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Memory Stimulators.
1958 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Around the World in Eighty Days; Run Silent, Run Deep; Vertigo; The Defiant Ones; Witness for the Prosecution; Inn of the Sixth Happiness; South Pacific; Auntie Mame; The Blob; Desire Under the Elms; I Want to Live; A Tale of Two Cities; A Night to Remember

Songs:

It's All In The Game; Twilight Time; All I Have To Do Is Dream; Bird Dog; Patricia; Volare; Little Star; Don't; Tom Dooley; Get A Job; Purple People Eater; Poor Little Fool; Yakety Yak; Great Balls of Fire; At the Hop; Peggy Sue; Ballad of a Teenage Queen; I Can't Stop Lovin' You; Devoted to You; Oh, Lonesome Me; Send Me the Pillow You Dream On.

1958 - By this time,
Ferdinand Marcos, a criminal lawyer from the Philippines, had visited the American cities of Chicago and Miami and been to the Bahamas. In each he had met with American Mafia leaders including Chicago Mafia godfather Tony Accardo. A former bodyguard and enforcer for Al Capone, Accardo had taken over the Capone mob and outlasted rival Sam Giancana. Marcos became involved with Harry Stonehill and Ted Lewin, both assisted by Accardo. Marcos also met and became involved in business transactions with millionaire ex-convict Wallace Groves and gambling and black-money interests tied to Meyer Lansky.

1958 -
The USAF XB-70 stealth alien-based technology "BLACK" high security project begins.
It will continue until 1967 when it will be "cancelled". It will receive funding in excess of $1,468,000,000. Reverse engineered and alien-assisted technology are intended to be developed into the aircraft.

1958 - During the period 1958 to 1965,
"Operation Blue Book" logged 4487 cases (an average of over 500 per year); only 113 got through the USAF selection process. The years 1966 and 1967 saw 2049 cases reported in the U.S.A. of which 51 were selected as unexplainable.

1958 - On January 10,
Captain Chrysologo Rocha was sitting with his wife in the porch of a house overlooking the sea near Curitiba, Brazil, when he was surprised to see what he first thought was a new island. With his binoculars, he focused on the object which seemed to be growing in size. He called out to others in the house and soon 9 people were observing the object. It seemed to consist of 2 parts, one in the sea, and one suspended above it. Then, without warning, both parts submerged; soon after a steamer came into view and passed close by the sight where the craft had been. Ten minutes after the ship had gone the object resurfaced. This time, the observers noticed that the upper section was attached to the bottom by a number of shafts or tubes, which were quite bright and small objects were seen to be passing up and down the shafts, in disorderly fashion. This second observation lasted several minutes until the sections closed up, and the whole thing submerged again.

One of the witnesses, the wife of another army officer, telephoned the Forte dos Andrades barracks at Guaraja, and the air force base was alerted. An airplane was sent to investigate but arrived too late to observe anything.

1958 - Early in January,
The "Almirante Saidanha", a survey ship of the Brazilian Navy, was on an IGY mission from Rio de Janeiro bound for the rocky island of Trinidade, where the Navy had an oceanographic station. Just before the ship was to return, Captain Viegas, USAF ret., called to Almiro Baruna, a specialist in underwater photography, that there was a bright object in the sky. Baruna took 9 pictures of the object before it disappeared behind the main peak of the island. Not all of the photos would be released later. It briefly reappeared, appeared to stop, and then moved away swiftly.

Back in Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian Navy examined the negatives, found them to be genuine sightings, set up a mock re-run of the incident, and computed the speed of the object to be 550 to 600 mph, with a diameter of 40 yards. It was Saturn-shaped and at least 100 people had seen it.

1958 - In January,
Pierre Baranger, a professor and director of the laboratory of organic chemistry at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, established in 1794, announced his discoveries before a distinguished audience of chemists, biologists, physicists, and mathematicians at Switzerland's Institut Genevois. His discovery was that plants transmute elements: they have the capacity to change one element into another. This feat is one which human alchemists had tried to accomplish for centuries. Only through the use of alpha particle nuclear radiation in 1919, had Ernest Rutherford been able to modify one element into another. The tiniest blade of grass and the frailest flower achieve on a daily basis what humans require an atom smasher to do. Which is more "intelligent"?

"For me, any meticulously performed experiment is a homage to science even if it shocks our ingrained habits. ... I understand perfectly well that you are astonished by these results. For they are astonishing. I understand perfectly well that you are seeking the error which could make nonsense of these experiments. But so far no such error has been found. The phenomenon stands: plants can transmute elements."

Baranger had established that seeds of Cerdagne vetch growing in distilled water showed no change in phosphorus or potassium content. But seeds growing in a calcium salt solution varied their phosphorus and potassium content by the enormous factor of 10%, and that calcium increased in both groups.

1958 - On January 31,
Explorer I, a 30.8-pound American space satellite was launched with a Jupiter-C rocket to study cosmic rays, micrometeorites, temperatures of the front and rear skin and the nose cone. It discovered the Van Allen radiation belt about the Earth. Before this there was little recognition of interstellar cosmic radiation and some people believed that the vacuum of space would suck an object away from the Earth once it reached a high enough altitude.

1958 - In February,
The WS-117L spy satellite development program was transferred to joint CIA/USAF supervision at the insistence of U.S.A. President Eisenhower, who, spurred on by advisors sympathetic to Operation Prometheus, had become paranoid about Soviet advances in technology. It would be a year before there was a successful launch. 16 of the first 17 satellites would fail.

The project centred around the Corona reconnaissance satellite that would be put into space by a Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile. It would send back to Earth a recoverable photographic capsule. Problems of bad weather conditions and technical difficulties in the release and collection systems were persistent. Technical problems included electrical malfunctions in the launch rocket, radio failures in the photographic trigger mechanism, failure of capsule parachutes to open, ground radar defects that made it impossible to find some units, re-entry over the Soviet Union due to a timing error, failure to achieve orbit. Eisenhower became extremely frustrated.

The American public were told that the satellites were weather/scientific satellites called Discoverer.
The first successful launch was February 28, 1959. The first successful satellite, Discoverer 14, entered orbit in August, 1960. By January, 1961, the Corona was dependable in the eyes of the public and the bureaucrats. The Soviet Union had passed these difficulties much earlier, before worldwide detection and interest became a factor. While the American and Soviet governments would spend billions on outnumbering each others satellites, Project Prometheus and its American counterpart would be sending huge space capsules to the Moon in preparation for approaches to Mars. Since there was no intent to orbit the Earth, detection was not likely.

1958 - On March 17,
Vanguard I, an American 3.25-pound sphere was launched by Navy Test Vehicle 3 to record temperatures and test geodetic instruments.
Used to map islands in the Pacific Ocean, it led to the discovery that the Earth was pear-shaped.

1958 - On March 18,
Explorer III, an American 31-pound cylindrical satellite is launched.
It carries a tape recorder for storage of cosmic ray readings, micrometeor sensing recording, and skin and internal temperature readings. More information on the Van Allen Belt is provided.

1958 -
Calvin C. Girvin claims to have survived death due to the intervention of Venusians who healed him, and for whom he is now an agent.

1958 -
Professor D. Nalivkin, of the Soviet Academy of Science, writes the following in "Geological Catastrophes":

"Observations of catastrophic phenomena are limited by the time span of no longer than 4000 - 6000 years. For geological processes this is a short period and it is quite possible that some of the most terrible catastrophes have not been recorded in the chronicles of mankind .... We must not fit into modern standards all that has happened on the Earth throughout ... its existence."

1958 - On May 15,
Sputnik III, a USSR 7,000-pound conical space capsule is launched with the intention of studying the Earth's magnetic field, its electrostatic field, as well as changes in atmospheric pressure, temperature and micrometeor presence.

1958 -
Gaston Burridge reports that Townsend Brown's propulsion principle based on the Biefeld-Brown effect was successfully used by Brown to fly saucer-like discs and that the method has definite anti-gravitic potentials.

1958 - During June,
Charles de Gaule is elected French Prime Minister.
Political instability had persisted in France since the end of the War in 1945: there had been at least 17 prime ministers in the period. De Gaule, the general, would provide the country with a stronger sense of national purpose than it had experinced in a decade. His authoritarian style would mean a ruthless control of and a strategic manipulation of a large and dense population with widely ranging neighbourhood sensibilities.

1958 - On June 24,
British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan wrote the following to his Foreign Secretary, Selwyn Lloyd, with a copy to the Chancellor of the Exchequer:

"I feel we ought to make it quite clear to our European friends that if Little Europe is formed without a parallel development of a Free Trade Area ... we would fight back with every weapon in our armoury. We would take our troops out of Europe. We would withdraw from NATO. We would adopt a policy of isolationism. We would surround ourselves with rockets and we would say to the Germans, the French and the rest of them: 'Look after yourselves with your own forces. Look after yourselves when the Russians overrun your countries'. I would be inclined to make this position quite clear both to de Gaulle and to Adenauer (Germany), so that they may be under no illusion."

Such an attitude was presented.
Such are the spiritual weaknesses of humans and their leaders.
Like a spoiled child, afraid of being excluded from a newly forming peer group, and accustomed to receiving special considerations, Macmillan, representing 50 million people, was demanding acknowledgement and a position of authority. If refused, he was threatening to endanger the very ones he expected respect from, and, he would go so far to endanger the economic safety and political freedom of his countrymen. If his threat were carried out, the British would be totally dependent upon the USA.

In response to Macmillan's "blackmail" coercive communication, General Charles de Gaulle, now leader of the French expressed his determination to acquire a nuclear deterrent "by some means or other." He confirmed to Macmillan that "France's objective was to have nuclear weapons, even if they were made by others." At that point, Macmillan, assuming his perceived "special relationship" with the USA backed off to leave the responsibility for such proliferation of nuclear weapons with the USA. Stating now that Britain only had enough nuclear weapons for "diplomatic rather than military purposes," Macmillan commented that "We did not want these arms to spread much further." Like too often occurs with similar domestic communications between humans, the French would never forget the threat, and, would always desire a position as a nuclear military power in the world.

1958 - During July,
At the Los Alamos Laboratory, U.S.A., a bacterium of the "Pseudomonas" type is found to continue to multiply under the influence heavy doses of radiation. The bacteria could support 10 million roentgens of radiation for 8 hours and in the medium of heavy water in a nuclear reactor it produced every 20 minutes. The mortal dose for humans is 500 roentgens or less. Other bacteria of the Bacillus and Achromobacter types were also seen to be resistant to radiation effects. Micrococcus radiodurans resisted radiation doses 3,000 times the fatal dose for humans. During an experiment involving radioactive mercury, a Pseudomonas species appeared to "digest" the radioactive mercury, making another element unidentifiable at the time.

Louis C. Kervan suggested that the gamma rays impeded the reproduction of the ADN leading to a progressive death of the cells. The speed of reproduction, being considerable, and the enzymatic activity also being considerable, the bacteria could resist an irradiation several thousands of times greater than a lethal human dose. Kervan would suggest in 1960 that these types of bacteria be considered in research as a possible means to the elimination of radioactive wastes from the nuclear industry. For the next 40 years, bureaucratic organizations and the status quo would prevail in opposition to real possibilities for safeguarding the health of humanity!

1958 - In July,
USA President Dwight D. Eisenhower urged the U.S. Congress to authorize the Secretary of State to refuse passports for any reason of national security. Intensive lobbying followed. Eventually, Congress declined to legislate blanket authority to the State Department. By an act of bureaucracy, the loyalty oath, declared illegal in 1958, was retained on passport application forms by the State Department on the pretext that it would be expensive to junk all the old forms.

1958 - On July 26,
Explorer IV, an American 38.4-pound cylindrical satellite is launched to study corpuscular radiation at several intensity levels together with a measurement of internal temperatures.
A greater definition of the Van Allen Belts is noted.

1958 - On August 3,
The Nautilus, a U.S. Navy nuclear submarine, reached the North Pole.
It was in the midst of a 21 day, 8146 mile silent, secret, transpolar underwater voyage.
The 107 crew conditions aboard the submarine included soft lighting, air-conditioning to a temperature of 72 degrees Fahrenheit, sunlamps, fresh vegetables and fresh meat, and purified and regenerated air. A jukebox played music much of the time. Garbage was routinely jettisoned during the voyage, requiring only temporary reductions in speed and depth. Much of the trip was completed at a speed of 20 knots and a depth of 400 feet. The point of departure had been the USN base at Pearl Harbour.

The voyage was hailed as

"essentially a triumph of machinery and of the diverse intellects of the men who had invested in it.
... It was her speed, endurance and marvellous, salmonlike mechanical brain rather than
the efforts of her crew which really conquered the pole. ... Once under the ice, the men of the
Nautilus were simply servants of their wonderful machine. ... It was pretty routine."

Those who agreed to be interviewed by the media after the voyage included:

              Commander William R. Anderson
        Electrician 1/C James Sordelet
                Steward Thomas Emmanuel
        Electrician 1/C Joe Degnan
        Electrician 2/C Joseph R. Higgins
        Electrician 1/C Jim Irwin
            Steward 1/C Walter J. Harvey
              Engineman J. McNally Jr.
Fire Control Tech Chief John Krawczyk
 Electronics Technician William Hansen
             Lieutenant Steve White
              Commander (Dr.) Richard F. Dobbins
   Civilian technician, Thomas E. Curtis
    Navigating Officer, Lieutenant Shepard Jenks
      Executive Officer Frank M. Adams
          Engineman 2/C David Long
         Torpedoman 3/C William Patrick O'Neill

The crew were described as

"One would think that Washington had built them to specification ... less likely than any other group in the world to get on each other's nerves, panic in fear, crack under pressure or let each other down. ... honest, open, clean-cut, All-American, small-town ... the only thing they seem to lack is imagination. I suppose they are not only submarine types but the spaceman of the future."

