BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1950 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

All About Eve; The Big Lift; Cyrano de Bergerac; Father of the Bride; Rio Grande; The Day the Earth Stood Still; Winchester '73; Copper Canyon; Harvey; Madeleine; Blondie's Hero; Born Yesterday; The Flame and the Arrow; Sunset Boulevard

1950 - By this year
Sleep-Learning had become an accepted technique in America to increase one's learning.
Initially, most of the units went to psychiatrists and doctors but by 1960 a substantial number of units would be in the hands of experimenters.

If a sleeping person hears words spoken or whispered, their subconscious mind will retain the information, especially if the words or information has been repeated. If repeated over and over while the subject sleeps, the subject can sometimes remember everything when he or she awakes. The subconscious mind never sleeps; it is always awake to spoken words and suggestions. Hypnosis uses a similar technique by distracting the conscious mind thereby allowing the unconscious mind to be more directly influenced. Like in hypnosis, some people appear to have a greater receptivity or recall than others to sleep-learning techniques. Relaxation is an important factor for success in the method such that recordings on relaxation and hypnosis were particularly recommended for the beginning experimenter.

The Sleep-Learning Research Association, of Olympia, Washington state, USA, advocated the use of tapes and programs on "personality improvement" including such titles as Deep Relaxation, Memory Power, Self-Confidence, and Physical Well-Being, as excellent "conditioners" before getting into other forms of sleep-learned materials. Phonograph recordings, tape cartridges and reel-to-reel tapes were the most frequently used devices. A standard system would include a reel-to-reel tape recorder, an endless tape cartridge, and a timer. The timer could be set to come on once or several times during the sleep period with the duration of each period also being an option. The "endless tape" cartridge allowed the recording tape to run in a looped fashion such that a section of tape would re-play continuously through the recorder until the machine was stopped. A further innovation, to limit disturbances to others sleeping nearby, was the availability of a "pillow speaker" - a small enclosed speaker which could be placed under the sleeper's pillow. Pre-recorded tapes for learning languages, losing weight, stopping smoking and eliminating other habits were also made available.

Max Sherover, head of the Linguaphone Institute, coined the word "dormiphone" to describe the sleep-learning technique. Cautions were issued with the technology that the units were "memory - reinforcers" that could speed but not replace the teaching process. The person would not be expected to accomplish great advances unless they had conscious, deliberate contact with the material to be assimilated. This was another similarity to hypnosis: you would not learn anything that you did not want to learn, or, more subtly, that you were not consciously aware of beforehand.

As experimenters had no formal training, most people including the doctors did not possess a clear understanding of how the memory or the brain worked, and because differing degrees of maturity and mental health were involved, the results were wide ranging. Possibility for relevant feedback to a user, either from other users or from an instructor, together with a low profit potential and a poor distribution network prevented the technique from being well utilized by the public, although as many as 100,000 were said to have been using the technique by 1960. The necessity for the users to possess the skills of organization, planning, patience, persistence, self-esteem, and self-directedness further limited the possibilities for independent members of the public.

Sleep-Learning would not get the institutional support of the American culture because it did not hold the promise of centralized power through a manipulative medium. Atomic energy production and atomic weapons development were intimately linked and received full backing. The development of computers would only advance at those stages where it was believed that by doing so the military could achieve strategic advances, first, by the fast calculation of target positions and the suggested simulation of battle options; then, by the efficient calculation of missile target trajectories, launching of satellites, and simulations of technological combat.

Companion socially constructive incidental contributions of these developments would be highly publicized to misrepresent the constructive social importance of developing these technologies. The bottom line was that sleep-learning could only be somewhat dependably used to teach a person what the person acknowledged consciously to be desirable. When assassination conditioning programs failed to work, government agencies with the power and the ability to raise capital support, abandoned further interest in its use and removed its concern over possible requirements to have it classified.

1950 - By January
Admiral Sidney Souers, of the National Security Committee, senior advisors to the USA President, stated:

"It's either we make it (the hydrogen bomb) or we wait until the Russians drop one on us without warning."

Souers knew of and had supported Truman's earlier decision to drop the atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, by surprise, AFTER the receipt of requests to negotiate peace from the Japanese. As a military leader, how could he expect Stalin, another military leader, not to follow the ruthless example provided earlier by the United States. It was partly Stalin's knowledge of the true facts of the American attack on Japan that he was so paranoid about the potential and intended actions of the United States.

1950
Major Donald E. Keyhoe, a retired U.S. Marine, has his research published in the January "True" magazine, under the title "The Flying Saucers are Real". Widely read, it causes a public sensation. Within weeks , Keyhoe releases a book, continuing to suggest a conspiracy. According to security papers released years later, this made Keyhoe a security risk and he was put under close FBI and CIA scrutiny.

       (1) the earth has been under periodic observation from another planet,

 (2) this observation suddenly increased in 1947 following the series of A-bomb explosions begun in 1945 ...

1950 - By this year
Drive-In Theatres in the USA were providing a possibility for the survival of the American movie business. The baby boom families, with children born since 1945, had younger children which made it difficult to attend standard movie theatres without the disturbance of children and babies crying and yelling and mothers taking infants out to the washroom for diaper changes, to the lobby for snacks, or somewhere for discipline. Young children and infants were not conducive to sitting still for 1-1/2 hours in a darkened theatre with other people all around who seemed not to recognize your existence.

Drive-ins changed that.
You took your own car or truck, your own piece of home, with you.
The kids could sleep if they got tired and they didn't bother other patrons with their complaints and noise, harboured within the vehicle. The drive-ins offered barbecue pits so that families that came early could cook their supper before the movie began. Some offered a bottle-warming service; others had shuffleboard courts. Snack concessions sold a wide variety of "take-out" foods and snacks. Concession business ran about 4 times higher than at a sit-in theatre. And concessions could account for 50% of the profit.

1950 - During January
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), of Ho Chi Minh, is recognized by China (Peking), and the U.S.S.R.. The U.S.A. followed by recognizing the Vietnamese government of Bao Dai on February 7.

Bao Dai, "King of the Nightclubs", became emperor and ruler of a country through much of which he dared not travel. Quasi-independence had been granted to the former colonies by the French. French armies now protected Bao Dai's leadership against the Communist-led Viet Minh. The USA, in turn, armed the French as the price for the participation of France in NATO, without which NATO appeared fragmented geographically.

1950 - During the year
The International Finance Corporation is formed as an affiliate of the World Bank Group, which includes the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Its purpose is to provide long-term project financing to developing countries.

In every concerted colonization (economic development) of less developed (less politically and economically structured) countries, the colonizer seeks to put into place the standards which its leaders believe are responsible for its superiority (powerfulness). These may include the importation of religion (view of the world and authority structure), mass production methods (agriculture), military minerals sourcing (mining) - for the host, energy materials sourcing (coal, oil, gas, hydroelectric) - for the host and local use, political organization (deference of authority), efficiency of mass production (technology and industrialization). In many cases, these new "perspectives" must be impressed on the original comfortable societies by the use of coercion. NONE of these "benefits" are spiritual in nature to the colonized: they are all material based.

Since industrialization AND capitalization (banking as a stable institution), less developed countries can now be "colonized" by the use of the deceptive and manipulative aspects of politics. The host country no longer seeks to take possession of territory for direct exploitation of labour and material resources. Rather, control of and profit from the capitalization of the country is less socially objectionable: persuasion replaces coercion. While substantial capital resources were required of the host country before 1950 to be invested in the colony before significant returns could begin, the development of stable expansive capitalization, dependent on a non-finite paper (banknote) standard, enable true CAPITALISM: the worship of money.

Within the nature of capitalism ... loans, grants, and other forms of capital sourcing are provided to the target country. This allows the leaders and the people of the target country to purchase finished material goods for personal pleasure. This BRIBE encourages them to develop a perceived need for capital in order to sustain and expand these "luxuries" both for themselves and their neighbours. Those who have surrendered their spirit to the material "gifts" develop envy, greed, pride, sloth and other forms of moral weakness (lack of spiritual directedness). They become advocates of the new materialism.

As a consequence, the conditioned (by the habit of receiving material bribes) leadership now gladly receive capitalization of their country's agriculture and industry in exchange for ownership and control of those sectors. Gradually, more and more of the capital producing opportunities within the "developing" country become owned and controlled by individuals representing the host country. Inevitably, and with the support of the political and academic leadership of the "colony", most of the profits made by the industry (labour) of the commoners is transferred to the host country. Persuasion has replaced coercion. But within the country itself, the resident political leaders may need to use coercion to stabilize and "persuade" their populace that this new direction should and must be followed.

The international institutionalized foundation to this "political" system began in 1944 with the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This present evolution makes the intent and direction more focused - world domination.

1950 - During the year
The European Payments Union (E.P.U.) is established and enables the convertibility of European Payments Union currencies through the "Bank for the International Balance of Payments" headquartered in Basle.

1950 - By January 9
Albert Einstein, U.S.A. nuclear scientist, uses a quadratic type of equation method to describe the relationship between energy and matter, suggesting that they are the same. Now he presents a relationship between gravitation and the electromagnetic force that is all around us on Earth.

1950 - On January 10
Near Tucumcari, New Mexico, 3 weathermen comparing notes regarding 2 strange objects, reported that one soared through the sky, changing from white to red to green and back to white, disappearing 22 minutes after first sighted. A second object appeared much smaller, also changed colour and disappeared in about an hour.

1950 - On January 11
"The Flying Saucer", a movie, by Film Classics of Columbia Productions was beginning its round of American movie theatres. It suggested that an inventor had developed a flying saucer at his workshop home near the Taku glacier near Juneau, Alaska. The plot shows a race between the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union intelligence agents to find the saucer and its inventor.

As normal media disinformation, the movie suggests that the flying saucers are of human origin, that the U.S.S.R. agents are ruthless, deceptive, and powerful and that the U.S.A. agents are independent, drug-dependent humanitarians interested more in the safety of persons than in the acquisition of powerful technologies. Intended or not, such disinformation fed the Cold War between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. while deflecting public interest away from the real questions of where the UFOs came from, what their purpose was, and whether they presented a threat or not. Mikel Conrad was the producer, director, writer and star of the movie.

1950 - One night in January
Senator Joseph McCarthy, who was 2/3rds of the way through his elected term, was thinking hard about reelection as he dined with some acquaintances. McCarthy confessed that he needed an issue on which to base his reelection. Father Edmund Walsh suggested, "How about Communism?" McCarthy accepted the idea at once. It was an idea that had proven successful in the past. Immediately, his perspective became that the government was full of Communists and that he would "hammer them."

In February, McCarthy, addressing 300 Republican women would brandish a paper on which he allegedly had the names of 205 Communist sympathizers in the State Department. It became a signature of his approach. Several speaking engagements later, the list dropped to 57 names. He would often arrive a few minutes late to heighten the anticipation. He would enter with a flag-carrying honour guard and have everyone cite the Pledge of Allegiance. A carnival atmosphere would have been encouraged with placards, badges and songs proclaiming McCarthy as the idol of the people. He would step forward, carrying a bulging briefcase, into which he would delve during his speech for "documentation", taking his time to search conscientiously, before standing up and waving a piece of paper, announcing, "I hold in my hand proof." His proof was rarely seen by anyone else. His admirers grew as he reflected the anti-government distrust which some Americans held.

McCarthy was advised to "keep talking and if one case doesn't work out proceed with another", by Taft.
Eventually, McCarthy's Communist sympathizer's list dwindled to one. At that point he asserted that FBI reports linked Owen Lattimore, a Western authority on Mongolia, to Communism. FBI reports had not been open to the public before but on this occasion, J. Edgar Hoover reviewed the reports on Lattimore and reported to Congress that there was nothing to support the allegations of McCarthy. Then McCarthy hired a witness, who had never met Lattimore, to testify that Lattimore was a Communist agent. Other witnesses, of suspect character were brought forward. By January, 1951, McCarthy had defamed and placed under suspicion many people, most of whom were innocent. The media provided, in their usual fashion, full coverage of the gruesome rhetoric of the accusations and very little if any of the later discovered truth which exonerated most of the victims. The lives and careers of many were ruined for little more than the sale of newspapers and the media popularity of a politician. He was a darling of the Hearst press.

To many who saw the McCarthy performance at close range, he was not a fanatic at all; he seemed to know that he was performing and expected them to recognize - and accept - it. To him it was all part of the political game, it was his livelihood - and he would use whatever means were necessary to succeed in getting attention and popularity - votes. In person, the Senator was belching, balding, heavy-drinking, poker-playing, race-going, dishevelled, and a woman-pawing slob. He was a walking caricature of all the masculine virtues celebrated on toilet walls. He loved to be considered tough and ruthless. There were persistent, unsubstantiated rumours that he was a homosexual. He married late in life, and his wife did not bear him a child; their child was adopted. Richard Rovere noted, "there was no doubt that he was full of bodily afflictions commonly associated with an afflicted psyche. He was a mass of allergies. His hands trembled incessantly. His stomach ailments were unending ... He had bursitis, troubled sinuses and was accident prone."

He had been shy since childhood, and despite his fame and brash manner, he remained nervous with people he did not know well. He found it impossible to sit for long, to concentrate his mind for long, or to pursue a complicated line of thought. He bolted his food and gulped his drinks. He also had a nervous twitch which set his head bobbing uncontrollably. Even so, his shrewdness, his daring, his willpower - completed a caricature which American media could sell - with disgust to some, with humour to others, and with alarm to those who listened out of fear rather than from respect. Politicians and government bureaucrats felt the most fear, for he always put them on the defense with the threat that he would target them for suspicion, or, for incompetence in allowing a threat to build against national security. Many opted to "humour" him by supporting restrictions on individual freedoms and acknowledging unsupported accusations.

Instead of preempting a Red scare Truman's actions encouraged one.
If there was not a serious problem of Communists-in-government, why screen millions of people for loyalty and security? The hunt for subversives was favoured with the Presidential seal. Under the program authorized by Executive Order 9835, 4.75 million people were fingerprinted and subjected to FBI file checks. Full-investigations were made on 26,000 people. Charges of disloyalty were brought against 9,000. Only 1 in 3 of these demanded a hearing; the rest quietly backed away in the shadow of government power. The standards employed, always vague, became increasingly subjective in what had become an American "kangaroo court" process. Even persons cleared of the charges found themselves discharged from their jobs. Hundreds of others chose to resign rather than go through another round of demeaning hearings.

The government turned to the use of the polygraph as a means of testing applicants for government jobs. Unfortunately, the operators used to give the tests were poorly trained, not screened themselves, and the equipment and testing procedure was still at a stage of experimental efficiency. Despite tens of thousands of lie detection tests and tens of thousands of full-field investigations, the Loyalty-Security program did not unearth a single spy.

What the President and senior elements of the military, scientific and intelligence field knew,
presumed, and kept secret from those who depended on their judgement was the basis for such
paranoia through the period 1947 to 1954.  Some of these factors were as follows:

1. Humanity considers all of the inventions and insights which INDIVIDUAL 
   members contribute to be entirely a factor of genetic capability
   expressed through intellectual prowess.  In reality, most such "advances"
   are the result of persistent attempts by average intelligence persons
   who are open-minded and humble in approach - to find a solution to a
   factor which causes concern or anxiety; the remainder, are "inserted" 
   into the minds of individual humans by spaceperson entities through a
   complex of means including: walk-ins, visualizations, mental telepathy.

   Humanity presumes, therefore, particularly at the political level, that
   certain human cultures should be more successful at "creativity" than
   others.  Thus, if others match your "progress" or supersede it, the only
   meaning possible is that they have stolen the basic information from you. 
   The possibility of parallel development of science and technology in
   different human cultures, encouraged by an "external" force is considered
   implausible.


2. The fabrication and use of the atomic bomb in competition to German and 
   Soviet cultural approaches, and, the assumption that such a weapon
   could provide the Ultimate Weapon of Fear such that all other
   cultures and political systems would surrender and become dependent
   to the winner, which assumed that it had been divinely chosen by its
   better-than-the-others approach, led to the expectation that other
   nations would now follow the example, cultural and economic, set by
   the USA.

   This did not happen and the result led to confusion, hurt pride and
   paranoia expressed against other nations which continued to express
   their individual natures.  The bomb-god chosen by the Americans
   never deserved its place of reverence.  Fear has never encouraged
   humans, over the long-term to deny their freedom and a reasonable
   lifestyle in return for the uncertainty of an imposed dependency. 
   The sense of lack of control felt by the American controlling
   leadership, in the face of expected reverence suggested that "evil"
   was working against them.  How could they cope with that evil and
   what was it?


3. The finding of foreign technology much superior to any known human
   human technology accompanied by bodies of spacepersons who were not
   human raised fears that another culture would obtain it and use it
   to their (military-political) advantage before the USA.  These
   fears were raised when it was discovered that most of the advanced
   technology could not be reverse-engineered or would only be made
   available if the recipient chose a more spiritual lifestyle and rid
   themselves of armaments.  Human military leaders are taught to
   distrust any foreign or adversarial entity; as political leaders
   they have given a human history of discord and war: what they have
   been trained to work with.

1950 - On January 16
In a Classified USAF Staff Message the following was noted:

"At a radar station near New Mexico a person reported seeing 2 saucer-shaped objects.
One was badly damaged and the other was almost perfectly intact.
Description: Each consisted of 2 parts, a cockpit or cabin about 6 ft. diam.; a ring approx. 18 ft. across and 2 ft. thick surrounding the cabin, resembling aluminum, but the actual metal has defied analysis by the Dearborne Plant. 2 crew members in the damaged ship were charred but in the undamaged ship, 2 crew members were perfectly preserved."

1950 - On January 22
Lt. Smith, a U.S. Navy patrol plane pilot, was on a routine security flight over Alaska at 2.40 am.
He was flying out of the Kodiak base, an island base to the south of the Bering Sea. His radar detected an object 20 miles to the north; it vanished before he could get a visual sighting. He continued to closely monitor his scope and 8 minutes later saw the same or a different object south of Kodiak by his instruments. If it had been the same object it would have had to change positions at a minimum speed of 225 mph.

After being alerted, the radar officer at Kodiak, A.L.C. Gaskey, reported that his screen was being scrambled in a way he had never experienced before. It was as if some high-powered electronics were interfering with the radar beam, making it difficult to follow the course of the UFO.

Meanwhile, the USS Tillamock, was moored south of Kodiak.
Quarter Master Morgan was standing guard on deck and observed 'a very fast moving red glow light, which appeared to be of exhaust nature, seemed to come from the south-east, moved clockwise in a large circle in the direction of, and around, Kodiak, and returned out in a generally south-east direction."

Morgan called MMC Carver, the other watch officer, who also saw the object and described it as 'a large ball of orange fire'. No sound was heard from the object. The UFO was moving so fast that it was actually leaving a streak on Smith's radar screen. It was estimated to be moving at a speed of 1800 mph. Described as "two orange lights rotating about a common centre like two jet aircraft making slow rolls in tight formation."

