby was making arrangements for and having Marilyn tranquillized, the officials in Alternative 3 contacted Marilyn's psychiatrist, Dr. Ralph Greenson, and told him to get out to the house and finish the job, permanently.

An ambulance was called to her home by Pat Newcomb, her publicist, to arrive at about 3.30 a.m. The attendants, Hall and Leibowitz, found Marilyn inside a guest bedroom, lying face-up on the bed, nude, unconscious and in obvious distress. Her pulse was very weak and rapid and her respiration was almost nonexistent: classic symptoms of overdose. The two attendants could not provide CPR without a strong back support, and the floor space being too small they carried her out to the foyer. She slipped from Hall's grasp and fell to the floor on her fanny, explaining a bruise found later. A second bruise formed on one of her upper arms - where Hall had grabbed her. Dead bodies don't bruise. The CPR, Hall maintained was effective almost immediately as her colour began to return.

Just then, a man carrying a doctor's bag and identifying himself as her doctor walked in.
He ordered Hall to remove the resuscitator and while Hall tried to continue directly, the doctor misapplied CPR. Frustrated, Hall suggested they exchange places. The doctor ignored Hall and pulled out a hypodermic syringe with a heart needle already affixed. Two other men entered the room, one wearing a police officer's uniform and the other later identified as Peter Lawford, relative of the Kennedy's. The doctor, later identified as Dr. Ralph Greenson, Marilyn's psychiatrist, took a pharmaceutical bottle from his bag, filled the syringe, and with verbal dialogue tried to push it between the 6th and 7th ribs. He did it incorrectly, at a slant, hitting a rib. He pushed harder, snapping her rib and entering her heart. He then leaned over with the stethoscope on her chest and advised the ambulance attendants to leave as he was going to pronounce her dead. Fifteen minutes had passed: it was 3.45 a.m..

The police officer walked into the living room and used the phone.
Hall and Leibowitz filled out their reports and gathered up their equipment.
Preparing to leave, just before 4.00, they were surprised to see the first-call ambulance from a local mortuary already parked beside theirs to pick up the remains. The body first went to Westwood Memorial Park before being taken to the coroner's office: Why? Within hours of Marilyn's death, FBI agents visited the phone company and confiscated all the records of Marilyn's long-distance phone calls to Bobby Kennedy. Released after nearly 30 years, they show that Marilyn made nearly a dozen calls to Washington in a futile attempt to reach Bobby Kennedy. At 6.05 a.m., Peter Lawford made a 20 minute call to JFK at the White House.

The autopsy was tainted by Dr. Greenson's declaration of suicide.
While there was enough drugs in the body to have killed a dozen people, no evidence of pills were found in the large intestine, nor was any evidence of the use of suppositories found in the rectum. "A purplish discoloration of a portion of the sigmoid colon" was noted but not followed up even though it was an odd indication. The liver analysis showed that it had taken several hours for Marilyn to die. Little note was taken of the two bruises at the time. After discovering evidence of an overdose, the coroner did not bother to analyze the rest of the samples he had taken. Later, when he went to check the samples, they were missing. According to former Deputy D.A. John Miner, organ samples have disappeared from the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office only twice in history:
Once in the death of Marilyn Monroe. Once in the death of Bobby Kennedy.

1962 - On August 5,
The British Application for EC Membership Negotiations ended with the British delegation declining the offer on the table even though it satisfied - and even exceeded in part - the very terms and conditions which British Prime Minister Macmillan had been so insistent upon. Since the beginning of the negotiations, Macmillan's decisions on strategy had slowed the progress of the negotiations. Political events had turned in his favour such that the EC members had found themselves with a poor defense against the USSR. Britain, with its nuclear weapons, could both assist in filling the gap left by the USA change in policy and by its assistance to France in the development of a nuclear weapons capability for them. Macmillan had proudly sought for special concessions as well as a restructuring of EC membership into levels of commitment and responsibility. Rather than enter the EC as a member amongst equals, Britain no could command considerable political influence with other potential new members. Why then walk away?

Popular sentiment in Britain in favour of Britain joining the Common Market had peaked shortly after the Prime Minister's announcement in July 1961. The gallup Poll taken one month earlier revealed that just under 50% of respondents said they would approve if the Government decided to join the Common Market. From that point forward, public opinion swung increasingly against the Government and its continental initiative. Growing negativity towards the Macmillan Government was reinforced by the Commonwealth media urging Britain not to join Europe.

As far back as September 1961, when the Commonwealth Economic Consultive Council met in Accra, the official media release at that time had been: "It was feared that United Kingdom membership in the EEC would fundamentally alter the relationship between the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries. Indeed, this relationship might be so imperiled as to weaken the cohesion of the Commonwealth as a whole."