A relatively thin layer of ice covers the polar sea; it is seldom more than 12 feet thick.
In the summer the ice opens into innumerable lanes and "lakes" called "leads" and "polnyas".
The Arctic Ocean is typically quite deep, and at this point, was poorly charted.
The invention of the Fathometer, by physicist Waldo K. Lyon, enabled more accurate and less dangerous soundings to be taken than had been the practice earlier. An earlier 2-year trip aboard the icebreaker Burton Island enabled Robert D. McWethy, now a Commander, to take soundings for over 1000 miles along the Arctic coast. McWethy had been serving in the office of Chief of Naval Operations when the Nautilus was commissioned. Rear Admiral Hyman Rickover had much to do with the design and production of the Nautilus. The Arctic Ocean represents a large basin with a mountain range crossing it and occasional hills and ledges. Its most shallow are is in the western Bering Strait.

During the summer of 1957, Nautilus had been sent under the ice off Greenland to cruise more than 1,000 miles beneath the ice cap and approach within 180 miles of the pole. Numerous soundings and reconnaissance information were collected for future missions. In February, 1958, the Nautilus was sent to New London for high priority, round-the-clock overhaul and modification. Some of these modifications included newly designed batteries and a missile-like guidance system.

The inertial guidance system solved the problems of magnetic anomalies in the area, the lack of access to radio beacon and astronomical sightings, and the fact that the geographic North Pole is a varying distance from the magnetic north pole. The inertial guidance system tracks the position of the ship by accounting for every movement of the ship relative to the Earth, including measuring the Earth's rotation and maintaining a record of where it has been. Two accelerometers help the navigators determine how far and how fast the vessel has travelled from a known starting point. Thus, changes in speed or direction are less likely to result in errors and system confusion than would occur with the use of other known systems.

By June, the Nautilus had been berthed at Seattle.
Commander Anderson and Physicist Lyon, using assumed names and flying on commercial airlines left Seattle, chartered a plane and flew over the Bering Strait to preview the ice conditions. The 90-mile strait between Alaska and Siberia, and the Chukchi Sea, after it - would represent the most shallow part of the proposed trip. There, depths could be as shallow as 120 feet and pack ice could extend down for as much as 75 feet at times. All appeared acceptable and the two men returned to Seattle and prepared the Nautilus to sail. Until it was underway for 12 hours, the rest of the crew were unaware that Lyon was on board. 30 miles under the ice cap and moving into the Chukchi Sea, the submarine encountered ice that thrust down from the surface as much as 80 feet. The local depth of 160 feet left only 80 feet of clearance; the keel to periscope dimension of the Nautilus was 50 feet. With such little clearance it was decided to delay the trip and for nearly 5 days the submarine sailed 500 miles seeking a better passage. Not finding one, Anderson headed the submarine for Pearl Harbour.

On July 23, the Nautilus sailed off again to attempt the mission.
A 30-second radio fix was taken while submerged at Little Diomede Island, before entering Bering Strait any distance. This time, the route was changed such that the submarine went through the Barrow Sea Valley. For 800 miles of the 1,800 miles of ice covered sea, the bottom was uncharted. An undersea ridge in one location resulted in a reduction in speed to 10 knots and a reduction in depth to 200 feet. Underwater television cameras displayed the underside of the ice sheet on submarine monitors. On Sunday, August 3, the Nautilus was recorded as having reached the North Pole. The voyage then continued to a surfacing near Iceland and port duty in England.

1958 - During the year,
The U.S.A. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is created formally.
It is publicly given overall responsibility for the American space program.
It would become a nationally owned industry in which decisions were made more on the basis of politics than science. Private enterprise of a non-essential nature would benefit as Congressmen would lobby for the letting of contracts in their voter district. NASA quickly learned that it would have better acceptance of its budgets if as few as 25 workers in a Congressman's area were benefiting from NASA contracts. NASA was an extension of the Presidency; it had no purpose defined within the constitution; it did not fulfill an absolutely necessary function for the country; it represented the will and pride of a nation.

90% of the NASA budget would go to aerospace and defense contractors.
When the General Accounting Office (GAC) investigated the efficiency of NASA programs in the 1980s it would find that 25 out of 29 programs were overbudget an average of 77% with some running as high as 400% over. Project completions were up to 8 years late - with an average lateness of 48 months. NASA property (tools, instrumentation, facilities) valued at $13 billion dollars were administered from such poor records that the location of some equipment was unknown and the actual amount which had been paid out was unknown. NASA officials and statisticians were known to present budgets which were outright lies in order to get initial project funding.

Once begun, Congress could sometimes be counted to approve project overspending out of fear of embarrassment at cutting a program into which tens or hundreds of millions of dollars had already been sunk. In other cases, Congressmen slashed monies from needed programs to ensure the continuation of programs which were employing voters in their region in opposition to recommendations to cancel the programs as no longer of value. With this degree of poor documentation and cost overruns, - fund skimming, relocation of equipment, bribes, most of all - budgeting based on theoretical designs and imaginative projections - would all be possible, and likely.

1958 - During the year,
Dr. Manson Valentine, a paleontologist, geologist, and underwater archaelogist, began taking photographs from small planes as he flew over and near the Bahama Banks.

"Since that time we have located well over 30 areas where there are probably man-made remains either on the sea bottom or below it. For example, between Diamond Point and Tongue of the Ocean there is a network of modular straight lines intersecting at right, obtuse, and acute angles. It resembles an architect's plan for a complex urban development with still more lines in the distance ...

Between Orange Key and Bimini, I saw a series of enormous rectangles along the sea bottom connected by straight lines. ... I considered them man-made as they were straight lines running along the sea bottom right to the dropoff of the continental shelf .... At Riding Rocks a vast expanse of (the seabed under) shallow water is divided into squares. At Orange Key, south of Bimini, there is an absolutely straight rectangle the size of a football field. All the way to Bimini there is a succession of architectural patterns, square and rectangular, indicating the size of what lies below. ..."

1958 - During August,
"Project 627" (Leninsky Komsomol), the first nuclear-propelled Soviet submarine was completed.
The Americans would not be aware of it for two years.
Nato codenamed the November, it had a 2-reactor propulsion plant, which was referred to by Western Intelligence as both a Type 1 and the HEN. It used pressurized water as the heat exchange medium to produce 30,000 horsepower, compared with 15,000 horsepower for the American Nautilus and only 7,500 horsepower for the subsequent Skate (SSN 578), the first USA series-produced nuclear submarine. The November had a submerged speed of 30 knots; at first, the American intelligence rationalized it at less than 25 knots.

Between 13 and 15 units were completed between 1958 and 1963.
With an overall length of almost 360 feet (109 m.), a beam of almost 30 feet (9.1 m.) and a draft of over 25 feet (7.7 m.), its surface speed was rated at 16 knots, while its submerged speed reached 30 knots. Its rated depth now increased to 985 feet (300 m.); the crew totalled 80; 24 torpedoes were on board. The November was faster than contemporary USA submarines and could dive deeper. The crush depth of the November was close to 1400 feet; German Type XXI submarines had a crush depth of 1082 feet; American late WWII submarines had a crush depth of only 606 feet. 5 of the Novembers underwent extensive modification with 36 feet (11 m.) being inserted to provide underwater docking and transfer facilities and a boardroom. A number of engineering casualties and fires were experienced in the group; some were the result of nuclear technology, others were the influence of ultranationalist individuals.

Nuclear propelled submarines changed life on board.
9-month sea terms could now be planned.
During most of that period there was minimal communication between the submarine and the rest of the world. From time to time, an antenna would pick up news from the USSR, Europe and the USA. The ships never surfaced unless there was an accident and danger of a sinking. Daily drills went through evasion proficiency strategies including deep crash dives and full-speed race and turns. There was lots of time to read and think. Professionalism in the contact of speedy carrying out of orders in the most proficient manner was consider a matter of safety and survival and the personal responsibility of each member. In such circumstances, the human mind was influenced. One generally became more aware of the political and scientific possibilities which were deluded in less secluded operations. For the senior officers, it was partially a form of forced meditation.

On several of the Soviet submarines, a few people became irritated with politicians and diplomats which seemed to make the world a worse place for all humanity. The officers knew of instances during Stalin's leadership, and even with Krushchev, when capable scientists, engineers, and Navy commanders had been arrested and sent to work camps or exiled - because they posed a thread to the leadership by the loyalty of their following and the success of their projects. Surrounded by the sea continually and intimately in contact with the influence of the weather, submariners increased beyond the average standard of environmental awareness. The atmosphere was one of growing anxiety of waiting for the command to arrive, to attack. The officers on board were becoming more independent of their politics and their political bureaucracy. Once they left port, no one could touch them.

1958 - On September 4,
In a reply to USA Senator Bricker-Ohio, Bourne Adkinson, Col. Deputy, in the absence of W.P Fisher, Major General, USAF Director, Legislative Liaison, wrote

"The United States does not possess a flying saucer as you describe.
However, many devices which we do possess could be mistaken for unidentified flying objects under unusual conditions."

1958 - On October 3,
Freight Train No. 91 was paced by 4 UFOs for 1 hour and 10 minutes on a run between Monon, Indiana, and Indianapolis. The incident was reported by the crew.

1958 - On October 11,
Pioneer I, an American 84.4-pound toroid satellite is launched by a Thor-Able I rocket to measure radiation in space.
It fails as a moon probe but demonstrates that the Van Allen Belts of radiation are bands rather than continual space structures.

1958 - During the year,
A Commission for the "Study of the Snowman Question" is set up by the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
It is to correlate the mass of information already produced about the Almas (Wild Man) as well as its larger counterparts. An exploratory expedition will be sent to the Pamirs. Professor Boris Porshney and Dr. Marie-Jeanne Kauffman will go on that expedition to carry out a systematic fieldwork program.

Porshney would consider the majority of the reports found to be genuine and the question would still be informally discussed in the Soviet Union at "Hominoid problem seminars" in the early 1980s. By then, Porshney will have died and Dmitri Bayanov will chair the seminar with his colleague Igor Bourtsev at the Darwin Museum, Moscow.

The Altai mountains, the region with the majority of the sightings, is rugged, honeycombed with caves, has ample resources of food, water and good raw material for making tools. It is also a very remote region which is virtually uninhabited by humans.

1958 - By November,
Meo Tribesmen in Laos were being organized into a guerrilla anti-Communist organization.
By the summer of 1961, about 9,000 tribesmen were equipped with munitions, armaments and military supplies to conduct guerrilla operations. The once peaceful and largely balanced society of the Meo would be transformed into a dependent society which would follow the orders of their newfound war gods who brought them food, magical technology and taught them racial hatred and mass murder. Over the next decades, hundreds of thousands of Laotians, including many of the Meo, would be killed by an imported war and an imported military form of tribalism in which brutality and slaughter were rewarded with captured booty and material benefits from the gods (American CIA and DOD agents and advisors).

1958 - In November,
A.M. Sinyukhin, a research scientist in the Soviet Union, referred in an article to the work of Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose, of India. Sinyukhin noted that the work of Bose had been buried during his lifetime by sceptical Western science and hardly ever cited since his death. Sinyukhin made clear that the biologists of the U.S.S.R. were so impressed by the achievements of Bose during the 1920s that they were going to mount a research campaign based directly upon his long-ignored conclusions. In December, 1958, a meeting would be held in the main conference hall of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Bose.

1958 - During the year,
An accidental nuclear disaster almost occurred when an atomic bomb slipped from a B-47 flying over South Carolina, USA.
The triggering mechanism was unarmed.
The impact exploded the TNT in the bomb, shattering a nearby house.
Anxiety increased amongst the public.

1958 - Beginning in 1958,
The USA Balance of Payments fell into deficit.
The relevance of this is that when a country imports a higher worth of products than it is exporting the situation is comparable to an individual buying on CREDIT. In ideal global economic harmony, each nation trades an equivalent worth of goods between itself and each nation it trades with. The individual accumulates capital which is spent on goods which sustain a lifestyle. When the individual begins to purchase more than his capital income will cover, a debt begins to accumulate which either greater capital income is required to eliminate, or, a reduction in the standard of living is necessary. Without such adjustments, the amount of capital outstanding continues to grow until the capability of the individual to reduce or even sustain the debt load fails and bankruptcy occurs.

In 1958, the American dollar deficit was 3.5 billion dollars while the EEC surplus jumped to 2.7 billion dollars. The foreign exchange reserves of the EEC were increasing inversely to those of the USA. This reversal of circumstances brought about a change in attitude towards Europe in both the American business community and in the Eisenhower Administration. The business community began to fear the emergence of restrictive regional trading blocks such as the EEC and the EFTA, and the Administration looked toward the prospering EEC Six to pick up a far greater share of the "Free World's" financial burden.

American capitalism had prospered on government expenditures motivated by war and the industries of war - weapons production. Now, war was over, or was it? The USA was not being successful in developing a co-dependent economic relationship with Western Europe. Instead, Western Europe was largely asserting itself as self-sufficient plus saving enough capital through their lower percentage per capita defense budgets and their norm of a lower standard of living. America needed an economic fix. It could not control Europe, nor depend upon it to remain economically dependent on the USA: Europe had recovered. High level officers of the USA Administration consulted their experts at the Rand Corporation, the National Security Council, the Council on Foreign Relations and prominent big business leaders: Where was there a market to be exploited to the benefit of American capital?