Suddenly the scope detected a new target 5 miles away and moving exceptionally fast.
The object closed the five mile gap in just 10 seconds, suggesting a fantastic speed of 1800 mph. Smith turned and tried to pursue the object but it was too maneuverable to follow. Suddenly, the object turned and headed straight for Smith's aircraft. He 'considered this to be a highly threatening gesture' and switched off all his lights to make the plane less of a target. The object flew past and disappeared to the south-east within four minutes.

No fewer than 36 copies of the detailed report were sent to various security agencies; none were ever released or published. This summary was found in the FBI copy in 1975, missing much information, plus a Blue Book copy.

1950 - On January 22,
Alger Hiss was convicted of perjury and of having sold documents to a Communist agent.
Acheson, as a favour to Alger's brother who was his law partner had helped Hiss prepare his defense. Hiss had clerked for Justice Holmes, an important credential for Acheson. Additionally, Acheson felt that the only Christian direction to take was not to turn his back on Hiss, even as many were doing in this MaCarthy era of paranoia. The media and the Senate painted Acheson as a Communist supporter encouraging Acheson to take a harder line against the USSR than he might otherwise have done.

1950 - On January 27
Klaus Fuchs, then working in England, but formerly one of the members of the British team at Los Alamos, and one of the participants in the spring 1946 conference on the superbomb, confessed that he had engaged in espionage on behalf of the U.S.S.R. between 1942 and 1949.

1950 - On January 30
The Vietminh are politically recognized by the U.S.S.R.
They have tried, unsuccessfully, to be recognized and supported by the U.S.A. since 1945.
Instead, the U.S.A., going against earlier joint activities and support of Ho Chi Minh, have financially and politically changed their support to that of colonial France in exchange for the participation of France in NATO. While the U.S.A. administration has sold its morals away in order to maintain a trauma reaction obsession against the Soviet Union, Secretary of State Dean Acheson now insolently states that Ho has shown "his true colours as the mortal enemy of native independence in Indochina."

The acceptance by the Soviet Union is also interpreted as a "significant and ominous" portent of Stalin's intention to "accelerate the revolutionary process" in Southeast Asia. In reality, Ho's well-organized guerrillas had already won major gains against France. Indochina was now considered to be in the "most immediate danger", the U.S.A. State Department concluded. Indochina was considered intrinsically important for its raw materials, rice, and naval bases, but it was now becoming more significant to the American State Department due to their increasing belief in the "domino theory" which stated that once 1 Indochinese nation accepted Communism, the others would fall to or follow Communism.

1950 - On January 31
The final meeting of the Special Committee of the NSC was held to prepare a draft of their recommendations to the USA President later that day regarding the construction of the hydrogen bomb. Secretary of Defense, Louis Johnson would state publicly his position 4 days later:

"There is but one nation in the world tonight that would start a war that would engulf the world and bring the United States into war ... We want a military establishment sufficient to deter that aggressor and sufficient to kick the hell out of her if she doesn't stay deterred."

Secretary of State, Acheson, reacting to the perceived failures of his "cold warrior" negotiations and plans put forward earlier, was deeply pessimistic that any useful agreements could be achieved with Stalin in the matter of the Superbomb; he supported the view expressed by Johnson. Like some other humans traumatized by the apparent failure of a position of Idealistic thought style, he now fell into the less hopeful, more reactionary Realist decision-making style. Unless everyone was anxious at the table to make the plan work, it would fail. With this approach, in these types of situations, the human response becomes reduced to the most crude: force, coercion, anger, doubt, fear - Build the bomb!

George Kennan, a very distinguished and influential diplomat and scholar who had specialized in Soviet and Eastern European affairs, and was a prominent state department official had submitted his resignation shortly after January 20, at which time he had given a memorandum supporting his position that he believed all efforts possible for an agreement against the development of atomic weapons internationally should be explored before proceeding with the development of the hydrogen bomb.

AEC chairman David Lilienthal, who was less obsessive and aggressive in attitude than Acheson and Johnson did not oppose the written recommendation supporting the development. He did, however, meet with the President in the afternoon and verbally expressed his "grave reservations" about the course recommended.

1950 - On January 31
U.S.A. President Harry Truman, to decide on the question of development of the hydrogen bomb, met with Secretary of State Dean Acheson, Defense Secretary Louis Johnson and AEC Chairman David Lilienthal. Lilienthal was negative; however, the others expressed concern that the Soviet Union had developed a nuclear bomb and that to begin a hydrogen bomb program might encourage likewise from the U.S.S.R., whereas to wait might enable the U.S.S.R. to gain superiority. Overall, the reports were negative. Several days before this, Klaus Fuchs confessed to the treason of passing American secrets to the Soviet Union. Later that day Truman authorized the program and directed it to proceed.

Truman had assessed the situation prior to the targeting of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and then made a leadership decision; he did here also. He was sensitive to the suggestion that anyone would bully him and suggestions that Joseph Stalin was a bully was enough for him to decide to hit the mark first. Winston Churchill had gathered that quickly from his conversations with Truman in April, 1945. Since the Berlin Blockade in 1948, Truman had promised Churchill, and spoken openly, in support of using nuclear weapons to protect "the fate of the democracies of the world."

In justifying the decision to go ahead with the development of the hydrogen bomb, Truman announced:

"It is part of my responsibility as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces to see to it that our country is able to defend itself against any possible aggressor. Accordingly, I have directed the Atomic Energy Commission to continue its work on all forms of atomic weapons, including the so-called hydrogen or superbomb."

Fuchs would receive his full acknowledgement in a Soviet television program aired in 1993 in which it was stated that

"Klaus Fuchs, a talented physicist who had emigrated from fascist Germany (to Britain and then to the U.S.A.), handed over extremely valuable information to Soviet intelligence. Thanks to him, our country was able to speed up its own (nuclear bomb development) program by at least two years."

Truman had been angered for some time by the continuing obstinacy, deception and aggressiveness of Joseph Stalin who, in the U.S.S.R., had only learned from his long personal experience that security only comes from control and control comes from defeating all who are not already subservient. Stalin was angered by statements made by the western leaders which he understood to mean that the imperialistic path they had followed for years in expanding the British, French, and American Empires was Ok but because he was a slav, such freedoms were above the level of a Russian leader. Stalin also saw the use of atomic weapons against Japan by the Americans as treachery, since the Japanese had requested peace negotiations.

Truman was contacted in 1948 by the GRAYS, following the discovery of several crashed UFOs. In one, 16 Grays had been found along with what appeared to be a collection of human arms and legs. Two of the Grays survived the crash and offered to share some aspects of their technology in return for restricted experimentation on humans. Further contact with the GRAY forces was provided with minimum awareness beyond MJ-12 and the President. Truman "knew" the Superbomb could be developed, believed that the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombs had brought peace, and on that basis believed that development of and use of the hydrogen bomb would forever put order in the world by forcing the bullies to stay out of the way of decent folk. The GRAYS major motivation was to learn how to survive on the Earth and how to use human weaknesses to enslave or eradicate humans, much as Hitler had tried to eradicate the Jews.

1950 - On January 31
A UFO resembling a rocket ship without wings was observed to appear out of a thunderhead of clouds to narrowly miss an Eastern Airlines flight before disappearing into another cloud. It was travelling at approx. 2700 mph and no sound or air disturbance was perceived. Noted in an office Memo sent to the Director FBI, SAC, San Antonio, it was also stated that over the previous 2 months the UFO sightings appeared to be concentrated near Los Alamos, New Mexico. This type of UFO had been sighted near Los Alamos on January 6, 1949.

1950 - On February 2
Klaus Fuchs, was arraigned in Britain on charges of treason.
He had known much of what had gone on at Los Alamos. Fuchs confessed to having passed everything about the atomic bomb plus what was known of the thermonuclear question to the U.S.S.R. This finding contributed to acceptance of a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb. By one way or another, the U.S.S.R. knew about the scheduled Trinity tests before they took place, had the blueprints of the uranium-235 and plutonium bombs within a month of the end of the war and were able to almost parallel the U.S.A. program. Fuchs had joined the German Communist part in 1932 at age 21. He had fled to England the next year to escape harassment from the Nazis. From there he went to Canada and joined the British atomic energy program, working with the Canadians in 1942. When German physicist Rudolph Peirels went to Los Alamos, Fuchs was included as part of the Roosevelt-Churchill agreement to have scientists from Britain and the U.S.A. work together.

These developments and others were a source of considerable frustration to both the GRAYs and the RUSTs. The former found humans confusing in that members of one group would apparently, without detection, be capable of changing loyalties. This encouraged them to mandate that they would only work with individuals who had the political and military authority they desired and such men had to be fanatical in their motivations and capable of ruthlessness in their actions. On the other hand, the RUSTs were disheartened by the seemingly increased lowering of human spirituality with its expanding demonstrations of greed for power, money, comfort and security, often associated with pride, fear, and paranoia, and supported by deception (playing the game). They grieved for the direction humanity seemed determine to head in, yet continued to try and avert man-made disasters as much as possible.

1950 - On February 2
Senator Brian McMahon stated publicly:

"In my judgement, a failure to press ahead with the hydrogen bomb might well mean unconditional surrendering in advance - by the United States to alien forces of evil."

1950 - At the beginning of February
U.S.A. President Harry Truman orders the Savannah River Plant in Georgia State to be built.
It will be the first nuclear plant constructed after the end of WWII and is built to produce tritium from heavy water and natural uranium for use in the hydrogen bomb development program. It costs $200 million. The Du Pont Corp. builds and runs it at the request of the government. To augment supplies of heavy water from Flint, British Columbia, Canada and from Norway, the Savannah plant also has facilities to produce heavy water by catalytic means.

1950 - On February 16
France requests military aid from the U.S.A. for the war in Indochina.
Secretary of State Dean Acheson, in recommending a favourable reply, wrote in a memo to President Truman:

"The choice confronting the U.S. is to support the legal governments in Indochina or to face the extension of Communism over the remainder of the continental area of Southeast Asia and possibly westward."

1950 - During February
The Vietnamese colonial government of the Emperor of Annam, Bao Dai, politically formed by the returning French, is formally recognized and supported by the USA State Department. Under the agreement of February, 1950, the French retained control of Vietnam's treasury, commerce, and foreign and military polices leaving Bao Dai with little more than a 258 page complex document. The Truman administration also recognizes the free states of Laos and Cambodia and initiates plans to support them with economic and technical assistance. Apparently these states were not considered worthy of recognition until their "importance" was signified by the presumed interest of a competing political entity, the U.S.S.R. There is no information to support the paranoia that the Soviet Union was supporting the Vietminh at this time.

By the time the USA committed itself to the support of the French puppet government, the Vietminh controlled an estimated 2/3rds of the countryside and Vietminh regulars and guerrillas numbered in the hundreds of thousands. China was now providing sanctuary across their border and supplies of weapons. The French, while maintaining control of the cities, were losing 1,000 casualties a month; in 1949 they spent 167 million francs on the war. Even in areas under French control, the Vietminh spread terror after dark, sabotaging power plants and factories, tossing grenades into cafes and theaters, and brutally assassinating French officials.

1950 - Early in the year
G-2, the Far East Command Intelligence Section of the USA military had reported a number of developments in North Korea, which were dismissed by the military bureaucrats:

a) the displacement of families within 2 miles of the 38th parallel;
b) the closing of rail links between Sariwon and the 38th parallel;
c) the opening of a large small-arms ammunition factory in the North;
d) the recruitment of women for communications and nursing positions;
e) a hurried conscription into the military of teenaged boys;
f) a hurried conscription into the military of men with experience;
g) constant reports of invasion threats;
h) a rapid buildup of North Korean tanks next to the 38th parallel;
i) the formation of a new tank brigade with 180 medium & light tanks.

Rationalizations used to downplay the importance of such activities included: 

   1. It was neither economically nor militarily feasible;
   2. Families left the region to avoid land mines laid along the border;
   3. There was a need to billet troops in the area of the 38th parallel;
   4. War-type regimentation was being enacted to frighten the people;
   5. It was impractical to farm in a region of border incidents;
   6. Threats were not a sign of intention, if made too often.

Many of these activities mirrored those carried out by the Germans prior to WWII.

1950 - During February
An Executive Special Study Group was set up to report to the USA President Truman to report on the "Use of Nuclear Weapons". It led to a report later known as NSC 68[2].

Secretary of State Acheson named Paul Nitze, director of the Policy Planning Staff (PPS) to be chairman of the study. Defense Department members included Major General James Burns, Secretary Johnson's assistant for foreign affairs; Major General Truman Landon, ret of the Office of the Joint Chiefs; Najeeb Halaby, Burn's deputy; Robert LeBaron, Chairman of the Military Liaison Committee (MLC).

Considerations expressed included:

a) USA (military) response to recent events was inadequate;
b) the Soviets were resolved to unify their power over their satellites;
c) the Soviet's desire for world anarchy would lead to confrontation;
d) across-the-board rearmament of the USA and its allies was desired;
e) rearmament could cost as much as $50 billion (in 1950 dollars).

1950 -
USA Navy military research project "HSL-1" was active until 1955, when it was cancelled.
It received $94,000,000. in funding and was believed to be an attempt to reverse engineer alien technology or activate alien assisted technology.

1950 - On February 18
Christian Sandersen, farmer, and his wife report sighting two flying saucers near Copenhagen, Denmark. One saucer passed over the roof of the farmhouse, and the other landed in the yard and in less than a minute disintegrated into thousands of flowing sparks. The saucer had a light shining through its apparently transparent bottom and flew a red ribbon.

1950 -
The CIA provided reports to the State and Defense Departments on the projected buildup of weapons in the USSR, which indicated a capacity 10 times over to put the USA out of war by 1955. Such estimates were seldom accurate and seldom verified.

1950 - On February 24
The USA Joint Chiefs of Staff requested that President Truman approve "all out development of hydrogen bombs and means for their production and delivery." Truman asked the Special Committee of the NSC for its advice again. Sumner Pike had by then replaced David Lilienthal. A week later, the Committee would agree "that preparations be made for the quantity production of the H-bomb without waiting for results of a test. On March 10, Truman issued the order.

1950 - On March 3
Ray L. Dimmick, sales manager for the Apache Powder Co. (dynamite) saw a flying disk land near Mexico City, Mexico. The pilot was killed in the crash and was described as 25 inches tall, with a big head and a small body. The object was 46 feet in diameter and powered by two motors. The disk appeared to be constructed of aluminum. Mexican authorities roped off the area and then removed the wreckage to a military installation.

Several days later several American newspapers would carry the story only to be superseded by a declaration from a Dr. Vallarta, noted to be Mexico's leading nuclear scientist, stating that the witnesses were viewing balloons released by the U.S. weather stations along the border. Is the U.S.A. using 2 foot humanoids to pilot their weather balloons?

1950 - In the early 1950s
Wilhelm Reich designed the "orgone blanket" as a cheaper more portable device than his "orgone accumulator". For less serious illnesses, it was made of steel wool and either wool, silk, or cotton - alternately layered - for 4 or 5 layers of each, and sewn into a 2 by 3 foot size. These were placed over the body and were to assist the person's recovery of health by drawing orgone life energy into the person to strengthen their defense against disease or illness.

He had also devised an "orgone shooter", which consisted of an orgone accumulator into the top of which one end of a BX cable had been inserted with the opposite end being connected to a funnel. The funnel directed the orgone energy coming from the box to the physical site of an injury, usually a cut or a burn.

He began experimenting with the potential for orgone energy to limit or negate nuclear energy. In his oranur experiment he observed that the nuclear energy excited the orgone, making it spread to much greater distances and affecting both rocks and weather. By May, By May, 1952, dark clouds began to drift over the area of his home-research-therapy centre and seemed to hang there. The beginning of industrial smog in the area, perhaps combined with nuclear test fallout; he termed them DOR, for "dangerous orgone".

The reaction of a geiger counter to their presence and passing was noticeably large and variable.
Reich developed a "cloudbuster" to respond to the situation. By pointing hollow telescoping metal tubes at the clouds, with the lower end connected to water or moist earth by a BX cable, he showed that the clouds could be dispersed or diminished. By the fall, he had built two cloudbusters for the purpose of rainmaking in dry areas. These were successful in Arizona.

1950 - On March 7
Near Gering, Nebraska, U.S.A., a blazing white light which flashed across the sky was reported.
The object was very bright and could not be watched continuously without hurting the eyes. Appearing to be 100 feet in altitude and travelling fast, it first looked flat and wide, then hour-glass shaped, and then round. It was estimated to be 25 feet in radius.

1950 - On March 8
Dr. Gee, a pseudonym for a magnetic energy scientist who had recently retired from employment as a scientist with the U.S. military gave a speech to 350 students at the University of Denver. The 50 minute seminar was the first public notice by an excellent scientist to reveal that 4 flying saucers had been captured by the U.S. military, most with dead bodies of spacebeings inside, and that the motive power was a form of magnetic propulsion. Also revealed was the possibility that covert science development in the magnetic propulsion field had been carried on under great secrecy since 1942, in the U.S.A., at a cost of billions of dollars.

The faculty and students were pledged not to publicize what they had heard but to evaluate it for what it was worth to them as science students. One or more of the attendees mentioned it to local newspapers, and the story spread for a short time. The U.S.A.F. refused any comment on the statements, gradually tried to discredit the scientist by methods of disinformation, and eventually the story died.

1950 - On March 9
Roy L. Dimmick, a Los Angeles sales manager for the Apache Powder Company, reported to a Los Angeles newspaper his experiences in Mexico: the wreckage of a flying saucer picked up near Mexico City. It had a dead pilot inside. The craft measured 46 feet across; the pilot was 23 inches in height. American military personnel had viewed the object and "for military security reasons the entire matter has been kept very hush-hush." The following day, after the military had "debriefed" Dimmick, the report changed from Dimmick suggesting that he didn't know what he was talking about. Dimmick expressed frustration at the demands of the military, saying "I think the government ought to make its position clear. If it doesn't want to discuss these things for reasons of security, why not say so?"

1950 - On March 14
Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper, professor of astronomy at the University of Chicago, speculates that any little Martian who steps out of a flying saucer space ship will be either an intellectual insect or an even more incredible vegetable creature. Dr. Kuiper states further that Mars is composed of carbon dioxide and there is absolutely no oxygen in the atmosphere; hence, no form of life such as we know it. There may be forms of insect life, it is speculated.

1950 - On March 14
Hundreds of witnesses in Mexico City observe 4 flying saucers over the city and another over Monterrey, 350 miles north. A meteorologist calculates their altitude as being between 35,000 and 40,000 feet. Trained aircraft observers would confirm the reports tomorrow.