British politicians added to this concern by reminding the voters of how military forces from the Commonwealth countries had come to the aid of Britain during wartime, even before assistance had been received from "friendly" nations like the USA. While both of these persuasions garnered good media exposure - with the media as usual looking for stories of drama to print rather than stories of relevance - neither represented fact. And, it was the political choice of Macmillan and the ECC Council not to disclose the nature and context of the negotiations as they progressed.

In fact, Britain's membership in the EC, with concessions to allow Commonwealth countries to join - provided a factor for an increased strengthening of the Commonwealth. And the second representation was in fact deceptive. Commonwealth nations had supported Britain in past wars because they were colonies and were obligated to provide support; not all did so with enthusiasm. In addition, at present, many Commonwealth nations had, were, or planned to request independence from Britain, and, like children who had not left home yet, many were insecure in independent economic and political policies and decisions. With the truth not readily before the public, presumptuous opposition could fan the fires of public anxiety, pride, insecurity, and co-dependency both in Britain and the Commonwealth nations.

In March and April of 1962, the British public had expressed their concern in a series of by-election losses for the British Government. The Liberals benefited greatly from this with their share of the vote now rising from 16% to 26%. Support for the Conservatives (Tories) fell to 33%, its lowest since January, 1946. This left the Labour Party in the lead. The Conservative Party's unpopularity became a matter of obsession amongst the Conservative members of Parliament. Increasingly uneasy with Macmillans leadership, back-benchers had formed their own Committee in April, 1962. Terms such as "vacillation, weakness and incompetence" began being attached to the situation and a final report called for the appointment of a Minister to the position of Public Relations for the Governement.

William Deedes, was advanced from the benches (non-executive) to become a Minister without Portfolio, and, immediately made a member of the Common Market Negotiating Committee. Macmillan had always tended to ignore advice, act independently, disclose little to the public, negotiate with deception and threat, and, assume an elitist stance for Britain. On July 25, 1961, his Government had announced emergency economic measures which had included a freeze on wage increases and a bank interest rate increase from 5% to 7%. For the common voter, the influence was increasing unemployment, social unrest, and hardship over the next year. After the July 31, 1961 announcement of Britain's intention to join the EEC, an Anti-Common Market League formed within Macmillan's party, encouraged by the anxiety and confusion over international economic and political realities which faced the average Briton. As always, the majority of the humans involved looked for simplistic solutions. By September 1, 1961, the League had pledged itself to influence public and parliamentary opinion in order to achieve a reversal of this "disastrous" decision. Deedes now represented this intention.

By March 27, 1962, Macmillan seemed to be still too isolated in his thinking to appreciate this shift of opinion - not reduced by the secrecy of his strategy and intentions - for Sir Cyril Osbourne, the Member of Parliament for Louth, drew his attention to this "growing anxiety" of the public. In the military "game-playing" tactics so popular in politics, Macmillan chose NOT to cope directly and constructively with this opposition but rather to use it to place more pressure on the ECC Council to accept Macmillan's request for modifications and special considerations. It was the old strategy of playing hard-to-get, when you wanted into a relationship, such that the suitor would convey greater respect, authority and control to you than you deserved in reality.

As the deadlines became closer, and the ECC member's attraction to Britain's nuclear contribution became greatly appreciated, Macmillan sensing power, backed away in confidence. Macmillan left the task of regaining public support to his party members - who he encourage to convey the advantages which Britain would derive from the ECC membership. This proved difficult for many were ignorant of his strategy and intentions. Macmillan hoped to be able to sway the public at the last moment with an appeal to emotion, believing that the opposition of the public to his Party was solely on the basis of an erroneous perception of the reality of his (fantastic) negotiations.

But as much or more than the average human, Macmillan failed to be aware of and perceive the other reasons for the public's rising opposition - until, it was too late. It was the middle classes who felt most deprived by the national economic policies. While Selwyn Lloyd, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, called for economic restraint, the public - trying to cope with rising unemployment and welfare numbers - demanded expansion. As is typically a problem with elected officials in a democracy, the non-executive Conservative members took up the cry in fear of losing their position in the next election. Expansion became the public, media, and back-bencher's singular answer to all economic woes. The Cabinet members had never been well unified and rumours of resignations began to abound in the media. Precisely when the domestic crisis was at it peak, the EC Council was offering acceptance to Britain's application for membership.