1958 - In November,
Atmospheric nuclear tests were stopped by the USA and Britain, in response to public demand and with President Eisenhower having changed his mind from favouring the tests to favouring a test ban agreement. They invited the USSR to follow their example. The Russians, still far behind in nuclear weapons technology, responded by setting off ever bigger, ever dirtier explosions.

Earlier, the AEC and the USA Department of Defense had strongly resisted the possibility of a test ban treaty. Such would have terminated the careers of military officers and nuclear physicists, so together, they falsified their records and purposely ran tests to strain any proposals put forward for enforcement of such a treaty by detection. The AEC declared that underground tests could not be detected over long distances. To demonstrate, it produced a report on an underground test it had run and declared that it had not been detected beyond 250 miles. The test had actually been detected 2,300 miles away by AEC monitors. Suspicions increased on both the American and Soviet camps that explosions either set off deep underground or high in the atmosphere might go undetected. In November, their efforts to keep the military development establishment humming came to an end temporarily.

1958 -
Following the election of Nelson Rockefeller as governor of New York, Rockefeller mounted a test campaign to provide every home in the state with a fallout shelter. By 1961, 5% of American families had made structural alterations or additions to prepare their homes for a thermonuclear war; 20% had stocked up with extra food, first-aid kits, and other emergency supplies.

1958 - On November 10,
The Berlin Crisis was precipitated when USSR leader Khrushchev issued an ultimatum to Britain, the German Federal Republic, France and the USA demanding the withdrawal of Allied troops from West Berlin. It had become an "island" in the middle of East Germany surrounded by a massive concentration of Soviet military power. Khrushchev believed that it would only be a matter of time before West Germany would be armed with nuclear weapons. Berlin was to the USSR what Cuba was to the USA. France supported the German political position more consistently and strongly than either the British or the Americans. The latter gradually came to be seen in the world beyond their own borders as political opportunists who would change sides and the strength of their support on the basis of rationalizations of their self-interest.

The North American and British public would largely remain ignorant of such opinions and their media would intentionally avoid printing alternate points of view which did not wholly or partially support the policies of the USA and Britain. One may recall the Abbott and Costello skit of "Who's on First", and reference it to the truth of expression in modern politics: Who is telling the truth? What part of the Truth? What is the relevance of the Truth? Words without relevance are like a picture before a blind person: the meaning all depends on what third parties tell you they think it means.

1958 - By December,
Evidence for Vegetation on Mars is summarized in an article by R.H. Garstang in the "Journal of the British Astronomical Association". A test carried out at Harvard Observatory designed to detect the presence of vegetation on Mars, and the results are described. Terrestrial plants show an absorption band at about 3.4 u due to the C-H band of organic molecules. The radiation received from Mars was analyzed theoretically into 2 parts, one being the thermal radiation from the planet, the other the reflected solar radiation. The reflected radiation shows an absorption band at the wavelength of the organic band and so provides further evidence for some kind of vegetation on Mars.

1958 - In December,
Robert Welch and 11 friends and acquaintances met for 2 days at an Indianapolis hotel which ended on a third day with the formation of the "John Birch Society". John Birch, an American missionary, had in 1945 been shot dead by Chinese Communist soldiers in vague circumstances. The Society saw him as the first American to be killed in the Cold War.

To the Birchers, the situation was ever urgent with 2/3rds of the world already in the greedy hands of the Communists. Like the early Leninist groups their philosophy was that

"What is not only needed but is absolutely imperative, is for some hardboiled, dictatorial and dynamic boss to come along."

By 1961, Welch toured the country speaking to large groups of people and had written a booklet in which he identified President Eisenhower as an agent of Communist conspiracy, in company with Earl Warren and Harry Truman. The booklet, The Politician, Welch held from the public until 1963 on the basis that the truth it carried was too dramatic for readers other than the leadership. A Leninist tactic, it increased the curiosity, expectancy and respect of the common people such that when it was freely made available, 100,000 copies quickly sold. The accusations against Eisenhower divided the Birchers and diminished their effectiveness.

Many of the originators of the Society were closely connected with those who stood to lose the most if Communism became popular. They had operated successful businesses of all sizes, were in favour of the elimination of all taxes and were staunchly anti-Communist. Three former presidents of the National Association of Manufacturers were members of the National Council of the John Birch Society. Retired military officers and Catholics were attracted by Welch's authoritarianism. It became the antithesis of the Communist movement - a Capitalist reaction movement; the two shared intolerance for others, simplistic solutions to human political and economic problems, deception as a tactic, character assassination and dramatic exaggeration as means of communication. Those who supported either ideology filled what Korzybski would have cautioned as elements in search of war, anarchy, power and human misery.

1958 - On December 6,
Pioneer III, an American 12.95-pound conical satellite is launched by a Juno II rocket to measure radiation in space.
It discovers a second radiation belt yet fails to orbit.

1958 - In mid-December,
The first U.S.A. covert Gemini flight was made.
The first publicized one would be made years later when the procedure was mundane and the technology already superseded by the Apollo craft.

Black programs were classified secret for purposes of national security so legislatures and voters never knew what they were approving, the degree of progress made, and , often never saw the outcome. Typically, in the high technology areas, once a black project had exceeded its budget by 50 to 1000%, it was "terminated". That removed the spent monies from criticism even to the point of everyone feeling "satisfied" that unproductive or inefficient programs had been terminated. Then, new black programs were substituted.

The degree of covert financing could only respectively be hidden at the 5% of total spending threshold, so for increased funding, an increasing defence budget was required. The U.S.S.R. had their own similar covert funding programs which were more easily hidden than the American ones because of the national security budgets traditionally put in place under Joseph Stalin. ... Neither Americans or Russians had any racial liking for Orientals or Blacks. It would be expedient to enlarge areas of conflict involving either, if the end result was to distract the American voters, increase the American economic growth, increase the military budget, and eliminate "expendables": lower class Americans, Blacks, Asians. The Soviet participants recognized that time did not permit a great deal of capital expenditure and scientific innovation on their part due to the structure of their politics and economy, so they took the position of frustrated adversary: opposing the U.S.A. - but never too strongly.

In the coming years, John F. Kennedy, would take the game too seriously and almost destroy both countries. He was supposed to keep a sense of humour, rattle his sword, raise the defence budget, and maintain a public balance of power. But Kennedy wasn't from the insider military-industrial mindset; he believed the publicity and apparent dangers were real, and that made him a danger!

1958 - On December 18,
"Project SCORE", a USA .. 8,750-pound capsule is launched by a WS107A-1 (Atlas) rocket.
Its intent is to demonstrate radio transmissions from space as well as recording and receiving.
The human passenger is eluded with the media being told that a tape of a human voice is beamed from the satellite. Indeed, a Christmas message is broadcast from a tape recording made earlier by "President Eisenhower". This was the failed Gemini flight.

1958 - By the end of the year,
The GRAYS had perfected their Sensor Implant Process.

          "Corrections" included: 
   1. Most selected subjects were now children;
   2. Advanced hypnotic-like techniques were easiest applied to children;
   3. Human children were less fear indoctrinated than adults;
   4. Children were more tolerant to the presence of "strange beings";
   5. Children proved to be more easily astonished and reverent;
   6. Children were more easily "persuaded" than adults;
   7. Children were most likely not to be believed about any memories;
   8. Children provided the potential for more extensive developmental study.

The goal of the GRAYS was still to bioengineer a hybrid such that their lifeform could colonize and utilize the Earth's ecology in a self-sustaining manner. To do that, the GRAYS wanted to develop an understanding of the sources for the destructive (from their perspective) facets which the human species expressed: species self-destructiveness (war); ecological waste; destructive emotional expression. With insectoid biology, these patterns of behaviour in humans were totally confusing, and alien. It would be necessary to determine first as to whether these aspects of the human species were biological adaptations, which could be bioengineered, or simply cultural modeling and training. If they were the latter, no bioengineering would be necessary. If they were of biological benefit to the Earth's ecology, the ecology might have to be altered, or, abandoned as "toxic". It was expected, as would be the case with insects, that such adaptations were biological in nature. At this point, there was certainly growing evidence that these human characteristics were both destructive to the species and to the ecology which sustained it. If that were the reality, it would require extensive surveillance and experimentation to determine which human species genes required alteration or substitution in order to remove the offensive characteristics.

Substantial pseudo-genetic changes had already been introduced with the placement and activation of the implant sensors. From the insectoid point-of-view, speeding up the biological process of the human species, subtly, would enable faster experimentation to be performed. Sort of like running a motion picture - movie reel a little faster than normal: the end result was the same; the dull parts were minimized. If desired, you could stop the film, or slow it down, for a moment, adjust the light or sound - then speed it back up. The subtle enhancement of the pituitary function meant that female subjects began to menstruate a few months or years earlier than their peers; males became sexually preoccupied earlier and began masturbating and/or having nocturnal emissions earlier than their peers; females began to develop breasts earlier and to a more mature form; both genders began to grow subtly taller. And the attraction towards addictive substances and activities grew. Alcoholism, tobacco use, physical and sexual abuse, narcotics use, hypochondracism, sexual addiction, workaholism, ... would all subtly intensify. These factors would have been more noticeable if it were not for the reality that the dominant human cultures adopted, or retained, destructive communications and awareness training, and, advertising and music patterning which promoted lower self-responsibility, greater despair, and increased reactionism. The presence of the latter would provide easy rationalizations for the presence of the abuses.

The link which enabled passive human response to this seemingly increasing tendency towards self-destructiveness, as a species, was the intimate experience of the changes effected by the implants. Children who became sexually preoccupied came to feel confused, ashamed, and guilty of their obsessive thoughts and actions. The less self-control and self-understanding and "weirdness" that they perceived in themselves, the more their spirit became defeated and weak. Each such thought or action became, at first, a seering spiritual pain which burned to emotional oversensitivity, and then to emotional death.

Others, unfettered by social and religious expectations - simply allowed themselves to act out as unrepentant exploiters and delinqents. Each minority would come to occupy opposite ends of the social spectrum. One, would see themselves simply living life to the fullest; the other, would tend to atone for their sins and shame through reverence for the status quo and an abject fear of exclusion and "fall" into their opposing minority. In both cases, subtle manipulation would lead to spiritual illness and deprivation - spreading throughout "civilized" humanity like a cancer.

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1959 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Ben Hur; Carry On Nurse; Return of the Fly; Story on Page One; Aku; The Sound and the Fury; Journey to the Centre of the Earth; The F.B.I. Story; They Came to Cordura; Plan 9 From Outer Space; Mission in Morocco; Rio Bravo; Some Like It Hot; The Jayhawkers; The Giant Gila Monster; North by Northwest; Tiger Bay; The Best of Everything; Operation Petticoat; Up Periscope

Songs:

Mack the Knife; Dream Lover; Smoke Gets in Your Eyes; El Paso; Stagger Lee; Personality; Donna; La Bamba; Charlie Brown; Kansas City; Sleep Walk; Heartaches by the Number; My Heart is an Open Book; Venus; Lonesome Town; He'll Have to Go; White Lightning; Don't Take Your Guns To Town; Waterloo; The Battle of New Orleans; When It's Springtime In Alaska; Under Your Spell Again; Am I That Easy To Forget?; Scarlet Ribbons; Wishful Thinking.

General News:

The St Lawrence Seaway, between Canada and the U.S.A. opened this year.
Costing half a billion dollars, it is 192 miles long.

1959 - On January 2,
Lunik 1 (Luna 1), a USSR 3,245-pound spherical space probe is launched from Tyuratam and sets off around the Sun and past the Moon. It was the first probe acknowledged to have reached Earth escape speed (40,234 km/hr).

Also called MECHTA, it takes the first publicly released pictures of the far side of the Moon.
It passes within 5955 km of the Moon.
It is the fourth USA-known Soviet space launch.
Failures had occurred on September 23, October 12, and December 4 of 1958 as well as during the 2nd quarter of 1959.

1959 - By February,
In South Vietnam, relocation of families within communities had begun and, in contrast to land development and refugee activities, these relocations were often forced. The restructured villages, surrounded by moats and barbed wire were much like concentration camps. People were taken from their plots of ground, where their houses, their rice-fields, their ancestral tombs, etc., were located, and moved to totally unsuitable areas where they could be "protected". ... The houses and fields of those being located were burnt, in order to deny their use to the guerilla Viet Cong. ... Hunger struck most of the strategic hamlets. In the village of Karom, in central Vietnam, 200 persons, mostly children, died in a single month. Many people had not eaten anything decent in months, and as a result, their anal muscles had become so dilated that every time they ate or drank something, it would pass right through them in not more than a few minutes.

1959 - On February 10,
Frank Figgures, an Undersecretary of the British Treasury and Chairman of the Mutual Aid Division, wrote to Derek Heathcote Amory, the Chancellor of the Exchequer regarding the question of Britain becoming closer politically and economically to Western Europe or to the USA:

"In a situation where three-quarters of our trade is with the world outside Europe,
whereas three-quarters of the trade of the Six is with Europe, things that are
fundamental to us appear marginal to them."

1959 - On February 17,
Vanguard II, a 20.74-pound spherical American satellite is launched carrying photo cells to produce images of cloud cover.
A malfunction makes the data difficult to interpret.

1959 - On February 25,
39 Persons on board an American Airlines DC-6 airliner piloted by Capt. Peter Killian, observed 3 UFOs for 45 minutes while the plane was enroute between Bradford and Erie, Pennsylvania.