1950 - By March 18
Hundreds of witnesses in Farmington, New Mexico had see objects resembling flying disks over the past 3 days resulting in more than half of the 5,000 residents of this northwestern New Mexico oil town declaring that they were "absolutely convinced that flying saucers exits. On each of the 3 days, the arrival of the objects was reported between 11.00 A.M. and noon. The community is 110 miles northwest of the huge Los Alamos atomic installation. One witness estimated the speed of the objects at about 1,000 miles an hour and the size of the objects as about twice the size of a B-29 aircraft. Hundreds of such objects were viewed. All of the saucers except one were silvery in colour and appeared very high in altitude. One red-hued saucer-shaped object appeared to be flying much lower than the others.

1950 - On March 22
An FBI MEMO described 3 saucers recovered in New Mexico:

"Description: Circular with raised centres, approx. 50 ft. diam. Each one occupied by 3 bodies, only 3 ft. tall, dressed in metallic suit, tapered like high-speed flyers. It is believed that a very high powered Radar Station interfered with their control mechanisms, causing them to crash."

1950 - On March 22
Captain Jack Adams and First Officer G.W. Anderson, veteran pilots, reported an aircraft over Arkansas, moving with terrific speed and possessed of a strange, strong blue-white light, which blinked rapidly on top of the object. They were sure that it was not a jet.

1950 - On March 22
The Dept. of Transport, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada announced plans to build and test a "free energy geomagnetic engine". It was also noted that "Dr. Vannevar Bush heads Highest Secret saucer research group in the U.S.A."

1950 - On March 22
Hundreds of people witnessed a saucer-like object over Idyllwild, California, while watching exhaust trails from a jet aircraft. The disk was estimated to be flying at 30,000 feet and moving northward.

1950 - On March 23
Bill Elder and Bob O'Hara from the U.S.A. Air Force Reserve Training Center at Long Beach, California, saw 8 elliptical shaped objects about 100 feet in diameter at an altitude of 2,000 feet.

1950 - On March 27
Bertram A. Totten, clerk at the Congressional Library, saw an aluminum-coloured disk about 40 feet in diameter and 10 feet thick, while flying over Fairfax county on the outskirts of Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

1950 - On March 31
Capt. Jack Adams and G.W. Anderson Jr., Chicago and Southern Airlines pilots, reported sighting a UFO near Little Rock, Arkansas.

1950 - On March 31
A UFO radio transmitter was declared to be in the possession of a person in Denver, Colorado, in a memo to the Director, FBI.

1950 - On April 7
Willy Ley, world renown authority on rockets and flight above the stratosphere, said in Montvale, New Jersey that he firmly believed that the flying saucers that had been winging across the U.S.A. were not rocket propelled and that the U.S.A. might have learned how to send such disks over the nation in controlled flight. He gave three possibilities: 1) They were a U.S. military secret, 1) They were the secret of some foreign power, or 3) The flying saucers were from another planet. Ley supported the 1st possibility.

1950 - On April 10
P.E. Patchin of Lindsborg, said he saw a gray-white, clam-shaped object streaking across the sky near Lindsborg. The object was visible to him for about 5-1/3rd miles. It made no noise, and according to Patchin's mathematical calculations, it was heading southwest at about 650 mph and at an altitude of 2 miles.

1950 - On April 10
7 persons saw a chrome-like flying saucer over Monterey, California.
It was cruising at a high rate of speed, was 30 feet in diameter and was at an altitude of approximately 4,000 feet.

1950 - During April
U.S.A. National Security Council Directive 68 (NSC-68) was issued after 4 months of discussion.
It was a reaction to the USSR test of a nuclear warhead in August, 1949, years ahead of USA expectations. Analysts in the State Department, particularly Paul Nitze, studied alternatives: withdrawal of all American troops back to the mainland; a preventive war; or a rapid expansion of American assistance to allied nations. The last was chosen as a means of permitting the United States to deal with the Soviets from a position of strength.

The assumption was that no other deterrent would convince the Soviets that the USA was serious about global defense. The anticipated costs were awesome. The Truman administration's budget for fiscal 1950 was slightly more than $13 billion. NSC 68 urged an increase to $50 billion annually (in 1950 dollars), about 20% of the gross national product (GNP). It foresaw a "danger period" of 4 years before the USA and allied nations could come to full strength. And it accepted unhesitatingly the vision of a Soviet Union bent on world domination, through a combination of direct aggression and gradual subversion.

The language of the 151-page document would remain Top Secret until 1975.
It transformed the USA into a warfare state and the continuing use of Presidential authority over the state through NSC studies and Executive Orders contributed to a change from a democratic oligarchy to a moderated dictatorship. It essentially declared the Cold War against the U.S.S.R. It proclaimed that the U.S.A. was the greatest power in the Free World and had moral, political, and ideological imperatives to uphold free institutions and free countries worldwide.

The directive estimated that the Soviet Union devoted 13.8 % of its gross national product to defense, while America devoted only 6-7%. "The Kremlin is inescapably militant because it possess and is possessed by a world-wide revolutionary movement, because it is the inheritor of Russian imperialism, and because it is a totalitarian dictatorship ... It is quite clear from Soviet theory and practice that the Kremlin seeks to bring the free world under its domination by the methods of the cold war." In the opinion of the Security Council, the Soviet Union had "mortally challenged" the United States and sought its destruction. In its view, America could afford to spend 20% of its GNP for defense and security purposes.

The CIA was the agency of this commitment.
Backed by an across the board agreement on the need to engage the Soviet Union on all levels, the CIA would become an elite organization. The CIA's suggestive independent support for policies involving military interests came to carry considerable weight in government and Congress because of its estimate and analytical functions. Once it became apparent that the Soviet Union was a long-term enemy, the governing elite changed many of its basic attitudes, including those it held toward government bureaucracies. Congressional attitudes also changed, and instead of being reluctant to maintain a large navy and a tiny army, an enthusiastic Congress was now willing to support an enormous military establishment with a host of ancillary programs. An involvement at this stage was only a guarantee of more opportunity in the future.

Of particular note here is the reality that the work of any analyst is subject to experience in the field and an awareness of practicalities. In intelligence there can be much spurious information collected which suggests much yet means nothing. Most CIA analysts were academic theorists whose excitement and attention was more likely to be held by suggesting - even showing - that developments were occurring that demanded and could be impacted by their existence. In the reverse, if no threat was "discovered", there was no need to expand their departments, increase their staff, raise their pay, revere their position and feel comfortable about their careers and future. Intelligence work could allow a desk clerk to become an armchair traveller, a spy, a courier, an advisor to the government executive, a respected scientist doing patriotic work for one's country, or, an armchair soldier of fortune. Beyond all this, and spreading to the executives in the military and intelligence networks, there was a real possibility that without a national threat there would be no future for them.

On April 12, Truman would refer the report to the NSC (which would renumber it NSC 68).
Paul Nitze and Richard Bissell helped prepare the report. Paul Nitze would later serve as assistant secretary of defense for International Security Affairs, secretary of the Navy, deputy secretary of Defense in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, and as a member of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) negotiations during the Nixon administration. Richard Bissell later became a deputy director of the CIA where he was deeply involved in the U-2 program, the reconnaissance satellite program, and the planning of the Bay of Pigs.

By mid-1952, Truman would ask Dean Acheson, Robert Lovett and Averill Harriman to review the matter again and prepare a paper for the next administration. After study, it was assigned NSC 141 and submitted to Eisenhower - who rejected it on the basis of its being too costly.

The true test of humanity would be rather the possibility for international trust, aid and agreement could happen between politicians with excellent communication skills representing huge populations, OR, would average persons thrust into leadership roles, use past experiences, fears, anger, pride, greed and weakness to convey their authority to the industrial-military-intelligence groups. Would humanity try to live up to the spiritual ideals brought to it by the "gods" or would it do as it had always done since it became "civilized"? BOTH the USA and the USSR would choose the latter.

1950 - In mid-April
Soviet fighter jets shot down a USA Navy plane flying over the Baltic Sea, killing a crew of 10.

1950 - On April 20
Everett Fletcher, a rancher near Douglas, Wyoming, sighted a ball in the skies 32 miles north of Douglas and followed it to the ground. Stamped on a name plate was: "this scientific apparatus is the joint property of the U.S. Navy and the University of Minnesota. Made in Lexington, Kentucky." A telephone call to Minneapolis resulted in the reply that the object was a Navy instrument used for measuring cosmic rays. A Naval official warned: "Don't open it; ship it here immediately, but don't touch it."

1950 - On April 22
Jack Robertson, 28, a pharmacist near Lufkin, Texas, was driving along highway 94, west of the town. He felt something following him so he stopped and got out of his car. An object approached, hovered 200 feet over him, turned a 50-degree angle and speeded off, dropping sparks as it climbed. It whirled like a flying saucer. Five minutes later, his face had a burning feeling.

1950 - On April 26
Paul J. Larson, director of the Office of Civilian Mobilization of the National Security Resources Board stated: "I believe it is essential that, insofar as it is possible, all of us tell the same story."

Does this mean "full disclosure" or "full deception"?
Anything else would be impossible to mandate, regulate, or enforce.

1950 - On April 27
A.W. Jay, Continental Oil Co. Superintendent, his wife, daughter and 4 other persons witnessed a glowing object flash across the sky over the oil town of Rangely, in northwest Colorado. Mr. and Mrs. Glen Holden saw one 50 to 75 feet away. It was circular and appeared to be covered with a "phosphorescent metallic paint". Also, Ronnie Grisdale and Carley Cook, oil field workers, reported a "strange glow which seemed to hang in the sky." By their reports, one flew fast, one flew low, one stood still.

1950 - On April 27
Capt. Robert Adickes and Robert F. Manning, Trans-World Airlines pilots, reported sighting a red disk which paced their plane near South Bend, Indiana.

1950 - On May 8
The U.S.A. announced that it would provide economic and military aid to the French in Indochina, beginning with a grant of $10-million.

1950 - On May 11
Paul Trent and his wife were at their farm, close by the Salmon River Highway, about 10 miles SW of McMinnville, Oregon , in the early evening, when Mrs. Trent saw a disc-shaped object moving westward in the sky. She called her husband from the house, who when he saw it ran to their car, got his camera, and took a picture of the object. It was tilted a little as it approached and the Trent's noticed a "breeze" as the object tilted before flying overhead. It made no noise, left no vapour trail or smoke, was estimated to be between 20 to 30 feet in diameter, and appeared to move without undulating or spinning. The picture detailed an object which looked like an upside-down soup plate with a small conical structure in the middle on the top.

The Trents sought no publicity, fearing "trouble with the government" and it was 17 years before a USAF Condon Committee officer interviewed them. After rigorous study, the Committee reported that the photos were genuine and the object unidentified. The image was clear, there was no evidence of the object having been suspended, and the absence of blurring was used as a justification that it was not a picture of an object thrown into the air. These photos would become classic examples of UFOs.

1950 -
Robert Lovett, a banker, who had built an Air Force from scratch as Hitler was rolling through Europe, sided with Nitze in promoting the view that the USA should never again be unprepared and that the cold war was actually one of mortal conflict between Communism and American Freedom. With Nitze, he believed that the USA could do anything, regardless of cost, if deficit financing were used together with the best marketing techniques.

1950 -
Secretary of State Acheson, NATO Commander Eisenhower, Defense Secretary Lovett and Mutual Security Administrator Harriman, in the early 1950's, switch USA foreign policy emphasis from rebuilding Europe to rearming the Western Alliance. They introduced NSC-68 which argued that the Soviet policy was expansionist everywhere, that the Free World lacked the resources to thwart such expansion locally, and that the U.S. had to be able to fight small conventional wars anywhere while maintaining nuclear superiority. Some right-wing senators urged preemptive nuclear strikes against Moscow. Supporting a massive arms buildup seemed middle-of-the-road, as a political position.

1950 - On May 29
Capt. William T. Sperry, an American Airlines pilot, sighted a UFO near Washington, D.C.

1950 -
The U.S.A. grants $10 million in military aid to France to assist in the pacification of South Vietnam.

1950 - On June 10
A Meeting to Discuss Unification was proposed by the North Koreans, such that they would send 3 representatives of the Fatherland Front to the frontier to meet with any South Korean leaders. Radio Pyongyang held out promises of free elections, unity and land reform. John P. Gaillard of the UN Commission on Korea was sent to the border to pick up the North Korean documents and to deliver copies of the UN General Assembly resolutions on unification. When he arrived, after passing through an active warfront, Gaillard received the North Korean documents but the UN documents were refused. On returning to Seoul, the papers were found to be nothing more than a transcript of old Radio Pyongyang broadcasts. The North Koreans had hoped to meet with the South Korean leaders, and execute them.

1950 - On June 11, early in the morning
Radio Pyongyang announced that since the "pro-Japanese imperialist Rhee regime" had not permitted any of its officials to come to North Korea, as invited, the 3 Fatherland representatives would cross into South Korea that morning. They did, and were arrested by ROK troops, who threatened to have the 3 court-martialled and shot immediately. Harold J. Noble of the USA embassy argued that shooting the men would only make them martyrs and suggested interrogating them.

Under questionning, the 3 North Koreans proved to be low-level bureaucrats who acted solely as messengers, knew little about the documents in their possession, and, had been sent as "expendables" in the expectation that they would be killed and contribute to more propaganda against the South.

Several days later, the 3 were given a jeep tour of Seoul, during which they saw that the city was not one of poverty and fear as described on Radio Pyongyang. Voluntarily, they recorded radio broadcasts describing the relative comfort of life in South Korea. They also told the ROK and USA Army Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) that the "Fatherland Front" was a propaganda gimmick intended to unsettle the South. Then one of the three North Koreans, a supposed former sergeant in the North Korean People's Army (NKPA) volunteered that he knew of "no significant military moves" expected to soon result in an invasion of the South. Communist counter-intelligence agents had fooled the USA counterintelligence agents: the latter had believed them.

1950 - On June 15
The Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG) of 472 USA officers and men advised their superiors, as they had done from March, that the Republic of Korea (ROK) combat units were ill equipped and ill-prepared. Supplies available for ROK units were on a "bare subsistence basis." It stated that 15% of the army's weapons and 35% of its vehicles were non-operational. With the equipment in supply, the ROK Army could be expected to defend itself no longer than 15 days. "Korea is threatened with the same disaster which befell China."

1950 - On June 18
The North Korean People's Army (NKPA) issued orders to "Prepare to Invade South Korea".

1950 - On June 20
Dean Rusk, the USA assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern Affairs, testified before the House Foreign Affairs Committee:

"We see no present intention that the people across the border (in North Korea) have any intention of fighting a major war for that purpose (to seize the South)."

1950 - In June
Hans V. Tofte went to Fort Riley, Kansas for 2-weeks active duty training as a lieutenant colonel in the army reserve. He was a Danish-American with some familiarity with Korea and China, and who had intelligence experience during WWII, had married an American and settled into Mason City, Iowa. Since the end of WWII, the CIA had been trying to persuade Tofte to work for them. He had consistently declined them until the next War. In a matter of days after the war began, Tofte was working for the CIA; it was the first time the CIA would be active in a hot war. Tofte was sent to Tokyo to set up a Far East CIA office big enough to handle 1000 people. He insisted on an agency rank equivalent to major general so that he would have equal authority as Willoughby of G-2. If he was going to put his life on the line, he wanted to have an uncompromised ability to make the decisions concerned.

1950 - On June 24
15-day Leaves were authorized for enlisted men from farming communities by the commanders of the Republic of Korea military. This would enable them to go home and work in the rice paddies at this early part of the monsoon season.

1950 - On June 25
North Korea invaded South Korea along Charwan-Uijongbu-Seoul, a route through a broad valley which invaders had used for centuries. 28,000 North Koreans, supported by 150 Russian-made T-34 low-profile, heavy-armoured tanks, artillery, mortors, and heavy machine-guns opposed an ROK strength of 6,000 troops with no tanks and inadequate arms. Other strikes were being made on the Ongjin Peninsula, the central city of Chunchon, and down the coast highway along the Sea of Japan.

Stalin did not take the initiative, but agreed, as did Mao Tse-Tung, to participate at the urging of North Korea's dictator Kim Il Sung. The North Korean People's Army (NKPA) was dominated by 3,000 Soviet officers and advisors. The Soviets had given the NKPA heavy tanks, heavy artillery, self-propelled guns, and 180 aircraft, of which 110 were combat fighter planes and bombers. The end of the Chinese Civil War contributed 29,500 combat-hardened Korean soldiers to the NKPA, bringing their total now to 135,000 soldiers; the South Koreans had 64,697 poorly trained and poorly equipped forces.

USA President Truman had gone home to Missouri for the weekend.
Those on hand at the Pentagon did little more than note the information from media reports.
Eventually, Truman was notified; the UN Security Council was notified to meet; MacArthur was "authorized and directed" to use his forces and the Seventh Fleet from Japan to establish a protective cordon around Seoul, Kimpo Airport, and Inchon Harbor to ensure safe evacuation of USA dependents.

Washington was quite unprepared in intelligence, and, consequently panicked.
The USA declared that any move by a Communist country against another nation was a move against the USA.
This made no allowance for widely differing political structures between different so-called "communist" nations, such as China, the USSR, and Yugoslavia. This reaction also confirmed to all communist and independent nations that the long-term political intent of the USA was global control and the encirclement and containment of communist nations.

In projection, American politicians now greatly began to assume the "Domino Theory" which asserted that if one more state were to fall under communist political direction, either by military coercion, terrorist incitement, or, free election - other nations would quickly fall to the same fate. Thus, in paranoic reasoning, the "loss" of one state from a potential capital-based trading economy was conceptually equal to the loss of all such countries. Control of the Earth's capital-based economy was at stake. The future political direction of one country would be presumed to be the future of the world. The Korean people had the misfortune of occupying a land which sits between two far stronger, militarily, and historically belligerent, powers: Japan and China. Korea has been the battlefield for invading armies for more than 1,000 years.

The last American combat forces to leave South Korea after WWII had departed in July, 1949, EXCEPT for a 472-man training mission attached to the South Korean Army. In doing this, the USA had violated the spirit, if not the letter, of its agreement with the UN to withdraw ALL military forces. The Russians had publicly stated that they had withdrawn all of their forces from North Korea, no exceptions, in January, 1949. Yet 3,000 remained!

For 2 days, USA President Truman considered whether to take the world into World War III to save Korea.
The U.S.S.R. had walked out of the UN Security Council recently. Truman issued an Executive Order (EO) for American troops to invade Korea, even though unconstitutional. He then took the opportunity to obtain a vote of the UN in favour of American intervention. The USA Congress then backed up the President by passing resolutions in favour of his action. They had acknowledged dictatorial rule by him. Anti-Communist ordinances were passed in many towns and cities across the USA.

1950 -
Canada begins "Project Magnet" under the direction of Wilbert B. Smith of the Department of Transport. He examines 25 sightings over 4 years. He sets up the world's first flying saucer sighting station at Shirleys Bay, west of Ottawa, Ontario, in 1953.