Macmillan had been putting together a strategy for the Conservative Party Conference which was to be held in early October. In general, he was considering replacing some of the Cabinet with younger and/or more aggressive members. A leaked report of this expectation to the newspapers on July 12, forced Macmillan to move earlier. That evening he terminated Selwyn Lloyd, and the following day, Friday, July 13, Macmillan requested the resignation of one third of his Cabinet with only a few hours notice. Lord Kilmuir (the Lord Chancellor), Harold Watkinson (Minister of Defence), John Maclay (Secretary of State for Scotland), Charles Hill (Minister of Housing), David Eccles (Minister of Education) and Lord Mills (Minister without Portfolio) completed the seven dismissals. Other changes included Edward Boyle (Education), Keith Joseph (Housing), William Deedes (Information), Lord Dilhorne (Lord Chancellor) and Peter Thorneycroft (Defence). Rab Butler (Home Secretary) was elevated to Deputy Prime Minister and Henry Brooke was given his former position. Julian Amery, Macmillan's son-in-law, was appointed Minister of Aviation - but excluded from the Cabinet - to reduce suggestions of favouritism. The public had wanted a change of government and Macmillan had provided them with an inexpensive alternative - a coup.

Since the public had been kept ignorant of the strategies, intentions and moves of Macmillan regarding the developments concerning Britain's application for memmbership into the EEC, he could now declare whatever position he wished and the public would not know the difference between a lie and the truth. Later, Jeremy Thorpe would be quoted as having said: "Greater love hath no man than this - that he lay down his friends for his life." Others considered the move similar to the generation exchange which had taken place in the USA administration when John Kennedy had gained the presidency: the older establishment of political analysts and realists had been replaced by the younger naive idealists and pragmatists. The following day, Macmillan wrote to the Queen a letter excusing his dramatic, and undemocratic action, as necessary to prevent a potential "palace revolt" built on "Parliamentary and Party intrigue" - clearly both the politicians and the media had failed to adequately inform the citizens and their contribution in the manipulation which followed depended on that failure. Following the status quo, confusing the truth with half-truths through intellectualization, and, over-dramatizing and looking for the sensationalistic news story - had simply fed the political machine of deception.

On July 17, 1962, two weeks before the decision to decline admission, Macmillan was closely questioned in Parliament in a manner which seemed to now present the issue as one of commitment to the domestic concerns of Britons, or, to the political needs of union with Europe. The public had followed the poorly documented and lengthy negotiations between the British delegation and the ECC Council. During that period, economic problems at home at appeared to escalate. The public could only presume that the negotiations might continue for another year. It wasn't prepared to wait that long on an issue of their opportunity to earn an income and lead a status quo lifestyle. Macmillan began to waiver in his stance.

First, Macmillan used political half-truths to state that he would have to judge the benefits to Britain and the drawbacks by progressing in a "step by step" fashion. Chancellor Adenauer of Germany could be expected to be furious with this apparent untrustworthiness of Britain: promises and confidence followed by a declining commitment and aloofness. Macmillan, hoping to counter this response sent a letter to Adenaur on July 21, stating:

"We have been watching with sympathetic interest the efforts of the Six to move toward greater political union and I can assure you that once the British negotiations are successfully concluded we shall join wholeheartedly in this task."

Adenaur didn't believe the letter: Macmillan was lying to someone; it was better to be cautious than to be a fool. Adenaur publicly accused Macmillan of deception - requesting German support for the British application for membership, and then, withholding its support for political integration. When Adenaur would meet with the Lord Privy Seal, Heath, representing Britain, in October, 1962, he would question how it was that, as Lord Dilhorne would state, it was not possible for one Parliament to bind its successors to upholding an Act of law.

On July 26, with the new Cabinet presented to the Parliament, the opposition introduced a motion of non-confidence and called for an election on the rationalization that the coup only confirmed the declining support of the public as had been shown by recent by-elections. The majority Conservative representation easily won the vote with not one abstention from their membership. As elected representatives facing the potential of a near future election and a hostile public, non wished to risk losing their paycheque. And with the current example of all of Macmillan's opposition from within his party having been replaced, non dared reveal their dissatisfaction now. Yet public opinion regarding the leadership of Macmillan continued to decline in confidence. Polls taken on July 11 had indicated that 47% of those polled were satisfied with his leadership (even though few knew the reality of that leadership), versus 39% dissatisfied. On July 20, only 36% remained accepting of his leadership - with at least 52% expressing dissatisfaction. Public support was now in favour of the Labour Party; the Conservatives knew it and so did the representatives of the ECC Six.

