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Memory Stimulators.
1948 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein; When My Baby Smiles At Me; Yellow Sky, Raw Deal, The Snake Pit, Blondie's Reward, The Fallen Idol; Don't Trust Your Husband; The Night has a Thousand Eyes; Against the Wind; Red River; Wake of the Red Witch; Rachel and the Stranger; Romance on the High Seas.

1948 - On January 7th,
Captain Thomas Mantell, while commanding a flight of F-51's, Mustang interceptors (P51s), over Godman Air Field, Fort Knox, Kentucky, was asked to investigate an object which had been observed in the area for 1-1/2 hours by a selection of people.

Originally, the Godman Air Field tower crew had sighted a bright, disc-shaped object; others say the Kentucky Highway Patrol noticed it first. A State Police officer estimated the size of the craft to be 250 feet in diameter.

At 1:45 pm T. Sgt. Quinton Blackwell, the air traffic controller, visually scanned the skies south of Godman AFB and picked out a dim light in the hazy sky, which he later identified as a metallic disk-like object. After 48 years of silence in accord with instructions from his military superiors, he would go public with his comments and experience of the incident in late 1995. Until then, the sons (Thomas Mantell III and Terrell Mantell), the daughter (Bettye Mantell) and the wife of the flyer would not have received any official contact from the USAF about the accident or their findings. Newspaper headlines would proclaim that Mantell had flown too high, lost consciousness, and crashed his plane. Blackwell testified that he knew the difference between a pilot who was experiencing altitude sickness and one who was alert according to their communication and that Mantell appeared alert throughout.

The aerial object was reported to the base operations officer, the intelligence officer, and the base commander, Colonel Guy F. Hix. At 2:20 pm Hix arrived, by which time the UFO looked like "an ice cream cone" through binoculars. For an hour and 20 minutes, Hix and dozens of other people watched as it hovered in the southwestern sky. Towns separated by 175 miles had observers report. The object moved too slowly, quietly, and was too bright to have been either a helicopter or conventional aircraft. It was also too large to be any known balloon. Mantell and several other pilots were in the process of ferrying the P51s, from a Georgia base to the Kentucky base. As they flew over the base, Mantell was asked to investigate. Why would the government insult the intelligence of numerous witnesses to make such an extended observation appear to be mundane ?

Captain Mantell was in one of the 4 National Guard F-51 jets which arrived over Godman at about 2:40 pm. He had received a Flying Cross medal and other military awards for his flight skills and bravery during WWII and had since opened his own flight school in addition to serving in the National Guard Reserve. He was experienced in flying at higher altitudes and familiar with the symptoms (slurring of speech, blurring of vision, hallucinations, light headedness) and prevention of altitude sickness. He began a spiralling, climbing turn to 220 degrees and 15,000 feet.

As the flight passed through 15,000 feet, Mantell radioed the base and asked that authorization be given for and that the accompanying planes be "hot loaded" with ammunition, as they were travelling without active armamentation. Two of the wingmen turned back. At that altitude, they were supposed to be on oxygen, but not all the aircraft were equipped with it and none had a full supply. The wingmen attempted to contact Mantell but were unsuccessful. In the tower, Mantell was heard to broadcast from 15,000 feet that the UFO was "above and ahead of me and appears to be moving at half my speed".

He continued to follow it and later he said that it was "metallic and it is tremendous in size".
Blackwell said that Mantell described the object as 200 feet in diameter and about 75 feet in thickness. It had observation windows at the top, was aluminum in colour, metallic in appearance, and round. He determined that: "It's going up now and forward as fast as I am. That's 360 mph ... I'm going up to 20,000 feet and if I'm no closer, I'll abandon chase." Finally, he said the UFO was just above him and "I am trying to close for a better look."

At 22,000 feet, the remaining 2 wingmen, Lieutenant A.W. Clements and Lieutenant B.A. Hammond, were forced to turn back. The oxygen supply of one of the fighters wasn't working correctly, and military regulations require oxygen above 14,000 feet. The USAF later said Mantell had no such equipment. Hammond radioed, at 3:10 P.M., that they had to abandon.

Mantell continued to climb and the USAF later said that he didn't respond.
Blackwell later acknowledged that Mantell had radioed that the object appeared to be moving away from him and that he was going to try and catch up. Five minutes later all radio and visual contact was lost of him. A search began and 1 hour and 45 minutes later the plane was found strewn over half a mile on a farm near Franklin, Kentucky. Mantell died in the crash; his watch read 3:18 P.M. An investigation was begun and an extensive report concluded that a weather balloon or Venus or some visual illusion had resulted in the tragic accident.

Mantell, an aggressive, young, combat experienced and decorated pilot had approached too closely to the combined high energy electrostatic and electromagnetic field surrounding the UFO. On doing so, his own plane had entered the gravity-absent envelope surrounding the UFO while at the same instant acting like a lightning receptor to receive an electric discharge from the UFO shell which approximated a charge of 1 million volts and a current of 20,000 amperes: his plane disintegrated into more than 1,000 pieces and he was killed instantly. At best, what had occurred was not understood, could not be theorized at the time, and was considered impossible. At worst, this incident became one of a few which would be noted as evidence of the hostile intentions of visiting extraterrestrials, all of whom were considered to represent one species or civilization.

The officers in the tower at the time of the sighting and the subsequent crash (3 generals and 2 colonels) avoided their responsibility by quickly leaving the tower after the event. In such situations, copious administrative bureaucratic forms had to be completed and the status quo response of the time against those who filed such reports was to discredit their reputation and opportunity for future promotion. These are typical reasons why some reports are not made and why others are not investigated, are discredited, or not confirmed.

1948 - By January,
The CIA was fighting a war of spies between the British and Americans on one side and the Russians on the other.
In Vienna and Berlin activity was vigorous. In the Philippines, the Hukbalahaps, a communist-backed guerilla group, was challenging the government established there by the United States after the Japanese surrender. In northern Iranian province of Azerbaijan, Soviet agents were encouraging separatist unrest despite agreements with Britain and the United States that they would refrain from such activity. In China, Mao Tse-tung's communist army was steadily advancing to power at the expense of the pro-American Chiang Kai-shek.

1948 - In January,
Leonard Engel reported that "hundreds" of federal research posts stood vacant because scientists recoiled from the new climate of suspicion.

1948 - On January 15,
U.S.A. Attorney General Tom Clark, in addressing the Cathedral Club of Brooklyn, stated:

"Those who do not believe in the ideology of the United States,
shall not be allowed to stay in the United States."

1948 - On January 22,
Ernest Bevin, British Foreign Secretary, said in an address to the House of Commons:

"Britain cannot stand outside Europe and regard her problems as quite separate from those of her European neighbours .... We shall pursue a course which will seek to re-unite Europe."

1948 - During February,
The CIA estimated that:

"improbable that any South Korean government can maintain its independence after the US withdrawal."

1948 - On February 14,
Near Aztec, New Mexico, U.S.A., a disk-like alien aircraft is discovered on a Mesa.
16 human-like beings were found dead aboard the crashed craft.
According to Jerome Clark, Dr. Gee (Gebauer) and Silas Newcomb were later arrested for talking about the recovery and were charged with trying to sell "worthless" UFO hardware.

One of the beings was photographed during autopsy and revealed the following:

The body was a little shorter than 4 feet in height.
It was completely heterous, head was a rounded cranium, slightly enlarged (compared to humans), no genitalia, eyes almond-shaped, slits where nose would be, extremely small mouth, receding chin line, holes where ears would be expected. The eye placement and shape suggested an oriental appearance. The left hand was longer than in human proportion with the wrist extending to within 2 or 3 inches of the knees. The wrist appeared to articulate in a fashion which allowed a double joint with 3 digit fingers. The wrist was very slender. There was no thumb. A palm was almost non-existent with the 3 fingers appearing to extend directly from the wrist. The colour of the skin was a dark bluish gray. The lower part of the body was darker suggesting that decay had set in from exposure after death. Also body fluids appeared to have settled to the base of the body following death.

Photographs of the beginning stages of the autopsy showed that the body had been slit open from just under the chin down to the crotch. A green viscous liquid was evident and was later verified as being chlorophyll-based. At least 2 hearts appeared to be in the body, or it was a small cluster of a multi-valve heart. No stomach or digestive tract appeared obvious. The Grudge/Blue Book #13 Report would later theorize that nourishment was taken in through the mouth and excreted through the skin.

1948 - On March 18,
A 2000 lb/910 kg Meteorite landed in a cornfield in Norton County, Kansas.
The impact dug a pit 3 feet wide by 10 feet deep.

1948 - On March 20,
The London Foreign Minister's Conference on the Berlin, Germany question fails.
The British and American forces refuse to remove their forces from West Berlin, despite its position in the Soviet occupied area of eastern Germany. The Soviet Union is equally stubborn in insisting on having all of Berlin under Soviet jurisdiction.

1948 - On March 25,
In Hart Canyon, near Aztec, New Mexico, U.S.A., a disk-like alien aircraft was found.
The Army OSI and the IPU put on Red Alert and the ADC activated the local military units.
When the saucer-shaped craft had got into range of a Special High-Powered radar at the Four Corners Range (Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado) it began to flutter and wobble from side-to-side and took a trajectory towards the ground. Apparently, the beam from the radar disrupted the guidance or propulsion of the craft, it was suspected.

The disc was found to be 100 feet in diameter.
A total of humanoid bodies were recovered from this crash and the one on February 14.
A large number of apparent human body parts were found stored within the vehicles.
These findings resulted in the USAF Project Sign (1947) being upgraded to Project Grudge (1948).
It had crash landed on Mr. H.D.'s property and he and his family were sworn to secrecy about the event.

1948 - On March 27,
Restrictions on Transportation Routes into Berlin are activated by the USSR.

1948 -
Wilbert Smith, who worked for the Canadian Department of Transportation, was working on an electro-geomagnetic propulsion system. Having heard rumours of the Roswell craft retrieval, he was concerned whether we had any information the U.S.A. could share with Canada concerning this type of propulsion system. He received a report back confirming the existence of UFO's and that a small group of scientists were working on this, a most highly classified subject in the U.S.A. government. This request remained classified for decades.

1948 - On April 3,
Lt. Robert W. Myers of the U.S.A. 67th Fighter Wing, 18th Fighter Group, Philippine Islands, leading a group of four F-47s, saw an aerial object 3 miles away, turned around to check on it and watched it make a 90 degree turn and disappear within 5 seconds. It was silver-coloured and left no exhaust trails.

1948 - During April and May,
"Operation Sandstone" was conducted by the USA Joint Task Force Seven at Eniwetok Atoll.
Force Seven was formed because of the extensive nature of the logistics effort required to run a joint AEC-Defense Department overseas operation. The task force commander was General John E. Hall, the test director was Navy Captain James S. Russell, and the scientific director was Darol Froman of the Los Alamos staff. There were three test explosions, ranging in yields from 18 to 49 kilotons. The tests did eventually result in the improved efficiency of use of fissile material. By making use of new designs based on these experiments, the commission reported, "(it) would now be able to produce more weapons than had been required in the schedule which the Joint Chiefs of Staff had prepared in 1947."

The success of the Sandstone test boosted morale at Los Alamos, gained more support for the laboratory from the Washington political representative, and resulted in the construction of a new laboratory at South Mesa, near Los Alamos.

1948 - On April 16,
The (OEEC) Organization for European Economic Cooperation was formed.
Its acknowledged aim was the liberalization of continental trade and the stimulation of industrial and agricultural production in Western Europe. Its immediate concern was with the USA Marshall Plan (the European Recovery Program) and it would become a major contributor in the drafting of the strategy for the distribution of American aid in Western Europe. The USA was not a formal member of the organization although its views were largely communicated by Britain which became progressively dominant in the OEEC. It would be succeeded in 1961 by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in which the USA and Canada would be members.

It was believed originally by Truman's advisors that American membership would make blatantly clear the deceptive intent of the USA aid: the extension of American capitalism throughout Europe. By taking such a political offensive this would result in the USSR reacting with increased defensiveness and vigour. A less politicaly obvious "invasion" by infusing the attitudes and behaviours of the economic system of the "leader" would eventually, subtly and without opposition - increase the dependency of Western Europe on the American style of economics, or, make it an extension of the American economic philosophy. From ancient strategists, possession of a person's mind is much more powerful politically than simply the possession of the body.

The American style of capitalism had become imperialistic in that capital investments in other countries largely supported industries which had a primary market outside of the "production" country - largely in the USA. The local civilian population was usually too poor, and remained poor, by receiving low wages and no social benefits, to represent even a small part of the market for the plantation-produced products, and, later, for the industrial production. In this manner, the desperation of the population of the production country - through progressive overpopulation, feudal centralization of capital, and increasing dependency of the individual family on a wage-based livelihood - introduced willing "captive" labourers.

Such capital dependency, as in opposition to individual self-sufficiency, was additionally promoted by the media and educational and even the religious institutions in such countries through the motivating images of the material luxuries enjoyed in the host country: if they worked hard and saved their capital they also could live a lifestyle of material luxury. An old pattern of human enslavement now was being updated. The Marshall Plan, beginning now, would form an initial infiltration throughout the European market through the enslaving practice of credit extension. Who you owe money to can directly or indirectly strongly influence your decisions, economic or otherwise.

In previous eras, overpopulation had resulted in overdependency upon some form of food production. At an eventual point of maximum strain on the environment - when all factors had to perform perfectly for an adequate level of production - normal long-term climatic, geological or planetary changes had occurred. Unprepared for, and actually structured to be most susceptible to, the resulting droughts, epidemics, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or tidal variations, - the ensuing material sacrifices grew and produced civil distress. Human authorities, both religious and political, were rejected from their god-like status and the now self-obsessed civilians typically banded into powerful and/or materially gifted groups against the weak and/or poor groups. The end result was frequently dissipation of the culture, or, having ignored the warnings available through prophesies and the benefit of individual meditations - near total destruction.