1950 -
Frank Scully, published his book "Behind the Flying Saucers".
In it he reported that the American government was keeping information about technical advances from the public; flying saucer pilots (Saucerians) were beings from Venus, who averaged between 3 to 4 feet tall; at least 4 "saucers" had been recovered by the U.S.A.F. Air Material Department; dead humanoids were recovered in a number of the craft; an advance form of propulsion was theoretically available through the use of magnetics; special technology found was tremendously advanced to anything known on Earth; there had been many sightings by individuals and groups of people. Much of the technical information was related to either known scientific sources or to experts who had worked for the U.S. government and were restricted from public statement by oaths of secrecy based on national interest.

"Between the people and government today lies a double standard of morality.
Anything remotely scientific has become by government definition a matter of military security first; hence of secrecy, something which does not breed security but fear. If we see anything unusual, even in the skies, we the people must either freeze our lips, like a Russian peasant at the sight of a commissar, or give our names addresses, business connections, and testimony to be screened and filtered by anonymous intelligence officers.

Feared and respected by many people, these anonymous creatures can deny what we say, ridicule what we say, and sometimes ... jail us for what we say.

... The only way for a free people to fight such encroachments on free inquiry is to say in advance, "What I am telling you will be denied," or "This is true but those who say so now will be branded as dreamers, and if they persist, as liars." ... The "thread of intolerance" which runs through our history has now become as thick as a noose to hang us. ... perpetual hocus-pocus involved in such phrases of these spokesmen as "top secret", "secret and confidential", "restricted", and "withheld for reasons of security".

Such brushoffs are almost invariably followed by a statement from another department of the defense arm, that ... unless we grant them an additional billion dollars for new equipment overnight, we are dead ducks, ...."

1950 - On July 4
Daniel W. Fry, while working at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, is taken in a remote-controlled extraterrestrial-origin spacecraft from the Missile Range to New York City and back in about 30 minutes. During the period, while they are travelling at an altitude of 900 miles, he communicates telepathically with a spacebeing.

1950 - During July
Hans V. Tofte, arrived in Tokyo, Japan, as head of the Far East Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), a CIA branch for covert activities. Finding a presence of 6 persons without a focus in a hotel room, he immediately set about to find a better location and a capability for a personnel of 1,000 with training facilities.

With his deputy, Colwell Beers, an experienced bureaucrat, they found an isolated 50-acre area near the Atsugi Air Force Base, about 50 miles south of Tokyo. Engineers and a construction group were at work within the week. Tofte was quick to recognize the resistence that the heads and officers of the defense establishment intelligence offices held against this new all-in-one agency, the CIA. He assembled 2 officers each from the USAF, the Army and the Navy and locked them into a Tokyo conference room with orders to draw up an evasion-and-escape plan for the evacuation of downed USA airmen in relation to Korea. "IF a pilot was hit up around the Yalu River, in MiG Alley, and he had 20 minutes' flying time before going down, it made a coloosal difference if he knew where he had to head for." Tofte laid down the main specifications for the E&E plan. Soon, it was set out and accepted by each of the forces.

A belt across the Korean peninsula of trained guerillas as guides would be set up.
Working from fixed inland positions, pilots would be given these as part of their combat briefings.
South of this at 2-mile intervals, covert agents and E&E observation points would be established along the east and west coasts and equipped with communications devices. Two CIA-controlled Korean "fishing fleets" would patrol the coasts and look for downed fliers, while operating actual black-market operations as a cover. Each pilot would carry 3 or 4 one-ounce gold bars bearing the stamp of the old Bank of China in his uniform: they would pay native Koreans for their help. When resistance developed over the gold supply, Tofte personally went to Formosa, arranged for $700,000 of gold from the exiled Bank of China, and returned with it. Korean refugees were screened and enough were found to provide the guerillas required as well as radio and telegraph operators.

For a training base, Tofte took over a small island in the Bay of Pusan, Yong-do, at Korea's southern tip. 1,200 Korean guerillas would be trained there for deployment into North Korea. Potential leaders were screened and transferred for extensive training to another base in Japan - Chigasaki, about 10 miles from the Atsugi base. Tofte's force at the Atsugi base rose to more than 1,000 living in a secure compound within the airfield.

1950 - On August 1
General Walter B. Smith fills the position, MJ-3, left vacant by the death of Secretary Forrestal. During the year, Smith places the Office of Policy Coordination, previously under the authority of both that Department of Defence and the CIA, under the exclusive authority of the CIA.

1950 - On August 04
A Confidential Memo from Lt. Colonel Mildren (G-3) to Maj. Carlan (GSC Survey Section) read:

"Since July 30, 1950, UFOs have been sighted over the Hanford AEC Plant.
Air Force jets failed to intercept them. FBI, anti-aircraft battalion, radar units and fighter squadrons alerted for further observation. Atomic Energy Commission still investigating."

Ironically, the "interference" of spacebeings on 2 occasions would prevent a nuclear reactor meltdown at Hanford.

1950 - On August 05
A short 16 mm film was taken by Nick Mariana in Great Falls, Montana, with his secretary, Virginia Raunig as a second witness. They saw two round objects pass over a building and behind a water tower. On film, the objects seemed to flash brightly, then move away from the camera quickly. They were silver in colour and appeared to diminish in size. They travelled north toward the local energy plant.

During September and October, Mariana showed the film to various civic groups. One of the attendees contacted Wright Field to say she would loan it to them. The Air Force sent an officer from Malstrom Air Force Base (formerly Great Falls AFB) to interview Mariana and obtain the film. In 1952 when Mariana got the film back, he was mad. He claimed that the USAF had removed 30 frames from the beginning of it; those had shown that the objects were elliptically shaped. They had turned slightly, reflecting the sun, giving them a bright, light look. The Air Force officers denied the allegation.

In 1955, Dr. Robert M.L. Baker, performed an exhaustive analysis of the film at Douglas Aircraft Corporation and concluded that the images could not be explained by any presently known phenomenon. Baker also determined that the objects must have been 2 miles from the camera. In 1966, The Condon Committee took a look at it, focused on a confusion as to which exact day the film was taken on, acknowledged that the shape of the objects was elliptical and tried to justify that on the basis of irregular panning of the camera. The film did not resolve images well enough for those studying it to find definite conclusions: nothing suggests that it is a fake and nothing confirms that the images are of extraterrestrial origin.

In 1969, Baker reaffirmed his position that the evidence on the film shows that the objects were neither birds, balloons, mirages, meteors, and probably not jets. The film remains a classic of UFO evidence. A 1996 documentary video would state that Project Grudge had concluded that the film showed F94 interceptors landing in the area. This conclusion does not correlate with the observations and the facts known.

1950 - Early in August
All of South Korea was regained and Truman, the UN, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the State Department were all proud of themselves. A point of the success had been achieved by the tactics of Douglas MacArthur who had launched a most successful amphibious assault at Inchon, cut off the North Korean forces and shattered them for the rest of the war. Now, all of these proud commanders sought to penetrate and reoccupy Korea to the Chinese border.

MacArthur had been advised by his President to limit the war.
MacArthur had split his forces and had entirely misunderstood the Chinese potential in the area. 300,000 battle-hardened Chinese veterans who had beaten the armies of Chiang Kai-shek now tore the American-UN forces to shreds, even though they had only bugle and flag communications, no artillery, no air support, no armour. MacArthur asked for permission to use atomic weapons against the Chinese and North Koreans; his request was denied.

James Clavell, an English historian, novelist, and soldier during WWII, would later comment:

"(Americans) are such an impatient people.
Asian people understand patience, because they've had to for so many centuries.
Unlike Asians, American people and American politicians have no understanding of history or concern with it. Asian people love negotiation, and they are concerned with "face" - their form of manners. They like diplomacy. Americans are people of all nations that have grouped together with one common language ....

(The Chinese were against the Americans in the Korean War) because Americans don't look at history. If we looked at history, the history would explain the present and the present would foretell the future. For example: 4 times in history, China has gone over the Yalu River when an alien army has approached its border. So its pretty axiomatic that if Americans approach the Yalu River, as we did during the Korean War, then the Chinese will come over the border. MacArthur made the mistake. Supposedly, he was a historian, but he absolutely didn't read Sun-tzu (The Art of War), and he absolutely didn't understand anything about Chinese history. Because after he'd gotten over the 39th parallel, he should have discreetly - not in front of television cameras with flags waving - sent a letter to Prime Minister Chou-en-lai and said, 'Look, please, we have these thugs in the northern part of Korea who are really upsetting us. You know that they are mostly Soviet oriented and sponsored, which we all agree is not good. Do you mind, please, if we get rid of them? Or would you assist us in getting rid of them? We won't go any further. We understand your policy on your borders, and please excuse us for coming here, but these guys are criminals.' That would have given everybody a face-saving formula for avoiding war. I'm absolutely certain that Chou En-lai, who was one of the great pragmatists of recent times (1982) would then have found a solution to settle this business. ...

We wouldn't have had any conflict with China, because China doesn't want to get into conflicts. It has enough problems. The Chinese people are good citizens. They work hard and they've got 1 billion (1982) people to feed and try to police. And I believe they would never break out of their borders unprovoked."

MacArthur asked the President for a nuclear strike against China.
Truman refused on the basis that America did not have UN authority to attack China and to do so would surely begin WWIII. For MacArthur, the military ethic of "There is no substitute for victory" still held. MacArthur was frustrated and took his views, which embarrassed Truman, to the media; eventually he was dismissed from his post.

It would later be declared by the USA that the Koreans "brainwashed" about 5,000 American prisoners of war into defecting. The number will never be accurately known as some circumstances are vague. It is correct that some American soldiers under the loneliness and constant fear of the battle in an inhospitable foreign country in which their enemy demonstrated tremendous motivation to win, would find it reasonable to suggest that the USA had no benefit to gain by opposing the Korean Communists.

Sensory deprivation is one of the methods reportedly used to weaken the will of prisoners.
When normally felt sensations are stopped and the body immobilized, a person develops hallucinations or a mental disorientation and confusion which makes them highly vulnerable to suggestion. American movies would later portray the North Koreans as using a combination of torture, hypnosis and sensory deprivation to condition the prisoners to commit acts against their fellow prisoners, Americans in the USA, and give speeches admitting to atrocities or calling for peace.

Most of such stories were leaked by the intelligence community to the writers involved and were based on psychological warfare procedures (psywar) devised in American universities for use by the military. Scientifically, the publicity gained in the media and the impact of the power of the "truthful" movie media created myths about hypnosis, many of which would limit its constructive use until the end of the century.

In the first week of the war, the USA Congress set a record in the issuance of contempt citations, citing 43 persons for refusing to answer the question: "Are you now or have you ever been a Communist?" Bad laws turned prosecutors into persecutors and investigators into character assassins. Three House Un-American Activities Committee members found their positions an aid to getting elected to the Senate: Karl Mundt, Richard Nixon, and Francis Case.

1950 - In August
A meeting of 22 leading scientists met at Los Alamos, to discuss meteorology and the nuclear bomb tests. The consensus had been that rain would be the only cause of radiation fallout from an atomic cloud.

1950 - During August
Cable Communications across the Yellow Sea were cut forcing the Chinese to use radio communication with the North Koreans. The USA National Security Agency (NSA) had been created to specifically act as a code-breaking and communications intercept organization for American intelligence. They were having difficulty doing this in the Far East concerning communications between the Chinese and North Koreans because such communications were being transmitted underwater through a cable owned by a Danish company, "The Great Northern Telegraph Company". Hans Tofte, head of the Far East CIA office was familiar with the cable from his earlier civilan days spent in China and North Korea. The NSA put in a request to the CIA covert activities department to disable the cable.

A few discreet inquiries enabled Tofte to now plot the path and depth of the cable across the Sea. Cable breaks had happened before and they were particularly annoying when the ends of the cable had drifted apart from one another. Several days later, a flotilla of "Korean fishing boats" entered the Yellow Sea. In addition to their fishing activities, grappling hooks were lowered to the bottom in a chosen location and the communications cable was hauled to the surface. Once cut, separate vessels each took a loose end and sailed away in opposite directions. Soon NSA monitors were intercepting air broadcasts between Chinese forces in North Korea and Manchuria and the defense ministry in Peking. One of the early communications translated was from the High Command in Peking warning the field commands that 50,000 guerillas were loose behind their lines. In reality, there were less than 1,200.

1950 - During August
A 37-Officer Survey Team was sent to Formosa by MacArthur.
The mission reported that the Nationalist's "condition of training and equipment, as to ground troops, and as to air troops, and as to naval troops, was so low that they could not be depended upon to defend the island" of Formosa.

From the 500,000 men, enough arms and other gear could be found to send 35,000 to 40,000 troops to Korea. Secretary Marshall would later surmise that "such a small force would represent the core of Formosa's defense. It would seem questionable to strip Formosa of such a force even if it were in existence." MacArthur would state several times in defense of his aims that Formosa represented a potential of a half million first-class fighting men.

1950 - During August
40 Civil Air Transport (CAT) aircraft bearing the markings of the Nationalist Chinese and the CAT emblem were transferred to Japan and Korea for the use of the USA CIA OPC (Office of Policy Coordination). The pilots and ground crew were now on the CIA payroll. CAT gave the CIA the independence of mobility which is required of covert forces. Dependence on the bureaucracy of a major military organization like the Navy, Army, or Air Force destroys immediacy of action and secrecy of planning.

They were the remains of General Claire Chennault's "Flying Tiger" air force of American mercenaries and regular troops which had fought in support of Chiang Kai-shek against the Communists in WWII. Following the war, they had been transferred to Formosa, and renamed the "Civil Air Transport". This would not be the only covert air force to be used but it would serve to maintain contacts between the 6 CIA training stations in Japan and others in Korea, in addition to dropping agents and materials into the Kurile Islands and the Ryukyus.

1950 - By September
A CIA memorandum, "An Analysis of Confessions in Russian Trials" prompted concern over Soviet capabilities for "brainwashing".

"Since the notorious Moscow trials of 1937, overt Russian judicial procedure has been noteworthy for the dramatic trails in which the defendants have exhibited anomalous and incomprehensible behaviour (to the Americans) and confessions. Characteristics and manner of the defendants, and formulation and delivery of the confessions, have been so similar in a large number of cases as to suggest factitious origin. ... There is adequate historical experience to establish that basic changes in the functional organization of the human mind cannot be brought about by the traditional methods of physical torture - these, at most, achieve a reluctant, temporary yielding and, moreover, leave their mark upon the victim. Newer or more subtle techniques had, therefore, to be considered ...:

	a. Psychosurgery: a surgical separation of the frontal lobes of the brain.
	b. Shock method : (1) electrical (2) drug: metrazol, cannabis, indica, insulin, cocaine.
	c. Psychoanalytic methods: (1) psychoanalysis 
                               (2) narcoanalysis and synthesis 
                               (3) hypnoanalysis and synthesis.
	d. Combinations of the foregoing."

1950 -
At a dude ranch in Texas, near the Mexican border, some of the patrons see a light in the sky at night which appeared to be descending to Earth. The ranch boss and some of the hands went out in the morning to investigate and found a disc-shaped object with smaller than normal "men" in spacesuits in it. They were presumed to have come from another planet. No public information was released and no official reports have been uncovered since. The location was west of Laredo near El Indio and, at first, the cowboys thought the craft had been piloted by children, because of their size. The bodies were all badly burned. After trying to figure out what to do, the cowboys returned to the site to find it in a jurisdictional dispute between Mexican and American officials and military officers. The cowboys were chased off before they could get very close.

1950 -
The cult of intelligence grew to be a group within the CIA which held distorted, elitist views of intelligence that held it and its activities to be above the normal processes of society, with its own rationale and justification, beyond the restraints of the Constitution, which applied to everything and everyone else. Its origins began in the large number of academics which joined the CIA in the early 1950s, eventually reaching 18,000 in number. Coming from backgrounds of theoretical experience with a flair for the intellectual and imaginative into a society where politicians appeared to be ineffectual and behaved with paranoic concern toward scientists, these graduates became impassioned with a romantic sense of mission in an atmosphere of adventure. Half would never be more actively involved than that of a clerks position - sifting, sorting, filing and organizing bits of information. They performed their duties with a sense of excitement because the work often dealt with important events and glamorous faraway place, and, even more, because they had the chance, in due course, of being sent to some exotic locale.

Considering the missionary zeal, sense of elitism and close camaraderie, it was easy for some to drop out of reality and participate in their activities within a context of paranoia, sociopathology, or fascism - to the extent that they wilfully saw their responsibilities as god-like. This prompted the opportunity for staff to "assess" and manipulate real facts to complement the political and military threats they imagined with the end result having the potential to reach executive offices and taint executive orders. Such seldom occurred, yet ANY such incident could have resulted in assassination, military conflict, or a compulsive focus on scientific improvement of weaponry and destructive capacities. Such became the nature of any huge, well-financed intelligence community such that "cults" existed in the CIA, KGB and MI-6 (British Secret Intelligence Service). Membership was by a commonality of commitment, concern, and capability and was not restricted by staff position.

Between 1949 and 1975 approximately one million foreign students and millions more American students would be scrutinized by CIA recruiters for the agency.

1950 - In September
The Materials Testing Accelerator (MTA) was tentatively authorized for construction at Weldon Spring, Missouri, USA. It was actually a means of producing a large excess of neutrons such that tritium and other isotopes could be efficiently produced. The then available sources of uranium ore for the USA were in "the Belgian Congo" and "South Africa" and more certain sources were desired.

The basic idea involved a two-step process: first, produce large quantities of free neutrons by brute force; and, second, absorb those neutrons in suitable materials to produce any of several desired end products - tritium, plutonium, U-235, or radiological warfare agents.

To accomplish the first step, an enormous particle accelerator capable of producing as much as an ampere of deuterons having energies of several hundreds of millions of volts. Such a device would consume hundreds of megawatts of energy - about what a large reactor produces - and it would produce a somewhat larger number of available neutrons than that same large reactor.

To accomplish the second step, they proposed to surround the primary target with a large secondary target lattice in which the free electrons produced in the first step would be absorbed in a suitable receptive material. These neutrons would be supplied from outside the reactor, and, the secondary target could be depleted U-235 taken from plutonium production and isotope product plant wastes. Even basic uranium ore could be utilized more efficiently.

A prototype was built at Livermore, California, on a contract to "The California Research Corporation", a subsidiary of "Standard Oil" of California. The full-scale version of the MTA, known as the A-12, was to produce 1/2 an ampere of 350 million volt deuterons. The accelerator itself was to be 60 feet in diameter and 1450 feet long. Prior to that time, the largest similar machines, known as linear accelerators, were typically a few feet in diameter and some tens of feet long.