In a report on July 30, the (British) Common Market Negotiating Committee became reluctant to finalizing any agreement in Brussels regarding the admission of Britain. If the Conservatives reached an agreement and gained membership, there was a good chance that they would not be re-elected at home - possibly in the near future. Yet, in the context of the possibility of a stabilization of politics at home, time to persuade - and now accurately inform - the public of the negotiated special-to-Britain benefits of EEC membership, and, sway the voters in favour of the Conservatives - it would be politically constructive to proceed in seeking the maximum benefits possible for Britain, as if membership when offered would be taken. That is, they were advocating leaving all their options open with the possibility of reversing their loyalties and commitments on a moments notice if it became a question of local re-election.

Across the North Sea and through multiple bureaucracies and translations, the EEC members, the British position should have appeared, from what Macmillan had recently said, and, from the changes in the British Cabinet and the polls - that any Agreement signed by the current administration could be overturned by a subsequent, and possibly near future, administration. In reality, the Cabinet agreed with this assessment on July 31 - that "any agreement accepted in Brussels at this stage would be open to effective challenge in Parliament and the meeting of Commonwealth Prime Ministers, which was scheduled for the coming September.

In early August, Lord Dilhorne, the Lord Chancellor, speaking on behalf of Macmillan, spoke in Parliament about how the Treaties of the EC would require the passage of an Act of Parliament for them to become binding; they could just as easily be severed by repealing the Act. These statements would not go unheard in Europe. They were expressions of a commitment, vigorously promoted for months, now being revealed as increasingly weak. This new position by Macmillan and his Government seemed to betray the sacrifices which some EC members (Belgium and Holland) had made for Britain to reduce the antagonism which France had originally expressed against the British application.

Before the EEC Council, Heath, representing Macmillan, now chose to persuade the members that Britain was sincere in its application, that Britain's refusal to accept the terms presented was based on Britain's political relationship with its farmers (voters) and the Commonwealth (political allies) rather than on any economic concerns over agricultural domination by France or Commonwealth exclusion from ECC benefits. While the EEC members had now adopted the proposal to consider admission of Commonwealth nations (as second, or third level members), the British delegation wanted something more specific which they could present to their public and at the September Commonwealth Meeting. Politically this was absurd.

Britain, which had frustrated, dragged out, and sought preferential membership and a total restructuring of the EEC in return for its membership - in what was supposed to be a union of equals working together for the benefit of the union - was now asking for the EEC to sell the British membership to the British and the Commonwealth. They were, without awareness, admitting that they had lost the confidence of their citizens and their allies - that they had "played the game" of political deception, half-truths and manipulation so long that those closest to them no longer believed them.

This had partially come about because during the ECC negotiations, Macmillan and the British politicians and media had not sought to gain an understanding of and an empathy for ECC members as potential economic and political allies and convey that to their dependents. Instead, the historical experience and characterization of the ECC members as political enemies, political laggards, economic competitors, and symbols of hate and frustration to Britons had been exploited to retain an emotional intensity which would sell papers, gain viewership, and gain debating points. Reality, for those addicted to intensity is dull. For too many humans, indoctrination in a lust for intense and destructive emotional reactions and motivations has superceded an awareness and experience of the benefits of balanced constructive emotional expression: contentment, happiness, independence, ....

Part of the unreality had arisen from the very nature of political negotiation: secrecy.
It is not considered "fair" and honest policy for negotiators to reveal the content of their discussions. The content - the discussion, the offers, the threats, the compromises, the deceptions, the commitments - these are considered the "job" of those involved and a justification for their representation of those who pay them. It is the outcome of negotiations which becomes public and on which the concerned parties judge the success or failure of their negotiators and the relevance of the result. For this reason, the content of most political negotiations remains secret for up to thirty years, as it did in this case. By that time, historically, humans usually show little interest in what the reality was - finding it simpler and easier to accept the usual intellectualizations and excuses which have been promoted in the interim.

Of course, this endemic political ignorance enables and promotes the repeat of such activities regardless of whether they have been constructive in the past or not. Each new repetition is treated as a new revelation by a new generation - which simply proves the failure of human culture to learn from its mistakes. If you wish to be truly informed, you must do yur own negotiating. But that requires smaller groups of people, lower densities, controlled level populations. Coping with this conflict between trust and authority is fundamental to constructive political action. Constructively, negotiations have to be direct, honest, straightforward - without deception and manipulation - without "playing the game", or, they will drag on, become bureaucratic, and fail to satisfy.