The current scenario was to invest capital from the host country into nations which had, from their collective inabilities, become capital destitute AND needy. The fact that most of these countries shared a feudal economic background and an industrial age style of capitalism (expansion dependent on debt and mechanization) predisposed these nations to a continuation of their indebtedness. The lure of recovery from a catastrophe quickly with the capital assistance of others has always been more attractive to modern humans than the much slower and more self-sacrificing manner of recovery through extended self-sufficiency.

The expectation of the Truman advisors was that control over the uses of the capital would indirectly, if necessary, fall back upon themselves. Of first consideration was the motivation to have America prosper as never before and for it to do so on a long-term basis. Of secondary consideration was the intent to forge a political co-dependency between North America and Europe such that a unified front would deny the Communist ideology and the USSR any expansion into such an area. Few would realize the true political motivations behind many of the political decisions taken by the leaders of the USA, Britain, France, and the USSR - until diplomatic documents became available, in part or in whole, 30 to 50 years from now - when their assigned level of secrecy would run out.

1948 - In May,
U.S.A. President Truman contacts Canada, Britain, France and the Soviet Union to inform them of the "alien" problem concerning the crashed disks, spacebeings and body parts. Plans were formulated to defend the Earth in case of invasion from Space. It was decided that an independent group was necessary to coordinate and control international efforts in order to maintain security by avoiding the normal scrutiny of the press. A secret society was formed, in Geneva, Switzerland, which became known as the "Bilderburgers". Its efforts were to encourage the formation of a global state so that "Earthlings" would be able to negotiate and communicate as an entity with representatives from one or more extraterrestrial cultures. A primary first effort was the unification of Europe from its current economic and political anarchy of many states without a central focus.

The U.S.S.R. representatives believed this was a deception from the beginning, especially when the U.S.A. refused to share any of its physical evidence, and continued to aggressively mount covert intelligence efforts in the form of wiretapping of phones, espionage of documents, disinformation, and aerial photography over the Soviet Union. Stalin, with his unfortunate background of harsh experiences did not trust anyone. He routinely had military officers, close associates, friends, and political heroes murdered under suspicion that they might threaten his autocratic rule. He thought this was an attempt to delude him into passive weakness by diverting his attention to what seemed to be a ridiculous scheme which he considered insulting to his intelligence. His perspective was that the U.S.A. was developing sophisticated technology to attack the U.S.S.R. and that this plan would inform them of how much the U.S.S.R. knew of the plans of the U.S.A. and that at an appropriate time, the other participants would play along with the suggestion of a Space invasion which in some way would leave the Soviet Union open to attack. His paranoia increased, he put extra emphasis on the development of the hydrogen fusion bomb and anti-aircraft missiles for ever increasing ceilings of range.

1948 - During early May,
The British, who had established a mandate over Palestine in 1920, in contravention of the 1917 Balfour Declaration which pledged a national home for the Jews in Palestine - withdrew their army and their administration. Since their refusal to honour the Balfour Declaration, conflict had been endemic in the Palestinian region between Jews and Arabs.

1948 - On May 11,
Henry A. Wallace, a former USA Secretary of Agriculture (1933-40) and a former Vice-President (1940-44) and Secretary of Commerce (1945-6), delivered a speech containing an open letter to Joseph Stalin; a week later Stalin described Wallace's proposals as a "good and fruitful" basis for peaceful coexistence.

The Wallace doctrine of foreign affairs had been one of peaceful coexistence between the Soviet and Western spheres of influence in Europe. By no means a socialist but rather a proponent of "people's capitalism", Wallace described his position as "I'm an idealist; the Communists are materialists ... I wouldn't want Communism over here, but it makes more sense in Russia." Increasingly, he had interpreted events as the Soviet Union publicly interpreted them, explaining, for example, that the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia was a justifiable prophylactic measure to thwart an imminent rightist coup engineered by American Ambassador Laurence A. Steinhardt. His stand had lost him his position as Secretary of Commerce.

In March he had told a radio audience,

"The men who speak of reigns of terror in Europe are fast introducing a reign of terror here at home."

1948 -
The Mundt-Nixon bill, when activated by President Truman, would allow repressive measures, later refered to as "McCarthyism."
Originally, it called for the registration of the Communist party with the use of concentration camps to intern potential troublemakers on the occasion of some loosely defined future 'Internal Security Emergency' including, as one case, "insurrection within the United States in aid of a foreign enemy." It was reported out of Nixon's House Committee on Un-American Activities. One aspect considered a problem with the bill by some legislators was the fact that those interned in detention centers would have the "right of habeas corpus so they can be released and go on to do their dirty business."

1948 - On May 10,
The Korean Election resulted in a 90% turnout of registered voters and a clear winner with "Syngman Rhee" receiving 90% of the vote for an assembly seat in Seoul. The Assembly would convene on May 31, elect Rhee as chairman, and proceed to write a constitution. Communist agents would kill more than 100 people in and around polling places on election day in an attempt to discredit the election.

1948 - On May 14,
The state of Israel, ("he that strives with God") was created for members of the Jewish religion, in the Middle East, in a largely deserted Arab region generally known as Palestine. This came as a result of the Jewish National Council, under the direction of Ben Gurion, issuing the proclamation to the surrounding states, to which Israel represented territory occupied by political revolutionaries and terrorists.

Beginning in 1933, Jews, feeling exploited and unwanted throughout many nations, began to organize for a return to the central regional focus of their religious history and political birth: Palestine. By 1939, over 30% of the relatively small population of the Palestinian region and 12% of land ownership was Jewish. Territory declared to be part of the state was at first acquired by purchase from Arab owners and settlement (right of occupation). Between 1947 and 1949, the amount of territory in question would double.

During June and July, the new state was attacked militarily by the Arab League and defended successfully by the Israeli Air Force. UN mediation efforts failed when UN emissary Count Bernadotte was murdered by Jewish terrorists. Fighting continued in the southern contested area, the Negev, situated between Egypt (United Arab Republic) and Jordon.

It should be noted here that the religious use of the word "Israel" in ancient predictions most likely refers directly to its literal meaning: "He that strives with God." Such a person or persons define themselves solely by their reverence to and humility before God and their faith in (derived from experience and challenge) and request for guidance (through prayer and meditation) from the Holy Spirit, which is the human representation of the communicating force or identity expressed by God. There are no territorial nor racial borders to such a concept and determination of one's affiliation cannot be determined by any outward distinctions. Most later interpretations of Biblical predictions would ignore the spiritual context of the word and substitute the human-generated political reality for the meaning - with disastrous consequences.

1948 - During the year,
Dennis Gabor invents the technique of Holography.
By recording and later reconstructing the amplitude and phase distributions of light wave images, a method of optical image formation can be produced. This would become the major use of this technology although the intent of the original invention was to improve the resolution of electron microscope images.

A photo transparency is made of reflected light waves from an object, plus light waves which bypass the object. When the transparency is illuminated, an exact duplication of the original object waves generates a virtual image of the original object, which appears to the observer to be 3-dimensional. The military would have made great development of the technology and covert deployment of it. Civilian uses of the technology would become obvious in the early 1990s for the purposes of advertising and entertainment.

1948 - During May,
A 36 foot diameter flying saucer was found in Paradise Valley, near Phoenix, Arizona state.
It had landed near, or just inside the boundaries of one of the proving grounds (an Air Force gunnery range is south west of Phoenix). It was eventually dismantled and taken to Dayton. A crew of two appeared to have died in this craft: one was slumped over the control panel; the other was going through the exit. Again, there was a note of no weapons, and a use of push button controls. No apparent sleeping or toilet facilities were found suggesting that the smaller ship was working from a mother ship or able to make round trips from and to their origin faster than earlier. A 3-point landing gear on this craft held steel balls in vacuum cups which permitted the balls to revolve. While the balls were moving in one direction, nothing could tip the ship, but when they were motionless a child could tilt it.

It was suggested by some scientists that because of the high level of secrecy involved, the whole investigative procedure tended to make them hoard what they knew instead of sharing it, lest he or she be charged with giving away the nation's security, or what some fallible and unidentified authority has decreed for the moment to be the nation's security.

The fact that the saucer-shaped craft whirls was believed to be only for the purpose of balance.
Propulsion was believed to be the result of the disturbance of magnetic lines of force, there being 1,257 magnetic lines of force to the square centimetre. "What actually happens is that, even though the wing part is whirling, the saucer actually crawls forward from one crossed magnetic line to another. ... The successive crossing of these magnetic lines of force under control makes possible the speeding up of the whirling action of the plate or wing part of the saucer, because the saucer is attempting to get to the next succeeding line of force; seeking to get back in balance . ...

What we have here is energy existing and created without a wire and actually in the lines of force themselves. The saucer being so regulated magnetically is eternally trying to get away from its disturbed magnetic points, as a person prodded from behind by a needle might try to get away from the disturbance, and thereby movement is created. ... The simplest of all mechanical motions is that of rotation. ... dynamos or generators are fundamentally nothing but devices for moving a conductor through a magnetic field and drawing off the current thus produced. However, the electrical energy is produced only when the motion takes place in such a manner as to cut the lines of magnetic force."

It appears that the death of the crewpersons was the result of overenthusiasm and professional carelessness. It is likely that the air temperature in the immediate region on the date was much higher than the beings were accustomed to. In addition, the composition of the Earth's atmosphere with relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide and relatively high amount of oxygen may have asphyxiated them if their life supporting gas was carbon dioxide rather than the oxygen which humans require. It would have been like a human stepping into an atmosphere of safe pressure but of a composition of 1% oxygen and 20% carbon dioxide and a temperature of 200 degrees Fahrenheit!

1948 - During the year,
A scientist in the field of medicine applied for a job on a research project having no relation to military security. The chairman of the "Loyalty Review Board" panel said to him:

"The point that I'm disturbed about is that while you neither advocate Communism nor do anything consciously to implement it, nevertheless you would go to the limit in defending the right of other people ... to advocate Communism ... and the only limitation ... was that you would limit it, or forbid it, if the conditions at the time happened to be such that a political upheaval of some kind might result.

These remarks mirrored the establishment's intense preoccupation with the "clear and present danger" doctrine - even if the present danger was a future one. Although accused only of such thoughts, the scientist was found ineligible for the job.

1948 - On June 2,
Thousands of protestors marched on Washington, D.C. to denounce the Mundt-Nixon Bill, which advocated restrictions on personal freedoms.

1948 - On June 7,
Ed Wilson was piloting an open Waco airplane with a Continental engine, equipped for 12-hour flights, engaged in shallow-bottom treasure hunting by air when he experienced the following:

"I was about 45 miles northeast of Miami and flying at about 250 feet above sea level when a hissing, smashing updraft hit me. It bounced the plane about 1000 feet upward. Now I have been in updrafts and downdrafts, but nothing like this. After I got back to more or less normal I noticed that the water had become bright and silvery. I noticed something big under the water and thought it was a wrecked ship. It was not far from the surface. Something was causing the water to rush past it at a fast rate (or, it was moving through the water at a fast rate). It (the water) curled around it and made a deep channel. The ocean seemed to be opening up. I was now flying low in a sort of trough in the water with both sides of it along the wingtips.

I suddenly realized that what I was looking at was not a ship at all, but seemed to be a huge building down in the water. The water seemed to get shallower around it (as if it were coming to the surface). I could see a slanting side of a building that looked like a mountain. I was down at about 50 feet from the surface and could see it in the water. I circled around it for a minute and a half. I could even see barnacles on it and water running past the top of it. At my point of angle and from my position I could clearly see it was a monstrous building. The sun was radiating in such a way that its rays I could see this huge building clearly visible down under the water. I thought i saw other buildings around it (or shadows on the bottom) but I could not see them well. The one I was looking at must have been 100 to 250 feet high according to the pattern I could get.

I started to time myself on the leg out (of this region back to home) to get readings of the location when out of the blue clear day another strange incident occurred: all my magnetics (compass) had gone to zero. Then a strange hue occurred all around me. At about 600 feet above the water in the air that bright crimson hue simply baffled me.

That 240 H.P. Continental began to be the most crazily running engine (effected by strong low frequency electromagnetic radiation) I have had the experience to feel. It became motionless (stopped) no matter what I did with the throttle and pumps. It glided and floated smoothly for at least two miles. Then the engine simply started itself. I could not dive (to pick up airspeed) because I was already on top of the water. Then I realized that some force was pulling towards a westerly direction.

Now, after all this I finally got back to the airport with my Bendix (radio) blasting hell out of everbody but not one single band would respond. After landing and getting inspection of Radio Communications and units, every last unit (electronic tube) was blown, shorted out by some high frequency electronic shock, or mysterious high voltage in the air. They said I might have run through a magnetic belt or something (underwater mothership UFO preparing for takeoff). ..."

Over the next 30 years, last messages from ships and planes which have been lost in the Bermuda Triangle region have held certain indications in common. These include compass spinning, sudden power failure, malfunction of navigational equipment, flight-indicator radar blackout, electronic drain, inability to control altitude of planes, light anomalies seen at night in the air and below the surface of the sea, the sudden appearance of enveloping, sometimes glowing fog over a small area at sea level or as a cloud in the sky (witnesses, sometimes hundreds at a time, have seen planes vanish into such a phenomenon - and not reappear), stress on the metal or wood construction of planes and ships, and strong magnetic pulls of planes and surface craft towards the sea and beneath it. These reports would not be related to sudden storms but are ALL related to some source of electromagnetic energy (a UFO).

1948 - On June 15,
Mr. Booneville observed a reddish glow with a jet exhaust in the vicinity of Miles City, Montana.
The object made no sound and travelled at twice the speed of conventional aircraft.

1948 - On June 24,
The Berlin Blockade begins as Soviet Forces in Europe impose a total road and rail blockade into and out of Berlin.