Before all the bugs were worked out of the prototype design, additional sources of uranium had been found in "Canada" and "Colorado" and the project was discontinued even though the product produced would be able to reuse waste, increase ore use efficiency, reduce human exposure to radioactivity during mining and processing. The usual human consideration of how easy and cheap could the product be acquired superseded considerations of the environment and human health. Even consideration of more easily available supplies and use of the A-12 together was not made. On August 7, 1952, the Livermore model was shut down and later dismantled.

1950 -
Immanuel Velikovsky, has his "Worlds in Collision" published - to the condemnation of the scientific community. An eminent scholar, linguist, and astronomer, he relates his theories to ancient human traditions and cross-cultural religious references. Members of the scientific establishment went so far as to declare his work "the worst book printed since the invention of moveable type." Few were bold enough or courageous or knowledgeable enough to support his work, but, they would include an aging Albert Einstein.

Velikovsky connected references and came to the conclusion that the "planet" Venus had entered the solar system relatively late in the solar system's development - as a comet. It had been referred to in ancient times as a star having horns or a beard, which could be interpreted as the trailing ends of a comet. It was then reasoned that the new arrival had come into close contact with the Earth and modified the Earth's orbit resulting in a series of major local ized earth changes such as those recorded in various religious scriptures. The suggestion that Venus might be a comet as much as the suggestion that religious and cross-cultural legends and "superstitions" - as assumed by the modern class of academic intellectuals was simply to great a blow for the pride of the new human-authority elite.

Nevertheless, when space exploration by satellite became possible and interplanetary discoveries began to occur during the last 25 years of the 1900s, many of Velikovsky's conclusions would be demostrated to be correct. He predicted that the surface temperature of Venus would be in the vicinity of 800 degrees Fahreheit - which it is. The Mariner 10 probe would confirm that Venus does have a residual comet-like tail. Venus would be found to rotate in the opposite direction to all the other known planets - which he had also predicted. Argon and neon gases would be detected in the atmosphere of Mars, as he predicted. The pockmarked and cratered surface of Mars, such as he described, would be confirmed by photographs transmitted by Mariner 9 . It is this frequently demonstrated intolerance of the human-based authority status quo which makes the progression of awareness within human mass societies so incredibly slow. Perhaps other, similarly challenged lifeforms have found better ways of determining and utilizing possibilities, options and the truth.

1950 - Dated September 15
Notes from a conference between Canadian, Wilbert Smith, and Dr. Robert Sarbacher, American, reveal that their opinion is that Frank Sculley's book "Behind the Flying Saucers" is true and substantially correct. Flying saucers do exist. The Government hasn't been able to duplicate their performance. It's pretty certain they don't originate on the Earth. The subject is the highest classified Secret in the USA; two points higher than H-bomb research.

1950 - By mid-September
The Bulk of the American Forces Sent to Korea had arrived there.
ROK combat effectiveness was negligible; the other foreign contingents were, with the exception of the Canadians, too small to be influential.

1950 - A report dated September 15
and addressed to the commanding general of the Air Material Command, USAF, concludes ..
"It may be considered significant that fireballs have ceased abruptly as soon as a systematic watch was set up."

1950 - By October
A Common Market for Coal, Iron and Steel in Europe, to continue for a period of 50 years, was presented as part of the "Schuman Plan". During 1951, the "Montan Union" to coordinate European supplies and trade in Coal and Steel was formed in Luxemburg. A High Authority of 9 members with immediate authority was appointed then for 6-year terms by a Council of Ministers.

1950 - By October
F.L. Whipple, introduces the "Dirty Snowball" comet model. Comprised of frozen gases and small non-volitile solids, and ranging in size from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers, these objects appear to travel in elongated orbits which may traverse galaxies. Aerodynamic drag is produced by the release of gases and dust as the surface of the comet is heated when in proximity to a sun/star. These gases are frequently ionized by solar radiation to form ion "tails" which frequently appear faintly bluish or yellowish in colour. It would be decades before the theory is confirmed in 1986.

1950 - During October
"The European Defence Community" is proposed by French Prime Minister, Rene Pleven.
It provides for a supranational framework for the rearmament of Germany as part of a co-ordinated European defence against the political intentions of the USSR. It calls for the creation of a European defence force, a single defence minister, a common budget and a European Assembly. Winston Churchill, the British leader supported the EDC but refused to involve Great Britain because it would compromise the sovereignty of Great Britain. This was in contrast with previous statements made by the British Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, in 1948.

1950 - In October
"Project Artichoke" was carried out by the CIA's "Office of Scientific Intelligence" and was officially described as intending to "exploit, along operational lines, scientific methods and knowledge that can be utilized in altering the attitudes, beliefs, thought processes, and behaviour patterns of agent personnel."

Failure to infiltrate, through various black techniques over a period of several years, into Albania, added to by the discovery that high-ranking British Intelligence agent Kim Philby was a Soviet agent, as well as the discovery of several Soviet spy rings and the defection of Burgess and Maclean to the Soviet Union - resulted in the agency instituting lie detector tests for all agency personnel and the initiation of research into drugs, hypnosis, and interrogation methods under MK-Ultra programs, like this one. This was referred to, with some urgency as "an immediate requirement for the development of every technique that can be devised to precondition the agent mind and to create within him a viable and long lasting motivation impervious to lapse of time and direct psychological attacks by the enemy."

"Project Artichoke" began after the beginning of the Korean War but many of the motivations behind it began much earlier built of fears of successes in such areas by the Soviet Union from the late 1930s onward, and reinforced by the awareness at German attempts during WWII and of apparent successes by the Koreans during this war.

As the Korean War progressed and a few captured American servicemen began to make radio propaganda broadcasts for the communists and to sign statements calling for an end to U.S. involvement in the war, senior CIA people concluded that the Soviets had perfected a way of capturing the minds and the wills of people, thus making them utterly responsive to Soviet requests. People were standing up in the courts in communist countries and admitting to activities in a manner extraordinary to the American concept of court procedure.

"Project Artichoke" continued the work of "Project Bluebird" (1947) in attempting to discover whether American servicemen captured in North Korea had been "brainwashed" and as to whether captured North Koreans could be, in turn, turned into human robots by this team - often consisting of a psychiatrist, a lie detector expert and hypnotist, and a "technician".

1950 - By November
At Black Bamboo Ravine in Sichuan province, China, 100 Nationalist soldiers.. vanish.
Hundreds of individuals would disappear in what would become known as China's "Bermuda Triangle". The deadly influence would not be determined until 1995 when a team of 50 scientists would find that poisonous clouds of gas were responsible.

Decaying plants in and around the ravine, located in a cold, remote mountainous region produced a variety of gasses which would accumulate into clouds capable of suffocating nearby persons. The persons would then fall into the ravine. The area also exerts a strong magnetic anomaly which misdirects compasses and has resulted in the loss of planes which flew off course either while on autopilot or while their crew routinely followed the modified compass readings.

1950 - By November
USA Federal Reserve "Regulation V" spelled out the authority granted to reserve banks under the "Defense Production Act" of 1950. The reserve banks are to assist federal departments and agencies in making and administering loan guarantees to defense-related contractors; the regulation also sets maximum interest rates, guaranty fees, and commitment fees.

In influence, it suggests to Federal Reserve Bank officers that they should provide whatever assistance is necessary in order to fund such activities, including sanctioning going beyond the formal rules under which the banks are to conduct business. National defense agencies include the National Security Agency (NSA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Funding of Black (secret/Covert) operations and programs would be included.

1950 - In November
An Internal JSC (USA Joint Chiefs of Staff) Memo stated that the

"record of the Nationalist troops for losing the equipment furnished them (during the war with the Communists) increases the reluctance of the Joint Chiefs to equip them and employ them in battle."

Secretary Marshall did not trust the morale of the Nationalists to hold up if they went into battle with the Communists. General Bradley went further in suggesting that the Nationalist's morale was so poor that they might defect to the Communists at the first opportunity. General Collins noted that "We were highly skeptical that we would get anything more out of these Chinese than we were getting out of the South Koreans, because these were the same people that were run off China in the first place."

1950 - Late in the year
Vladivostok, Siberia, a major Soviet naval base, became a target of USA CIA espionage activities.
At any one time, at least 6 operatives were in the port monitoring Soviet naval movements and keeping alert for any sign of possible USSR intervention in the war.

1950 - Late in the year
Hundreds of "Lost" Japanese Soldiers in Siberian Death Camps were being released by the USSR for propaganda benefit. Prisoners since WWII, these were the survivors of over 10,000 Japanese soldiers sent to the gulags after the War. Their existence had been denied. Proud, as they had been imprinted and modeled to be by their culture, some had demanded decent treatment and respect in return for their hard labour. This presented a problem in the camps for it was simpler for the guards to brutalize and humilate their charges into emotional and spiritual submission than it was to care for them and provide them with a modicum of health and living standard. Life was cheap and labour was plentiful. With 90% of the Japanese prisoners having died from disease, exhaustion, hypothermia, malnutrition, physical abuse, random murders by the guards, and hara-kiri - it was a matter of efficiency to now clear the camps of these Japanese "criminals" who refused to accept themselves as criminals.

The socialist-oriented press made much of the benevolence of the Soviet Union in releasing these men, particularly in Japan - and with the encouragement of the local KGB agents and contacts. Hans V. Tofte, head of the Far East CIA office in Japan, sensed the publicity motive behind the action and determined to counter it. The American presence in Japan, save for staff people, consisted of a military police battalion and a surge of pro-Soviet sentiment could encourage the Japanese to ask the Americans to leave. This would make American intelligence gathering and military response for the Far East difficult. Tofte and his deputy, Colwell Beers, could not find any suitable strategy until Willoughby of G2 inadvertently suggested it to them.

Someone on the staff of Willoughby had obtained a diary kept by a Japanese P.O.W. colonel who had spent the postwar years in a Siberian labor camp. Willoughby didn't know what to do with it so he sent it to the CIA as a sort of joke. Tofte skimmed a translation and announced to Beers, "We're going into the movie business. We are going to make a movie about how it is to be a prisoner of war in Russia." At Tofte's urging, MacArthur lifted a ban that had prevented the Japanese film industry from reopening after WWII.

1950 - In the December issue of
Compt. Rend. Acad. Science, Paris , P. Becquerel writes an article:
"The Preservation of Live Spores in Absolute Zero".
His investigations have shown that spores of certain bacilli remain alive at temperatures approaching absolute zero. If these spores can be protected against radiation, their reproductive power seems unlimited; there are possibilities for the conservation and dissemination of life throughout the universe.

Other possible considerations which could prove hazardous are that such lifeforms if they proved to be life-threatening to humanity could arrive in a comet from outer space, within a meteor, or be released from arctic ice, frozen into preservation during a pre-human era. Life-threatening could mean directly fatal to human biological systems, destructive to a large part of the food chain on which humans rely, or, better adapted to Earth ecology than humans and a superior competitor for food sources. Life-enhancing possibilities, for humans, exist equally which could improve human health, extend the Earth's biodiversity, or simply die out from superior human competition. The always present third option, is that the appearance or reappearance of such a bacteria might result in no influence on humanity whatsoever. Global warming, space exploration, meteor and comet impacts all increase the potential for any of the above options.

1950 - On December 6,
A second flying saucer crashes in the El Indio-Guerrero area.
It is recovered and taken to the AEC facility at Sandia, New Mexico.
The so-called Interplanetary Phenomenon Unit (IPU) was disestablished and all records were transferred to the USAF.

1950 - Between December 4 - 8
A Joint Foreign Policy Meeting between the USA and the UK was held in Washington, D.C.
USA President Truman and Prime Minister Clement Attlee spoke primarily about the Far East. Attlee was reigned to the UN having to abandon Formosa and China receiving a seat at the UN. His fear was that if British military support was distracted into Korea, the defense of Europe from the USSR would be substantially weakened. Truman was only favourable to a cease-fire with the intention that if China refused, the USA would commence a variety of military, political, and economic harassments, including inciting anti-Communist guerrillas in China.

Secretary of State Dean Acheson wanted something simpler: a single foreign policy for both parts of the world (Europe and Asia). Acheson further did not have any confidence that the Filipinos or the Japanese would be able to effectively defend against the Communists if Korea fell. Truman was not interested in the USA backing out of anything they had gotten into as "we do not desert our friends when the going is rough." Later, Attlee raised a question about MacArthur's seeming dictatorial rule over the UN troops - keeping other allies from participating in the decisionmaking. General Bradley supported MacArthur's leadership under UN mandate and authoritatively prescribed that any country who didn't like it would be helped to leave.

State Department's George Kennan mirrored the aggressive approach with "We owe China nothing but a lesson." Truman, idealistically, wanted to "bring them to realize that their friends are not in Siberia but in London and Washington. Pragmatically, Attlee didn't see how such could be possible "by continuing military action against them." Eventually, the central question was raised: Would the USA consult with Britain before using atomic weapons? Truman passed off the request as having an obvious answer in the affirmative but declined to put anything in writing. American law prohibited such a promise and Truman had repeatedly stated that he would alone decide when to use the bomb.

During the same meeting, Truman had authorized unassembled nuclear bomb components to be flown to the Far East and stowed aboard a U.S. carrier. Truman didn't want to use the bomb, but he would if he thought the USA were going to lose the war without it.

1950 - On December 7
A CIA REPORT on SE Asia was sent to the White House.
In part:

"... Chinese Communists felt that use of the atom bomb in Korea as tactical support of UN troops would not precipitate war, but use of strategic atom bombing inside of Manchuria was another matter, and in that case, the decision on war would be left to Soviet Russia.

However, the source reports that Communist officials are 'absolutely confident' UN will not use the atom bomb and, when pushed back to the 38th parallel, will either withdraw from Korea or reach an agreement with the Chinese."

According to the CIA source, the Soviets "have apparently convinced the Chinese Communists that the US is incapable of war for the next 6 months and that settlement of the Korean difficulty must occur within that period." The Chinese were said to be worried about "having their best trained and equipped armies in Manchuria and North China and agreed only to enter the Korean War after the Soviets promised 300,000 Soviet troops plus naval and air support in case of war with the USA.

1950 - On December 8
General J. Lawton Collins arrived back in Washington, and, after speaking to reporters, updated the President. He had been to Japan and spoke with General MacArthur both before and after going to Korea and speaking with Generals Walker and Almond at the battlefront. MacArthur seemed to be a little out of touch with the front. He was voicing severe concerns about being able to hold Korea without considerably greater arms and troop support. Collins saw it differently. He told Truman, Atlee and their advisers that "although the military situation remained serious, it was no longer critical."

1950 - Late in the year
USA aid to Indochina rose to more than $133 million with immediate deliveries of large quantities of armaments, ammunition, naval vessels, aircraft, and military vehicles being ordered. The USA further established a program of economic and "technical" aid to the governments of Indochina and over the next 2 years would spend $50 million on a variety of projects including providing fertilizer and seed to increase agricultural output, constructing dispensaries, developing malaria-control programs, and distributing food and clothing to refugees. The aid was specifically delivered to the native governments, rather than through the French, and, to achieve maximum propaganda, the USA air-dropped pamphlets and tacked up posters announcing their gifts. Attempting to buy Indochinese support did not work yet revealed the ethic of the Americans.

For the increase in agricultural productivity, millions of acres would be later defoliated with toxic chemicals; for the dispensaries built, millions of civilians would later be maimed, tortured, raped, or murdered; for the anti-malaria programs, more resistant strains would mutate and the environment would be contaminated for humans by the application of DDT; for the support given to the refugees, hundred of thousands would be created through the coercion of forced removal of Vietnamese from the countryside into villages which were little more than open concentration camps. If you took the aid and obeyed the invaders, you might live; if you did not, you were judged to be a Vietminh supporter and ...

1950 - On December 27
Capt Art Shutts, Capt Robert Kaddock and Mary Lind (hostess) of TWA Flight 361, see a UFO near Bradford, Illinois.

1950 -
The number of automobiles worldwide by the end of the year would exceed 50 million.
A symbol of independence, freedom, and self-reliance, the automobile would be marketed increasingly as if it personified, by its style, size, colour, or name - the character of the owner. An educated loss of self-esteem is necessary in order to have a population invite dependency on possessions as a ratification of one's self worth.

1950 -
The metal Titanium is found to meet the requirements of jet aircraft gas turbine engines.
The aerospace and high performance aircraft industry will depend upon the production of this metal; a practical commercial process for its production had been found as recently as 1947.

Titanium, atomic number 22, is a relatively common element in the Earth's crust although it is difficult to refine into a metal. Its spontaneous reaction with most of the simpler elements - hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, sulphur, water, halogens - makes practical production of the element dependent upon the use of an inert atmosphere, such as argon. This "difficulty" proves to be an advantage in applications where corrosion resistance is important. Exposed to oxygen, a tight, tenacious oxide film forms on the surface of the metal which is resistant to a wide variety of elements and compounds which prove corrosive to other metals. Remember this factor.

Pure titanium metal is called sponge because of its porous cellular form.
In the initial reverse engineering studies of crashed UFOs by the USAF, highly complex physical forms of titanium were amongst the few elements which became identifiable, in 1949. This factor, more than any other, led to the executive direction behind the black (secret) operations (Black Ops) of the time specifying titanium as a metal for experimentation. The basic metallurgy of titanium required an increased level of sophistication for human engineers beyond most of their earlier efforts.

Titanium is a relatively lightweight silvery-gray metal with a high melting point of 3035 degrees F (1668 degrees C). It has a lower coefficient of expansion and lower thermal conductivity than either steel or aluminum alloys and is not magnetic. Its stiffness is midway between that of steel and aluminum. In pure form it is soft, weak, and extremely bendable. Very small additions of other elements convert it into a metal of high strength and stiffness, corrosion resistance, and usable ductility. More than half of the titanium metal products used would be alpha-beta alloys having higher strength and higher stiffness than other alloys. The most common aerospace composite will contain 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium. Heat treatment of this singular compound would provide a wide range of tensile strengths according to the temperature of the treatment. Titanium alloys containing only 0.1% to 0.2% palladium or less than 1% of nickel and molybdenum would prove to be even more corrosion resistant.

Unlike most other elements, titanium atoms rearrange themselves into a less closely packed state, refered to as a beta state. The original, more tightly packed crystal array of molecules is termed the alpha state. The addition of various other elements to titanium leads to a favouring of either alpha or beta states over wider conditions. Elements which favour rising the temperature at which the alpha (packed) state changes into the beta (looser) state, that is, alpha stabilizers, include aluminum, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. Numerous other elements do the reverse, as beta stabilizers - lowering the temperature at which the change occurs. These include vanadium, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, iron, and nickel. Alpha alloys of titanium possess the highest strength at elevated temperatures, the best weldability, the best corrosion resistance, and, have the lowest room-temperature strength and are not heat-treatable. Beta alloys may exist entirely in the beta phase at room temperature - making them extremely ductile (formable) and heat-treatable. Beta alloys are costlier, more difficult to manufacture, and have a tendency to become brittle more easily than alpha state alloys.