The British delegation had not negotiated constructively.
They had manipulated considerable special considerations for themselves.
Yet they had manipulated so intensely and for so long that now almost no one trusted that what they said was what they meant, or, what they could deliver. In France, 20% of the population were farmers; they produced more for less than any other ECC member. In Britain, 2% of the population were farmers. In a federation, how could special treatment for 2% be justified to the 20%; and how could it be guaranteed to the 2%. British farmers did not trust Macmillan or the EEC to be able to protect their inefficiency within a Common Market. Conversely, the EEC members believed that the unrealistic stance of the British delegation could be coped with as the Common Agricultural Policy evolved. Asking for a written declaration of what would be before it had been decided that there would be a future was not taken seriously by the EEC Six.

Fundamentally, the EEC had the intent of liberalizing global trade, beginning with the simplification of European trade. Britain was aggravating this intent by requesting special considerations for its own farmers and then asking for these considerations to be extended to all of the Commonwealth nations. Macmillan had promoted the Free Trade Area proposal in 1958; now he was advocating an elitist trade structure which would take the EEC into conflict with the American drive for a global economy. Popular perception of Macmillan's efforts would for decades be lies. Macmillan had not made a genuine effort to bring the Brussel's negotiations to a close quickly. He had "played the game" and extended them as long as possible while manipulating for the most elitist representation he could get. He had not argued in good faith. When he had gained the confidence of the EEC members, he turned his back on them. Macmillan had a majority representation government and as long as 3 years before he could be forced to call an election - he didn't have to turn coward. Rather, it became, for Macmillan, a matter of how to continue to "play the game" and stay within perceived control. He wasn't strong enough spiritually to now change and get real with the public, his allies, and, his new partners. By trying to satisfy everyone, he ended up aggravating everyone.

This entry is not a condemnation of British politics, or a criticism of the EEC, or of the media, or of the public. Look at the political leadership of any human twentieth century nation and you will find similar examples deception and manipulation of public perceptions - that is, if you can get access to the facts, and, if you take the time to do so. The above is not a description of a problem. It is the description of a symptom. Humanity devoid of spirituality is self-serving. Leadership devoid of spirituality is self-service united with power.

Simplistically, reduce the human population by 95%, remove all knowledge of leadership structures and group prejudices, introduce self-sufficiency and hunting-gathering band organization, and enable a steady state population, and, you have heaven on Earth - if the environment hasn't been degraded any further than at present. Realistically, now, provide all humans with the true reality of where they have come from and where they now stand and you can provide them with the awareness that either they must set GLOBAL goals of self-discipline and spiritual direction, or, eventually perish, or wish they had.

1962 - During August 11/12,
The Soviet Union publicly launched Vostok ("East") 3 & 4 which would orbit the Earth simultaneously.
Andrian Nikolayev, in Vostok 3 (64 orbits), and Pavel Popovich, in Vostok 4 (48 orbits) were the cosmonauts.
At one time the two craft were within 5 km of each other.
They landed 193 km and 6 minutes apart.

1962 - On August 17,
Rivalino do Aleuia Mafra, in the small town of Duas Pontes, Brazil, observed two small beings digging a hole near his house. They ran away as he approached them and moments later an object "shaped like a hat and surrounded with a red glow" took off from behind some bushes.

1962 - On August 19,
Rivalino do Aleuia Mafra and his three sons, in the small town of Duas Pontes, Brazil, were awakened by the sound of heavy footsteps. They saw shadows of human shape floating through the house, and they heard voices that threatened them.

1962 - Between August 19-30,
A Wave of UFO Sightings result in numerous observations and some films of the incidents which took place over Sheffield, England.

1962 - On August 20,
Raimundo do Aleuia Mafra, the eldest son of Rivalino (see August 19), in the small town of Duas Pontes, Brazil, went outside to get his father's horse. He saw two balls floating in midair side by side, about a foot apart, and three feet off the ground ... they were big ... one of them was black, with a kind of irregular antenna-like extension and a small tail. The other was black and white, with the same outline ... Both emitted a humming sound ....

He called his father out of the house ... walked towards the objects and stopped about 2 yards away. At that moment, the two big spheres merged into each other. There was only one now, bigger in size, raising dust from the ground, and giving off smoke that darkened the sky. With strange sounds, the large ball crept slowly towards the father, Rivalino. He became surrounded by yellow smoke and disappeared inside it. Raimundo ran after him into the yellow cloud which had an acrid smell. He saw nothing except the yellow mist. He yelled for his father, but there was no answer. Everything was silent again. The yellow smoke dissolved. The spheres were gone. The father was gone.

Raimundo was interviewed by the local police chief, a priest, and a psychiatrist - all of whom concluded that he was telling what he believed to be true. Dr. Giovani Pereira, a local physician, testified that he had seen a disk-shaped object on the same day.