1959 -
The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) was organized to foster economic development in Latin America by arranging project financing with its own funds and loans by private banks. Membership was originally limited to the member countries of the Organization of American States. It is an extension of the purpose of the International Finance Corporation, begun in 1950. Its purpose is to enable economic colonization of South and Central America by the USA.

Its support will largely go to fascist dictators and military juntas, many of the leaders of which are educated or trained in USA universities and military colleges. The commoners in such countries are considered too numerous and too backward to be persuaded with material "bribes" to wholly change their lifestyle and become indentured servants of a government which taxes them to cover budgetary deficits incurred through the acceptance of "development" loans after being "bribed" with government foreign aid from the USA, Canada and other countries. It would later include 26 Latin American countries, the USA, Japan, and 14 European countries.

1959 - On March 3,
Pioneer IV, an American 13.4-pound conical satellite is launched to measure radiation in space and test photoelectric sensors in the vicinity of the moon.
It goes into a 406.95 day orbit around the Sun.

during 1959 ???
Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. - unable to cut into the metal for purposes of examination and molecular or atomic identification.

1959 - Between March 14 to 26,
The "Skate", A USN atomic-powered submarine, made a trip from Spitsbergen, near Greenland, under the polar ice cap to the Earth's geographic North Pole, surfaced through the ice, carried on westward to cruise a jagged course along the Soviet coast, deployed SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) divers twice from the surface, almost became trapped in an ice pack, and headed on to an American naval port.

Commander James Calvert skippered this second publicized voyage of the "Skate" since the Nautilus made its transpolar expedition in August, 1958. The expected air temperature above the ice for the entire trip was an average of minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit. Leads ("river") and polynyas ("lake") openings in the pack and cap ice were expected to be all frozen over. The ice cap would be 10 feet thick in most places. For decades, Beluga whales had been seen to surface through the 6- or 8-inch thick ice which covered the leads or polynyas by striking the bottom of the ice with their massive backs. The Skate weighed 3,000 tons and was almost the length of a football field. The navigators would note the positions of the polynyas they discovered by the use of the fathometer and sonar and confirmed with the underwater television cameras. They would receive the reference of "Skylight, #".

The crew numbered over 100, described by the Commander as

"picked for intelligence, stability, and high motivation: they understand their mission and want to carry it out. They trust God and they also trust the machine. A sub crew is too busy seeing that things work properly to brood over failure and death. They are aware of the dangerous possibilities, but training and trust allow them to keep these in proper perspective."

"Skylight 1" appeared to be several hundred yards in both length and width with ice markedly thinner than that of the surrounding pack ice which ranged down to 40 feet. It was chosen for the first surfacing. Forward motion was stopped, ballast was slowly pumped out, and the submarine slowly floated up to bump against the underside of the ice. On the second attempt, the Skate broke through the ice. For photographic pleasure, the submarine was taken down and brought up in another region of Skylight 1; however, the cold air had frozen the camera mechanism of the photographer. The water temperature was a constant 29 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. Rising into an air temperature which could be 60 degrees colder than that created instant freezing problems which necessitated immediate clearance of the ice blocks from the top of the submarine and constant de-icing of mechanisms and warming of critical devices located near to the outer shell of the Skate.

On March 17, the Skate arrived in the vicinity of the geographical North Pole.
Only a small skylight was found to surface through, making such somewhat dangerous.
The burial ashes of Sir Hubert Wilkins, who had made the first subpolar attempt in the WWI submarine, "Nautilus", unsuccessfully in 1931, were honoured with a hasty alter, posting of the flags of the USA, UK, and Australia, a 3-man rifle salute, and then the scattering he had requested. Homage was also extended for Peary's believed arrival in 1909. A small cairn of ice blocks was left behind with a waterproof cylinder with a record of the events. The Skate then submerged and cruised along the Soviet coast, making sure to stay outside of the 100-mile international territorial line.

Commander Calvert recognized that the Soviet researchers were the world experts on the arctic, having conducted submarine and other explorations of the area for decades. An exhaustive report of the area made by Fridtjof Nansen, more than 60 years previously, was found to be quite accurate. With fathometer readings, the Skate verified the location of the huge underwater Lomonosov mountain range, which stretches for 1,200 miles and rise in some places 9,000 feet above the sea floor. SCUBA divers were employed several times to measure the depth of ice ridges, make minor repairs, and inspect the hull. Above surface deployment was more hazardous than an undersea deployment would have been because of the quick-freeze air conditions and the possibility of sudden surface ice movements.

A surface repair was scheduled for 15 hours in Skylight #6.
After 1 hour the ice began to move and the pressure ridges on either side closed in several yards.

"The sounds were fearful.
The ice shrieked and crashed and then groaned against the hull of the shuddering Skate.
The noise was so loud that Lieut. Al Kelln and (Commander Calvert), standing together on the bridge, had to shout to make ourselves heard. It seemed as if the ice were literally screaming as it inched forward to crush us. ... (Below deck) it was like being violently rattled in a great steel barrel. After more than half an hour of this, I noticed that the Skate was beginning to take on a definite list. ... Even under emergency conditions it would take 5 minutes to drop Skate beneath the surface."

Just when the order was about to be given to prepare to dive, the ice appeared to be slowing down.
It stopped. In less than 7-1/2 hours the work was completed and the Skate was submerged to continue. Several days later, the under-ice cross-polar voyage ended with the Skate rising to make radio contact with its USN home base.

1959 -
Frank Edwards gives examples of the latest techniques for suppressing UFO reports:

1) numerous conflicting solutions are offered to cases which have been given widespread publicity, thereby confusing the public;

2) pressure is applied to officials of the agency employing an alleged witness to ask the witness to keep quiet about the UFO sighting;

(3) Congressmen requesting available information about the UFO phenomenon are given
"a brush-off to the effect that everything adds up to nothing."

1959 - In the Spring,
Off the northeastern coast of Japan, a USAF jet is ordered to intercept a stationary object that had been picked up on radar.
The pilot saw the object visually and was authorized to fire on it.
The rockets had no effect on the unknown craft, which started chasing the jet while the radar followed the whole event. The two spots merged: the resulting single object remained stationary for a while, then disappeared. Searches conducted over several days failed to find any trace of the jet.

1959 - During the year,
AMWAY (American Way) is founded by Jay Van Andel and Rich DeVos, previous partners in a variety of businesses, who introduced a biodegradable household cleaner to the market from an office and warehouse in the basements of their homes in Ada, Michigan State. Within a year, the company would consolidate its operations at a nearby facility and would begin manufacturing many of its products, particularly cleaners and laundry products.

Van Andel and DeVos discovered that personal direct door-to-door sales was productive yet time consuming and restrictive in terms of development of a customer base. They were confident that with a basic household repetitive purchase commodity that an excellent product and good customer service would provide referrals. Past experience deterred them from mass marketing through standard retailers due to the marketing expense usually required plus the margin desired by the distributor. These costs, together with costs of production and product development royalties, typically cut the gross profits by as much as 90%. Hiring salaried sales or marketing staff proved too undependable for some persons had much better persuasive and motivating skills than did others (and, sometimes, were more dishonest and deceptive) while some were unproductive yet resisted self-improvement methods. Commissioned sales staff were difficult to attract during an era in which industry provided steady employment, a dependable income, and a reasonable standard of living: benefits and disadvantages proved to be more extreme than salaried staff.

Van Andel and DeVos found that some of their customers were enthusiastic about the products and that they were also interested in earning an extra income, either as a mother working part-time, or, as an ambitious man wanting a business without the high overheads associated with hired personnel, warehousing, advertising, .... A sales program was introduced whereby a satisfied customer, who had purchased the products at retail, could purchase products at a discount for retail sale to their own contacts. The margin represented the earnings of the customer-distributor. Successive branches of further referrals from original referrals effectively passed on the initial highest level of margin to the "active" customer-distributor-salesperson, with an additional smaller earning on the sale accruing to the sponsoring distributor - who had originally sold the products to the new distributor, and, who had invited and encouraged the new distributor -salesperson to enter the business.

Like many concepts which rationally appear positive and are well-intentioned, the foundation of the program was the desire to obtain maximum profit, live a materially extravagant lifestyle, and receive the prestige and power of social acceptance, popularity, and material envy. Over the next 20 years, sales-distributors, with the sanction of the founders, or, often acting out of their own independence - would introduce a number of "programs" which were unethical and bordered on illegality. The independence of activity and the motivation of greed, melded with the idealistic intentions of helping others succeed and sharing the wealth - provided no spiritual direction nor mentoring and no limitations on modifications to the original marketing program. Too many "opportunists" would engender a defensive attitude toward the company and toward Multi-Level Sales, as an industry. As a reaction to these negative practices and to the growing success of AMWAY, many other MLS organizations would be started as time progressed. Some of the common misrepresentations of the AMWAY "Program" included pyramid sales induction of distributors; presentation by ridicule, envy, pride, sloth and reaction; persuasion by familiarity, association, over-confidence and over-enthusiasm.

The Pyramid Sales Induction of Distributors (PSID) was introduced by those persons who were motivated by greed, too lazy to develop good sales skills, revered the controlling position of the manager-supervisor, held the marketing and sales tasks of the business as a demeaning and unsophisticated position, were largely unconcerned about the quality or pricing competitiveness of the products. Their presentation of the "Program" was that people made high profits by recruiting other people (who had to buy a minimum package of products) who would either sell large quantities of the products, or, would "introduce" large numbers of new recruits - which would repeat the cycle of expectations. Those who were fortunate enough to attract someone who believed in the product, had sales ability and sufficient self-esteem to sell large quantities of the products - did become successful. In the usual 80-20 Parieto's Rule scenario, at least 80% of those who purchased the introductory kit of products would never make any money in the organization; 20% would make money; 5% would be truly materially successful. In other words, 80% would have a bad experience.

Presentation by utilization of the spiritually weakening, within the Christian context of "evil") techniques of ridicule, envy, pride, sloth and reaction encouragement were usually "staged" in large rooms and auditoriums to which current distributors and their "guests" initiates were invited. The crowd atmosphere was heightened by expectance, drama, and a mentored reverence for the speakers: human gods of material opulence. Reverently, the audience would be stilled and cued for response to the speakers words with carefully placed adherents initiating the responses. Some of these adherents would be instructed directly that by infusing a sense of enthusiasm and confidence (reverence) into the audience, the adherent would benefit through increased success in recruiting and increased profits from the stimulated and devoted members. Others simply learned to mirror the cues of earlier members by their desire to be part of the privileged priesthood of wealth. Predictable of human crowd dynamics, many guests were motivated to become distributors and purchase their initial supplies; others were motivated to remain hopeful of their prospects and continue to recruit others and/or to market products. This was a more spiritually devastating program than the pyramid-like sales approach. More powerful conditioning techniques were used her to modify the basis of human behaviour, the spirit, to adopt attitudes and behaviours mentored by the speakers.

A typical "opportunity seminar" would result if the following.
The speaker would be introduced as a simple commoner who had become rich through his or her reverence to AMWAY and a short period of devoted and single-minded persistence in promoting the products and the distributor sponsorship program. The speaker would proudly describe a recent experience of gluttony, lust, or sloth - and follow with a challenging ridicule of the stupidity of the audience for following the occupational and lifestyle example which their culture had presented to them and which their schooling and religions had encouraged. If what they were doing was so great, why were they in the audience as poor needful persons? Further motivating examples of fine clothing, expensive cars, exquisite jewelry, majestic houses, romantic voyages, exciting travels, the friendship of persons of influence and power, and more than ample family time were described. A personal expression of humiliation might be added in which the speaker would describe how by trying to change the "program" to their individual abilities, rationales, or expectations - they had failed miserably.

Only when they had accepted the god-like wisdom and direction of the leaders of the organization and sought to emulate them were they graced with god status and material wealth. The speaker finished with a "prayer" of invocation to the adherents and the new initiates that they take upon themselves the mantle of material goal obsession, buy the products (many of which were more costly than competitively priced products), bring in new "friends" to share the "program", and, to work hard and become rich. After 48 hours of emotionally inspired enthusiasm, long imprinted patterns of low self-esteem, security obsession, and authority-based economics - recaptured most of the crowd into tradition and routine. Those who were converted, would become evangelical disciples of the new religion - until they either succeeded, or were spiritually broken by disappointment and lack of fulfillment. In the latter case, persons would become social rejects, ridiculed by their friends, shamed to themselves - depressed, aloof, distrustful, defensive, intolerant.

Another common and negative approach was persuasion by familiarity, association, over-confidence and over-enthusiasm. Naive individuals, unfamiliar with business, marketing, sales, product comparison, and product composition were likely to transfer trust to a friend or associate who appeared to be successful and professed to the quality of the products marketed, the lucrativeness of the AMWAY system, and the trustworthiness of the founders and mentor-speakers. Never having been in any position other than a consumer or a line employee, the individual's analytical skills, positive self-esteem, and self-assertiveness were largely absent.

Accustomed to being told what to do and being rewarded for compliance, such an individual would be easily persuaded to buy products they did not need, and try activities for which they were ill prepared and lacked positive skills. Such persons were hypnotically induced during presentations to adopt beliefs and attitudes expressed by others they had accepted as significant others to themselves. Again, 80% would have spiritually weakening experiences as they were stimulated with an adrenalin intensity to try, unsuccessfully, to overlay long imprinted and modeled behaviours. When resident energy blocks could be overlaid with new traumatic experiences, there was a possibility of "conversion". It can be a traumatic experience to see a "god" and risk alienation and a return to despair, hopelessness, frustration, and poverty.