1948 - During the year,
In the "Crimean Affair", Solomon Mikhoels was murdered on orders from the U.S.S.R.'s Josif Stalin.
Mikhoels had been a member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee during WWII.
Following his murder the committee was suppressed and mass arrests of Jewish cultural and other well-known figures followed. The MGB used an automobile accident to assassinate him, a favorite technique. Stalin ordered other Jews of influence murdered as time progressed.

1948 - During the summer,
At Goose Bay Air Force Base, Labrador, a radar sighting was made of a UFO travelling at a speed of 9,000 mph !
The incident was publicly reported in 1961 to NICAP by Major Edwin A. Jerome, a retired USAF pilot and one-time intelligence officer. During the incident, high ranking officers were at the site inspecting the then important Ground Control Approach radar (GCA) at this servicing and refuelling outpost for all military and civilian aircraft crossing the North Atlantic. Both the USAF and RCAF equipment showed a target that moved at up to 9,000 mph at an altitude of 60,000 feet. As the object maintained altitude and dramatically changed velocity patterns, it could not have been a meteor. The next day, an object was again recorded on both radars hovering over the base at 45,000 feet and travelling from a speed of 10 mph and up.

1948 - During the summer,
General Leslie Groves, U.S. Army, released a story to the newspapers that classified documents had been stolen from the Oak Ridge Laboratory. He refused to elaborate, and it was found that 300 such documents had gone missing from the University of Chicago while he was still in charge. Enrico Fermi had suggested as far back as 1944, that there should be a fire to burn up the great mass of reports in order to keep everyone out of jail. In 1994, a U.S.S.R. would allege that Fermi had passed some documents to them.

General Grove's continuing resistance to civilian control of the AEC had been mentioned to Secretary of Defense K.C. Royall who in discussing it with Lilienthal found out that Groves had earlier spoke stridently against the AEC while at Sandia Base (the Albuquerque facility near Los Alamos) declaring that he would soon be back in command due to the commission's mess of things. Groves problem was that he disagreed with the law. Separately, Robert Oppenheimer, Vannevar Bush and James Conant had gone to see James Forrestal, Secretary of Defense to insist that he must go. Grove's submitted his resignation.

1948 - On July 1,
Major Hammer, Rapid City Air Base, reported seeing 12 disks over the base.
These flying discs were oval-shaped and about 100 feet in diameter, speed in excess of 500 mph. They made 30 and 40 degree climbing turns, accelerating very rapidly out of sight.

1948 - On July 1,
The Airlift of Supplies to Berlin by the British and Americans begins.
By this time, a Mutual Assistance Pact of Brussels between Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Britain and France had formed and included a standing Military Committee.

1948 - During July,
The USAF upgraded "Project Sign" to "Project Grudge".
A low level collection and disinformation project named Blue Book, was formed under Grudge.
The disinformation took the form that reports were evaluated on the basis that UFOs couldn't exist.
It concluded that unidentified flying objects were no direct threat to national security, and that reports of such objects resulted from a mild form of mass hysteria or the misidentification of conventional objects, or were hoaxes fabricated by psychopaths and publicity seekers.

Dr. Allen Hynek, Ohio State University Astronomer and consultant to the Projects, studied 237 of the best sightings and concluded that only 32% of them were likely astronomical bodies. Another 12% were discarded as being weather balloons; and hoaxes, incomplete reports, and airplanes made up exactly 33%. No one could explain the remaining 23%, including the subcontracted Rand Corporation.

At the same time, the other side of Project Grudge was an acceptance that there was spaceperson craft based on the earlier recovery of flying saucers. Included was a history of known or suspected "visitations" including the finding of a flying saucer craft by the Germans in 1936. During WWII they had tried to reverse engineer and rebuild the craft without any known success. The finding of apparent human body parts in at least one craft lent a noticeable "grudge" status to protecting humanity from these aliens and a believed, behind the scenes almost religious and fanatic military effort to better the aliens and destroy them in order to save humanity. 16 volumes of data would be collected, classified "Above Top Secret"; most would be destroyed or covertly hidden. These were reported by Bill English and Milton William Cooper in May, 1989.

The full history of Project Grudge, the problems encountered, and the procedures followed in the investigation and evaluation of reports of sightings, through January, 1949, would be outlined in the USAF Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio, Technical Report No. 102-Ac 49/15100, a 366 page description.

1948 - On July 17,
Kirtland AFB reported 7 UFOs flying a "J" formation in the vicinity of San Acacia, New Mexico, at an altitude of 20,000 feet. The formation varied from a "J" to "L" to "O" after passing zenith. Estimated speed was 1500 mph.

1948 - On July 17,
The Constitution of Korea was promulgated by the Assembly and 3 days later, "Syngman Rhee" was elected president of the Republic of Korea.
For 50 years, Rhee had participated in the struggle for a Korea free of Japanese, Chinese, or other national domination.

1948 - During the year,
Imelda Romualdez became 19-years-old.
While watching the graduation of some friends at her school, Ferdinand Marcos, who was running for Congress, delivered the commencement speech. Her cousin, Daniel was a Congressman in Manila; his brother, Eduardo became a leading banker as chairman of the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (RFC) set up to funnel American aid into projects to rebuild the shattered economy. Later the RFC would be renamed the Development Bank of the Philippines. Norberto Junior reestablished his father's political base. Imelda was growing into a maturing beauty, yet her character was largely undeveloped due to poverty and the anti-social restrictions which her father, Orestes, had imposed on her. She was a good singer and was increasingly invited as an advantage to Norberto Junior's political socializing parties.

Imelda continued her education while building a desire to be noticed.
Several suitors had been making unwanted advances in her direction.
She was given an open invitation by cousin Daniel and his wife to stay with them in Manila and she arrived there at age 22. Eduardo found her a job as clerk in the Central Bank. Of the 400 families who owned anything of size in the Philippines, most would be in attendance at the parties Imelda was to attend at Congressman cousin Daniel's home. She did not impress the gentry as she rushed to please; they considered that she was acting too much like a servant.

1948 - In July,
The U.S.A. National Security Council approved NSC 10/2.
Citing the "vicious covert activities of the U.S.S.R., its satellite countries and communist groups to discredit the aims and activities of the U.S. and other Western powers," it authorized the creation of the Office of Special Projects , soon renamed the Office of Policy Coordination, to combat Soviet and communist activity generally.

The OPC was only limited in that its activities be "so planned and conducted that any U.S. government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the U.S. Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them." The Office was paid for and staffed by the C.I.A. Its head was appointed by the Secretary of State and reported to the Secretaries of State and Defense, by-passing the director of the C.I.A. Its first Director was Frank G. Wisner.

Under NSC-10/1 an "Executive Coordination Group" was established to review, but not approve, covert project proposals. It was also secretly tasked to coordinate the UFO projects including contact with non-human beings. Under these directives the President could be protected from prosecution by virtue that he knew nothing of the nature or actions of the covert operations which existed by his directive.

1948 - During the year,
Admiral Hyman Rickover, U.S. Navy, begins to lobby for a nuclear reactor to act as the power plant for a submarine.
Rickover considers his job the most important assignment in the world.
Some found his communication abrasive; others respected his determination, enthusiasm, innovation and practicality. He would become deputy commander for nuclear propulsion in the Navy and jointly, director of naval reactors in the AEC (later the Department of Energy), a civilian position. The prototype power reactor he had built for submarines became the model for future nuclear power plants in the U.S.A. The U.S.A. had more than 100 nuclear submarines in operation worldwide in the late 1970s.

1948 - On July 24,
Two civilian pilots, Clarence S. Chiles and John B. Whitted, were flying an Eastern Airlines DC-3 out of Houston bound for Atlanta. They nearly collided with a cigar-shaped object over Montgomery, Alabama. They saw it very clearly as it flashed by with a turbulent wake and they followed emergency evasion procedures. They sighted the object 4 times through scattered cloudcover and unlimited visibility, travelling at high speed and high altitude. It appeared wingless, had two decks, and made a sound similar to that of a V-2 rocket. Meteors do not create turbulence and are usually seen by hundreds of people. This was not.

1948 - In August,
The BLONDs decided to set up an association with the Americans.
It would not take an overt political format. The Germans and Soviets had been disqualified from choice for political and cultural reasons. Oriental nations were disqualified by the ethnocentricity of humans and their low standard of living and political stability following the Second World War. Direct approach to American politicians was seen as hazardous based on past American cultural expressions of intolerance, increasing paranoia within the culture directed at socialists and communists, both real and imagined, and the evident inability of American political leaders to understand the possibilities and responsibilities of "transplanted" technology - like nuclear energy.

The BLONDs knew who they were dealing with for their primary mode of communication was by mind reading. They were restricted in the use of this medium to the reading of human minds and thought transference amongst themselves. Humans were incapable of communicating with the BLONDs on this level. The BLONDs knew at this point that the GRAYS had established an underground base in New Mexico state in 1946. They determined that their best strategy for colonization at this point was to infiltrate the American scientific, military, political and industrial communities, or to leave the Earth and search for a base elsewhere.

The magnetic forces of the Earth were ideal for the propulsion systems used by their spacecraft and their space life support resources were low, so the Earth option deserved persistence. Access to facilities and positions of authority would be obtained by their demonstration of apparent creativity and ingenuity in the technical environments of armaments and biotechnology. In reality, they simply tried to "invent" primitive forms of their own technology for human use, or misuse, and used their access to biotechnology labs to try successful crossbreeding with humans and to bioengineer themselves for better long-term survival on either the Earth or Mars.

1948 - On August 3,
A UFO was sighted over Moscow, Soviet Union, which was described similar to that sighted on July 25th, 1948, by 2 Eastern Airlines pilots. It was a space rocket test, like the American one.

1948 - By August 4,
4,000 tons of supplies are being airlifted daily by American and British planes into Berlin.

1948 - In the Fall,
The first Soviet plutonium production reactor began operation.
It was almost a copy of the Hanford, Washington State materials testing reactor the U.S.A. had built in 1943, suggesting that it was built from blueprints passed to the Soviets.

1948 - In the fall,
Premier Kim Il Sung was announced as the leader of a government in North Korea by the USSR.
Further, the USSR announced that they intended to have all of their troops out of Korea by the end of the year and suggested that American troops leave the South as well.

1948 - In September,
The bulletin of the Atomic Scientists reported the case of Dr. A. offered a post as Physiologist P-6 in an Army Laboratory, and informed that he had been cleared by Military Intelligence, he moved to the East Coast from California. Two months later he was informed that he had not, after all, been cleared; he must either "resign without prejudice" or be suspended. If suspended, he would - they told him - later be dismissed "with cause", and this would be entered on his record. Although there was no formal charge against Dr. A., he did glean that he was regarded as a potential risk because of his parent's birthplace, because he belonged to the Federation of Atomic Scientists and to the ICCASP, and because he knew too many left-wingers. Five months after his suspension, the Secretary of the Army ordered his reinstatement with back pay and an apology. Dr. A. then resigned to accept a civilian job.

In September, The Federation of American Scientists' Committee on Secrecy and Clearance reported that it had learned of 56 cases of loyalty-security difficulties during the previous 10 months and concluded that these probably represented only "a fraction of the total number of cases."

1948 - On September 12,
A bright white glowing UFO was seen approaching by the pilot and co-pilot of a Pan Am aircraft en route from Midway to Honolulu, Hawaii. It changed to a reddish glow upon withdrawal. Est. speed: 1000 knots.

1948 - During September,
An abandoned flying saucer was seen by armed forces personnel near a government proving ground in New Mexico.
At first it appeared unoccupied until several small humanoids ran back to it, entered and took off.

1948 - On October 1,
Lt. George Gorman, was flying a F-51 preparing to land at Fargo, North Dakota, Air National Guard field, when he saw a light 1,000 yards below him while he was flying at 4500 feet. It resembling the tail light of another plane. The flight tower told him there was a Piper Cub aircraft below him which he could see, and which was not associated with the light. He started an intercept to determine what the mystery light was.

The light was small, clear, and white and seemed to be blinking off and on.
As he approached, the light became sharp and steady and pulled into a sharp left banking turn.
Gorman dived his plane after it raising his manifold pressure to 60 inches but could not catch it.
It started gaining altitude and made another left turn.
Gorman put his F-51 into a sharp turn, and tried to cut off the light in its attempt to escape.
By then they were at 7,000 feet.
The light made a sharp right turn, and they were heading straight at each other.
When it seemed they were about to collide, Gorman took his plane into a steep dive and the light passed over his canopy at about 500 feet. Then, it made a left circle at about 1,000 feet above, and Gorman gave chase again. He found himself playing a game of 'cat and mouse' with the light.

When it looked as though they were headed for a collision again, the object shot straight up.
Gorman followed it to 14,000 feet, when his plane went into a power stall, and the lighted object turned to the northwest and disappeared. He told the government agents "I had the distinct impression that its maneuvers were controlled by thought or reason." Several people on the ground, the pilot of a plane flying nearby, and his passenger, all saw the UFO. The official explanation was that it was a "lighted Balloon".

1948 -
UKACO, Inc. (Howard Armstrong, Curtis P. Upton, William J. Knuth).
Howard Armstrong, an industrial chemist at Princeton University, took an aerial photograph of a cornfield under attack by Japanese beetles, he cut one corner off the photo with a pair of scissors and laid the remainder together with a small amount of rotenone, a beetle poison, extracted from the roots of a woody Asian vine which the Japanese call "roten", on the collector plate of one of Upton's radionic devices.

Curtis P. Upton, a Princeton-trained civil engineer whose father was a partner of Thomas Alva Edison, and William J. Knuth, an electronics expert from Corpus Christi, Texas, had built a radionics device about a generation after the death of Abrams. In 1951, in Tucson, Arizona, Upton and Knuth treated 4,000 acres of cotton crop for the Cortaro Management Company, one of the largest cotton growers in Arizona. Aerial photographs of the fields were placed on the radionics machine together with a small amount of insecticide. The crop increased beyond normal yield by 25% and the plants had 20% more seed than normally expected. The field workers further noted an almost complete absence of snakes in the areas treated.