1962 - On August 27,
Mariner 2, a USA 202 kg planetary satellite, was launched by an Atlas Agena B rocket from Cape Canaveral.
After a 109-day journey, it flew past Venus at 24,830 km, providing 35 minutes of instrument scanning time. The surface temperature was recorded as 428 degrees Centigrade, far higher than expected. The cloud layer was unbroken with one spot near the southern end of the terminator 11 degrees cooler. No strong magnetic field or radiation belt were detected.

1962 - On August 29,
A Number of people witnessed, in broad daylight, a veritable ballet dance of unknown aerial craft over the Village of Vauriat, France.

1962 - By September,
The USAF SR-71 Blackbird reconnaissance aircraft had made its first flight.
Flying at more than 80,000 feet (24,000 meters), it was virtually in space and the pictures taken were often better than those obtained from satellites into the mid-80s.

1962 -
In the UN report, "Economic and Social Consequences of Disarmament" it is noted:

"... the world appears to be expending roughly $120,000 million annually on military expenditure. This is equivalent to about 8 to 9 percent of the world's annual output of goods and services or to at least 2/3rds of the entire national income of all the developing countries, and is close to the value of the world's annual exports of all commodities.

Nearly 20 million people now serve in the world's armed forces.
When other persons occupied directly or indirectly in servicing the needs of these armies are added, the total may well amount to over 50 million. ...

About 85% of the world's military outlays is accounted for by 7 countries - Canada, France, mainland China, U.S.S.R., United Kingdom and United States.

Among the major military powers military production is highly concentrated in a few industrial sectors, notably munitions, electrical machinery, instruments and related products, and transportation equipment, including airplanes and missiles."

Conspicuous, although unnoted, is the fact that NON of the skills required for the production of armaments contribute to the individual's self sufficiency. They will not sustain the individual in a time of catastrophe or economic downturn. In addition, those skills differentially required in the armaments industry require specialized training and usually result in higher wages than found commonly in other industries. Hence, workers in armaments industries surrender their capacity for independence and become slaves dependent upon their employers who attract them with the hope of the ability to sustain a materially more opulent lifestyle. Humans have seldom been found who would willingly restrict their material lifestyle to counter the status quo.

1962 - During the year,
AMWAY, an American Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) organization, would expand its operations into Canada.
It had now become an international corporation.
It was demonstrating that such an organization could be introduced into a similar capitalist-based economy successfully, especially if the commercial laws were similar. AMWAY would become an emissary of a style of material-based capitalism to the world. By mid-1994, AMWAY would have 2,000,000 distributors spread over 60 countries and territories.

Many other MLM companies would be started and would attempt international exposure; most would fail.

1962 - In the October issue of "Commentary",
David T. Bazalon, wrote:

"Nothing is more ironic or revealing about our society than the fact that hugely destructive war is a very progressive force in it ... War production is progressive because it is production that would not otherwise have taken place. It is not so widely appreciated, for example, that the civilian standard of living rose during World War II (for Americans)."

1962 - On October 4,
A Cigar-Shaped Machine is sighted over Vauriat, France.

1962 - On October 11,
The USA Trade Expansion Act was passed by Congress.
It enabled President Kennedy to personally use the bargaining power of negotiating a substantial increase in the free exchange of goods across the Atlantic to EC members ... reductions in American tariffs by as much as 50% ... to be employed only if the United Kingdom became a member of the EC. Military and political union of an expanded European Union had suddenly become more important than economic balance.

1962 - In October,
The Cuban Missile Crisis threatens to lead to nuclear war.
Of the choice between Nixon and Kennedy to become President and negotiate a settlement, Kennedy was preferred by the REDS. They made this known to a third candidate running for the election in 1960. Had he not withdrawn and thrown his support behind Kennedy, Nixon would have won. Nixon, more conservative, more intolerant, and more aggressive would have precipitated a nuclear war, few have denied. Unfortunately, Marilyn Monroe was killed before her new awareness could influence Kennedy. It is an indication to all spacebeings of the backwardness of humanity that either of the more popular of 3 choices of leadership of one of Earth's largest nations would bring humanity to the brink of self-annihilation.

Ironically, as soon as Kennedy had entered the White House, in January, 1961, he had ordered a new and expanded emphasis on the armed forces essentially changing a defensive force into an offensive one. This had eventually led to Krushchev ordering medium-range missiles and nuclear-capable bombers to be secretly based in Cuba.