Titanium's attraction to other elements makes it stable in the Earth's atmosphere by its formation of its oxide coating. It will, in the presence of oxygen, react violently and spontaneously, when heated above 600 degrees C - burning with dazzling brilliancy. Alloys can prove stable at higher levels, and, in the absence of oxygen - as in outer space - the stability of titanium is increased. That is, titanium, in space, exposed to higher temperatures - such as those unmediated by an atmosphere, and to materials containing oxygen are predisposed to grasp that oxygen from components introduced into its environment until it has at least formed an oxide covering.

In the early 1950s, the unique properties of Titanium, including a density half that of steel, excellent strength retention to 1000 degrees F (538 degrees C), and atmospheric corrosion immunity superior to that of other metals - made it an ideal construction material for both the engines and the structural members of jet aircraft.

Vast quantities of low grade Ilemenite ore reserves would be found in Norway, Canada, the USA, the USSR, India, Australia, Sri Lanka, and a few other countries. High grade Rutile ores would mainly be found in Australia, Sierra Leone, Canada, the USA, and Sri Lanka. The fact that the former would be calculated at 143.75 million short tons while the latter was only present in world reserves of 4,2 million short tons would lead to a necessary concentration on the use of the former. Before the end of the century, an average compounded growth rate of titanium production of 9% per year up to 1980, and then even greater, would lead to a lack of sufficient Ilemenite ore. Preference for Rutile sources would then be mandated.

1950 - From 1950 to 1979
American Exports of Armaments and related services to other nations exceeded $110 billion, more than half of the world total.

1950 - During this year
The Incidence of Poliomyelitis (Polio) in North America reached its highest recorded level with 33,344 cases being reported in the USA. An acute infectious viral disease characterized by symptoms that range from a mild nonparalytic infection to an extensive flaccid paralysis of voluntary muscles, severe epidemics were reported in many parts of the world. In the USA, the greatest sustained incidence happened between 1942 and 1953. In 1952, severe epidemics would be reported in Denmark, Germany, and Belgium. Other outbreaks occurred in Bombay, Singapore, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines.

The poliovirus is believed to enter the body by way of the throat.
From the alimentary tract, it is absorbed into the blood and lymphatics from where it travels throughout the body, eventually reaching the central nervous system and the muscles. The most common early symptoms are mild headache, fevere, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, and drowsiness. The body temperature rises slowly, and fever peaks in 2 or 3 days and then rapidly subsides. More than 80% of those persons who contracted poliomyelitis recovered within 3 or 4 days withour developing paralysis. When the disease influence was severe, the patient would become irritable while developing pain in the back and limbs, muscles tenderness, and stiff neck.

Paralytic poliomyelitis results from the destruction of the anterior motor nerve endings of the spinal cord.
Cells that are destroyed are not replaced for these human nerve cells cannot regenerate spontaneously. Cells that are not totally destroyed recover a degree of their normal function and the same result applies to affected muscles. Paralysis may range from transient weakness that soon disappears to complete permanent paralysis with associated progressive atrophy of the unused muscles.

In respiratory poliomyelitis, the virus enters the upper part of the spinal cord, with resulting loss of the breathing function.

In bulbar poliomyelitis, the virus enters the brainstem, just above the spinal cord, and affects the nerve centres which control swallowing and talking. Secretions may collect in the throat and lead to suffocation by blocking the airway.

Treatment during the preparalytic stages includes complete bed rest, isolation, and observation.
If paralysis occurs, passive movement of the limbs can be used to diminish the development of deformities. As muscle strength returns, exercises are increased. Breathing may require mechanical aids such as an "iron Lung" or the positive pressure ventilator which pumps the patient's lungs through a tacheotomy tube inserted in the windpipe. Accumulated secretions in the throat may be removed by a mechanical suction machine.

Predisposing factors include age, strenuous exercise, sudden chilling, pregnancy, and exposure to the virus. Children and young adult are more susceptible than older persons. Some person appear to acquire antibodies without exposure. Others may recover from one polio strain and later succumb again, to a mutated strain.

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1951 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

A Streetcar Named Desire; Valentino; The Big Carnival; Show Boat; Detective Story, The Thing; Alice in Wonderland; Flight to Mars; The River; When Worlds Collide; Captain Horatio Hornblower; Strangers on a Train; Cave of Outlaws; Sailor Beware; Cattle Drive; On Moonlight Bay; The Day the Earth Stood Still I Love Lucy, a television series, premiers on October 16.

1951 - On January 9
The USA Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) cabled a rejection of MacArthur's plea to either widen the war in Korea, with an offensive into North Korea and China, or, withdraw entirely. General Ridgeway and his troops had been successful in stopping the Chinese New Years Eve offensive. MacArthur's request to enlarge the war denied, he was requested to follow the UN policy directive placed earlier: defend to successive positions, inflict maximum damage with safety to the USA troops, and, withdraw if severe losses of men and materials was feared.

MacArthur was enraged and cabled Washington that -

"As I have before pointed out, under the extraordinary limitations and conditions imposed upon the command in Korea its military position is untenable, but it can hold for any length of time up to its complete destruction if overriding political considerations so dictate."

MacArthur's sarcasm did not go unnoticed.
MacArthur was opposing the decisions made by the JCS, the National Security Council and the President.
Acheson suggested that it was treason. Secretary Marshall commented that "When a general complains of the morale of his troops the time has come to look into his own." Acheson wanted to give diplomacy a chance to resolve the conflict. MacArthur's only consideration was to use force. On January 13, Truman sent MacArthur a lengthy "personal message" to brief him on the discussions which had led to the decision of a "successful resistance" in place of aggression.

During January, MacArthur advocated planting a "band of radioactive waste" along the Yalu River to stop the Chinese: to use nuclear weapons. MacArthur later proved himself to be an armchair rationalist like the so-called professionals who intellectualize about questions involving the lives and futures of others without having the basis of experience or knowledge on which to make an informed suggestion let alone an authoritative decision. By May, MacArthur would still not have any direct intelligence about -

a) the capability for the USSR to use nuclear weapons;
b) the likelihood of the USSR using such weapons if provoked;
c) the likelihood of the USA sustaining such an attack.

He did not have this information because he was a regional commander, not a President.

1951 - During January
The CIA Directorate of Plans becomes the new combined office of the former OSO (Office of Special Operations) and the OPC (Office of Policy Coordination). Increasingly, National Security Council Directives (NSCID's), also known as "non-SKIDs", are being utilized to assert national foreign policy WITHOUT the knowledge of or participation of the USA legislative representatives or the citizenry.

1951 - In mid-January
"Operation TP-Stole" is activated by the USA CIA.
The message from Washington is to stop a Norwegian freighter, chartered by the Chinese and dispatched to India to take on a cargo of medical supplies provided by the Indian government. Its destination was the Chinese troops fighting in Korea.

The shipping manifest included 3 full field hospitals, plus assorted drugs ("enough to give at least 3 shots of penicillin to every (North Korean and Chinese soldier)" according to one American intelligence agent), surgeons, physicians, nurses, and other medical personnel and gear. The Chinese had won a success in December. If they regained field strength now, they could not be beaten. Stopping the ship would be significant to the outcome of the war.

CIA headquarters authorized Tofte to spend $1 million on "TP-Stole" without any further authorization.
That meant that the operation was "definitely an act-first-and-talk-later proposition." Tofte flew to Formosa to meet with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, whom he had met during his WWII experiences. Tofte asked for his help and Chiang called in a Nationalist Chinese Coast Guard commander and told him to "Give Mr. Tofte what he wants."

Soon a flotilla of Nationalist gunboats - Al Cox, the Hong Kong CIA station chief, and other CIA agents aboard - moved out to sea and, guided by U.S. Navy communications (A USA destroyer was tracking its position from just out of visual range), intercepted the freighter just north of Formosa. The Americans remained below decks during what Tofte termed a "fairly discreet piracy under CIA supervision." Chinese boarding parties took command of the freighter, held the Norwegian crewmen incommunicado, and systematically transferred its cargo to their own ships. Tofte let the Chinese have the medical supplies as a prize of war; the nurses, doctors, and other medical personnel were never heard of again. The empty freighter was permitted to resume its voyage, its crew knowing only that the ship had been looted by Asian pirates on the high seas. TP-Stole was a success: Tofte returned the million dollars to the CIA, Chiang sold the medical supplies on the blackmarket, the Chinese soldiers didn't get their medical supplies and were considerably hampered in their military aims.

1951 - On January 20, at 8.30 p.m.
Captain Laurence W. Vinther, an experienced pilot with the then Mid-Continent Airlines - was ordered by the air traffic controller at Sioux City Airport to investigate a "very bright light" above the field. He and his co-pilot, James F. Bachmeier, took off in a DC3 and headed for the source of the light. Suddenly, the light dived towards them at great speed and passed about 200 feet above them. Then they discovered that it had reversed direction, apparently in a split second, and was flying parallel to the airliner. It was a clear moonlit night and both men could clearly see that the light was emanating from a cigar-shaped object bigger than a B-29. Eventually, the strange craft lost altitude, passed under the DC3 and disappeared.

1951 - On January 31
President Truman announced publicly that the USA would build the H-bomb.
Teller and other American scientists had been working on the development of the H-bomb since 1946.

1951 -
The Navy Seamaster research project would begin this year and continue until 1959.
It was funded with $330,000,000 before being "cancelled". It was possibly a BLACK program intended to develop alien originated technology.

1951 -
The USAF "ANP" (Nuclear Air Craft) research project began and continued to 1961 before being "cancelled".
It received $511,600,000 in funding and was a "BLACK" very high security classified project intended to build alien inspired technology aircraft.

1951 - On February 2
An above ground atomic bomb was exploded by the AEC (Atomic Energy Commission), at Yucca Flat, Utah.
As many as 3 per month would follow over the next 2 years. Residents near the site were told to expect a dry thunder shower of radioactive dust; it would be harmless.

1951 - In February
A UFO was sighted near Nairobi, Kenya.

1951 - Early in the year
The American Economy returned to booming proportions as a result of the Korean War which would continue into 1953. Nearly 3/4 of the Federal budget was spent on the armed forces, veterans, servicing wartime bond issues, and the like. Of each dollar spent, health and welfare programs took less than 7 cents. Unemployment had been steadily rising since the fall of 1948, when it stood at 2%. In the spring of 1950, it stood at 5%. By the end of 1950 it was back down to 2%. Congress rapidly had passed a $3 billion tax increase to help pay for the war. The Federal Reserve Board put sharp restrictions on consumer credit and unions were encouraged to ease off on wage demands. Once again, the people showed that they could become determined, conscientious, highly productive workers under the threat of war, yet there did not seem to be any halfway point for humans where reasonable productivity could coexist, in peacetime, with a good standard of living - in a currency-based economy.

The Cold War was also a spur to business.
Thousands of corporations became, in effect, civilian dependencies of the Department of Defense, a development mockingly termed "military socialism". Business was allowed to both build new plants for war production, and, to expand existing plants. When new plants were built, old plants were written off over 5 years rather than over the previously accepted 25 years. This alteration increased capital investment between 1950 through 1955. The Korean War brought the Cold War into focus, economically. Industrial and political forces, minority yet powerful and deceptive would now consider the military as a basis to American capitalism.

1951 - On February 10th
Lt. Graham E. Bethune, US Naval Reserve, reports a UFO sighting between Iceland & Newfoundland.
The object is circular, bright orange-red disk flying at a speed in excess of 1000 mph, and is observed at 10,000 feet altitude. It was 300 feet in diameter and was seen approaching Iceland and then within 5 miles of his plane, the UFO reversed direction. (Flight 125 from Keflavik, Iceland.)

1951 - On February 15
Major MacArthur tried again to Expand the Korean War when he asked for permission to bomb the North Korean port of Rashin. While as many as 332 railroad cars per day travelled through the port, none of the rail connections ran south and bombing it, near the border with the USSR, could risk a Soviet reprisal. Request denied.

Several days later, MacArthur tried again by requesting permission to bomb the Yalu hydroelectric plants - which he himself had declared were "mainly inactive" in December. Request denied.

1951 - On February 20
The Personal Pride and Public Image-making of MacArthur endangered the lives of the men fighting under his command. He flew into Korea, on the eve of "Operation Killer", the "final implementation of the plan (Ridgeway) had nourished from the time of (his) taking command of the Eighth Army." MacArthur told the press, on the record, that "I have just ordered a resumption of the offensive." By so doing, he informed the Chinese that they were going to be hit the next day, and, suggested that he had personally conceived the operation. Even though the army censors had been lectured the day before by Major General Henry I. Hodes, "to safeguard the security and welfare of the army," the authority which MacArthur had been allowed to assume in the media was used to justify publication of the statement as if it's release had been timed for maximum publicity .

1951 - By March
A Japanese movie about Japanese P.O.W.s in Siberian Camps opened in 20 Japanese theatres simultaneously. Since the end of WWII, the Japanese film industry had been banned from operating by order of the American occupational forces, Douglas MacArthur. Hans Tofte, Far East CIA chief, had persuaded him to lift the ban, at least for this production. Tofte wanted to counter the single-sided media coverage of the recent release of the remaining Japanese prisoners and his choice had become the dramatization of the diary of an officer who had survived the camps.

Tofte had requested and received a film director and screenwriter from the CIA.
Working primarily with Japanese technicians - but under CIA direction - crews built a replica of a Russian prison camp in the snowy vastness of Hokkaido, Japans's northernmost island. Tofte had ordered, among other items, 4 rail cars of tomato catsup. When his deputy, Beers, asked why, he had responded, "Because this is going to be the bloodiest movie ever." It would be a startling exposure to Japanese civilians of the reality of the Soviet camps - so much so that KGB operatives had tried to sabotage the set.

The Japanese film industry loved it because it put actors and techicians back to work who had been laid off for years. Audiences loved it because they were starved for something recently produced and of good production quality. It became such a hit that it ran for weeks and was shown in at least 700 theatres. When expenses and revenue were added up, a profit of $104,000 had been made by the CIA. The movie created tremendous indignation and anti-Soviet sentiment, cementing the favourable stay of the Americans for decades.

It also encouraged the compassionate and benevolent reception of the returning soldiers. In the Japanese culture, a captured soldier was a disgrace to himself; a soldier returned was a disgrace to one's country. Perhaps, if the civilian could sympathize with the experiences of and the courage required for a soldier to survive brutal captivity resulting from service to his country, he could be accepted back as a person, rather than as a symbol.

1951 - On March 7
USA Eighth Army Morale in Korea was devastated when Major MacArthur, still trying to push his intent to expand the war over diplomatic policy, stated that reaching or maintaining only a stalemate could result in the war unless he were permitted to attack the Communists in their Manchurian sanctuary. The troops would call it his "die for a tie" speech; now they felt that their energies and risk was all being used in vain.

1951 - On March 9
Edward Teller and Stan Ulam, wrote a report which would be a key to igniting the deuterium-tritium reaction in a lightweight and economical way. Ulam thought of the scheme, discussed it with Mark Carson, then with Norris Bradbury, and, finally with Teller. Teller considered the concept, made some changes to devise a parallel, and, perhaps, more convenient parallel version - on which the paper was written. Details of it were considered classified through the late 1980s. Any nation with an H-bomb probably made use of it: U.S.S.R., China, Britain, France, India.

Frederick DeHoffmann, on the suggestion of Teller, worked out extensive calculations, and wrote a second and more detailed report less than a month later. Further calculations were conducted and shared between Los Alamos scientists, the physics department at the Rand Corporation and a newly assembled group at Princeton University. The latter worked under what was called Project Matterhorn-B (Bomb) and made use of some new computing machines (a Sperry-Rand UNIVAC and a Von Neumann MANIAC) located nearby and in the later stages of development themselves.

Teller and Ulam, independently, now discovered the finding of Andrei Sakharov of the U.S.S.R., regarding the use of lithium deuteride as a detonator surrounding deuterium to set off a fission reaction with uranium-238, or similar product, producing a deuterium-tritium fusion reaction, which would yield a powerful uranium-238 fission cycle.

Almost immediately, the American research team also made a final breakthrough to the development of the H-bomb by harnessing the tremendous radiation effect of thermal X-rays. In the U.S.S.R., Sakharov and Zeldovich would propose this idea in 1954.

1951 - On March 15
Thousands of people in New Delhi, India, were startled by a strange object, high in the sky, which appeared to be circling the city. One witness was George Franklin Floate, chief engineer with the New Delhi Flying Club, who described a "Bullet-nosed, cigar-shaped object about 100 feet long with a ring of flames at the end". Two Indian Air Force jets were sent up to intercept. But the object suddenly surged upward at a "phenomenal speed" and vanished into the heights.

1951 - On March 15
The USA State Department agreed to a draft statement on war aims in Korea which effectively gave up the idea of unifying Korea by force. Two more months of discussions would follow before it was formalized.

1951 - In the Spring
During the Korean War, in the "Iron Triangle Area", an orange luminous object hovered over a village that was being shelled by a whole artillery unit. It hovered at a low altitude and apparently was unharmed by the powerful explosions. When it moved uphill over the gun emplacements, permission was sought to fire at it with a precision rifle; the object was visibly displaced by the impact of the bullet. It then proceeded to sweep the hill with what the officer described as a strange beam: "You could not see the light unless you were right in it," an Army officer said later. The next day the entire artillery unit was violently ill and had to be removed from duty, but no formal report was ever submitted to identify the source of the illness.

1951 - In mid-March
Evidence of Treachery regarding General MacArthur reached President Truman in the form of NSA communications monitoring reports. The NSA monitoring station at Atsugi Air Force Base, Japan, had been monitoring messages from the Spanish and Portuguese embassies in Tokyo. It was considered helpful to have a confirmation that what American diplomats were being told to their face wasn't being reversed behind their backs. The diplomats had told their superiors in Madrid and Lisbon that MacArthur was confident that he could transform the Korean War into a major conflict in which he could dispose of the "Chinese Communist Question" once and for all.

MacArthur did not want Portugal or Spain to be alarmed if this happened.
The Soviet Union would either keep out of the war or face destruction itself.
MacArthur obviously believed that humanity was of 2 colours: those who would sacrifice for their friends and those who would not. He was also betting millions of lives on the assumption that the USSR was not one of the former. He was expressing a desire and willingness to use atomic weapons in Korea and China, and, the USSR, if deemed necessary. When Truman read the messages, he called the evidence "outright treachery."

Earlier, MacArthur had told General Courtney Whitney: "Red Chinese agression in Asia could not be stopped by killing Chinese in Korea, no matter how many, so long as her power to make war remained inviolate." He had repeatedly demanded that decisions on what should be done next be made at the "highest international levels" - ignoring Washington's repeated statements that policy had been decided.