Dr. Edward Purcell published an article referring to the characteristic resonant frequency of elements when resonated in selected magnetic fields. Describing the work of Dr. Felix Bloch, he referred to a process called "nuclear induction". This involved turning atomic particles into what, in effect, were infinitesimal radio transmitters, whose broadcasts, if highly amplified, could be detected in loudspeakers.

1948 - During October,
AEC funding of covert developments began.
Due to the confidential nature of many of the programs undertaken by the AEC, it was easy for MJ-12 to siphon off funds for attempts to reverse engineer the propulsion systems found in crashed UFOs. The position always taken by the GRAYS relative to their crashed ships was: "Why should we give you anything? What have you got to give to us?" Eventually, the only negotiating stance which MJ-12 could present was that secure underground base locations could be provided to the GRAYS. At first, the locations offered were set aside within large military reserves.

1948 - On October 15,
A UFO was tracked and pursued over Japan by an F-61 "Black Widow" fighter.
Six attempts to intercept the object failed as it sped up from 200 mph to 1200 mph, leaving the interceptor behind. It was described as shaped like a bullet and apparently 20 to 30 feet long.

1948 - During the year,
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner wrote a novel, "Walden II" about a human utopia based on utilizing the results of his behavioural research conclusions. In it he described a commune where everything, including work, is shared. Everyone is contented. Everyone is free of jealousy. Everyone's behaviour is substantially controlled by sound behavioural engineering principles

There is a hierarchy of leadership with a Political Manager providing direction to six Planners, who supervise Managers for every aspect of community life. Members are sometimes called controllees. They follow the committee's "Code of Conduct". Members are expected to be quite puritanical about sexual relations. The interests of the members are assumed to be all the same regarding political issues and the Political Officer essentially votes on their behalf by proxy in any election. This saves the members from the frustration, anxiety and work of having to assess the candidates themselves.

Through positive and negative "reinforcement" all significant behaviour that the Planners want to encourage or discourage is guided. "If it's in our power to create any of the situations which a person likes or to remove any situation he doesn't like, we can control his behaviour."

In "Walden II", education is handled as an aspect of "human engineering" (that is, conditioning). Children are cared for primarily by the group and as little as possible by the parents. "Home is no place to raise children." Marriage bonds are seen as too unstable. The Planners hope that by weakening the family structure, experimental breeding will become feasible. Meanwhile husband and wife sleep in separate rooms.

Several small communities would be designed after the Walden II concept.
Each would have limited success. Maintaining adults and bringing up children in such a "positive" environment presented an artificial reality in which both age groups seldom had the opportunity to develop or work with conflict resolution skills or skills for coping with failure, challenge, or negative emotions. Instead, it tended to provide a conditioning of self-centred, emotionally restricted, short persistence, low anxiety-tolerance, dependent persons.

What the behaviourist had failed to consider was the unifying and creative coping foundation with a spiritual focus, as an approach. At the same time, some social trends were assumed as a given (rising divorce rates) while other perhaps opposing social principles were introduced (restrained spousal intimate bonding). It would appear that some of the emotional tendencies of academic researchers had been included in the plan as givens: emotional underdevelopment - immaturity, social withdrawal; social interaction anxiety; institutional co-dependency; obsessiveness with intellectualization; avoidance and denial of spiritual values; manipulation of the lives of other living beings; an authoritarian expectation.

1948 - In November,
Harry S. Truman is elected President of the U.S.A.:
24,105,812 votes; Dewey: 21,991,291; Thurmond: 1,176,125; Wallace: 1,157,326

1948 - On November 18,
An oval UFO was sighted by Lt. Henry G. Combs while he was flying a North American T-6 Texan lining up to land at Andrews Air Force Base, near Washington, D.C. Following instruction, including turning his lights off and on, brought no response from the UFO. As he tried to close in, the light accelerated over him speeding up from 80 mph to 500 or 600 mph. Combs described it as displaying "evasive controlled tactics and an ability to perform tight circles, quick variation of air speed, vertical ascents and evasive movements." After 10 minutes of "cat and mouse" chase, it veered East and headed towards the Atlantic. The pilot described it as "a dark grey oval-shaped object smaller than my T-6".

The base officers and ground crew at the base witnessed the whole event. It was originally reported to Project Bluebook as a report from Project SIGN as incident 207. Chief of Staff, General Hoyt Vandenberg, ordered all copies of the report to be destroyed. Project Sign completed its case analyses several weeks later, calling for a more detailed study of UFO sightings. Shortly afterwards, Project Sign was closed down and its team members transferred elsewhere.

1948 - On November 23,
A Wire Report from Germany to Project SIGN noted that an experienced and completely reliable pilot, while flying an F-80 over a US Air Base in the Fursten-Feldbruck area of Germany, had radar and visual contact with a circling red-lighted UFO at 2200 hours at an altitude of 27,000 feet. Ground Project SIGN radar determined that it was going over 900 mph and that it climbed quickly to 50,000 feet in a matter of minutes, then disappeared.

1948 - By December,
The Organization for European Economic Cooperation (O.E.E.C.) is formed with its headquarters in Paris.
It is to be responsible for the distribution of European Recovery Funds (ERFs) agreed to in late 1947.
According to the ERF programme, the USA was to supply raw materials, goods and capital, partly in the form of credits, and partly as outright subsidies to the European nations. The Soviet Union considered that the plan was simply a way in which the European countries could be drawn into the credit-dependency of American capitalism. Such could economically force the participants to trade with the USA with the latter setting out the rules and regulations. Since the USSR had been avoided in the economic recovery plans presented by the USA and since the USA had been exceedingly tardy in economically assisting the USSR at a time of its greatest need during the War, Stalin suspected that there was some deceptive motive behind this benevolence.

Stalin's answer was that the monies being pledged be advanced on the basis of forgivable loans which each nation would make honest efforts to repay. This would leave the sovereignty of the receiving nations unchallenged and if the agreements were truly being advanced by the USA without ulterior motives and on the basis of goodwill and trust - then the receiving nations would be bound morally by that trust to repay the loans. The USA refused this approach and the Soviet Union withdrew all of the East European nations under its control from the plan. By 1952, US $14,000 million had been distributed and western Europe had essentially become an American economic colony.

1948 - By the end of this year,
Egas Moniz, a Portuguese neurologist, had begun performing lobotomies on patients.
He happened to hear, at an international conference, of experiments that had been performed on chimpanzees which had shown that destruction of certain frontal regions of the brain eliminated temper tantrums. On returning to Portugal, he performed lobotomies on 20 long-term psychotics. He declared improvement in most of the cases and won a Nobel Prize.

After World War II, tens of thousands of severely disturbed veterans were swelling veterans' hospitals. (Governments are seldom open and honest about the human costs of war, after it is over.) The USA Veterans Administration backed the operation in the hope of getting patients home. Many of the operations performed during this period did not involve opening the scalp. Some surgeons simply ran an ice pick or a device resembling an ice pick up past the eyeball and wiggled it around for a while to sever the nerve fibers connected to the frontal lobes. Certain persons doing this operation were not even surgeons. One doctor who did several thousand lobotomies was Walter Freeman of George Washington University. He said it was a simple matter to perform a dozen supraorbital lobotomies in a few hours at the operating table.

Lobotomies proved to be a permanent pacifier.
It seemed to transform the agitated, the violent, the distressed, the compulsive.
Great numbers of patients did seem transformed enough to be sent home from mental hospitals.
But then the reports of frequent, undesirable side effects started coming in.
Some lobotomized subjects became so placid they were barely able to look after themselves.
Many were dubbed "vegetables". Others dramatically lost their inhibitions against doing what they had previously considered immoral. Loss of creativity and loss of intellectual capacity were reported. In general there frequently seemed to be a blunting of what one lobotomy specialist called "the higher sensibilities."

The frontal lobes of the human brain are now known to be one of the components which provides the physical neural complexity for the development of a conscience. Veterans shocked by the immoral acts which they had seen, and often committed themselves, during the war, had returned home with severely disturbed consciences. The memories of the horrors of the maiming, killing, and dying of friend and foe now had to be faced in the aftermath of a lengthy period of continuous vigilance for survival. Now they could reflect on what they had seen, experienced and done. The lobotomies, for some, removed the CAPACITY for such concerns leaving free reign for the less socially responsible and more primitive sections of the brain. Incest and child abuse were two of the results which doctors did not want to hear about or report and simply adopted denial as a way of coping with their creations. While not the only reason for the increase in these types of behaviour, this type of lobotomy was a significant contributor.

Once the pattern of behaviour was started, it would multiply.
Abused children, imprinted with the co-dependent victim-aggressor pattern would act out the same relationship with their children, and, perhaps with other people's children. The children of those children would act out the behaviours again. Sometimes the unconscious motivation was the simplest and strongest human response: habit. At other times, with different subjects, the obsession with this type of behaviour stemmed from an unconscious anxiety over "What did the behaviour mean - Why did father do that to me? Either way, the behaviour expanded in expression in the culture. By the early 1990s, statistics indicated that 50% of American families had experienced incidents of incest. A culture devoid of spiritual basis (lack of empathy and constructive spiritual therapy for a troubled conscience) had chosen a physical (materialistic-mechanistic-manipulative) approach to conversion of their political pawns back into productive workers.

1948 -
Swiss chemist Dr. Paul Mueller receives the Nobel prize for medicine for his discovery of the power of DDT to kill insects without apparent (acute) damage to humans. It prompts widespread indiscriminate use by farmers, foresters, gardeners, foreign aid workers, and others. 80% of what was manufactured in the U.S.A. was exported. It would be 1969 before the USDA would announce cutbacks on the use of DDT. During the same year, Londoners in England would find that flies had become insensitive to it. Later, DDT would be shown to be a carcinogen.

late 1948 -
Low supplies and few sources of uranium fuel in the U.S.A. lead to the AEC authorizing the construction of an experimental breeder reactor. Such a device would produce as much fuel as it burned up, by irradiating thorium with excess neutrons to produce fissionable isotope U-238. The project was abandoned in 1950.

late 1948 -
Green fireballs were seen over Albuquerque, New Mexico.
From 1948 into 1951 numerous sightings of fireballs over the U.S.A. supersensitive Atomic Energy Commission installation at Los Alamos, travelling at an estimated speed of 27,000 mph were reported. Dozens of scientists, Air Force special agents, airline pilots, military pilots, and Los Alamos security inspectors submitted over 200 reports of huge half moons, circles, and disks flying at extreme velocities and emitting a green light so bright it caused the contours of surrounding mountains to glow momentarily at night. Some of the witnesses reported watching flat, disk-like objects travelling at equally high speeds and varying in colour from brilliant white to amber, red, and green.

A private pilot flying one night north of Santa Fe, New Mexico, encountered one of the fireballs and described it this way:

"Take a softball and paint it with some kind of fluorescent paint that will glow a bright green in the dark. Then have someone take the ball out about 100 feet in front of you and about 10 feet above you. Have him throw the ball right at your face, as hard as he can throw it. That's what a green fireball looks like."

The REDs were expressing their displeasure at the continued development of nuclear weapons even as they had tried to deter the use of bombers and nuclear weapons towards the end of the War during which time the majority of casualties were civilian. They knew that Japan was on the verge of surrendering before the nuclear bombs were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Committed not to physically interfere with human history, they were treading a fine line in attempting to slow the reactionary and vengeful policies of those human participants for whom mass deaths were a balm for their hatred. They had hoped that the U.S.A. and Britain would have earlier shared their nuclear power technology peacefully with the U.S.S.R. thereby foregoing a nuclear power struggle. America had chosen otherwise. Now, it was possible that if the Americans stopped their development of the hydrogen superbomb, the Russians would also. Humanity chose otherwise through the decisions of those they allowed to speak for them: cold war.

The USAF hired Dr. Lincoln LaPaz, an expert on meteors, to solve the mystery, but LaPaz concluded that the phenomena were not of meteoric origin. He thought the fireballs were guided missiles being secretly tested nearby.

1948 - On Dec 05,
Just east of the Las Vegas, New Mexico, radio range, the crewmen on a military C-47 and those on a commercial airliner, were startled when they saw a brilliant green object flash by them. Those in the C-47, saw the object appear slightly below them, arc upwards, level, and then streak by them. It was the second such object that they had seen that evening, so after discussion, they reported it to the control tower at Kirtland Air Force Base. They were on their way to Albuquerque. A few minutes later, the crew of the Pioneer Airlines DC-3 contacted Kirtland. The observers from it reported that the object had been red-orange in colour and had changed to a brilliant green and then headed straight for them. The pilot afraid the object would hit them, forced the DC-3 into a tight, spiralling turn. When the object was abreast of the plane, it began to fall away, growing dimmer until it disappeared. Dozens of other reports were made that evening.

New Mexico is loaded with top secret U.S.A. military installations including the Los Alamos Nuclear Laboratories, the secret Sandia Base, Holloman Air Force Base, the White Sands Missile Range, as well as other unnamed bases.

Dr. Lincoln La Paz, a leading authority on meteorites was called in to investigate.
Unlike his usual findings with meteorite sightings, he could find no fragments by triangulation of sightings or other ways.

Reported sightings continued frequently over the next few days and on Dec 08, 2 intelligence officers at Kirtland Air Force Base took off just before dark with a flight plan circling north of Albuquerque looking for the fireballs. At 11,500 feet, 20 miles east of Las Vegas, New Mexico, radio station range, they sighted an object, approaching them at a high rate of speed. It shot past, lost altitude quickly and disappeared. It had a brilliant green colour, the same as that of military flares, but much brighter.