1959 - During June 21 and 26-28,
Father William B. Gill, Anglican Mission Director at Boianai, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, and his followers see humanoids in hovering spacecraft. On June 26, 4 humanoid figures waved to the 38 humans from a saucer-shaped craft that hovered overhead for 4 hours and 19 minutes.

1959 - In July,
The U.S. Court of Appeals, of the District of Columbia, ruled in opposition to the direction taken by the U.S. Congress in 1958 regarding the granting and removal of passports to and from citizens. After black journalist William Worthy had returned from China in 1956, the Court now upheld that geographical restrictions lay beyond judicial intervention against State Department decisions. Noted writer Waldo Frank was refused permission to travel to China although 40 other newsmen had recently been allowed to do so, the implication being that discrimination was personal. The Supreme Court refused to review these decisions.

1959 - On August 7,
Explorer VI, an American 142-pound paddlewheel-shaped satellite is launched by a Thor-Able III rocket to extend the measurements of radiation in space, map the Earth's magnetic field, study radio wave transmission characteristics between Earth and space and record micrometeor presence. It provided the first photos of the Earth taken from space which were released to the public. In the typical static scientific thinking of the time, it would not be recognized for a decade that the magnetic field readings taken were NOT permanent. The Earth's magnetic field is influenced by a variety of factors including the intensity of radiation and magnetic flux from the Sun which changes constantly.

1959 -
An article, authored by C.H. Hapgood and published in the "Saturday Evening Post" states:

"One of these periods of wholesale destruction of life occurred at the end of the last Ice Age. That was a natural disaster, which, according to one writer, destroyed 40 million animals in North America alone. ... It is apparent that millions of animals once flourished in areas now bitterly cold."

Scientists are still speaking of an Ice Age with the suggestion of a gradual onset, freeze, and release - yet the information before them refutes the theory! An animal does not stand in one spot for hundreds of years with food in its mouth, never swallowing, never becoming emaciated for lack of nourishment, and, waiting while snow and ice gradually build up around it - so that it can suddenly die and be frozen - upright.

This is an example of one of humanities worst species characteristics: learning by modeling.
Unlike some hominids, which learn chiefly by the individualistic processes of intuition (frequently) and trial and error (infrequently), the major institutionalized system of learning on which all authority-based agricultural and industrial societies have been built - is imprinting, modeling, mentoring.

The benefit of such a characteristic is that it can encourage the development of powerful political groupings of individuals in which most individuals are imprinted with an authority-dependency pattern of response; information deemed beneficial by the idiosyncratic social, religious and political leaders is classified as truthful and valuable; a great conformity of attitude and behaviour can be generated in the masses - to the end of peace, or prosperity, or war.

The disadvantage of such a characteristic is that it discourages the development and use of spiritual-based decision-making, frustrates intuitive decision-making and alienates creativity and innovation as negative considerations frequently labelled as ridiculous, insane, heretical, "unscientific", rebellious, or stupid. It promotes a general intolerance to other than institutionalized conclusions and makes it risky to the stability of a human's identity to offer suggestions which the basis of authority in the culture does not benefit from.

The danger of such a characteristic is that IF a human-originated, or natural catastrophe were to occur which dramatically influenced the climate or other characteristics of the Earth, earth-bound humanity would be unlikely to respond constructively. First, most human political authorities would believe that it would be disadvantageous to their own social position to inform their citizens that such a possibility could occur, UNLESS, it was believable within the cultural patterned learning system AND they had answers on how to cope with or prepare for such a disaster over which they had COMPLETE CONTROL. Consider these points carefully.

1959 - By September,
The world's First Nuclear-Propelled Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN) was completed.
It would be codenamed the "Hotel Class" by Nato.
It was Soviet Project 658 and 8 units would be on patrol by the end of 1962.
It was about the same size as the November Class was.
Its major difference was that each carried 3 SLBM (6 in later models) in addition to 2 kinds of sophisticated torpedoes. They would be outfitted like some of the November Class had been - with a conference room and underwater docking port for transfers between submarines. The independent attitude of some Commanders would increase more. In effect, they had the power to start or respond to a nuclear confrontation.

Every third day, on average, the crew would practice a full readiness for missile launch down to the last switch. Before the exercise was completed only the Commander knew if the last signal translated from the airwaves was a message calling for a strike. By a prearranged agreement, coded stories were broadcast over popular radio stations, as news, to indicate interim destinations and immediate action. It was not a good system but it seemed the best until an improvement could be found - or so the politicians believed. What would happen if a true story was broadcast which contained the codewords meaning "launch all missiles"!

1959 - During the year,
Dr. Morris K. Jessup is found dead in his car in a park.
He has made some enquiries about the 1943 Philadelphia Experiment, even though sceptical.
Two well dressed men were seen walking away from the car early in the morning.
Jessup's death is recorded as a suicide although there is neither a suicide note, orpersonal circumstances which would warrant depression. It would never be officially acknowledged that two CIA agents had assassinated Jessup to keep him from further investigation into and promotion of public awareness about the Philadelphia experiment.

1959 - During September,
The "Lenin" becomes the world's most powerful icebreaker and is propelled by 3 nuclear reactors.
Two were sufficient to propel the ship and the third was available for backup.

1959 - On September 12,
Lunik II (Luna 2), a USSR 858.4-pound (390 kg.) spherical satellite, is launched from Tyuratam to study the magnetic fields of the Earth and the Moon. It crashes into the Moon east of the Sea of Serenity.

1959 - On September 18,
Vanguard III, an American 100-pound sphere launched by a modified Navy Test Vehicle 3, was sent into orbit to measure the Earth's magnetic field, solar X-rays, and environmental conditions in space.

1959 - On September 24,
Nikita Khrushchev, of the Soviet Union tells Americans:

"Your country has attained a high level of industrial development.
The rapid development of industry in the United States of America astounded the whole world
and aroused admiration and even envy in other countries.

Under revolutionary conditions, on a new social basis,
we utilized everything valuable that you had created and we proved that
your achievements could not only be equalled but also surpassed."

1959 - By October,
Vladimir Grigorievich Karamanov, director of the Laboratory of Biocybernetics of the Institute of Agrophysics, in the U.S.S.R., published an article on plant intelligence. As a young biologist, Karamanov had been inspired by Abram Feodorovich Ioffe, a mentor, to become familiar with semiconductors and cybernetics. He began building microthermisters, weight tensiometers, and other instruments to register the temperature of plants, the flow rate of fluid in their stems and leaves, the intensity of their transpiration, their growth rates, and characteristics of their radiation. He was soon picking up detailed information on when and how much a plant wants to drink, whether it craves more nourishment or is too hot or cold.

He showed that an ordinary bean plant had acquired the equivalent of "hands" to signal an instrumental brain how much light it needed. When the brain sent the "hands" signals, they had only to press a switch, and the plant was thus afforded the capability of independently establishing the optimal length of its "day" and "night". Later, the same bean plant, having acquired the equivalent of "legs", was able instrumentally to signal whenever it wanted water. "Showing itself to be a fully rational being, it did not guzzle the water indiscriminately but limited itself to a two-minute drink each hour, thus regulating its water need with the help of an artificial mechanism.

In replying to suggestions that the achievements were a sign of humanity's progress in control over plants, Karamanov replied:

"Nothing of the sort!
That plants are able to perceive the surrounding world is a truth as old as the world itself.
Without perception, adaptation does not and cannot exist. If plants had no sense organs and
didn't have a means of transmitting and processing information with their
own language and memory, they would inevitably perish."

Karamanov also predicted that in the long run it would be possible cybernetically to direct all the physiological processes of plants not for the sake of sensation, but for the advantage of the plants themselves. When plants are able to auto-regulate their own environment and establish optimal conditions for their own growth with the help of electronic instruments, this will be a long step toward larger harvests of cereal grains, vegetables, and fruits.

1959 - During the year,
USA Secretary of State Herter when asked by Senator Wayne Morse under what conditions the Eisenhower Administration would employ nuclear weapons, he replied:

"I cannot conceive of the President involving us in a nuclear war
unless it became certain we were in danger of devastation ourselves."

De Gaulle recognized that the USA reluctance to expose itself to Soviet retaliation placed in doubt the previous defense policy of the USA nuclear umbrella over Europe. For France, defense of Europe was a question of its survival; for the USA, it had now become a matter of risk. De Gaulle would now promote the development of nuclear weapons for its own defense, a position which Britain had tried to disuade France from on with the concept of non-proliferation.

1959 - During the year,
The first English translation of "The Phenomenon of Man" written by the Jesuit philosopher and paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, who had died in 1955, was published. He presented an abstract image of the Earth as consisting of a set of concentric spheres with the physical geosphere being surrounded by a biosphere, which was surrounded by a "noosphere", that is, a collective mind or intelligence. This suggestion of a single consciousness was denounced by institutionalized religions. It gave the suggestion that all people could "tap" into this consciousness at will, and that undercut the purpose which many churches had taken for themselves as to being the interpreters and conduits of the directions of God to the rest of humanity. History certainly had not supported this claim to greatness.

James Lovelock, a British biologist and inventor, put forward the "Gaia" (earth goddess) hypothesis. In it, he extended Chardin's concept to include the image that the earth was a "living organism" which was capable of adapting to many changes to sustain life. Proponents argued that even if the biosphere has remained more or less the same over many centuries, there have been changes, sometimes catastrophic, and that small changes in the future could wipe out humankind even if they left most of the remainder of living things intake.

According to oft-demonstrated human traits, if we survive as a species, we may do so not really because of our human reason, which at its best is little more accurate than a guess supported by a an excuse. North American decisionmaking was analyzed in the early 1990s to be split between those who decided as leaders and those who decided as followers. The modes of decisionmaking utilized by "leaders" with its attendant accuracy were found to be as follows: factual analysis, 50%; undetracted intuition, 75%; spiritually trained meditation or prayer, 100%.

Leaders represented 4.1% of the population.
Followers, on the other hand represented 95.9% of the population.
Following the example of an authority figure was good enough for 40%; it was 40% accurate.
A further 20% followed the example of the majority; its accuracy dropped to 25%.
Media authority had climbed in the culture to dictate the decisionmaking of 15%; its accuracy rose to 32%.
Guessing and chance decisions, with a historical accuracy of 50%, were the choice of a further 10% of followers. Procrastination, or letting time and events decide for you, was the choice of 5.9% of followers; it was only constructive 15% of the time. Finally, superstition, as a followers decisionmaking style resulted in the choices taken by 5%; its accuracy was 20%. These represented the most frequent choice of decisionmaking style by the type of decisionmaker. In light of the criticism of the Gaia Hypothesis, our knowledge may not save us, although we will probably believe it did.

Expressed in the Chardin concept:
IF our knowledge saves us, it will be because we have learned to use better decisionmaking skills with a higher degree of accuracy. Those we are using we have learned. To the extent that we have been socially "programmed" to be leaders or followers and to use decisionmaking choices which encourage failure, we should recognize that most of what human culture has to offer, in terms of survival and harmony with the universe, is garbage.

1959 - During the year,
The overhearing of active communications was shown to be possible by the use of a brilliant beam of light.
Some of U.S.A. President Eisenhower's intelligence staff witnessed how a conversation carried on in a car or room blocks away could be overheard by "shooting" a beam of light off a window.

1959 - On October 4,
Lunik III (Luna 3), a USSR 614-pound space station was launched from Tyuratam.
It carried 2 cameras for photos of the far side of the Moon.
It was placed in an elliptical Earth orbit with an apogee of 480,000 km so that without mid-course corrections lunar gravity would pull it around the Moon at a distance of about 6200 km. Equipped with cameras, processing and transmission systems, a number of photos were scanned and transmitted back to the Earth. Three were published including a composite full view of the far side. Two large seas were named Mare Moscovrae (Moscow Sea) and Mare Desiderii (Dream Sea). It decayed April 1960 after 11 orbits totalling 177 days.

1959 - On October 13,
Explorer VII, an American 91-pound satellite was launched to study radiation balance and test the Lyman-Alpha X-ray.

1959 - On December 13,
Billy Thomas Peterson, a welder on sick-leave from General Motors, who lived near Pontiac, Michigan, was found burning in his garaged car. A passing motorist had seen smoke coming out of Billy's garage, had raised the alarm, and led firemen and police to where Billy sat smouldering. They took him to Pontiac General Hospital, where he was pronounced dead.

Billy had died, said the doctors of carbon monoxide poisoning, for he had coupled up a flexible pipe with the car's exhaust. There is no doubt that Billy intended suicide, even though he had just left his mother, whom he had been visiting. Billy, a welder on sick-leave from General Motors, was suffering from a serious kidney complaint. But whence came the fire which burned him so badly? 'His left arm was so badly burned that the skin rolled off. His genitals had been charred to a crisp. His nose, mouth and ears were burned.'

There was also the fact that 'the hairs on his body, his eyebrows, and the top of his head were all unsinged. Even through burned flesh hairs protruded unharmed.'

Even more mysteriously, all Billy's clothing remained unscorched and undamaged in a fire so hot that it burned his genitals to a crisp and melted a plastic religious statue on the dashboard.

... The 'theory' - 'reasoned out' to account for the fact that Billy had been badly burned, his clothes not at all - held that Billy had first been stripped; then tortured; then put back into his clothes and into his car - to die of carbon monoxide poisoning. Even the police rejected this attractive theory.

And whilst They were burning the naked Billy, why should there have been a fire in the car of such intensity that the plastic religious statue was melted? And how ... And why was it heat of such a curious type that it did not ignite the petrol tank; melted plastic, but confined itself to the area around the driving-seat ...?