Almost pitiful because of the mass ignorance expressed, North American civil defense programs followed naive assumptions about the true nature of the destructiveness and possibility of survival of and from a hydrogen bomb attack. A 15 minute warning was expected. In patriotism and hysteria, duck-and-cover drills conditioned schoolchildren and workers to expect terror and that the flimsiest of barriers might actually save their lives from a nuclear bomb blast and its attendant firestorm and destruction. Shelters were constructed with the expectation that after a 2 week hibernation, the outside would be safe to emerge to. Scientists knew that the likely effects of fallout after a major attack would remain deadly for as long as 14 months, after which an emergence to a world rampant with disease and anarchy, and endangered food and water supplies was likely. Politicians proudly continued to proclaim that God had given the limitless power of the atom to America, a claim made since 1945, and therefore, God would see America through the crisis.

During this period, the Soviets had 5 diesel-electric submarines operating in the western Atlantic-Caribbean area. The Soviets had previously provided Cuba with anti-aircraft guns, surface-to-air missiles, MiG fighter aircraft, and associated radars. They were now delivering bombers and medium-range ballistic missiles. The USA imposed a quarantine on Cuba to halt such shipments beginning on October 22. Soviet submarines in the area were ordered to surface for identification by the use of signal charges.

Two days later, Krushchev requested a meeting with William E. Knox, the president of Westinghouse International, who was in Moscow. He stated that stopping and searching Soviet merchant ships on the high seas "would be piracy", and that "the United States could stop and search one maybe two, but if we did, he would instruct his submarines to sink the American naval vessels."

On the morning of October 27, USA Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara advised President Kennedy that 2 Soviet freighters were within miles of the USA quarantine line, at which time they would be intercepted by US warships. "Then," according to Attorney General Robert Kennedy, "came the disturbing Navy report that a Russian submarine had moved into position between the two ships." The decision was made at the White House to have the Navy signal the submarine by sonar to surface and identify itself. If the submarine refused, signal explosives would be used. Robert Kennedy recalled: "I think these few minutes were the time of gravest concern for the President. Was the world on the brink of a holocaust? Was it our error? A mistake? Was there something further that should have been done? Or not done? ... I heard the President say: 'Isn't there some way we can avoid having our first exchange with a Russian submarine - almost anything but that?'"

Preparations were made to engage the submarine if it refused to surface and be identified.
A messenger brought word that the Soviet freighters had stopped. That aspect of the crisis was over. All 5 Soviet submarines in the western Atlantic and Cuban areas were detected by USA anti-submarine forces, harassed, and forced to the surface for identification, sometimes after lengthy efforts. A 6th was detected north of the Azores, refuelling - it had apparently been returning to the Soviet Union at the time of the crisis. The others were all Foxtrot Class submarines - long-range submarines. They were over 300 feet (91.5 m.) long, 24 foot, 7 in. (7.5 m.) wide and had a draft of 20 feet (6.1 m.). Powered by 3 diesel engines, 3 electric engines and having 3 shafts with 6 bladed propellers - they had a surface speed of 16 knots; slightly slower when submerged. They carried a crew of 78 and an armament of 22 torpedoes. Submerged performance was 7 days at low speed and their range was 20,000 nautical miles. No aggressive charges were used by the USA during the search and identify hunt which was conducted almost entirely during daylight hours for photographic purposes. It was a pseudo-war instance.

The Soviet submarines sought to evade detection by short bursts of speed, radical maneuvering including backing down and stopping, taking advantage of thermal layers, turning into the wakes of ASW ships, and releasing "slugs" (bubbles) of air and acoustic decoys. The submarines made extensive use of radar, which in wartime would have increased the probability of their detection. The Captains clearly understood that they were not in a position of lethal attack. They relied extensively on electronic countermeasures to detect USA anti-submarine ships and aircraft. Extensive snorkeling also occurred with durations of 1/2 to 11 hours detected by USA forces, more frequent and longer than would have been attempted in wartime. Even with large numbers of ships and aircraft available, unrestricted use of communications and a lack of counter-attacks by their prey, USA anti-submarine forces found it difficult to track down and force identification of the Soviet submarines. Further, the signatures of the Soviet ships were found to be significantly different than what had been expected. In addition, the Soviets made no attempt to deploy their 30 nuclear-propelled and ballistic missile armed submarines into the area during the crisis.

Much would be concluded after the "game" was over; depending upon the degree of your spiritual strength of perception you might have concluded any of the following:

    The USA was willing to use conventional weapons against the USSR in the West;
    The USA conventional strategic weapons could overwhelm those of the USSR;
    The Soviet Navy was unable to support an overseas adventure;
    The USA was willing to risk annihilation rather than risk economic containment;
    The USA leaders were willing to risk annihilation to maintain their pride;
    The USSR leadership were not willing to risk a nuclear war for Cuban liberty;
    The USSR sub capability was adequate to mount a successful pre-emptive strike;
    The USA and the USSR did not understood, trust, or be truthful to each other;
    Humanity was incessantly preoccupied with defending against fears 
                                             rather than working in harmony.