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1949 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Ma and Pa Kettle; The Snake Pit; White Heat; You're My Everything; The Window; Black Magic, Knock On Any Door; Rope of Sand; The Fountainhead; My Foolish Heart; The Rocking Horse Winner; Blondie's Secret; The Big Wheel; Sands of Iwo Jima; The Inspector General; Impact; Blondie Hits the Jackpot; Outpost in Morocco; Almost a Bride

1949 - By this year,
Chlamydial Genital & Neonatal Infections were beginning to grow noticeably in number amongst North Americans and Europeans. Chlamydiae are a large group of intracellular parasites closely related to gram-negative bacteria. The variety of focus here is lymphogranuloma venereum , an acute and chronic sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Very little concern or awareness would be expressed by the medical profession about this disease for the next 50 years. While this parasite has been present in human populations since the times of early Egyptian and Chinese civilizations, the social convention of monogamy was effective in limiting its spread. Because of present and continuing changes in the sexual and dietary patterns of North Americans and those who become associated with and seek to model themselves after North Americans, this disease will spread to epidemic proportions with dire consequences.

Initial symptoms of infection do not appear immediately and these may disappear before the infection is noticed. Symptoms of the destructive influence of the infection may appear, disappear, and reappear - particularly if the individual is being treated with antibiotics for other illnesses, or, has an immune system which has been strengthened by exposure to and recovery from a number of viral illnesses. A small, red, raised spot with the appearance of a vesicular hemorrhage near the surface of the genital skin may be a sign in men. Multiple such lesions may develop and extend to join, drain, and develop scarring. The stronger the individuals immune system, the fewer symptoms will appear - yet the disease will be present.

Later signs, after cellular destruction internally has begun, are sometimes evidenced by occasional to frequent bloody discharge from the penis and/or rectum or genital lymph drainage to the perirectal glands of women. Inflammation of the rectal and perirectal tissues can lead to scarring internally and gradually increasing obstruction to the passage of stool. If not eradicated at an early stage, or, if reacquired by subsequent re-exposure, or, if one's infestation mutates to become antibiotic resistant - systemic invasion is most likely. This may be indicated by such symptoms as fever, apparent arthritis, fibrositis, skin rashes, headache, neck and upper shoulder stiffness and a variety of eye ailments. Again, if these symptoms remain, a doctor may eventually determine and treat the illness. Females may develop cervic ailments, pelvic inflammatory disease, or eye ailments. Frequently, these symptoms will be misdiagnosed and mistreated, or ignored because they have subsided.

Chronic damage may result with the infestation of the circulation system will lead to the breakage of and scarring of cells along the walls of the arteries. This in turn will encourage natural calcification of the arteries as the body tries to protect damaged cells in this manner. The additional roughening of the vesicular walls will also snag and hold fat molecules and create a plaque covering over the wall. Eventually, various forms of circulatory disease will emerge including artherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack. This dynamic will not become suspected until the mid-1990s.

Chronic damage may also result from the continued scarring of the rectal, colon, urethral, and cervical canals. In women, this damage may grow to form uterine fibroids with their attendant symptoms of heavy or irregular vaginal bleeding, painful menstruation, acute or recurrent pelvic pain, premature labour, ineffective labor, postpartum hemorrhage, heavy menstrual bleeding (and anemia), and infertility. In men, prostatic disease (prostatitis) may develop with its symptoms of perineal pain, lumbosacral backache, fever, increased frequency of urination together with difficulty in beginning a flow of urine or in its relief by dribbles rather than by a stream. Fever and urethral dischage (bloody and/or painful) may also develop.

Rectal, colon and even intestinal fissures and scarring may develop over a long (10 to 40 years) interval such that the passage of stool is hindered and normal peristaltic action is reduced. This effectively results in the stool staying longer in the colon even though it is not hardened, unless some of the stool moisture is reabsorbed back into the system due to its continued presence. Re-absorption of water and toxins from the stool will typically encourage symptoms of headache, anxiety, irritability, tensing of neck and upper shoulder muscles. Unless the symptoms become acute, their chronic, yet come-and-go presence may discourage seeking treatment, result in spurious or incomplete cures, or result in misdiagnosis and mistreatment. That is, in stronger immuned individuals, a symptom may remain present for only several days or a week at a time.

Chlamydial genital and neonatal infection is usually acquired during sexual intercourse, through contact with contaminated genital fluids or secretions, or, during passage through the birth canal when being born. The incubation period is 5 - 21 days. As noted above, symptoms will often not be apparent or persistent and are often overlooked. Laboratory detection of chlamydial infection is often unreliable, non-specific, cross-reactive, or false. A medical industry attraction to diseases with dramatic, persistent symptoms which proved debilitating in the short-term would result in nil research being done to improve detectability, prevention, or recovery. At this point, increased infection frequencies are developing as a result of several factors. Increased random genital contact during the War between troops and civilians (war romances, rapes, and prostitution) increased the transfer of the parasite.

Lack of positive coping skills within the cultural training of North Americans and many other industrialized economies with the pre-war stresses of material insufficiency, wartime uncertainty, and postwar unemployment - encouraged destructive marital relationships, increasing use of prostitutes and extra-marital sexual contact, marital separations, and, divorces. The end result was that more infected persons came into contact with more sexual partners. In addition, all of the women infected who gave birth - passed on the infection to everyone of her children. The fact that there was very little sexual awareness and understanding at this time together with almost non-existent birth control measures only helped to encourage transfer of the disease.

1949 - On January 6,
A rocket-shaped UFO was observed over Los Alamos, New Mexico.

1949 - In January,
FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover received a cable sent from the San Antonio field office which noted that at weekly conferences involving military intelligence the main topic was "the matter of 'Unidentified Aircraft' or 'Unidentified Aerial Phenomena', otherwise known as 'Flying Discs', 'Flying Saucers', and 'Balls of Fire'. This matter is considered top secret by Intelligence Officers of both the Army and the Air Force (emphasis in the original).

1949 - During the year,
The American Committee on a United Europe was founded by Major General William J. Donovan, head of wartime intelligence, and set up by the American CIA. It would later be referred to as the Bilderburgers. Among those attending the meetings were British head of state Sir Winston Churchill, Lord Layton, European Economic Community (E.C.C.) founders Paul Henri-Spaak and Robert Schuman, CIA Director Allen Dulles, head of covert CIA programs Tom Braden and other European nation leaders. Between 1948 and 1953, the USA government would finance the activities of the Committee with unvouchered funds, through the CIA to the amount of 380,000 English pounds sterling. At the time, a very good house could be bought in North America for less than 5,000 pounds.

A network of political front organizations were set up to carry out covert political activities designed to encourage and ensure that Western Europe would politically move towards political capitalist union. In 1951, it would begin the European Youth Campaign. The campaigns of political allies were financially assisted; public newspapers would be financed and rallies and demonstrations would be financially prompted - as opposition to the growing socialism, nationalism and communism.

1949 - On January 13,
A Confidential Memo to "Operation Blue Book" from 4th Army Colonel Eustis L. Poland stated:

"'Unconventional Aircraft' have been sighted. Possible Radiological warfare tests are being made over sensitive Bases in New Mexico area. A foreign power may be making 'sensing shots' with some super-stratosphere device designed to be self-disintegrating."

1949 - On January 20,
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is created under the leadership of the USA.
Eleven non-Communist nations would join, including Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, The Netherlands, Turkey, USA. Greece and West Germany would be admitted in the early 1950s. France, as a major colonial power and continuing to hold substantial political influence globally, was bribed to enter the union by the USA politically supporting their cause against the Vietnamese and providing capital to assist with the military expenses involved.

1949 - On January 31,
A Confidential Army Staff Message to "Project Blue Book" read:

"Approx. 30 people sighted UFOs on Jan. 30, 1949. Estimate at least 100 total sightings. Sightings reported from El Paso, Albuquerque, Alamogordo, Roswell, Socorro, and other locations. All sightings appear to be of the same object viewed from possible CRASH different angles. Will attempt to locate the impact point, if any.

1949 - On January 31,
Memo, Director of FBI:

Flying saucers have been discussed by the OSI, FBI and the 4th Army and is 'considered Top Secret by Intelligence Officers of both the Army and the Air Forces.' It was thought that the first AEC UFOs over Sweden were of Russian origin.

The Memo also makes reference to the Eastern Airlines sighting of July 25, 1948.
Also, on 10 different days, between 12/05/48 and 01/06/49, sightings of UFOs were concentrated over "B1-G,30" the AEC plant at Los Alamos, New Mexico. (Circulation of the Memo went to El Paso, Little Rock, Dallas, Oklahoma City.)

1949 - During the year,
Majestic 12, the high level intelligence group assembled by U.S.A. military leaders to confront the UFO question, expanded its activities and influence. By now, the prospect of substantial technological advance, either by reverse engineering of found spaceships, or by hoped for negotiations with spacebeings was viewed in the positive. The latter was doubted and lack of any progress on the former meant that substantial funding would be required for the former. At the same time, a reaffirmation was made that the public could not be informed of the finding and nature of the "saucers" as such would compromise the armed forces' responsibility for national security and widespread political and economic disruption would likely ensue.

For obvious reasons, the mass media had to remain muzzled both through non-access to the information, by the provision of disinformation, and by the recruitment of key media staff who would cooperate in the "editing" of "politically sensitive" information for the purpose of national security. All politicians not closely connected to MJ-12 participants were not informed: they were security risks by the nature of their public exposure and scrutiny as well as by the often demonstrated desire they seemed to have for media attention and popularity. Security was best served by secrecy.

To effect these ends, as well as the covert extension of the economic "Open Door" policy, new military-political research, espionage and enactment organizations were created. The C.I.A. and N.S.A. were added to the Department of Defense (D.O.D.), and the A.E.C. Those, in turn, formed covert business corporations as fronts for some of their activities or for the purpose of more appropriately receiving government funding for their activities and programs. Only a small number of officers in these organizations were privy to the real purpose or concerns of the MJ-12 extended group.

1949 - During February,
The Final Report of "Project SIGN", written by Professor George Valley, of MIT stated, in part:

"If there is an extraterrestrial civilization which can make objects as are reported, then it is most probable that its development is far in advance of ours ... such a civilization might observe that on Earth we now have atomic bombs and are fast developing rockets. In view of the past history of mankind, they would be alarmed. We should, therefore, expect at this time above all to behold such visitations."

The report, USAF Report F-TR-2274-1A, used the term "Unidentified Aerial Objects (UAOs) as its term of preference for description of its subject.

1949 - In mid-Feb,
A conference about the green fireballs was called at Los Alamos.
Included were Dr. Edward Teller, Dr. Joseph Kapland, and Dr. La Paz, amongst others. Dr. La Paz affirmed that the shade of colour of the fireballs did not match that of previously observed meteorites. Some speculated that the fireballs are some type of observation craft that was "fired" from a high altitude, orbiting ship. This suggestion came up often. The attendees ended by recommended that a project be established to identify the fireballs. Project Twinkle was begun with the intention of 3 specialized 35mm movie camera sighting stations being set up.

The Air Force never provided sufficient funding and only one station was set up and it was never stable in its location. The beginning of the Korean War marked the end of Project Twinkle. During the next several years, sightings were mainly in the southwest desert, with some over mid-America as far east as Pennsylvania.

1949 - On February 18,
The One Millionth Ton of Supplies has been airlifted to Berlin by British and American planes.

1949 - In March,
Construction of the Oakridge, Tennessee nuclear materials production facility is begun.
Designed to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons, its existence would be unknown to the public for 3 years.

1949 - During March,
James Forrestal, U.S.A. Secretary of Defense, resigns.
President Truman had learned that Forrestal had been talking to Republicans at a time when it looked that they might win the 1948 presidential election. Forrestal, ambitious and a little paranoid, was now convinced that communists, Jews, and certain people in the White House had been out to get him. He frequently declared that the communists were planning to invade the United States and was deeply anxious about communist infiltration and influence. His inside knowledge (MJ-12) of the UFO crashes, and their far advanced technology further suggested that if the aliens had not joined forces with the U.S.A., it was a good possibility that they had, or would, with the Soviets who he believed would do anything for power.

1949 - During the year,
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) is formed under the leadership of the USSR as a parallel organization to the O.E.E.C. Eastern European and other countries under Soviet control are encouraged to adopt similar economic planning to that of the Soviet 5-year plans with the reward being "forgivable" loans from the Soviet Union for the purpose of helping such nations establish the infrastructure for and initiate such plans. If the O.E.E.C. was an American policy to co-opt European nations into the American form of capitalistic economy, the COMECON was a Soviet policy to co-opt European nations into the structure of Soviet communism.

1949 - In late March,
Near Roswell AFB, in New Mexico state, the Army was alerted to another flying disk crash.
Like the 1947 crash, this had happened during a severe and infrequent thunderstorm.
One live humanoid being was retrieved from the craft out of a crew of 9.
It was named EBE, a name suggested by Dr. Vannevar Bush as short for "Extraterrestrial Biological Entity". Its digestive system was chlorophyll based and it processed food into energy much as plants do. Wastes were excreted also as plants do, mostly as an expiration into the air. It had a perceived tendency to lie as for over a year it would only answer questions with the answer expected by the interviewer: it could read the minds of humans, a factor never considered. At some point in late 1950, it began to reveal unknown knowledge which became the foundation of a report termed the "Yellow Book". (see December, 1951)

Consider that in most industrialized and "advanced" nations, mass awareness of plant structure and requirements did not begin in the schools until the 1950's with dissection being a frequent method of investigation. Plant "intelligence" was not being considered until 1970 and was still widely believed to be a foolish concept by most humans as late as 1980, THIRTY YEARS AFTER THIS INCIDENT. No human-organized, institutionalized religions suggest morals or intelligence in any living being beyond the human form with perhaps the exception of Buddhism. This observation could shock a "normal" person by calling question to all he or she believed made up their reality.

EBE had come from the "T" star system in the Bootes Constellation.
This star was first noticed by Joseph Baxendell in April, 1860, while he was looking for new variable stars.
The brightness of the star continued for several days but by April 22, the magnitude had fallen considerably and the following night it could not be seen. It has not been seen since although it is considered to possibly be a recurrent nova star (one that explodes) and several additional outbursts may have occurred in the past century.