The Medical Director of the Pontiac General Hospital, Dr. John Marra, who was Deputy Coroner for the district, issued this report on the death of Billy Thomas Peterson.

"A conclusion was reached as to the appearance of the burns on Mr. Peterson's body.
It was determined that these were caused by intensive heat in his car which resulted from the exhaust pipe's being connected to the front seat, causing a fire in the upholstery. His blue jeans became so heated that superficial burns of the skin resulted."

So the gases from the exhaust, led into the car, heated Billy's jeans so much that they burned Billy 'to a crisp', but not enough that they themselves were in the slightest degree scorched.

This ability on the part of the authorities to make pronouncements which ignore the insistent claims even of the common sense accessible to a low-grade moron is a consistent aspect of the mysterious, the unexplained.

The official explanations in the case of Billy Person being obviously unacceptable, I decided to do some checking of my own. [testing the effect of exhaust gases routed from the tailpipe to the driver's seat, I found] vinyl covering was not even discoloured ... seats still did not ignite; they did not even scorch. ... the (seat) stuffing ... was not even scorched. ... not so warm as to hurt me ... not to burn me ... or anything else. ....

... not only do we always have the convenient and willing 'explainer' to 'account for' (and so dismiss) the various incidences of the Unexplained, but that, in such glib and irrational 'explanations', even the common sense of the public is willingly set aside so that the public may enter into the conspiracy of silencing with the silencers.

1959 - On December 14,
The USSR Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF) was formed by Soviet leader Nikita Krushchev as a separate military service for the purpose of developing and controlling all Soviet land-based long-range (strategic) and intermediate-range missiles. With longer distance and space capable rockets, the requirement for submarine-launched ballistic missiles for the strategic attack role was largely reduced and transferred from the Navy to the Army.

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1960 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

The Time Machine; Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Alamo, The Apartment, Suddenly Last Summer; Can-Can; Carry On Regardless; Psycho; The Magnificent Seven; The League of Gentlemen; Oceans 11; The Apartment; The Millionairess; The Big Show; The Entertainer; Village of the Damned; Shadows; The Great Imposter; The World of Suzie Wong; Doctor in Love; Little Shop of Horrors; Exodus; Saturday Night and Sunday Morning; Red Nightmare

Songs:

Theme From A Summer Place; It's Now Or Never; Stuck On You; I'm Sorry; He'll Have To Go; Cathy's Clown; Running Bear; Last Date; Save The Last Dance For Me; Greenfields; A Thousand Stars; You Send Me; Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Bikini; Handy Man; Wings of a Dove; Please Help Me I'm Falling; Alabama; North To Alaska; You're the Only Good Thing; One More Time; Sink The Bismark.

General News:

The Trans-Canada Highway, the longest continuous motor traffic artery in the world, was completed this year.

Xerox introduces a document reproducing machine to the Canadian market.

Birth Control Pills are cautiously introduced to Canadian women; regarding their influence on the pituitary gland, a spokesman for the Planned Parenthood Federation stated

"You're tinkering with the entire endocrine system - which is like
turning out all the lights on the whole block just to fix a fuse in your house".

John Fitzgerald Kennedy becomes the first Roman Catholic President of the U.S.A., narrowly defeating Richard Nixon by 118,550 popular votes.

The U.S.S.R. shot down a U.S.A. U2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers; later a trade took place for KGB super-spy Rudolf Abel.

1960 - On January 4,
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was formed at the Stockholm Convention.
The Swedish government had proposed the establishment of the trading group; unlike the EEC, its purpose was that of intergovernmental trade in manufactured products only. It resulted in the uniting of "The Seven" economically. The Seven were: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Conspicuously absent were Germany and France. The EFTA involved neither agricultural trade (important to France where agriculture represented 40% of the economy) nor a political commitment (which the UK wished to avoid). The relationship which developed between the members was so fragmentary and tenuous that communications were awkward. It is difficult for members of a group to discuss and negotiate to a common process for action if each member persists in acknowledging and expressing only their own self-interest.

1960 - By this year,
The USA Federal Government was encouraging institutionalized science at the rate of 10,000 fellowships and traineeships each year. More than 100,00 students took out Federally-financed loans. There were 300,000 students entitled to GI Bill educational support, mainly from the Korean War. There were also 7,000 foreign student being educated on American campuses courtesy of the State Department. Despite so much Federal money and the emphasis on science, there did not, in the end, appear to be any sizeable increase in the production of scientists. Instead, there was a more notable growth in the social sciences, which accounted for only 20% of Federal monies.

The "Matthew Effect", derived from Matthew XIII,12:

"For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more in abundance ..."

A tendency with humans, the politicians and bureaucrats who provided the grants to encourage a devotion to science and greater invention and creativity, found that simply supplying money did not produce results. Students were motivated by the needs which they saw around them, to favour the social sciences. True scientific endeavour is often most productive when the student is allowed to "experiment" with ideas and equipment with the basic intent being one of "playing around" in order to reach new insights of understanding. Scientific motivation can seldom be encouraged by force feeding or by profit, for such directions focus the mind by obsession and such narrows the mind to tradition.

1960 - On January 12 and 13,
A Special Economic Committee convened at the request of the USA.
Government leaders from 10 European countries attended: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and Britain. Representatives of the USA and Canada, as well as the EEC Commission, also attended. Douglas Dillon chaired the meeting. The Committee reached the following agreements:

1. the establishment of a workable procedure for the reorganization of the OEEC ...;

2. the establishment of a working committee, including the USA and Canada, to discuss the trade problems of the Six and Seven;

3. the establishment of a small group ... to better coordinate assistance to less developed countries.

A Trade Committee was the generally welcomed outcome.
The USA was moving closer to a recognizable position as a self-appointed director of the European market.

1960 - On January 14,
Nikita Krushchev, in a speech to the Supreme Soviet noted:

"The Soviets intend to conceal vast 'reserves' of missiles and warheads, hiding them in places throughout the expansive Soviet Union where the 'imperialists' could not spot them. Later, they could be launched ... in a nuclear war."

1960 -
Arleigh J Dagenis summarizes details of sightings including the June 1952 appearance of mysterious objects over the White House and Capitol.

1960 - In the February "Motor Life",
Daniel P. Moynihan, former Acting Secretary to the Governor of the State of New York and present Director of the New York State Government Research Project, wrote of his concern over the "Epidemic On The Highways". Moynihan demonstrates both the technical orientation of the American culture at this time together with its defeating self-denial. In part, he writes:

"At the height of the Korean War, the United States Air Force suddenly found itself seriously interested in the traffic safety down on the ground: it was losing more men from automobile accidents than from enemy action. A further check revealed this was true of the entire armed forces. Moreover, the automobile injuries were generally more serious and required longer hospitalization than the battle casualties.

... the traffic toll has proved much greater than anyone believed: 5,000,000 injuries a year, 25,000,000 days in bed at the hospital or at home - and despite publicity to the contrary, the problem is getting steadily worse. ...

It is characteristic of most public-health problems that they arise so naturally out of the environment that the population affected usually accepts them as inevitable and will even resist efforts to do anything about them. .... Misconceptions about traffic safety are now shared even by many who are intimately involved with the problem. The National Safety Council is a case in point."

Mr. Moynihan goes on to demonstrate how the Council, set up in Chicago some 46 years earlier, regularly builds its public respect by the publication of inaccurate weekend traffic death projections, inaccurate "official" figures for motor-vehicle injuries, avoidance of injury rate statistics, and an attitude which suggests that all vehicular deaths are the result of individual carelessness.

Moynihan points out that:
    a) Accident figures for New York State had risen by 21% (1948 - 1957);
    b) Injuries nationwide may be 350% higher than Safety Council figures;
    c) The number and RATE of injuries has been rising;
    d) Doctors are getting better at keeping victims alive;
    e) Death statistics are not motivating - Americans don't relate to death;
    f) Numbers of cars on the highways is increasing: 70,000,000 now;
    g) Accidents result when drivers cannot respond correctly to situations.

Moynihan acknowledges:

"It is quite possible that future research will find that a man who has just had a furious argument with his wife is inclined to knock down pedestrians with his automobile. But how shall we go about preventing husband-wife arguments? [A constructive culture takes responsibility for the skill development of its participants so that they can cope and interact well: institutional schooling.]

This is the dilemma of all approaches to the safety problem that are based on influencing driver behaviour: the significant personal characteristics seem to be so personal that it is hopeless to think of doing anything about them for the limited purposes of traffic safety. .... Temperament seems to have much more to do with accident experience than physical abilities (young adult statistics) .... Dr. Ross McFarland of Harvard University has concluded that the high accident rates must be regarded in terms of 'inexperience, emotional and social immaturity, and temperamental qualities associated with youth.' ...

The involvement of alcohol in serious injuries is probably still underestimated.
One recent study showed that over an 8-year period 49% of the drivers killed in single-car accidents ... were legally drunk ... and another 25% were either well on their way or suffering from hangovers."

While indications existed that alcohol and inadequate coping skills contributed greatly to the death and accident rates, strongly deterrent against- 'drinking and driving' legislation would not be passed in any North American states and provinces until the early 1990s. The instruction of teens and young adults in constructive communications patterns and non-abusive behaviour would not be part of the national teaching curriculum in any state or province up to 1995. The carnage would continue against the status quo of "social alcoholism" and the immature behaviours of "object-love" promoted by billions of dollars of advertising. Profits would be more important than lives. The legacy for the living: high rate of spiritual, emotional and physical abuse.

Moynihan did also acknowledge physical influences:

    h) Little evidence supported advertisements against speeding;
    i) Most accidents occurred on country roads between 35 to 50 mph;
    j) Auto manufacturers had higher sales for cars advertised as "hot" ;
    k) Auto manufacturers have promoted the 'horsepower race' for power;
    l) Federal control of highway design had reduced accident rates 85%;
    m) Seriousness of injury related to car interior design;
    n) Mechanically hazardous features might cause 75% of fatalities;
    o) General Motors has opposed the use of seat belts from the start;
    p) Carbon monoxide was suspected of having put drivers to sleep;
    q) Only the Federal Government could regulate the auto industry;
    r) In America it had become safer to fly an airplane than drive a car.

He noted further:

"The police officer's job is not to understand traffic accidents but to find out who is legally responsible for them. ... The statistics collected by most motor-vehicle bureaus are hopelessly inadequate - and often inaccurate as well. ... (It might be easier and more cost-effective to) concentrate instead on changing the environment ... automobile design ... more sensible to put off the problem of influencing the behaviour of 80,000,000 drivers and concentrate on a matter that in the United States is subject to control by perhaps a dozen persons. ... The automobile industry did not oppose ( Kenneth A. Roberts, chairman of the Health and Safety of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee) it just ignored (his safety concerns)."

Seat belt use had been adopted by race car drivers from 1950.
Federal government requirements would not save lives for another decade.
The expedient political response of legal coercion (a dozen men) rather than increased awareness and higher level of self-esteem would never become an American approach. Automobile design would largely change according to what could be advertised as a part of the "American Dream."

1960 - By March,
The first USA Polaris Submarine, the USS George Washington/SSBN 598 was completed.
41 would be built and commissioned by April, 1967. The initial Polaris missile range was 1,200 nautical miles (2,222 km). By 1968, the USA Polaris A-3 missile had a range of 2,500 nautical miles (4,630 km).

1960 - During the year,
The Sabin Polio Vaccine would become available.
Dr. Albert Sabin had worked on a weakened virus vaccine in order to produce one which would be less costly and easier to administer than the Salk Vaccine of 1954. Proved effective, it was approved for use this year. More than 70 million school children would eat sugar cubes soaked with the weakened virus. Most would be immunized; a small number would get polio from the active vaccine. It would continue to be the vaccine of choice for polio.

1960 - Beginning this year,
The Polaris Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) would become the first USA-developed SLBM and the mainstay of the British nuclear force during the 1970s and 1980s.

After 4 years of research and development, the USA Navy began deploying nuclear-powered submarines armed with 16 Polaris missiles each. The Polaris was 31 feet (9.4 m) long and 4.5 feet (1.4 m) in diameter; it was powered by 2 solid-fueled stages. Three models would be developed.

The A-1 had a range of 1,400 miles (2,200 km) and a 1 megaton nuclear warhead providing each submarine with a destructive force of 16 megatons (million tons). The Hiroshima nuclear bomb had a destructive force of about 14.5 kilotons (thousand tons).

The A-2 would have a 1,700 mile (2,700 km) range and a 1 megaton warhead.
The A-3 would be capable of delivering a 200-kiloton warhead a distance of 2,800 miles (4,500 km).
The United Kingdom would adopt the A-3 in 1969, refine it and rename it the A-3TK, or Chevaline, and would fit it with electronic jammers and decoy warheads to permit its penetration of ballistic missile defenses around Moscow.

1960 - By March 10,
Assassination planning directed at Cuban leader Fidel Castro were being addressed formally and informally by the U.S. presidential advisory Special Group, the 5412 Committee. The President and Dulles even proposed a "package deal" to include some of the other Cuban leaders since any that were acceptable to the administration were then outside of Cuba. Eisenhower would later in the year approve the attempted assassination of Patrice Lumumba in the Congo. The CIA had introduced standby capability for "Executive Action" from January.

1960 - On March 11,
Pioneer V, an American 94.8 pound paddlewheel satellite for the investigation of interplanetary space between Earth and Venus and the testing of long-range radio transmissions was launched.