1962 - In the November issue of "Comentary"
David T. Bazelon wrote:

"Why is war so wonderful?
Because it creates artificial demand ... the only kind of artificial demand, moreover, that does not raise any political issues: war, and only war, solves the problem of inventory."

1962 - During November 13-18,
C.D. Jackson and R.E. Hohmann presented a paper at the 17th Annual Meeting and Space Flight Exposition of the American Rocket Society in Los Angeles. It was titled "An Historic Report On Life In Space: Tesla, Marconi, Todd."
They pointed out that during the years 1899 to 1924, three experimental scientists - Nikola Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi, and David Todd (each working independently) - observed laboratory data and related phenomena which suggested the possibility that they were monitoring interplanetary communications. During the same period, the Russian theorist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky deduced a model of an intelligence existing independently of terrestrial influence.

Tesla, Marconi, and Todd did not know that they were working with identical data, nor did they know that these data corroborated, in a quantitative manner, the theoretical model built by Tsiolkovsky. The investigations and experimental data of Tesla, Marconi, and Todd were presented. The data were first assembled in a historical model (1899 to 1924), then shown to be the natural complement of a current theoretical model (1959 to 1962), and finally recommended for assembly into a quantitative model according to the theoretical outline described by Tsiolkowsky.

1962 - By late year,
The Vietcong had regained the military initiative in South Vietnam.
Now accustomed to the American helicopters, they learned to bring down the slow, clumsy aircraft, and, at other times, to hide until after the air-strike and then ambush the landed troops. As losses mounted, Diem instructed his commanders to rely more on air strikes than troop involvements - resulting in higher civilian casualties. Men, women and children were "sacrificed" with little justification. Whole villages were demolished on the suspicion that they harboured several Vietcong. Diem and Harkins vigorously promoted the use of napalm, a greasy petroleum substance ignited and sprayed over villages and onto suspected and obvious Vietcong. You could not wipe off or wash off napalm; victims would be burned alive or disfigured horribly. The Generals wanted subservience of the Vietnamese through an imposition of fear.

1962 - By December,
Frank B. Salisbury of Colorado State University had authored an article published in "Science" entitled
"Martian Biology: Accumulating Evidence Favours the Theory of Life On Mars, But We Can Expect Surprises."
An abstract of it stated:

"Of all the proposals put forth to account for observed Martian phenomena, the idea of life on Mars seems to be the most tenable. And if this idea is accepted, we are immediately drawn to the conclusion that this life is a very well-adapted and flourishing one. The suggested criteria seem to eliminate all the known terrestrial life forms, but of all these forms, a higher plant would require the least modification in order to meet the criteria. The basic shape of the leaf of a higher plant seems suited to conditions on Mars, but the lower gravity might well result in some interesting modifications in morphology. Some life forms on Mars might resemble our own higher plants, but we should be prepared to encounter some interesting surprises in biochemistry.

In light of the thriving nature of Martian organisms, we should expect to see the operation of many principles of dynamic ecology among them, surely, food chains and elemental cycles. A succession in the development of life forms must occur (was the new area in 1954 an example of plant succession in the desert or of an organized reclamation project?). What about intelligence? If plantlike organisms have solved the problem of growth in the Martian environment so well, one might surely expect to find mobile forms comparable to our animals that feed on plants. And from there it is but one more step (granted a big one) to intelligent beings.

In view of the evidence, we should at least try to keep our minds open so that we could survive the initial shock of encountering them. A manned landing could solve all the problems posed in this article, but even telescopic observations from a satellite, especially one orbiting Mars, could provide us with extremely valuable data."

1962 - During December,
The Lowestoft Sightings are observed over East Anglia, England.
Newspaper accounts are carried in the Eastern Daily Press on December 5, 10, 20, 27, and 28.

1962 - On Sunday, December 23,
The first group of Bay of Pigs invasion prisoners returns to the U.S.A., arriving at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida. Their freedom has been negotiated by Robert Kennedy in return for $53 million of food, 500 tractors and drugs demanded by Castro. President Kennedy accepted the invasion force's flag and promised the survivors in front of 40,000 people: "I can assure you that this flag will be returned to this Brigade in a free Havana." 1,200 prisoners were exchanged. Including the cost of the invasion, the dollar cost alone to the USA was near $85,000 per prisoner in 1962 dollars. How much benefit could have been provided to Americans with improved educational and health plans.