"T" was located 39 light years from the Earth, so it actually exploded near 1821.
EBE and his culture were considerably technologically advanced beyond the human level.
After millions of years of development on a "vegetation only" planet, they were sufficiently technologically and scientifically progressed to understand their star system, much of the universe, the benefits and peace of a spiritually-based lifestyle, and, interstellar travel. They had planned ahead of their star's explosion and had left their system in a synthesized planet, much larger than a "mother ship" in our year 1550 in search of new habitation locations. The Earth was their 6th stop, the previous 5 proving to have unsuitable atmospheres. The atmosphere on the Earth was suitable. The craft which had crashed was a scout ship.

1949 - In the spring,
Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz was subpoenaed by HCUA and took the Fifth Amendment on Party membership and whether he had known Steve Nelson. Born in Oklahoma, he was only 19 when J. Robert Oppenheimer arranged a job for him at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Soon afterward he was drafted into the Army at the insistence of security officers who were apparently convinced that he was not only a lively Party member, active in the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians, but also in contact with Steve Nelson. Lomantz came out of the Army in 1946, returned to Berkeley, moved on to Cornell and had taken up a job at Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, when he was called before the HCUA. The next day he was fired from his position as assistant professor by Fisk, without any semblance of due process. Having appealed fruitlessly to the AAUP and the ACLU, and comforted only by the protests of his department chairman, faculty colleagues and students, he returned to his native Oklahoma City.

With only $50 unemployment compensation, Lomanitz built himself a shack outside Oklahoma City, cooked on a wood stove, pumped his own water and read by a kerosene lamp. In June 1951, he was tried for contempt of Congress; for the next 2 years he repaired railroad tracks. From 1950 until 1954 he had to accept menial jobs worth between 75 cents and $1.35 an hour, working as a laborer for the Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company, tarring roofs, loading burlap bags for the Arrow Bag Company, placing bearings in boxes for the L&S Bearing Company, trimming trees for a tree-trimming company and bottling hair oil for Rossman Products. The FBI pursued him doggedly, scaring one employer after another. For 6 years he found work as a self-employed private tutor, then in 1960 he got his break when he was taken on by the department of mineral technology at Berkeley. Only in 1962 was he able to resume his research. "They have put me 10 years or more behind in my field," was his conclusion.

If the FBI could do this for one person they could do it for many, and did.
The same treatment was accorded to some professionals who reported UFO sightings.
If you were not a Communist sympathizer before, such treatment by a so-called free enterprise democratic nation would certainly be an encouragement to reconsider. Some were not as strong of spirit and ended up in institutions for the mentally ill, or, simply gave up and withdrew from society.

1949 - In April,
The North Atlantic Treaty Association (NATO) is created by the U.S.A. making the Cold War a structured reality.
In March of 1948, the U.S. Congress had voted to spend $13 billion for the long spoken of Marshall Plan to help rebuild the economies of western Europe following WWII. Although assistance to the U.S.S.R. had been requested by Stalin for several years and both the Roosevelt and Truman administrations had suggested that such would be done, nothing had transpired. In contravention of the Yalta Treaty, Truman sought to make military alliances with the European nations to oppose the influence of communism from the Soviet Union. When the U.S.A., Britain and France agreed to merge their German districts of postwar occupation into a single nation - West Germany - in contravention of earlier agreements with the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union responded with a blockade of land routes into those areas of Berlin held by the Allies which were located within the eastern part of Germany under legitimate Soviet occupation.

The U.S.A. broke the blockade with airlifts of supplies to Berlin, and with media support of the concept that the U.S.S.R. was the aggressor and wrongdoer, a misrepresentation of the facts, the U.S. Congress supported the Truman administration in allowing the establishment of NATO. The U.S. was then pledged to militarily support Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Iceland, Norway, and Denmark. In 1952, Greece and Turkey would join the alliance, and in 1954, West Germany joined.

The U.S.A. had assumed, until 1939, that it could maintain its national security by the buffers of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans for, until then, the threat of invasion had been limited to aggressive land neighbours or aggressive nations with large navies. By 1949, the realization of the influence of new airplane, missile and nuclear technologies - both real and planned, changed the assumption. Now alliances which enabled the potential aggressor/victim nations to position such technologies within range of their counterpart were conceptualized as preferable. They were a means to an end. There was no justification, save fear itself, for such endeavours unless a potential adversary began making such arrangements. The purpose was not military security as much as it was economic security. Greed, gluttony and glory became the primary reasons behind the fear mongering manufactured by U.S.A. politicians, business leaders and media.

After the U.S.S.R. exploded their atomic bomb (August 29, 1949) the U.S. Congress agreed to spend more billions to establish American military bases from western Europe to Turkey and to appoint General Eisenhower as commander of NATO forces in the Cold War against the Soviets. These developments must have been of concern to Eisenhower, who earlier, had sincerely believed that peaceful coexistence could be achieved between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. NATO provided a direct economic boost to the American economy by committing long-term military expenditures to the construction of European military bases and arming of the NATO countries. The U.S.S.R. was effectively economically isolated from western European markets while U.S.A. economic expansion exploded and would continue to monopolize such markets as long as mass media could be fed both real facts and disinformation to maintain a high degree of paranoia both in the Soviet Union and in the Western nations.

1949 - In the spring,
David Bohm, a protege of J. Robert Oppenheimer, who had followed him to Princeton from Berkeley, was subpoenaed by the HCUA. He invoked the Fifth Amendment, was indicted for contempt, tried and acquitted. Despite a plea of tolerance from a group of physicists, the president of Princeton allowed Bohm's contract to lapse. Unable to find work in his own country (even though he possessed a letter of recommendation from the highly respected Albert Einstein), he eventually found a job in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The American Consulate promptly removed his passport and stamped it valid only for return to the United States: Bohm thereupon adopted Brazilian citizenship. After a spell at the University of Haifa he accepted a chair at the University of London. When Brandeis offered him a post in 1961, Bohm provided the State Department with a statement of nonsympathy with Communism, but a fuller recantation was demanded by the bureaucrats and he declined to make it.

Through abuse of power, the Americans had lost his expertise recognized in many other countries. When they could have had his service back, they again lost it through pride and authoritarian abuse of power.

1949 - On April 24,
A UFO was tracked at a speed of up to 25,000 mph.
Near Arrey, New Mexico, aerologist Charles B. Moore, Jr., while tracking a weather balloon for General Mills Co. with a theodolite suddenly noticed a UFO rapidly crossing the sky. He and 4 other technicians turned the 25 power theodolite to track the UFO. It was a featureless ellipse, its length about 2-1/2 times its width. After about 60 seconds the object disappeared in a sharp climb. Based on measurements with the mountain range behind it, it was calculated to be going between 18,000 mph and 25,000 mph.

1949 - On April 26,
It was publicly reported that the Air Materiel Command had contributed a crew of technical intelligence agents to a USAF project to track down reports of UFOs. A total of 240 domestic and 30 foreign incidents of saucers reported had been investigated. 30% of these were found to be due to conventional objects such as weather, meteors, and cosmic ray research balloons. Commonplace answers were alleged to be the explanation for a further 30% with 40% remaining a mystery. "It is believed very unlikely that any other nation of the Earth could have knowledge so far above the level of ours (U.S.A.)."

1949 - During the year,
The U.S.A. "Central Intelligence Act" is passed and establishes the authority of the U.S. Congress to regulate the CIA.
It leaves vague Congress' oversight responsibilities for CIA clandestine activities.
Such capabilities would not be enacted for 30 years. The Act served to give Director Bedell Smith the legal backing for many controversial activities as well as simplified administrative and financial practices which allowed for "black projects" to be secretly funded. In part:

"The sums made available to the Agency may be expended without regard to the provisions of law and regulations relating to the expenditure of Government funds, and for objects of a confidential, extraordinary or emergency nature, such expenditure to be accounted for solely on the certificate of the Director ...."

Thus, the Agency never had to account for monies it spent except to the President if the President wanted to know ... otherwise the funds were not only unaccountable, they were unvouchered, so there was really no means of checking them .... Politicians in Europe, particularly right after the war, got a lot of money from the CIA. .... Since it was unaccountable, it could hire as many people as it wanted ... of whatever calibre and association ... It therefore made preparations for every contingency. It could hire armies; it could buy banks. ... It was a multinational. " ... it would have been impossible to run an intelligence agency ... (and) keep our identities and our activities secret ... if we had to subject them to normal open appearances throughout the land ...."

1949 - On April 7,
U.S.A. President Harry Truman states that he "would not hesitate to use the atom bomb if it were necessary for the welfare of the United States, or if the fate of the democracies of the world were at stake." His public statement is a followup to a visit from and a request of assurance from Britain's Winston Churchill. The comments are made for the attention of Joseph Stalin of the U.S.S.R.

1949 -
The Soviet Union during the cold war, regarded UFO observations as a psychological warfare ploy masterminded by the Pentagon and the CIA, deliberately planted to create fear, decrease worker productivity and create unhealthy agitation. In the late 1940's and early 1950's, many people suspected these craft to be of Soviet origin. As a result, Canadian and U.S. military officials felt compelled to launch interceptors to chase them. It soon became apparent that these flying objects could not be the product of Soviet technology. This only heightened the concern with the strategy becoming how to capture one.

1949 - On May 4,
An Agreement to Remove all Traffic Restrictions to and from Berlin is reached by the Soviet Union and the Western Nations. It is to take effect on May 12.

1949 - On May 5,
"The Council of Europe" is founded as an extension of Joseph H. Retinger's "European Movement".
Its headquarters are in Strasbourg. Retinger believed in greater European unity, both in military and economic terms.

A Catholic and a strong promoter and supporter of the Jesuit Order, he had suggested to Premier Georges Clemenceau, before WWII, a plan to unite Eastern Europe. Under the plan, Austria, Hungary and Poland would be united as a tripartite monarchy under the guidance of the Jesuit Order. Clemenceau, doubtful of the Vatican-inspired plan, rejected Retinger's proposal and labeled him a Vatican agent thereafter.

Retinger had a global influence going back as far as the 1920s.
Through several trips to Mexico, he had played a key role in the creation of the trade union movement, had gained the government's trust with his success, and had conducted the secret negotiations with Washington for the Mexican government.

The success of the Council of Europe would lead to the formation of a secret political elite in 1954

1949 - During May,
Commander Robert B. McLaughlin of the U.S. Navy, sees a flying disk.
Heading guided missile research at the time, he would later state in a popular magazine article (in 1950), that such flying saucers were really "space ships from another planet".

1949 - On the morning of May 22,
James Forrestal, USA Defense Secretary, died of a reported suicide; evidence now suggests that members of the "Office of Policy Coordination", a covert C.I.A. group, had been ordered to discretely silence him. He had experienced a "nervous breakdown" and had been taken to Bethesda Naval Hospital. He was well aware of the forces of disinformation being used by covert U.S.A. intelligence groups to manipulate the American public as well as other nations into military alliances. He knew that the Soviets would take such as action as aggression in threat to their security. He knew that the Soviets were near testing their own nuclear bombs. He fully feared that such a continuing political policy would push the U.S.S.R. into reacting with the possibility of a war fought with nuclear weapons.

Forrestal had seen the reports on the UFOs found, suspected that they might be of Soviet origin.
He had not been briefed on the bodies found with the crafts. His greatest fear was that the U.S.A. would push the Soviets over the edge and they would respond with air transport and nuclear technologies superior to the Americans leading to defeat and resulting in America becoming a Russian concentration camp. Fact, suspicion, and imagination took him over the edge of sane control into insane desperation and terror. He wanted to tell the public what was really happening.

He was endangering "national security" by talking indiscriminately about extraterrestrial airships and alien beings; he was also a prominent officer who was followed by the media. Intelligence officers tied a sheet around his neck, attached it to an appliance in the hospital room and threw him out the window from a height of 16 floors, either hoping that the shock would bring him to his senses (!), or possibly intending to kill him in a staged suicide. The sheet tore and he fell to his death. He was shouting "We're being invaded!", shortly before he fell to his death.

It is best remembered that the stage of understanding mental illness in the world was still very primitive. The movie, "The Snake Pit" was the first somewhat scientific and understanding illustration of mental illness available through the mass media and had only been released in 1948. Sophisticated "brainwashing" techniques were only beginning to be seen during the Korean War, after 1950; most would not be understood in the U.S.A. until after 1957. This was a time of "terrors" and fears with primitive tools at hand. It revealed the departure from spirituality which most powerful nations were following in acknowledging the military anti-spiritual education and experience of their political leaders.

1949 - In May,
When it was disclosed that a young Communist had been granted a $1,600 AEC fellowship at the University of North Carolina, uproar ensued in the USA Congress. The subject was Hans Freistadt, Jewish, born in Vienna, a refugee who arrived in the USA in 1941, was naturalized 3 years later, and joined the Communist Party in 1946. He appeared voluntarily before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy insisting that he would resign from the CPUSA if he thought it was an agent of a foreign power. The University fired him on May 24, 1949, the AEC withdrew its fellowship before it was due to take effect, and then announced that all future fellowships would be issued conditional upon a loyalty oath and a non-Communist affidavit. This step was passionately opposed by Alfred N. Richardson, president of the National Academy of Science, and by such eminent establishment scientists as Detlev W. Bronk (Majestic -12), James B. Conant, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and Lee A. DuBridge, as well as the executive committee of the American Institute of Physics - all to no avail.

1949 - During May,
J. Robert Oppenheimer wrote to Senator Brien McMahon, chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy, urging that AEC fellowships be granted without regard to the political affiliations of qualified recipients:

"There are many examples of discoveries basic to the present work of the (AEC) which were in fact made by Communists or ... sympathizers ... It would be foolish to suppose that a young man sympathetic to ... Communists in his student days would by that fact alone become disloyal ... these intrinsically repugnant security measures [should] be confined to situations where real issues of security do in fact exist ..."