1960 - Early in April,
The Trade Committee agreed to in January, met for the first time.
Britain was positive to the prospect that the Committee would smooth over the differences between the EEC and the EFTA making way for wider economic cooperation amongst the capitalist countries of the West and providing Britain with the advantages of its "special relationship" with the USA which it assumed would lead the Committee. The USA saw the Committee as a vantage point from which to insure that European continental economic policy evolved consistent with the objectives of Washington: the expansion of the American economy and its capital interests. France, on the other hand, held reservations about the formation of the new Committee. It feared that once again Britain would use the opportunity to press for special concessions and negotiate its way out of certain concessions.

In hopes of defusing rising tensions between France and Britain, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan met with Prime Minister Charles de Gaulle two weeks previous, in mid-March. At that Paris meeting, Macmillan urged de Gaulle to oppose proposals to accelerate the transitional stages of the Common Market in return for Britain trying to persuade the USA to accept de Gaulle's September 1958 proposal to Macmillan of a Tripartism nuclear club consisting of the USA, Britain and France - in which Britain provided nuclear technology to France. Of course, should the USA show any reservations, Britain would back away from the concept completely rather than risk annoying the USA. For de Gaulle such a consideration was considered of worth for while France enjoyed "the full support of the USA," it had "refused to give any help" in assisting France into the nuclear weapons club. The British offer was for manipulative purposes only at the time.

In Geneva .. Britain, the USA and the USSR were cooperating on a nuclear test ban treaty which was hoped to lead towards nuclear disarmament. Had Macmillan's offer become public, it would have jeopardized the Geneva talks. Entry into the nuclear club was not as simple as it may sound. Nuclear arms technology was expensive. Britain had been attempting to build the "Blue Streak" nuclear missile and was finding budget constraints too tight to finish the project. Before the end of March, Macmillan had visited Washington, not to ask about French admission into the club but rather to request assistance in its own quest. With Eisenhower's commitment to supply Britain with the American Skybolt missile as a replacement, the British cabinet would formally cancel the Blue Streak program - millions of allotted capital, which had found its way into covert programs - would be written off, out of sight. The downside of the visit was that a week later the USA, in hopes of gaining earlier economic benefits, supported the proposal to accelerate the Common Market - as "a major contribution to a general lowering of world trade barriers." Britain was left to register its "deep concern" over the American pronouncement.

While visiting the USA, Macmillan had suggested that Britain would have no other choice but to lead another peripheral alliance with Russia against Germany and France, if they implemented their exclusionist plan. The American press, dramatized the communication behind headlines of "leaked reports". Macmillan was alleged to have voiced concerns about the potential for Nazi expansionist pretensions resurfacing in Germany. European press reaction was immediate and negative to the comments. Both French and German officials felt betrayed and deceived by Britain. More tactfully expressed later, after the damage had been done, Macmillan stressed his fear that an economic division of Europe would lead to a political and even military division. As the USA officials seemed to doubt the imprtance which Macmillan had placed on the matter, Macmillan had restated his concerns with the exaggerated and intense words which resulted in the predictable European enmity. Humans taught by their cultures to converse in authoritarian patterns become so alienated from their naturally expressed assertiveness as a child - that they seem incapable of avoiding miscommunications and of worsening those with their attempts at clarification.

The first meeting of the Trade Committee was largely a clash of objectives.
Members of the EEC wanted the Common Market to consolidate quickly and to avoid the bureaucracy of the EFTA while doing so. Members of the EFTA sought to limit the rift which had developed between those who sought political accommodation for economic benefit and those who sought economic benefit without surrendering political individuality. In other words, pride and self-interest clashed with idealistic economic rationalization. Britain had wanted the best of both worlds: special accommodations and free trade. France had scuttled free trade to protect its agriculture. If one were granted special considerations, then why would others not equally expect special attention. If all maintained their individuality, what was the point of trying to work together?

1960 - On April 1,
Trans-Canada Airlines introduced the first scheduled jet service by a Canadian airline.
The inaugural flight involved a DC-8, carrying 127 passengers, flying between Montreal and Toronto, and then to Vancouver, in 5 hours, 26 minutes.

1960 - On April 1,
Tiros I, an American 270 pound hatbox-shaped satellite, is launched to test experimental television techniques and to photograph the Earth's cloud cover. It transmitted almost 23,000 film-strip frames.

1960 -
Canada's Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker fulfils a promise made in Parliament by having the Emergency Measures Organization (EMO) of the Privy Council Office prepare and issue " Your Basement Fallout Shelter", a 35 page booklet with blueprints. The Prime Minister in the Foreword stated

"Should a nuclear war occur, the risk of radioactive fallout will be very widespread,
and will endanger many of us in our homes, even though a long way from the bomb
explosion.  The best and simplest way to safeguard against fallout is by household
shelters which will provide protection."

During the next 2 years, the government would issue 6 booklets on nuclear war survival with number 6 concentrating on "Blast Shelters". The Prime Minister and Provincial Premiers would personally and publicly stand before models of shelters at large fairs extolling the virtues and preferability for citizens to provide for their own safety. The possibility of nuclear destruction was promoted as imminent and encouraged a cultural change of attitude to the concentration on personal immediate desires to the loss of societal considerations.

1960 - On April 13,
The Transit IB, an American 265-pound sphere is launched to test the capability of using a satellite as a navigational radio beacon.

1960 - On May 1,
Francis Gary Powers, an American civilian, is shot down while piloting a U2 espionage plane over the U.S.S.R.
Hired by the CIA to pilot the plane, both he and the plane are captured; Powers is presumed to have committed suicide and to have blown up the plane as planned for in such a mishap. Powers is interrogated at length, U.S.A. President Eisenhower denies the flight, Powers AND the plane are produced, Eisenhower admits he lied, publicly, Powers is given a very public televised trial in the U.S.S.R. and found guilty of spying. He was exchanged for Rudolph Abel, a Colonel in the KGB, who had been captured earlier in the U.S.A. and convicted of spying.

Only two other CIA-U2 flights had been made earlier in the year.
Since its development in 1956, about 20 flights had been sponsored by the CIA over the U.S.S.R. and most of those were during 1957 and 1958 with few flights in 1959. All had been tracked on Soviet radar, with some complaints, and denials. Bissell and Dulles, proud of their achievement, had offered the U2 for sale to the British (who took five), West Germany (who took one), and the French. About 22 were made in total with some being used into the 1980's. Power's flight was prompted by Soviet advances in missile technology over the previous 2 years and their satellite program. The U2 had a complicated self-destruct mechanism which Powers was unable to activate due to the circumstances of his escape from the disabled craft. He decided against the poison. The U2 missions provided a complete mapping of the U.S.S.R. providing researchers at the NSA headquarters with the ability to construct site plans for any installation covered.

Photos of equipment seized from the U-2 showed a pistol equipped with a silencer, a dagger, a 3-inch long poisoned pin, personal items and photos of military sites.

This ended U2 flights over the Soviet Union.
They did continue over China and other countries into the 1980s.

1960 - On May 2,
"Red Flag" expressed the sentiments of Nikita Krushchev:

"Nuclear war is not something for communists to fear, for on the debris of a dead imperialism, the victorious people will create with extreme rapidity a civilization thousands of times higher than the capitalist system."

The true danger and permanency of nuclear radiation fallout was still poorly understood by most persons at this time.

1960 - On May 9,
Soviet Defense Minister Rodion Malinovsky says that:

"anyone who raises the sword against this country will be wiped off the face 
of the earth.  Our armed forces are equipped with nuclear weapons including
intercontinental missiles which can destroy the enemy on any part of the globe. 
We are indestructible ....  We are warning the accomplices (of the Gary Power's 
U2 spy plane mission) our technology is so perfected we can see not only where 
the airplanes start, but we can take measures to wipe out those bases altogether."

1960 - On May 10,
The USA announced that it was developing 2 spy satellites to replace the U-2 missions:
SAMOS (which will be launched January 31, 1961) and MIDAS (expected to be launched in 1963).

1960 - On May 12,
At "The Conference on World Tensions" being held in Chicago, Illinois state, 6 former nobel prize winners met in an open session.
Dean Malan Cleveland and Professor Irving Swerdlow of Syracuse University noted that:

"After a decade and a half ... we are still tackling 20-year problems
with 5-year plans, manned by 2-year personnel with 1-year appropriations."

Lord Boyd-Orr of the U.K. proposed as a first step, reductions of 10% in the world's armaments budgets, of which 5% should be used to reduce taxes and 5% to set up a fund for underdeveloped nations. He estimated this would be $ 5 billion a year - which could be used to double food production in 20 years.

On May 16, Lord Boyd-Orr would conclude:

"Don't blame the politicians.
The best politician cannot lead where people are unwilling to follow."

Dr. Ralph Bunche added:

"Whatever and wherever the tension ... it is the attitudes, suspicions, fears,
and other emotions, spontaneous or propaganda-inspired, informed or misguided,
of the individual, expressed in mass, which are ultimately culpable."

   Others who attended included: 
       Sir Norman Angell, U.K.
       Philip Noel-Baker, U.K.
       Rev. Dominique G. Pire, Belgium
       Lester B. Pearson, Canada

 Professor Arthur H. Compton was also present, as an observer.

1960 - On May 13,
An Apparent Intensive Survey of Brazil is carried out by UFOs which follow an orthotenic pattern, such as that first discovered by Aime Michel in 1954. Dr. Olavo T. Fontes writes an article on it for the March-April issue of "Flying Saucer Review".

1960 - On May 16,
The Launch of SPUTNIK IV, a 10,008 pound space vehicle is announced by the USSR.
No attempt is made to retrieve the space vehicle and its 2-1/2 ton space cabin.
A supposed dummy pilot enjoyed the comfort of an ordinary dwelling unit.
Retro rockets fired incorrectly or misfired speeding up the capsule and lodging it into a larger orbit.
A 1958 picture of a cosmonaut is released.

By this time, at least 6 apparent manned space flights had been detected by amateur shortwave radio listeners. Space communications to both the USSR and the USA would largely be transmitted and interpreted through electronic scrambler-descrambler units from now on. According to both Russian and English "space" communications heard earlier, astronauts and cosmonauts had both been killed during space explorations and research. Although denied, this Soviet flight had resulted in the failure of directional rockets required for re-entry. The 2 pilots aboard took "termination" pills when they discovered that there was no way for them to survive.

1960 - On May 24,
Tidal Waves from a Chilean earthquake hit Japan at 500 mph with a height of 33 feet.
900 fishing boats are sunk, 800 people are killed, and the city of Sendai is temporarily submerged. Other cities are also damaged.

1960 - On May 24,
MIDAS II (Missile Defense Alarm System) is launched by the USA from Cape Canaveral.
Its intent was to provide a 30-minute warning to the USA in the event of a nuclear weapons attack from the USSR by missile. Midas I, launched on February 26, was not mentioned in NASA publicity because it had failed to reach a suitable orbit. Midas II would use a super-cooled infra-red sensor. The 5000-pound cylindrical satellite malfunctioned. Both it and SAMOS "detected" a land- or submarine-launched missile by comparing its hot plume with the cooler background. Unfortunately, sunlight glinting on clouds could sometimes mimic and did mimic the infrared radiation (IR) signature (pattern) of a missile launch.

On 3 occasions, MIDAS II readings prompted urgent calls from the American President to the Soviet Premier as preparations were being made for WWIII. When it was discovered that the "alerts" were all errors due to the nature of the electronic sensor abilities, the President ordered the satellite destroyed. A triple humiliation before an avowed enemy which could have led to nuclear war was too much. The frustration was redirected against Fidel Castro, the new leader in Cuba. He was regarded as more "touchable" yet equally hated.

It would not be known for decades that the USSR was technically capable of positioning a nuclear bomb directly over the USA in a satellite as early as 1953, making satellite detection of missiles somewhat limited in value. There would have been NO WARNING had Stalin lived to carry out his first strike strategy.

1960 -
The "International Development Association" (IDA) is formed for the purpose of making long-term (up to 50 years) loans at low interest rates. It is supported by periodic contributions from World Bank member countries. The World Bank itself raises capital for lending by selling bonds in the capital markets of member countries and from direct contributions of member governments.

Selling bonds to the many members of the World Bank lessened the burden for loan capitalization from the USA and allowed many other governments to become willing co-conspirators in the spread of capitalism into less materialistic societies. Somewhat supportive, idealistically, of the mythical aims of foreign aid, commercialization, industrialization, political and social mass orderliness - some became enthusiastic contributors. Other members contributed from a position of political maneuvering - if you bought bonds (and received interest) you had a better chance of obtaining loans totalling several times the amount you contributed.

It is important to note that part of the reserves of independent nations could thus be "transferred" to the Association, which would hold these reserve deposits to support lendings. The major difference of the IDA "Bank" from the World Bank (IBRD) is that the former is not referred to as, or regulated like, a bank. Further, while the IBRD was unable to sell its own securities to raise capital, the IDA could. The other significance of this change is that it indicates that MORE capitalization of developing economies (and their military) was desired.

1960 - On May 25,
An Earthquake in southern Chile kills more than 5,000 persons and 9 inactive volcanoes become active.
On the following day, 2 more earthquakes strike Chile together with 15 foot tidal waves.
One quarter of the population, 2 million persons, are left homeless.

1960 - On May 30,
Soviet Defense Minister Rodion Malinovsky orders USSR military bases to launch rockets against any base from which a plane takes off and proceeds to violate Soviet airspace. The American deceptive use of the U-2 spyplanes has been detected on every mission by the advanced Soviet radar. At the same time, most of the USSR has been reconnaissance photographed in previous U-2 flights making future flights largely redundant. Soviet politicians have complained repeatedly to international political organizations about the invasions of its state privacy. The Soviet public believe that the USA intends to invade them.