1951 - Beginning on March 19
A USA Presidential Statement calling for Negotiations was being reviewed prior to public release.
The JCS and presidential advisers reviewed it and Truman approved MacArthur being informed and asked for his feedback. On March 21, MacArthur acknowledged receipt of the memo, offered no coment, and complained as usual. On March 24, he issued his own offer to the enemy to talk peace - nullifying the President's to-be-released announcement. The difference between the proposed and the real was like that between night and day. The President's was worded so as to suggest a willingness to settle, without any threats or recriminations. MacArthur's was a demand to talk peace, or, get on with the war: an ultimatum, not negotiations. Questioned at Senate hearings after his dismissal, MacArthur outright lied about his intentions in releasing the statement. Within the year, he would boost publicly of how he had uncovered a "disgraceful plot": a negotiated peace rather than a military victory.

As far back as December 6, 1950, President Truman had issued a directive that if the Communist military leaders requested an "armistice in the field, you immediately report that fact to the JCS for instructions." On March 20, MacArthur wrote a letter to Republican House leader Joseph Martin in which he advocated openly the use of Nationalist Chinese forces, which would surely start a war with China, and, in which he repeated the fantasy that if the Communists won in Asia, the fall of Europe would be inevitable. Martin would read the letter into the public record on April 5.

1951 - On April 11
President Truman removed MacArthur from command and designated General Ridgeway as the new supreme commander of the Pacific. In his formal announcement, Truman noted that he had concluded that MacArthur was unable to give his "whole-hearted support" to American and UN policies. He further noted that:

"... military governors must be governed by the policies and directives issued to them in the manner provided by our laws and Constitution. In time of crisis, the consideration is particularly compelling."

When Ridgeway arrived in Tokyo, MacArthur brushed off his dismissal by telling the General in private that Truman's personal physician had told him that the president was suffering from "malignant hypertension." He continued by describing how he had already received a variety of offers to speak and write about his dispute with the President - one for $150,000 ... another for $1 million.

1951 - On May 6
The Sheahan family were told that they could not return to their home at the Groom Mine that day by the usual route across Tickaboo Valley because the valley was "too hot" with radiation. An atomic bomb test had been made earlier by the AEC.

1951 - During May
The Eniwetok Atoll nuclear test was conducted in the Pacific by the U.S.A.
It was one of a series, codenamed "Greenhouse", proposed to try and more closely define how the plasmas (ionized clouds of atoms) would burn, as laboratory results often did not concur with calculated results. Specifically, the reaction had to produce neutrons of a particular energy, the detection of which would indicate that the reaction was working and that the hydrogen bomb was possible.

"George" was one of the first shots, on May 8; using a refrigerated laboratory which when exploded did yield some positive results. Even so, the energy of these neutrons were far higher than those from the older fission bombs. It was the largest fission explosion to date succeeding in igniting the first small thermonuclear flame by humans on the Earth. It was a test in which a relatively large fission yield was to be used to ignite a relatively small thermonuclear device. It was a test intended to provide confidence to the physicists by showing that such a result was possible. "George" was physically too large to be transportable.

The "Item" shot was carried out on May 24.
It was successful and led to a much further elaboration of the idea of using a "booster" to trigger the main device.

The major difficulty in the specialist scientist approach was that perspectives considered by one specialty might not provide the clue required, and found in another discipline, to yield a workable solution. Physicists only considered liquid solutions of hydrogen, deuterium or tritium. When the chemist's ideas were finally considered, the use of solid lithium hydride, lithium deuterium, or even lithium tritide with the deuterium would be stable at much higher temperatures, thus making more fuel. Early tests did not use this combination.

1951 - During May
"Albert 1, 2, 3, and 4", four monkeys, were launched in a V2 rocket from White Sands, New Mexico, into the stratosphere. All returned safely to earth; one died shortly afterwards of heat prostration. When the information was made public many years later, it wasexplained that Operation Albert had been kept secret to avert any possibility of animal-lovers staging a protest demonstration. By 1951, the V2 rocket was an aging device in aerospace capability. Even had such technology been minimally improved, a feat comparable to the U.S.S.R. launch of Sputnik 1 and 2 in the later 1950s would have been possible. Did the Americans intentionally let the U.S.S.R. get the publicity from their "first" satellite in space?

1951 - On May 3
General Douglas A. MacArthur gave Senate Testimony concerning his actions and communications which led to his being relieved of command in Japan. To some, it represented the opportunity to offer salvation to a WWII war hero who had successfully self-promoted himself in the mass media for 10 years, from the apparent conspiracy of the political and military bureaucracy: to find approval for the American ethic of individualism and the simplicity of solving every conflict with a puch or a bullet. To others, it represented a court-martial hearing being conducted as a public spectacle rather than as a legal proceeding. The Republicans who brought MacArthur to Washington and gave him a forum before Congress and the Senate hearing did so with a mixture of concern over war policy and a desire to torment the administration. The Democratic majority dragged on the hearings as one means of smothering public indignation by overwhelming the citizenry with a subject to the point that they tire of it. For 3 weeks the "MacArthur hearings" dominated the news, to the point where the American public was ready to turn to summer vacation and baseball. In the end the public interest was not served.

The first 3 days were dominated by the testimony of MacArthur who whenever he desired to avoid a question, he would call it hypothetical. Repeatedly, he was caught up in his own undoings by having taken a stance of authority over issues which he had previously stated he was uninformed about, or, which he now revealed that he was uninformed about, or, which he acknowledged he had no responsibility over and no authority to comment on. Conversely, the testimony of MacArthur soothed and encouraged the pride of the average American and drew on their emotional sympathy.

He pleaded his case for a ruthless and determined assault on the Chinese for the sake of an early finish to the fighting with fewer casualties than a long engagement. He repeatedly said that he had not been adequately consulted for his opinion, because his opinions had not been accepted into practice. He spoke with authority of the capabilities of the Nationalist Chinese, the Communist Chinese, and the Republic of Korea troops and of their intentions and expected strategies. MacArthur demonstrated a consistent assumption that non-Americans were somehow not persons who could also express resolve, loyalty, pride, nationalism, and vengeance. Somehow, everything would work out the way he had envisioned it - because he willed it so. The press loved the story - its drama, its sentimentality, its patriotism, its backwoods simplicity.

Much of the remainder of the hearing was taken up with the testimony of senior decisionmakers in the White House, the Pentagon, and from the Korean front. Where the hearing failed its citizens the greatest was in allowing them to hear only one side of the story. Much of what the Joint Chief Generals and the Secretary of State officers contributed had to be held from the public record to prevent disclosure to both the Communist enemy and the American public of just how weak, how desperate, and how unprepared all of the Allied parties were in some part of the longer-term global strategy. All of the Generals who testified disliked having to renounce a fellow officer, yet he had precipitated the moment himself. A few of the points brought out in the testimonies included the following:

   A. The JCS had distrusted MacArthur in earnest beginning in January;
   B. Newspaper headlines and testimony proved to be false;
   C. Restrictions on the bombing of North Korea were intended to facilitate
               eventual reunification of Korea rather than invoke a vengeful North;

   D. Bombing the Chinese in China before they came in would be war with China;
   E. In a global military strategy, the USSR was the enemy, not China;
   F. MacArthur had no concept of or concern about a global nuclear war;
   G. MacArthur knew almost nothing about "collective security" and cared less;

   H. MacArthur assumed that the USA could defend Asia and Europe simultaneously;
   I. MacArthur made statements as if he were an expert on China, yet knew little;
   J. The Nationalist Chinese were not equipped to defend themselves, or others;
   K. UN targets in Korea were concentrated and would be susceptible to bombing;
   L. Chinese targets in Korea were spread out & dynamic - strong against bombing.

After 11 months of fighting, MacArthur totalled up the casualties as 65,000 Americans and more than 140,000 ROKs, plus unnumbered civilian deaths. The North Koreans and Chinese had estimated their casualties at 750,000, plus 140,000 more captured. MacArthur, when questioned to elaborate on his call for "the maximum force we have" could not quantify that as meaning 100,000 more troops or 500,000 more.

Secretary George C. Marshall, on May 7, testified that

"(MacArthur) would have us accept the risk involving not only an extension of the war with Red China, but in an all-out war with the Soviet Union. He would have had us do this even at the expense of losing our allies and wrecking the coalition of free peoples throughout the world. He would have us do this even though the effect of such action might expose Western Europe to attack by the millions of Soviet troops poised in Middle and Eastern Europe."

General Omar Bradley did not support any call for confidence or reliance upon the Nationalist Chinese in support of statements made by other generals:

"The trouble of it is Chiang is not accepted by a large part of the Chinese. ... Chiang has had a big chance to win in China and he did not do it. From a military point of view in my opinion I don't think he would have too much success in leading the Chinese now."

Withheld from the public until they were no longer concerned with it, Americans continued to believe for decades that Chiang Kai-shek was popular on the mainland and that his troops were well prepared for defense or invasion. In reality, the American paternalism of keeping them out of SE Asian conflicts saved the dictatorial and often civil rights abusive regime of Chiang.

When the hearings ended, MacArthur would still be out of a job, the JCS would still run the military, troops would still be fighting in Korea. The evidence was that MacArthur had stepped out of line and that Truman had acted within his authority in firing him. At the end of the hearing a motorcade attracted 3 million people to view MacArthur at noon. By the evening, 50,000 half-filled Soldier Field stadium to hear him speak. Later, in San Antonio, Texas, an expected crowd of 500,000 became a reality of 80,000 and "Welcome MacArthur" flags sold for 15 cents rather than the expected $1 charge. Speeches in Houston and Dallas drew smaller and smaller crowds and more and more empty stadiums. Within a year, the media hero was practically unnoticed.

1951 - On June 14
Senator Joseph McCarthy told the USA Congress that the only explanation for the then present situation was:

"This must be the product of a great conspiracy on a scale so immense as to dwarf any previous such venture in the history of man. A conspiracy of infamy so black that, when it is finally exposed, its principals shall be forever deserving of the maledictions of all honest men."

1951 -
B.A. Rockwell: director of research for the "Pennsylvania Farm Bureau Cooperative Association" in Harrisburg, in writing of the successes of the work of UKACO, Inc., stated:

"To control insect pests at a distance of thirty miles with no danger to man, plants or animals would perhaps be an accomplishment heretofore unrivalled in the scientific control of insects injurious to vegetation. To an individual with 19 years experience in the research field this feat appeared unreal, impossible, fantastic, and crazy. Yet careful counts by the writer of the treated corn plants and untreated corn plants indicated definitely that the kill ratio was 10 to 1 in favor of the treated plants."

Rockwell never denied that the radionic process was not always successful.
He himself stated plainly to the newspaper that certain tests could fail because of interference from standing irrigation pipes, high tension wires, leaky transformers, wire fences, radar, plant pots, and various soil conditions.

1951 - During the summer
Edward Teller, Herb York, Johnny van Neuman, John Lawrence and Luis Alvarez, all became deeply concerned about the danger of a new world war looming after the Korean conflict, or growing out of it. A group of about 40 young, postdoctoral physicists from the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley University worked on the George, Greenhouse shot making them eager and available for the staffing of a second laboratory proposed by Teller. Since the ignition proposal had been put forward by Teller-Ulam, Edward Teller had been impatient with the progress and methodology followed by the Oppenheimer group at Los Alamos. He recognized that a single group working on a plan will tend to become polarized about special designs to the neglect of other approaches to a problem.

In addition, the younger scientists had not been involved in the development of the fission bomb and had no associations with its use at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They were still naive of their responsibilities, primed for intellectual achievement and career recognition, and idealistically able to identify with the perspective of the United States fighting the honourable fight for freedom against the evil enslaving states of the U.S.S.R., China, and Korea - who were now seen as a formidable and growing threat to world peace. The bottom line was that competition between two labs would result in a faster solution in at a time of urgency.

1951 - On July 9
Lt. George H. Kinmon Jr. observed a UFO.
The Classified OSI Message from Robins AFB, Macon, the next day carried the description as: Flat on top and bottom and appeared from front view to have rounded edges, slightly bevelled. The colour was white. When it dived from its position it appeared circular with a clockwise spinning motion. It appeared to have a cratered surface. No exhaust fumes or visible means of propulsion were evident. At an approx. distance from his plane, the UFO appeared to be 10 to 15 feet in diameter. The UFO caused air disturbance as it barrel-rolled under his plane. The nose camera in Kinmon's plane malfunctioned.

1951 - Beginning in 1951
A nuclear-powered bomber was proposed and worked on by "General Dynamics Corp."
The NB-36 bomber flew frequently between 1955 and 1957.
The proposal was that using conventional power to take off, the jets would cruise indefinitely on the energy produced by a small amount of uranium undergoing nuclear fission. Though conventionally powered, the NB-36 carried a 17-ton nuclear reactor built by General Electric.

A nuclear jet was operated in 1956, but only in a wind tunnel.
Air sucked into the turbine was heated by fissioning uranium. Hot exhaust expelled from the back provided thrust. Problems arose in efficiently transferring large amounts of nuclear generated heat to air. President John F. Kennedy ended the project in 1961. A major concern was that the plane might crash and contaminate large areas with radioactivity. Fortifying the reactor against such an impact would have made it too heavy.

1951 - During the year
From the Arcturus star system, Constellation Bootes, spacebeings arrive which are capable of acting as Walk-Ins. Highly spiritually developed, relative to humans, they will survey the situation on the Earth for 4 years before deciding to intervene, beginning in late 1954. They seldom appear in "spaceships" for they have the capacity to move through the universe in a spiritual-energy form which appears to humans as a "fireball". They have the capacity, which will not be used until later, of entering the body of a dying human and replacing the dying spirit of that human which has chosen to go elsewhere, usually due to the despair and depression associated with spiritual trauma.

Their intent in doing so will be to try to infuse spiritual awareness into human cultures by demonstration with the hope that humans will collectively appreciate the benefits of such a spiritual approach to living and socially and politically reinforce those attitudes, skills and behaviours in their citizens. If successful, the environment will be less threatened with toxicity, humanity will become more constructive in attitude and behaviour, and, the potential for a change in human history towards self-responsibility and global peace will become raised.

Arcturus is the 4th brightest star in the Earth sky and is the Alpha star in the Bootes constellation. Arcturus is located at a distance of 36 light years, one of the Sun's nearer neighbours in space. The diameter of the star is estimated to be about 21 million miles, more than 26 times the size of the Sun. Its luminosity is about 115 times that of the Sun. It is the brightest star in the sky of the northern hemisphere. The colour of Arcturus is usually described as a golden or reddish yellow. The motion of Arcturus is in the direction of the constellation Virgo and as such it is also approaching closer to the Earth at a radial velocity of about 260,000 miles per day. Several thousand years from now it will reach its nearest to the solar system in its arc movement and thereafter will begin to move away.

Arcturus is a member of the great spherical halo which is centred on the hub of our Milky Way galaxy. It was one of the first stars to which humans gave a name. From ancient times it has been called the "Watcher" or the "Guardian". The Arabs knew it under two names, loosely translated as "the Lance-Bearer" and "the Keeper of Heaven". It is sometimes called Job's star from the reference to it in the Book of Job, although the translation is in error. Arcturus was one of the first stars to be seen by human in daylight by the use of a small telescope.

1951 - By August
A contract to build the First nuclear-propelled submarine, the USS Nautilus (SSN 571) had been granted.
It would be underway by January 17, 1955. Work on the proposal had begun in 1939.

1951 - By August
Several scientists speculated that the fireballs over Los Alamos were unmanned test vehicles projected into our atmosphere from a "spaceship" several hundred miles above the Earth. About this time, 3 White Sands, New Mexico scientists using a telescope, stopwatch, and clipboard tracked a flat, oval-shaped object 100 feet in length and whitish silver in colour flying at an altitude of 296,000 feet and a speed of 25,200 miles per hour. One of the scientists, a naval commander, later wrote an article cleared by the Navy in which he wrote: "I am convinced that ... these disks are spaceships from another planet, operated by animate, intelligent beings."

1951 -
The American movie, "The Day the Earth Stood Still" would have a tremendous impact on the American audience. Some movie reviewers would declare that it was "one of the greatest science fiction films of all time" into the mid-1990s. Unlike most other "UFO" movies, it followed what its director Robert Wise termed a "Christian" plot line. It offered hope to a world which seemed to be without hope.

An extraterrestrial lands in a flying saucer-shaped spaceship on the White House lawn to deliver a message of peace and a warning against further development and use of nuclear power. Shot by an over-anxious soldier or policeman, the extraterrestrial falls and a robot named Gort, exits the ship and vapourizes the rifles and artillery nearby. Before continuing the destruction, the extraterrestrial issues a command which restrains the robot which picks up the extraterrestrial and returns with him inside the ship. The visitor is restored to life and tries to convey his message again. His civilization has created a race of all-powerful robots which have but one task: to preserve peace in the universe by patroling the planets and destroying weapons and those who use them. The visitor finds that much of humanity sympathizes with his views but not those who are in political control. The pivotal warning is that if humans extend their aggression into space, they will be obliterated; they have a choice.

The movie proved so popular that T-shirts were printed with the phrase which restrained the robot in the movie and persons followed a fad for a time of repeating the phrase in public for humor, hope, or joy. The American public, while not involved throughout either World War I or II, had been inundated with media stories which created more anxiety through listening and watching than if they were actively involved. Their eventual involvement plus the rollar coaster emotions of the boom and bust 1920s, the desperation of famine and lawlessness and hardship of the 1930s, the World Wars, postwar unemployment and labour strikes, the Communist threat, and the Korean War - left the public spiritually challenged and drained of hope.

Increasingly, the public were beginning to lose confidence in their government and to suspect either incompetence or conspiracy. Twice they had been told that they were not going to participate in a massive war; yet they did. They had been dragged into the Korean War which many Americans could not understand as a responsibility of or a threat to the USA. Law enforcement and national security had been threatened with failure at least twice. Armed robberies in the 1920s and 1930s had seemed to favour the public, in the public perception, more than economic policies of the government. The extensive media coverage of anti-American accusations against presumed Communists had been so intense and lengthy that, for many, it seemed as if the spies were ahead of the police. Social services to assist the individual in coping with the influences of these destructive stresses had been few and largely ineffective. The public desperately wanted to hear good news, and this movie provided them with that fantasy: an apparent simple solution.

1951 - During the year
The "European Youth Campaign" is set up as a front for the activities of the American Committee on a United Europe. Over the next 8 years, it will receive more than 1.34 million pounds sterling of American aid by way of American unvouchered funds passed through the CIA. It is created after a massive 1951 Communist Youth Rally takes place in East Berlin and its purpose is to spread counter-Communist propaganda through the circulation of leaflets, pamphlets, small newspapers, and the support of capitalist or anti-communist oriented youth groups and rallies.