In too often scientific emotional denial, Oppenheimer, like Condon, failed to understand that technology is usually developed by humans to exert power and authority over other humans; therefore, there is always a struggle between competing political systems to possess the most advanced, not to share, but to use against your competitor. In such a spiritually deficient world of competition and domination, how could free access of ideas and loyalty to "employer" before allegiance to political mentor be possible .. except for the deluded self-serving rationalist.

1949 - In June,
A young scientist working at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory was reported to the FBI by his neighbour, a San Francisco teacher and youth counsellor, not because he believed the scientist was a member of a subversive organization, but because his views and friends disturbed him: "I was much perturbed about the young fellow getting involved in the wrong kind of situations ..." As a result it took 2-1/2 years for the scientist to gain access to classified military material.

1949 - In a single week during June,
While Communist Party leaders were being tried in the courts, David Lilienthal was being interrogated by a Senate committee amid rumours that Soviet agents had penetrated AEC laboratories; the National Education Association was launching a campaign to get Communists out of the schools; the California legislature published a list of supposedly secret Communist sympathizers in Hollywood; Judith Coplon, an employee at the Treasury Department, was on trial for passing secret documents to a Soviet agent; HUAC resumed its hearings in Washington; Frank Oppenheimer admitted that he had once been a member of the Communist Party; Morton Kent, a former State Department employee, was described in FBI reports introduced at the Coplon trial as a suspected Soviet agent (several days later, Kent cut his throat and committed suicide); and in the first Hiss trial Henry Julian Wadleigh admitted that he had transmitted State Department documents to the Soviets. Contrary to popular opinion, the CP leaders were charged not with conspiring to advocate violence but with conspiring to form a party which would, at some time in the future, advocate violence. They were not charged with any overt action; they were accused of harbouring evil intentions.

1949 -
A large oblong aircraft, estimated to be a mile in length, was sighted off the east coast of the U.S.A.

1949 - On June 10,
During a missile test at White Sands, New Mexico, scientists tracking the test missile at 2,000 ft/second suddenly picked up 2 small circular UFOs that paced the missile. One of the UFOs passed through the exhaust of the missile, rejoined the second, and together they accelerated upwards leaving the missile behind. Commander McLaughlin received reports from 5 observation posts: ALL had witnessed the performance of the 2 circular UFOs.

1949 - In June,
Frank Oppenheimer, brother of J. Robert Oppenheimer and a physicist, while appearing before the USA HCUA (House Committee on Un-American Activities) admitted that both he and his wife Jacquenette had been Communist Party members from 1937 to 1941, a fact he had denied earlier. After the war, he had been associated with the California Labor School. An hour after he testified, he was dismissed by the University of Minnesota as assistant professor of physics. The fact that he had falsely denied previous Party membership to university officials in 1947 became the formal basis for his dismissal, which was conducted summarily and despite the recommendation of his department chairman that he be retained.

Having turned down an industrial job in 1949, he made repeated attempts during the following 10 years without success. It was only after 7 years of working as a rancher in Colorado that he at last found a job in a high school. In 1959 he was hired by the physics department of the University of Colorado, and two years later he was appointed to the faculty. "The circumstance of blacklist and the continued harassment through visits to my home and the homes of my neighbours by the FBI must have been extremely disconcerting to my children," he later said. After repeated refusals, he was granted a passport in 1960.

1949 - On June 26,
Dr. Walter Baade, at the Mt. Paolomar 48-inch telescope, photographed the minute tail of "Vulcan" and named it "Icarus" (for the mythological youth who flew too close to the Sun and fell to his death on Earth because the Sun melted the wax in his feathered wings.) Vulcan/Icarus, noted earlier, has a 19 year cycle with the Earth which creats defined weather patterns on the Earth, as recorded by the Smithsonian Institute.
(Consider weather pattern anomolies in 1968, 1987, 2006, 2025)

1949 - Before the end of June,
The Armistice Treaty between the self-proclaimed state of Israel and the surrounding Arab nations was concluded.
The west bank of the Jordon River remained as territory of Jordon.
The Gaza Strip, on the central western frontier of Israel, remained occupied by Egyptian forces and administrators. The elections of the Israeli parliament (Knesset) resulted in a majority presence of the Mapei (Socialist) party.

1949 - By July,
The CIA Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), the cover name for covert activities, had a total personnel of 302, a budget of $4.7 million, and 7 foreign stations.

1949 - During July,
Andrei Sakharov joined the U.S.S.R. team at Arzamas-16 in the development of nuclear weapons.
He discovered early in the Soviet work on the hydrogen, that is, fusion bomb, that the American concept was flawed, which was then dismissed as unusable. Massive yet futile efforts were pursued at Arzamas-16 following the original American "Super" concept until Sakharov came up with a completely new idea. In the final analysis, the eventual prototype of the H-bomb, on which all modern Soviet nuclear weapons would be based, stemmed from the Soviet's own work

One of the first steps towards a successful design would be the proposal by Vitaly Ginsburg, an eminent Soviet physicist, who proposed the use of lithium deuteride to take the explosion of a fission "trigger" bombarding the deuteride with neutrons to produce the heavier hydrogen isotope tritium. A deuterium-tritium fusion would prove to be the most powerful thermonuclear reaction known to humans for much of the century.

During the same year, Sakharov proposed the fission of a very heavy isotope with many electrons per atom, such as uranium-238, surrounding the light thermonuclear fuel (with far fewer electrons per atom), would produce an enormous compression, greatly enhancing the rate of fusion reactions. The process was nicknamed "Sakharization", after its originator. Neutrons emitted in the fusion reaction would, on their own, enhance fission by bombarding the uranium-238. The overall sequence is the fission-fusion-fission cycle. In the U.S.A., Teller and Ulam would propose these steps in 1951.

1949 - During 1949 to 1952,
Israel, under the leadership of President Chaim Weizman experiences an influx of Jews from all over the world; development of the New Hebraic official language (Iwirth); development of the country through irrigation, forestry and drainage projects (with considerable foreign capital and economic assistance); settlement through cooperative villages (moshavot) and voluntary collectives (kibutzim, with property held in common).

1949 - During August,
The GRAYS negotiated an agreement with MJ-12.
In return for notice of all nuclear tests and access to protected regions in the U.S.A. for colonization, the GRAYS would not alarm the American public with their presence thereby maintaining political order. The EMP of the American nuclear tests had downed 10 GRAY UFOs. The GRAYS saw the tests as useless for they could see nothing constructive being done with the use of the energy. They had continually expected the tests to cease since the Second World War of humanity had been declared ended.

The first crashes were assumed to be the result of human accidents and stupidity leading to the explosions. The EMP from the explosions disrupted the atomic-nuclear propulsion system and the inertial systems long enough for the craft to glide to the ground with little control and crash. By this time, the GRAYS were getting annoyed, and MJ-12 did not know how much longer they could keep the presence of spacebeings secret without cooperation from them.

The GRAYS agreed to limit their flights to night with the further request for underground base locations. Such would enable MJ-12 to establish security to keep other humans from finding out or interacting with the GRAYS and creating a national panic, and the GRAY nests would be safe from attack or interference by humans.

1949 - On August 29,
The U.S.S.R. tested their first nuclear bomb, "Joe-1", similar to the U.S.A. Trinity test, near Semipalatinsk, Asia, (about 1,800 miles southeast of Moscow and 300 miles from the Mongolian border in what would become Kazakhstan) on a tower. Essentially an imitation design, based on American documents obtained by espionage, this Arzamas-designed fission bomb was a plutonium bomb like that dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Stalin had been pressed earlier as to whether to follow the original Soviet uranium design or copy the American pilfered plutonium design. His paranoic reaction was to choose the American design and "hurry up before the Americans blast us".

The AEC, Robert Oppenheimer, President Truman, and the highest U.S.A. security authorities all discussed as to how the U.S.S.R. might have achieved such parity. Truman thought it was the work of captured German scientists taken into Russia; he hesitated in announcing it publicly in case the detection was faulty. Oppenheimer advocated immediate disclosure to end the pale of secrecy about what now appeared no longer to be a secret.

USA President Truman could not believe that "those asiatics" could built something as complicated as an atomic bomb. He made David Lilienthal, Robert F. Bacher, and the other members of the special committee appointed to study the evidence, picked up by a USA plane equipped with sensors, personally and individually sign a statement to the effect that they really believed the Soviets had done it, before he announced it to the American press. That press release would be given on September 23.

Having achieved this stage, emphasis was placed within the next two months on building a hydrogen bomb.

The disappearance of several grams of U-235 from the Argonne National Laboratory and the award of an AEC fellowship to a young physics student who was discovered to be a member of the Communist Party, were treated in Congress and the press as threats to national security. When the commission voted to send radioactive isotopes to Norway for use in medical research, AEC Commissioner Lewis Strauss was turned by the press and politicians into a hero for voting against the proposal. In an attempt to remove the influence of politics from the commission, Senator McMahon successfully pressed President Truman to elevate Gordon Dean, the Senator's former law partner, to a seat on the commission and later helped make Dean the AEC chairman when Lilienthal stepped down.

Lewis Strauss used opportunities like this to forward the development of the American thermonuclear development program, citing the possible leadership role in the Soviet program of Peter Kapitza, a long-noted Soviet physicist. Kapitza's prior capability to produce large quantities of liquid hydrogen in his laboratory were used to incite American politicians on the basis that it represented possible progress of the Soviets towards an H-bomb. Strauss, in close contact with the American intelligence agencies knew throughout that Kapitza was under house arrest through the whole period (1946-1953).

Semiplatinsk Nuclear Test Site is located 120 km west of the city of Semiplatinsk, Kazakhstan.
A 19,000 square km. zone in the northeast of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 118 above ground atmospheric and surface tests would be carried out here in the 1949-62 period. Another 346 test explosions would be conducted underground - 223 in the south section between 1961-1989; 123 in the east section between 1968-1989. An explosion designed to build a dam across Tchagan River was grossly undercalculated and resulted in a lake, about .5 km across and 100 metres deep, called "Lake Balapan". The only habitation in the area would be the custom built town of Kurchatov (code-named Semiplatinsk-21) north of Ground Zero.

1949 - On August 29,
At White Sands Proving Grounds, New Mexico state, U.S.A., flying saucers were seen by the service personnel.
One officer believed the objects to be spaceships.
Weather balloons, familiar to the observer, were therefore disqualified.
Observation was made through a photo theodolite, and showed the object to be egg-shaped, fantastic in size, travelling at possibly 3 to 4 miles per second.

1949 - On August 31,
Bob Hanley, pilot, reported an object over Mint Canyon, California.
Airport towers and CAA monitors at Lockheed Air Terminal, Palmdale and Long Beach received the report from Hanley and his two passengers. The giant object trailing a blue flame exhaust nearly a mile long and cruising at 50,000 feet flew over the Muroc Air Force base.

1949 - Edward Teller,
A scientist who had helped create the atomic bomb for the United States, was furious to learn that the Soviets now had one too.
His answer was to build a bigger bomb -- much bigger, one thousand times bigger, a hydrogen bomb detonated by nuclear fusion. In the fall of 1949, Teller made a crusade of the Super-, that is, H-bomb, to any policy maker as a way for the USA to regain the nuclear edge over the Soviets.

"Russia's first atomic explosion made us realize that an arms race was no longer a possibility to be avoided but a frightening reality to be faced."

Later, Teller would be over-optimistic in his quoted statistics to the public regarding the cost of nuclear power. At one point, he declared that a nuclear plant would pay off its capital cost in the first 20 days of running. Until 1980, a more accurate figure would have been 'less than a year'.

1949 - During the year,
The USA Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee (ADSEC) was created by the USAF on the advice of the Air Force Science Advisory Board for the purpose of reexamining the nation's air defenses in the light of the Soviet bomb. After a year, the Committee concluded that an effective air defense was feasible and its report led to the creation of MIT's Lincoln Laboratory.

Subsequently, at the end of 1950, "The Long Range Objectives Panel" was established, and it concluded that limited wars were possible and that general war with the USSR could happen. It presented intellectualizations and visualizations of how nuclear weapons could be used in tactical situations and for defensive purposes.

1949 - On September 25,
The Soviet Union responded to USA President Truman's press release of September 23, regarding the supposed explosion of "Joe 1" with the following press release in TASS, a major Russian newspaper:

"In the Soviet Union, as is known, building work on a large scale is in progress - the building of hydroelectric stations, mines, canals, roads, which evoke the necessity of large-scale blasting work with the use of the latest technical means.

Insofar as this blasting work has taken place frequently in various parts of the country, it is possible this might draw attention beyond the borders of the Soviet Union.

As for the production of atomic energy, TASS considers it necessary to recall that already on November 7, 1947, minister of Foreign Affairs of the U.S.S.R. V.M. Molotov made a statement concerning the secret of the atom bomb, when he declared that this secret was already long ago nonexistent.

This statement signified the Soviet Union already had discovered the secret of the atomic weapon and that it had at its disposal this weapon ...

As for the alarm that is being spread on this account by certain foreign circles, these are not the slightest grounds for alarm .... The Soviet Government, despite the existence in its country of an atomic weapon, adopts and intends adopting in the future its former position in favor of the absolute prohibition of the use of atomic-weapons, and control will be essential in order to check up on fulfillment of a decision on the prohibition of production."

Much later, the Soviet Union admitted publicly, with on-site descriptions of the test, that the August 29 atomic bomb explosion was a reality.