1960 - On June 22,
Transit II-A and GREBI, two satellites, are jointly launched by the USA, using a Thor-Able Star rocket.
Transit II-B, a 223-pound sphere will be used for navigational purposes and to measure cosmic noise above the ionosphere. GREBI, a piggyback 42-pound satellite was intended to measure solar radiation. They were put into a polar orbit.

1960 - On July 14,
Elio Bianca (Brother Eman) self-proclaimed prophet of Italy, expected the world to come to an end.
Much attention was given in the media with many believers in Britain, Africa, Asia, America, the Philippines, South America.

1960 - On August 10,
Discoverer 13, an American 1,700-pound satellite is launched for the purpose of recovery.
A 300-pound instrument capsule is retrieved from the Pacific Ocean.

1960 - On August 12,
ECHO I, an American 137.4-pound satellite is launched to provide worldwide telephone, radio and television communications.
The 100-foot aluminum-coated plastic sphere was used to echo back radio signals.

1960 - On the night of August 13-14,
Patrolmen Stanley Scott and Charles A. Carson sight a football-shaped UFO near Corning, California, and pursue it for over 2 hours.

1960 - During August,
The first FBI COINTELPRO (Counterintelligence Program) was illegally initiated by Hoover against groups advocating independence for Puerto Rico.

1960 - On August 18,
Discoverer 14, an American 1,700-pound satellite was launched to effect recovery of an instrument capsule.
A 300-pound capsule was recovered in an aerial snatch by a C119 Boxcar Plane over the Pacific Ocean.

1960 - On August 19,
Sputnik V, a Soviet Union 10,141 pound capsule carrying 2 dogs and smaller animals, insects and plants is recovered after a flight of 27 hours.

Frequent publicized launches would continue by both the USA and the USSR from this time forward.

1960 - By September 12,
An affirmation to assassinate Patrice Lumumba of the Congo was made in the U.S.A. National Security Council.
During 1960, the Belgian Congo was one of 16 African nations to receive independence.
Its new name became the Republic of the Congo.
Eisenhower had personally ordered the assassination in July.
On August 25, Allen Dulles, CIA Director had personally directed Lawrence Devlin, the CIA station chief in Leopoldville, urging "removal" of Lumumba as a Communist threat. Lumumba had requested assistance directly from Eisenhower. Eisenhower was thoroughly intolerant of the social customs of Lumumba on his visit to Washington (he had requested a sexual consort openly) and had refused to communicate further with him. Lumumba had then gone to the Soviets for assistance and they began sending troops, planes, technicians, and weapons in September. The U.S.A. had already sent 10,000 troops under the auspices of the UN.

1960 - By September,
Eckhard Hess and James Polt, psychologists at the University of Chicago performed an experiment that promised to provide a scientific method for decoding the unconscious motivations and interests of individuals through recognition of external signs, specifically those presented by the human eye. He found that the size of a person's pupil varied according to his psychological state. In addition to responding to background changes in intensity of ambient light, even mild changes in mental or emotional activity affected pupil size. An unbiased, culture-free manner of mind-reading had presented itself. What would humanity do with it?

Hess declared that when a person experienced positive feelings toward something, their pupils enlarged, but when they experienced negative feelings the pupils contracted. The stronger the feeling, the more pronounced the dilation or contraction of the pupil. These responses had been known to scientists for a time and were further recognized as being connected to the autonomic nervous system. Hess's work and the research it would stimulate, used modern equipment and technology and greatly increased the specificity and accuracy of the results. Now mental effort, task difficulty, and emotional intensity could be measured without relying on conscious feedback from the human subject. This presented enormous significance to advertising agencies for the judgement of the effectiveness of their proposals during the development stage. As the research and technology improved, political entities would also use it to screen members and applicants for true motives and character assessment. Intelligence agencies would be able to discretely extract information from a target without the use of any form of torture or coercion.

Sophisticated pupilometers, which projected the subject's dilations and constrictions, and provided a precise and continuous record of its diameter would be available within 10 years. Whittaker Corporation's Space Sciences Division, in Waltham, Massachusetts, would have models for sale to the public in 1974 with price ranges from $7,600 to $10,000. Equipment combining the pupilometer with an eye-view monitor - which would project on a separate screen the scene the viewer was watching and indicate the exact point of the subject's gaze, would market for $13,000 to $20,000. The upper-range models could include a 3-channel computer-compatible recorder for the pupilometer, and a videotape recorder for the eye-view monitor.

Since sales, rather than creativity is the focus of the multi-billion dollar advertising field, those in it expressed interest in pupilometer research and results. The assumption would be made that the greater the positive response, the greater the possibility of a purchase at some present or future time. High human response to sexual themes relative to all others would be a strong motivator for the subliminal use of sexual images and words in the backgrounds and photo matrix of advertising. Confounding the conclusions was the fact that anything new or changed to the perspective of the subject usually would gain a high response indicating neither attraction or repulsion. Canadian researcher Herb Simpson would demonstrate in the early 70s that there was no evidence of pupil constriction to negative words; rather, the more intense the stimulation, positive or negative, the greater the pupil size. It would then be found that images of shock value would produce greater pupil size followed by constriction responses once the subject had become familiar with the image.

Further still, John McLauglin and W. Scott Peavler noticed that when a man viewed a provocative stimulus, his pupillary response did not subside immediately upon removal of the stimulus, showing a residual influence. Daniel Kahneman and his co-workers would determine that mental effort would result in enlarged pupils - as in situations eliciting recall. Peavler and Tamara Geacintov would find that pupilometers could be used to determine the fatigue factor of different approaches to the performance of tasks thereby determining which was more effective. With these results, this "scientific" method yielded several interpretations. Less spectacular than first desired, for the purpose of manipulation rather than understanding, the use of pupilometers could be used to determine the emotional and mental attachment which a subject would express relative to particular images and words.

1960 - In the October issue of "Spaceflight",
M.H. Briggs wrote an article entitled "New Evidence on Martian Life".
An abstract of it stated:

"Studies of the infrared spectra of Mars have shown the presence of absorption bands probably due to organic compounds. These absorptions are characteristic of the spectra from the dark areas of the surface. This evidence points to the existence of complex organic substances in these areas of Mars. The absorptions typical of carbohydrate molecules were found in the spectrum of a lichen. The presence of plants of this type would provide an explanation of the negative results for chlorophyll."

1960 - in the January-October issue of the "Journal of the British Astronomical Association",
R.H.Garstang wrote an article titled "Vegetation on Mars".
An abstract summarized it as follows:

"A further explanation is given of the discovery of spectrographic absorption lines probably due to vegetation-related organic molecules on Mars. Three absorption bands at 3.43 u, 3.56 u, and 3.67 u were found which appear to be peculiar to the dark regions of Mars. The first 2 bands are well know in plants, but only recently the band at 3.67 u has been found in the alga Cladophora and appears to be produced by carbohydrate molecules in the plant. The longer wavelength is due to the attachment of both oxygen and hydrogen atoms to the same carbon atom."

1960 - On October 20,
USSR leader Nikita Krushchev asserted openly that the Soviet Navy had nuclear-propelled submarines and that they were capable of firing rockets with nuclear warheads. A year later, the Soviet public would be told. USSR had launched its first such submarine almost 2 years earlier.

In the following month, Commander George P. Steele, USN, wrote in a paper submitted to the U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings:

"The present and future threat to our control of the sea which is posed by the modern submarine is of such magnitude that our national policy is in jeopardy .... After six years of operating nuclear submarines, we still do not have at sea a weapon system able to cope with even one of them. There are rare lucky hits; the submarine captain might make a gross error and expose himself. But we cannot, with any degree of assurance, prevent him from working his will. The (nuclear submarine) can destroy our cities or our ships."

1960 - During October,
The CIA initiated MK-Ultra Subproject 94

"to provide for a continuation of investigations on the remote directional control of activities in selected species of animals (was reported as demonstrated). Miniaturized stimulating electrode implants in specific brain center areas will be utilized."

Such projects resulted in dogs, cats, and monkeys being used as guided microphones and bombs.

"Initial biological work on techniques and brain locations essential to providing conditioning and control of animals has been completed. The feasibility of remote control of activities of several species of animals has been demonstrated. The present investigations are directed toward improvement of techniques."

By April, 1961, Gottlieb's staff had a "production capability".
One of the first assignments for Dr. Gottlieb was the collection of various lethal toxins and biological materials which could be taken to the Congo and used to assassinate Patrice Lumumba. Believing it was "part of my duty" in service to the chief executive of his country, Gottlieb prepared the substances and took them to Lawrence Devlin, in the Congo, in late September. His reward was directorship of the MK-Ultra Programs.

1960 - During October,
30 mummies from an unknown civilization at least 10,000 years old were discovered in a cave in the state of Sonora, Mexico.
They had been embalmed by an unknown method and were still perfectly preserved.
It is unknown what became of them (see 1560).

1960 - Dated the 15 of November,
A memo to all U.S. base commanders from the Secretary of the Air Force, stated

"There is a relationship between the Air Force's interest in space surveillance and its continuous surveillance of the atmosphere near the earth for Unidentified Flying Objects - UFOs."

1960 - During the year,
A Long Metallic Aerial Object is seen by 2 California highway patrolmen, at 11:00 P.M.
They first thought they were witnessing the emergency landing of an aircraft and they stopped their patrol car and set off on foot to give assistance. Each drew his pistol when they suspected there was something odd about the incident. The object quickly rose to a height of 30 to 60 metres and remained hovering. Subsequently, it moved away and the officers followed it in their car, keeping it in sight for 2 hours. Other people confirmed the presence of the object from different vantage points. It was additionally described as having powerful lights at each end and influencing strong radio interference with any receiver which became close to it.

The official explanation provided by the USAF Bluebook team was that the people had seen "refraction of the planet Mars, Aldebaran and Betelgeuse." When it was pointed out that none of these was visible at that time and place, Capella was substituted for Mars?

1960 - During November,
A Huge Soviet space rocket launch disaster occurs.
During liftoff, the fuel tanks of the huge rocket burst to result in the command centre and the launchpad region being completely enveloped in superheated flame. The leader of the Soviet aerospace program and at least 30 technicians die. The accident would not be admitted nor documentation released until April, 1996 - 35 years later.

1960 -
In an article in the "Saturday Evening Post", a scientist notes:

"About 1/7th of the entire land surface of our earth, stretching in a great swath around the Arctic Circle, is permanently frozen ... the greater part of it is covered with a layer, varying in thickness from a few feet to more than a thousand feet, composed of different substances. It includes a high proportion of earth or loam, and often also masses of bones or even whole animals in various stages of preservation or decomposition.

The list of animals thawed out of this mess would cover pages ... the greatest riddle, however, is when, why and how did all these creatures, and in such countless numbers, get killed, mashed up and frozen ...?

These animal remains were not in deltas, swamps or estuaries, but were scattered all over the country. Many of these animals were perfectly fresh, whole and undamaged, and still either standing, or at least kneeling upright.

Vast herds of enormous, well-fed beasts, beasts not specifically designed for extreme cold, [were apparently] placidly feeding in sunny pastures at a temperature in which we would probably not even have needed a coat. Suddenly, they were killed without any visible sign of violence and before they could so much as swallow a last mouthful of food, and then quick-frozen so rapidly that every cell in their bodies is perfectly preserved."

1960 - During the year,
Dr. Robert Nathan, later to be at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, conceived the concept of image processing.
Through enhancement of photographs, by computer and other means, the intent was to determine what an indistinct image was. Later developments would allow for computer simulations, computer animations, analog-to-digital-to-analog imaging. By the late 70s, video sequences could be made which would be used as evidence that the reverse of what had really happened in a circumstance had happened. Idealistically, image processing is an attempt to improve the technical quality of a recording medium. Realistically, the process attempts to "sell" the results of an investigation by manipulating them to become what the viewer expects, wants, or, is excited to see. Pragmatically, the process turns garbage into gems. Analytically, the results of image processing can never be relied upon with any certainty due to the mass of variables involved in determining how a shading of light should be interpreted IF a representation of reality is the goal.

1960 - From 1960 to 1980,
Worldwide Military Outlays would grow from $100 billion to more than $500 billion a year.
The last figure would be more than the 1981 gross national products of Mexico, the entirety of Central America and all of the various Caribbean nations combined.

19xx no date -
Madison, Wisconsin: Mrs. Marie Knipper, a lady in her fifties, her friend, and two teenage girls were driving from Janesville, Wisconsin, to Stoughton and a UFO appeared over the interstate highway. It buzzed the car and followed them all the way to Stoughton and left the interstate when they turned off it. It stopped and hung above the interchange. There, it sparked and seemed to throw off some "slag" pieces, some were found later, before continuing on with them. Mrs. Knipper had to follow a roundabout "C"-shaped route to get to her house because of bridges she had to cross.

The craft, as if knowing of her destination, took a straight route, arrived at her house before her and hovered about it awaiting her arrival. A fellow who lived 50 miles away and considered himself to be a master mentalist, knew her slightly and knew there was going to be something exciting going on over at her house that evening and had driven over in the meantime. He also witnessed the sighting. A farmer had picked up some of the metal which had been knocked off the craft and gave a piece to researcher, Warren Smith. After several days of investigating in the area, he was approached by 2 men who said they worked for a government agency. They threatened to endanger himself and his family if he did not relinquish the piece of metal, so he gave it to them. They had been following him for several days as he had been trying to investigate the sighting and find more pieces of whatever was dropped.