1951 - On the evening of August 25th
A man and his wife watched a huge wing-shaped object with blue lights on the trailing edge, pass over Albuquerque. The man, an employee of the AECL, who possessed a high security clearance because of the secret installation he worked at, said they had a good view of it because it as quite low -- possibly 800 or 1000 feet in altitude. The "wing" was sharply swept back and was about 1-1/2 times the size of a B-36 aircraft. Dark bands ran from the front to the back and the lights were a softly glowing blue-green. The object disappeared to the south seconds after it had first been seen.

Shortly afterwards, Dr. W.I. Robinson, a professor of Geology, and Dr. George, a professor of physics, 3 other professors and an undergraduate student, while sitting on a porch in Lubbock, Texas, saw a formation of lights sweep overhead. Neither got a good look as the lights were only in sight for seconds. Displeased with their lack of preparation, they devised a strategy should they get a second opportunity. Several hours they did and each made a series of quick and well-coordinated observations. The lights were softly glowing -- bluish objects that were in a loose formation. The speed of the lights was estimated at 1,800 mph.

On the same night, the wife of a man in Lubbock, while hanging out the clothes, ran inside the house to tell her husband of an identical sighting. The professors saw the lights several more times in the next 2 weeks. In the interim they organized groups of observers at each several bases for the purpose of coordinating times and positions of sightings. None of the teams ever observed the lights. When they were out, the lights were not. On several occasions when the men were out at the bases, their wives saw the lights. Early on the morning of August 26th, 2 radar stations in Washington state independently picked up a target travelling at over 900 miles an hour. An F-86 interceptor was scrambled, but the UFO was gone before the jet could reach the station.

Five days later, an amateur photographer, Carl Hart Jr., a freshman at Texas Tech College saw the lights go past his window several times. He grabbed his Kodak 35mm camera, set the shutter at f-3.5, went outside, and minutes later took 2 pictures. Several more minutes and Hart took 3 more pictures of a second fly past. On developing the film, images did appear, and newspapers did express an interest. Dozens of sightings were made within a 2 week period after which they have not been heard of since. Most of the descriptions told of soft, bluish lights, zipping from one horizon to the other with the size of the formation varying from 2 to 3 to several dozen objects and from ragtag conglomerations of lights to precise V-shaped formations as shown in the Hart photographs.

On investigation, it was discovered that parts of Lubbock had only recently switched from one-type of street lighting to the more modern mercury-vapour lights. The new lights gave off a bluish light and some thought that was what was being reflected from the objects. Correlations between sightings and street lamp locations was never done. Suggestions of reflections off plover birds did not hold out - but would still be quoted as the official conclusion as late as 1996! Air Force technicians which had detected the objects on radar eventually put it down to a weather phenomenon. Many of the sightings were assumed by the authorities to be of quite low small objects because no sound was reported. No one ever proved that the photos were fake or anything less than accurate. Several years later, a scientist working with the USAF was reported as having found a natural phenomenon which explained the lights. As the explanation remained secret, its credibility was questionable outside the bureaucracy. More research on the sightings is now almost impossible as most of the witnesses have died since 1951.

1951 - By September
Biological Warfare Testing had been conducted covertly by a U.S. Army research team which sprayed bacteria into the air over San Francisco from a plane. The resulting illnesses placed 11 patients in hospital and contributed to the death of at least one civilian.

The intent of such tests were to show patterns of dispersion through the population and suggest ways in which defenses could be planned to cope with a enemy derived biological warfare attacks. The development of such agents was presumed from the experiments which the German Nazis had conducted during WWII, as described by the architects of such research who were now paid advisors of the USA Defense Department. In other words, German Nazi war criminals were allowed to contribute to the development of American biological warfare tools. Ethically, this is the same as declaring that if an enemy gets caught preparing to commit genocide - they're guilty; if the victor, gets caught continuing the development of such research - it's sanctioned as acceptable practice.

The reality is that conducting such tests carries with it high risks and low returns.
If a contaminant is used which provides obvious, traceable symptoms - required for the purpose of monitoring, then the possibility of precipitating fatalities with persons whose health is already compromised from other infections can be high. If a contaminant is used which does not have this strength, there is no way for humans, in this era, to monitor the presence or spread of the bacteria effectively. A factor which makes all such research of suspect benefit is the idiosyncratic characteristics of particular bacteria or virus. Unless you test with the true germ warfare agent which you expect will be used - and which may cause a high rate of fatalities - you have no basis on which to make ANY decisions about the nature of the spread of the biological agent or how a defense might be constructed against it.

The apparent total ignorance of human researchers to the dangers and requirements of "effective" research in germ warfare at this point indicates that some humans were willing to risk a devastating plague in order to counter the suspected development activities of enemy states. There is only one defense against biological warfare: non-contact until the organism has hopefully mutated into a harmless-to-humans form. This simplistic conclusion would not be realized until 1980, by which time, 30 germ warfare agents would be in the biological warfare reserves of each of 2 federated nations: the USA and the USSR.

1951 - On September 10
A sighting took place at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey.
At 11.00 A.M., a technician at the Monmouth radar school had been demonstrating the latest tracking equipment to a group of military VIPs. Capable of automatically "painting" a target, the new device could track the fastest jets. But when it locked on a low flying object 2-1/2 miles east of the radar station, the set immediately kicked back into manual operation. The operator again switched the set to automatic, and again the set kicked back to manual. For 3 minutes the target remained in range as the radar operator frantically tried to force the set to track it automatically and the set refused to respond. Finally, the embarrassed technician turned to the VIPs gathered around the scope and said, "It's going too fast for the set."

In the vicinity less than a half hour later, a pilot of a T-33 jet trainer, with an Air Force major on board, saw flying below him a disk 30 to 50 feet in diameter and silver in colour. As he rolled the T-33 and dived toward the disk, the silvery object stopped, hovered for a few moments, then accelerated heading south, and without slowing made a 120 degree turn and disappeared out over the ocean.

Immediately, on receiving the report on September 12, the Director of the USAF Intelligence ordered a new UFO project and assigned Captain Edward Ruppelt as its head. Later, Ruppelt would write in his book, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects , that when he arrived at Air Technical Intelligence Command he was told, "The powers that be are anti-flying saucer, and to stay in favor, it behooves one to follow suit", a carryover from the mind-set of the military bureaucracy. Ruppelt would describe them as "schizophrenic", officially laughing at the UFO reports coming in, and individually, in private, defending the phenomenon.

1951 - In September
Transcontinental television was inaugurated in North America.
A feeling of intense involvement rises in the average citizen based on observance rather than on participation. Fear of lack of acceptance, of preparedness, of political security and of physical and emotional relation skills begins to orient North Americans towards becoming inactive, depressed, anxious, addictive citizens dependent upon the mass media for their perceptions of reality. People generally assumed that what they saw was real: actors, politicians, news.

1951 - On September 10
A USA Confidential Air Intelligence Report stated:

"Maj. Ballard and Lt. Rogers while flying at 20,000 ft. in a T-33 spotted a disc-shaped UFO the size of an F-86 flying below them at 8000 ft. It was travelling much faster than they were (900 + mph). It was steady in flight, with no visible means of propulsion and shiny silver in colour. The radar station at Ft. Monmouth plotted the same UFO on radar at 1110 EDT flying above 700 mph."

1951 - During the year
General A.H. Vandenberg, Chief of Staff for the USAF, former C.I.A. Director, member of MJ-12, and Secretary of the Air Force Thomas Finletter, directed civilian scientists serving the USAF to separate Oppenheimer from access to classified Air Force documents and to stop using him as a consultant. Oppenheimer's Air Force clearance had been issued for his membership in the Research and Development Board. So, the Air Force abolished the board, thereby abolishing the clearance, a quiet and diplomatic way of effecting the order.

1951 - By October
Edward Teller had left Los Alamos and returned to his faculty post at the University of Chicago.
He left in part because of the growing animosities and disagreements between himself and Robert Oppenheimer over how and by whom the thermonuclear program should be run. If the administration would not authorize 12 tests per year, Teller would leave to express his dissatisfaction. Having left the Los Alamos laboratory made it easier for Teller to network with the Washington politicians and other military and AEC persons who would invite his views to their advantage.

1951 - By October
Howard Menger had built the Electro-Craft X-1 at a cost of 1951 U.S. $6,000.
Made from sheet metal and items from a local electronics/hardware store, the circular craft had made many successful test flights. Then, at an altitude of 500 feet, he lost radio contact with it and, unexpectedly, it flew hundreds of miles and crashed at the Pennsylvania-Ohio border. The saucer-like object was found by several farmers and reported to the local law authorities as a "ship from Mars". Two weeks later two men, who identified themselves as F.B.I. agents, after tracing the parts in the craft to local electronic supply stores, arrived at Menger's door to warn him that it was illegal to fly an experimental craft over 500 feet without an FAA permit. They warned him to keep quiet about it and not to let a reoccurrence of it happen again.

The agents did refer Menger to certain government representatives in Washington, D.C., who did "aid and assist him in future development of his 4-foot, radio-controlled, electro-craft." Menger was more interested in developing the propulsion system for ecological reasons, while the government representatives were more interested in military applications. Menger understood that his electro-dynamic propulsion system "would be environmentally safe, which is necessary if we are to bring about a peaceful humanity and become one with our galactic family."

What Menger failed to recognize quickly was that the persons he was referred to had an agenda for personal gain and political power. Use of Menger's propulsion system would have been a death knell to petroleum companies and might have reduced the auto industry to a fraction of its size. At the same time, such an advance in military products might have decreased the preference for a political military hierarchy and reduced the influence, size and profits of many armaments manufacturers. Better to develop Menger's project in complete secrecy and reveal it only in the likelihood of loss of war, threat to economy due to lack of petroleum reserves, or, threat of economic collapse based upon competitive similar technology being introduced by a foreign nation. As time progressed and the dangers of increasing population to environmental depletion and degradation came more clearly into focus, Alternative 2 and Alternative 3 programs - dependent on skimming funds from projects constructed on older technologies appeared of greater necessity to the survival of at least a portion of humanity.

1951 - In October
Intelligence Officer Captain Edward J. Ruppelt was assigned to reshape the "Project Grudge" study and field the mounting concern within the Pentagon.

1951 - On October 21
An Air Intelligence Report stated that a civilian pilot, a Mr. (name withheld) with 14 years of flying experience, sighted a disk-like, highly polished UFO which closed head on with his Navion aircraft at an extremely high rate of speed near Battle Creek, Missouri. Someone turned to avoid a collision.

1951 -
"The Monetary Accord" of 1951 was an agreement between the USA Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. It enabled the Fed to pursue an active monetary policy, independent of the Treasury and the federal government. Before the Accord, the Fed had to assure low cost Treasury financing by purchasing Treasury securities at a set price. Now, the Federal Reserve Board Open Market Committee was able to purchase as much, or as little, of Treasury securities offered for sale by the Treasury Department as it wanted, instead of having to buy whatever the Treasury issued at a prevailing rate. The problem had arisen when the FRBOMC had been unable to fund loans to defense contractors because the applications were arriving in larger amounts than the Fed could support under the past regulations.

1951 - By November
The European Steel and Coal Community (ECSC) had been formed by the six countries of Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The ECSC was based on the Schuman Plan, set forth in May, 1950, with the goal of pooling coal and steel industry outputs from France and Germany as a strategic move towards preventing further warfare between these two continental powers. A further and more elementary intent, going back to the Schuman Plan, was to begin a capitalist economic co-dependency between European states which would lead to a "United States of Europe." Capitalist trading relationships are both less administratively encumbered and costly and more productive and profitable when the transactions involved are of a larger nature and involve a small number of decision-makers. The ECSC was a foundation footing for the construction of a European economic union which would permit a rationalization of a European political union.

The Korean War was another factor which encouraged the economic union.
The resources of Germany were once again required for a war effort - this time to support the Allies in Korea under the banner of the United Nations. The ECSC gained Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and the Federal Republic the democratic character and the acceptance which it required, with the largest population of any nation in Western Europe, to be accepted as a nation by the other European nations. It would also contribute to the NATO alliance strategic manpower base in opposition to the Communist threat of the Soviet Union. Thirdly, its economic power would provide a basis for the reconstruction of Western Europe.

1951 - By November
The USA-based "American Heritage Foundation" summoned delegates from the 48 states to gather and draft a Re-Declaration of Faith in the American Dream. Bells were to peal not only as a symbol of high morale, but also as a "gesture of defiance to the Enemy" - the Alien, the Nonconformist, the Critical Force. Here, then, was a palpable lack of trust in the Other, who he was, where he came from, what dark gods he might worship in his strange language, and whether he qualified as a good American or a dangerous "un-American."

1951 - On November 02
A gigantic green fireball blazed over Arizona.
Over 165 people observed it and some said they saw it explode.
All said it was silent and those who saw it explode said they saw it fly apart and disintegrate.

1951 - In November
The push was on to set up a second U.S.A. thermonuclear development lab.
Edward Teller spoke to Robert Oppenheimer, Director at Los Alamos; David Griggs, chief scientist for the Air Force and professor of geology at UCLA; General Jimmy Doolittle. The latter carried Teller's idea of a second lab for weapons development AND a program for building various kind of hydrogen bombs to Secretary of the Air Force, Thomas K. Finletter, who asked Teller to explain the military practicalities of such weapons. He had Teller next brief Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett who agreed that a second lab was necessary for the security of the U.S.A.

The USAF had been looking for a site for its own weapons laboratory; after some research by the GAC (General Advisory Committee - to the President) requested by its member Willard Libby, and the AEC (through its members Lewis Strauss and Thomas Murray, Herb Lawrence and Herb York advised that Livermore, California, a World War II Navy base, that had been used previously in the preparation for the George, Greenhouse shot, was an advantageous location. Teller did not agree to head the second lab until he had assurance that it would be independent and not just an extension of Los Alamos.

The Livermore Laboratory was staffed with Edward Teller, Herb York, Harold Brown, Art Biehl, John Foster Jr., and others. The relationship with Los Alamos went from bad to worse for cooperation. The media credited the Livermore Lab with developing the hydrogen bomb because the components for the first Pacific shot were sent from there and the details of the history of the development were all classified. It first prepared both thermonuclear and fission "atom" bombs for testing in Nevada State, beginning in the Spring of 1953.

1951 - On November 16
"Atomic Research and Development", a Top Secret CIA report, indicated that the Soviet Union had "heavy rockets" having a range of about 220 miles (335 km) with a nuclear warhead and guided by radio signals being fitted in Soviet submarines. Such rockets were believed to have been introduced into the Soviet Navy in the Far East by the fall of 1950. In reality, the Soviets had been developing the German V-2 missiles which they had taken from Germany at the end of WWII and was using them to develop a space program. Stalin's intent was to reach a capability of exploding a thermonuclear device from space over the USA.

What the Soviets were developing for submarine use was an "R-11FM" SCUD-type missile originally developed for the Soviet Army. It was a 35 foot (10.7 m) liquid-propellant missile with a range of as much as 150 miles (227.7 km), the exact distance depending upon the type of warhead used.

1951 - In December
EBE, the spacebeing captured from the flying disk crash near Roswell in 1949, became ill.
EBE's system was chlorophyll based and it processed food into energy much the same way as plants do, excreting wastes likewise. Medical personnel had been unable to discover the cause of the illness. It was then that an expert botanist, Dr. Guillermo Mendoza, unknown in the very small plant intelligence field, was brought in to try and help EBE recover. This effort failed in mid 1952 when EBE died.

From what humanity learned of plant intelligence and health over the next 25 years, the following is almost assuredly the factors which promoted its illness. Plants are sensitive to the manner in which they are treated and the respect which is held of them. Appreciated and loved plants sometimes flourish remarkably better than ones simply left to grow without human attention. Plants are sensitive to brainwaves in a manner that we would call "mindreading".

During its captivity, EBE would have been aware of the military's attitude to enact vengeance (Project Grudge) against any spacebeing as well as the proclivity of humans at that time to hack it to death (dissect) in order to try and understand its physical makeup. Also, being in captivity might have restricted its access to full spectrum lighting, developed many years later, and it would have been surrounded mostly by military trained personnel who are broken in spirit (so that they accept the authority of others without question) and are rewarded for negative emotions (intolerance, hatred, suspicion, deception, sacrifice as a means of existence).

Finally, plants are influenced negatively by increased levels of hydrocarbon gases, radioactivity, microwave radiation, certain forms of sound pattern and the freshness of oxygen in the air AND water they are exposed to. Progress in the science of air and water purification at the time was minimal. Plant health is negatively impacted by ALL of these factors: negative actions, negative attitudes, negative feelings, "artificial" lighting, air and water pollution.

In the interim, the rest of EBE's culture had left the Earth and the solar system for another part of the Milky Way. For them, it was regrettably, yet necessary, for the destructiveness and negativity of humans they did not want to influence their culture.

1951 - On December 12
The British Permanent Under-Secretary's Committee issued a memorandum stating the government's overall foreign policy objective:

"It is not in the true interests of the continent that we should sacrifice our present unattached position which enables us, together with the United States, to give a lead to the free world. ... A continental union would not threaten essential British interests, would not necessarily hamper the growth of an Atlantic community, and may have positive advantage in building up a sense of European unity."

In other terms, the USA could not act directly in unity with any European federation without appearing to the rest of the world as obviously imperialistic and totalitarian as the USSR. To maintain an appearance of nothing more than gratuitous support and friendship between the USA and the western European nations, Britain was required to take the position of a stepping stone. The USA could act as a co-defender of Britain. Britain could act as a co-defender of Europe. Thus a capitalist domino effect was set in place against the political control method of expansion taken by the USSR. This was more a perception held by the British military intelligence than by the majority of politicians involved. It did back the British decisons ... made by a few men. A few influential British politicians and MI-5 coveted the preferential "special relationship" which it believed it now held with the USA; sharing and expanding such a relationship could only diminish its elitist benefit. Harold Macmillan, then British Minister of Housing, even went so far as to suggest that "Britain might hope to something like equal partnership with the United States."

1951 - On December 20
A brief issued by the British Foreign Office noted that:

"Britain has a unique position at the heart of 3 interlocking communities: Commonwealth, Atlantic and European. A mistake frequently made in the United States is to regard Britain exclusively as a European Power."

1951 - By the end of the year
The Vietnamese National Army (VNA) had been created by the French occupational administration, directed by Jean de Lattre de Tassigny. Fighting a French cause, the expected 115,000 strength of the army reached only 38,000 by the end of the year. The USA had encouraged the French to build the native army for some time. Now it encouraged the French to "perfect" the independence of the Indochinese states but France was all talk and no action. Proud, immature and highly nationalistic, de Lattre reduced American control over the aid they supplied, denied them any role in the training of the new military and refused to include them in a consideration of future plans let alone current conditions. Joining the VNA was like being paid to accept verbal and physical abuse while receiving room and board.

1951 - On December 31
"Project Grudge, Status Report 2" would be published with access limited by a secrecy classification to high authority military personnel. Its first and partial relase to the public would be made in September, 1960.