1949 - On October 29,
There was a meeting between the AEC, the military and the GAC (General Advisory Committee) in the U.S.A. to consider the recommendations for developing the hydrogen bomb. James B. Conant had been Vannevar Bush's principal deputy on the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Lee A. DuBridge had been the director of the radiation laboratory at MIT. I.I. Rabi had been a leader at the MIT Radiation Laboratory. Hartley Rowe had been division director in the wartime National Defense Research Committee and a consultant at Los Alamos. Glenn T. Seaborg had been a chemist at the Metallurgical Laboratory and a co-discoverer of plutonium. Cyril Stanley Smith had been a metallurgist at Los Alamos. Oliver E. Buckley, president of the Bell Laboratories had replaced Hood Worthington more recently. Enrico Fermi was a physicist who had worked on the construction of the first nuclear reactor and in the field since.

Oppenheimer and Conant were against developing the Super-bomb.
AEC chairman David Lilienthal followed Oppenheimer's lead; Commissioner Lewis Strauss initially was non committal. Within weeks, Strauss would strongly oppose the GAC Report and criticize the Committee for overstepping its bounds: it was only to state whether the bomb could be built, not voice opinions on military policy. Fermi and Rabi initially in support of the Super's construction, agreed to make it a unanimous decline and later went further in recommending against it on ethical principles. Lawrence and Alvarez urged development. The military asserted that without possession of the hydrogen bomb, there would be no way to deter the U.S.S.R. from taking over Europe. Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller had already been working on the project for 2 years. Oppenheimer felt that commitment to the bombs development was full of dangers while conceding that heavy water nuclear reactors would have to be built for the production of tritium and deuterium. Theoretically, it still seemed impossible. The reports went to Dean Acheson at the U.S.A. State Department on November 1.

J. Robert Oppenheimer's personal doubts were, he would suggest, shared by others:

"In some sense, which no vulgarity, no humour, no overstatement can quite extinguish, the physicists have known sin; and this is a knowledge which they cannot lose."

But he also saw that if thermonuclear weapons were developed, then national security would inevitably become notional security; no place on earth would be safe, and in a thermonuclear war there would be no limit to the number who might be killed except for the total number of human beings available. A war without survivors was not yet possible, it might not be possible for decades; but it would become possible once thermonuclear weapons, and the ancillary technology of guidance and delivery systems, had been perfected.

The 6-man AEC General Advisory Council, including Robert Oppenheimer and James B. Conant voted against construction of the Superbomb; Hans Bethe, another noted physicist, wrote articles against its development. Statements by opponents to the Bomb were censored. AEC Lewis Strauss, Congress Senator McMahon and scientist Edward Teller, all lobbied for the H-bomb.

1949 - On October 30,
The GAC Report was sent to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
In part it stated:

"It is the opinion of the majority that the super program itself should not be undertaken and that the Commission and its contractors understand that construction of neutron producing reactors is not intended as a step in the super program. ... The General Advisory Committee has considered at great length the question of whether to pursue with high priority the development of the super bomb. No member of the Committee was willing to endorse this proposal. The reasons for our views leading to this conclusion stem in large part from the technical nature of the super and of the work necessary to establish it as a weapon. ...

It is notable that there appears to be no experimental approach short of actual test which will substantially add to our conviction that a given model will or will not work, and it is also notable that because of the unsymmetric and extremely unfamiliar conditions obtaining, some considerable doubt will surely remain as to the soundness of theoretical anticipation. Thus we are faced with a development which cannot be carried to the point of conviction without the actual construction and demonstration of the essential elements of the weapon in question. ...

A second characteristic of the super bomb is that once the problem of initiation has been solved, there is no limit to the explosive power of the bomb itself except that imposed by requirements of delivery. ...

It is clear that the use of this weapon would bring about the destruction of innumerable human lives; it is not a weapon which can be used exclusively for the destruction of material installations of military or semi-military purposes. Its use therefore carries much farther than the atomic bomb itself the policy of exterminating civilian populations. It is of course true that super bombs which are not as big as those here contemplated could be made, provided the initiating mechanism works. In this case, however, there appears to be no chance of their being an economic alternative to the fission weapons themselves. It is clearly impossible with the vagueness of design and the uncertainty as to performance as we have them at present to give anything like a cost estimate of the super. If one uses the strict criteria of damage area per dollar and if one accepts the limitations on air carrier capacity likely to obtain in the years ahead, it appears uncertain to us whether the super will be cheaper or more expensive than the fission bomb. ..."

An addendum was attached to the report and was endorsed by James B. Conant, Hartley Rowe, Cyril Stanley Smith, L.A. DuBridge, Oliver E. Buckley, J.R. Oppenheimer. In part, it read:

"We have been asked by the Commission whether or not they should immediately initiate an "all-out" effort to develop a weapon whose energy release is 100 to 1000 times greater and whose destructive power in terms of area of damage is 20 to 100 times greater than those of the present atomic bomb. We recommend strongly against such action.

We base our recommendation on our belief that the extreme dangers to mankind inherent in the proposal wholly outweigh any military advantage ... Its use would involve a decision to slaughter a vast number of civilians. We are alarmed as to the possible global effects of the radioactivity generated by the explosion of a few bombs of conceivable magnitude ... might become a weapon of genocide.

The existence of such a weapon in our armoury would have far-reaching effects on world opinion: reasonable people the world over would realize that the existence of a weapon of this type whose power of destruction is essentially unlimited represents a threat to the future of the human race which is intolerable. Thus we believe that the psychological effect of the weapon in our hands would be adverse to our interest.

We believe a super bomb should never be produced. Mankind would be far better off not to have a demonstration of the feasibility of such a weapon ...

In determining not to proceed ... we see a unique opportunity of providing by example some limitations of the totality of war and thus of limiting the fear and arousing the hopes of mankind."

1949 - By November,
The third party rule that no intelligence service will discuss an allied service's affairs with a third party, was in place and custom. This meant that as time progressed beyond the stated limitations applying to confidentiality of documents, information relating the involvement of other intelligence agencies with your own could not be related to a third party, including the citizens of either country.

Unreleased portions of documents requested under the "Freedom of Information Act" of any allied country are likely to allude to such combined activities. Discoveries of crashed spacecraft/UFOs and of non-human spacebeings almost always involved joint intelligence efforts between any two or more of Britain, Canada, France, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, and the U.S.A.

1949 -
Dean Acheson believed that the Soviets would build the Super bomb first if the U.S. did not.
Acheson grew tired of hearing morality lectures and looked to Nitze as a planner who could give him the facts, a realist who understood power, who spoke clearly and to the point. He made Nitze head of his Policy Planning Staff (PPS). Like the military mind, Nitze put too much emphasis on the enemy's capacity, not enough on the intentions of the enemy ... and always assumed the worst.

1949 -
In a letter to USA President Harry Truman, AEC Commissioner Lewis Strauss stated:

"I believe that the United States must be completely armed as any possible enemy.
From this, it follows that I believe it unwise to renounce, unilaterally, any weapon which an enemy can reasonably be expected to possess. I recommend that the President direct the Atomic Energy Commission to proceed with the development of the thermonuclear bomb ...."

1949 - By December,
Senator Brian McMahon, chairman of the JCAE and chairman of the Special Senate Committee on Atomic Energy during 1945/6, and a leader in the legislation implemented to organize and control the US nuclear industry, now prodded by William Borden, head of the committee staff, had stated: that there was "no moral dividing line between a big explosion which causes heavy damage and many smaller explosions causing equal or still greater damage" - (if you totally discount negotiation); that "If we let Russians get the super first, catastrophe becomes all but certain - whereas, if we get it first, there exists a chance of saving ourselves" - (by first strike?); and, "total power in the hands of total evil will equal destruction."

1949 - In December,
E. Pfeiffer published his findings about plants and soils.
His experiments showed that natural soil conditions lend themselves to finding a balance of nutrients when free growing plants are allowed to prosper following nutritional losses to cropping. When lime was missing, plants poor in silica grew and their ashes were rich in lime. In this manner, "wild" plants growing amongst a crop could indicate the deficiencies present in the soil due to the losses resulting from the intensive cropping of the soil by previous crops. Rotation cropping was one method of resolving the problem of intensive cropping of soils leading to lower yields resulting from soil nutrient depletion. Companion planting was more efficient in the immediate term but more difficult with the technology available.

On another level of perception, it was suggested from the results that the plant spectrum tries to maintain a balance in the vitality of the ecosystem through a recognition of the benefit of all plant species notwithstanding that the environment was not manipulated in favour of just one specie. This "plant intelligence" approach would soon come in contact with human intelligence which has historically held that balance is unimportant in the ecosystem which should be manipulated ruthlessly for the benefit of a single species: humanity. Human intelligence, by action and attitude, supports the use of power to secure advantage to remedy the weaknesses of lack of responsibility, lack of reverence, lack of harmony.

1949 - In December,
The U.S.S.R. Space Program was extended by Stalin.
The KGB had confirmed that the American MJ-12 UFO concerns were real and that the U.S.A. was intent on building the technology to position massive nuclear weapons over the Soviet Union. The GRAYS had declined to work with him from 1946 and he was now sure that they were assisting the Americans to build a delivery craft. Funding to the Space City for development was increased considerably. Stalin's first goal was to build a space capsule or satellite large enough to carry and position a massive nuclear weapon over the U.S.A.

1949 - During December,
"Unidentified Flying Objects - Project Grudge", a 600-page technical report, #102-AC49\15-100, was issued as an "Above Top Secret" report detailing information gathered on UFO sightings, crashes, spaceperson cadavers and live beings as well as incidents of apparent human abduction and mutilation.

1949 - On December 28,
The USAF closes Project Saucer, citing "no verification whatever of UFO reports and contributing the sightings to misinterpretation of conventional objects, a mild form of mass hysteria or hoaxes." 375 reports had been included in the study.

1949 - On December 30,
U.S.A. President Truman approved N.S.C. 48/2, a key National Security Council study on Asia.
Mao Tse-tung's armies had driven Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek out of China.
U.S. foreign policy changed to block further Communist expansion in Asia, or, to strengthen Capitalist Asia - depending on your perspective.

"The United States on its own initiative should now scrutinize closely the development of threats from Communist aggression, direct or indirect, and be prepared to help within our means to meet such threats by providing political, economic and military assistance and advice where clearly needed to supplement the resistance of other governments in and out of the area which are more directly concerned."

The means were to be nonmilitary, chiefly the promotion of economic and political development and regional associations of friendly nations. In particular, Japan, the Ryukyus, and the Philippines, and "other areas of the Pacific" were to be protected. Military and economic aid would be offered to South Korea. The Nationalist regime of Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan was not included.

What the Americans, and westerners in general, failed to understand about the Chinese would later be stated by James Clavell, historian, novelist and screenwriter:

"Many Chinese on the mainland were not satisfied with Chiang Kai-shek's approach. Mao Tse-tung and his armies never looted; they paid for what they wanted, and they never stole crops. If you look at 4,500 years of Chinese history, the Chinese have always been suspicious of police and suspicious of government because, historically, eventually, the government has not been good for them. That is why they concentrate so much on family, their own particular families and their own particular villages. They're not concerned with central government. And although the Communist system is implanted on China now, if the Chinese people as a group did not want it, it would not exist."

1949 - Between this year and 1967,
USA Government Armaments Exports would include:

      16,630 aircraft, including 8,300 jet fighter-bombers
          38 destroyers
         258 destroyer escorts
           3 aircraft carriers
      19,827 tanks
       3,055 other armoured assault carriers
  1.4 million carbines
  2.1 million rifles
      28,496 submachine guns
      71,174 machine guns
      30,668 mortars
      26,845 artillery pieces and recoil-less guns
      45,360 missiles, including 14,251 air-to-air heat-seeking

The rationale given for the government, not private industry, acting as the arms agent would include:

     a) to promote the defensive strength of the USA allies;
     b) to ease logistical problems by fostering common weapons systems;
     c) to earn sales dollars to ease the gold reserve drain through
              improved American international commerce balance-of-payments;
     d) to provide profits to a dozen USA armaments companies to enable them
              to continue a steady production and R&D in armaments during "peace";
     e) to provide millions of man-years of higher-than-average paid technical
              and professional employment to American workers.
 
   To maintain this scenario would require:
         1. authority,               to foster reverence in one's leaders;
         2. disinformation,          to promote fear;
         3. technical dependency,    to promote addiction;
         4. political uncertainty,   to encourage paranoia;
         5. bureaucratic resistance, to maintain unrealistic expectations;
         6. deception,               to command allegiance;
         7. greed,                   to blind into slavery;
         8. pride,                   to commit to ruthlessness;
         9. time.

Could it become true that in time, humans would be able to deceive themselves into self-destruction by denying their God-given capacity for spirituality?

1949 -
Television had begun its growth in 1946 as a new medium.
Its popularity had initially been constricted by the high prices of the sets and by the limited availability of programming. Antennae on the set required a local broadcast tower, and the tower required a studio feed, which in turn required full stage production. Coaxial connections between major cities increased availability. At the same time, sets became such a luxury and attraction that expensive cabinets were offered as options for those who could afford or wished to impress.

Television had first made its presence into American public life in 1941 when two dozen stations serving Los Angeles and the eastern states had gone on air to eventually serve 10,000 viewers. The War suspended development. With the same networks controlling television as produced, radio market control would be primary. In 1945, RCA pressured the Federal Communications Commission to begin licensing of stations. This would provide a uniformity of technology. Uncertainty plagued the industry as primitive and impractical colour projection sets suggested the imminent obsolescence of black-and-white sets. When this revelation failed to materialize after several years, the public felt safer about an investment in black-and-white. Content also provide attraction.

By the spring of 1947, NBC was on the air almost 30 hours weekly.
Sports broadcasts were an early focus and they promoted bar sets to attract and stimulate a drinking clientele. Early television capitalized on other productions: sporting events, political speeches, fashion shows, popularized radio programs, movies and theatre. It brought special events into the living rooms of the audience, without the cost, inconvenience, preparation time and human interaction involved in attending the production in person. Yet there were costs.

Someone had to pay for program production and broadcast for the industry to grow.
Advertisers jumped at the chance. Radio networks used their long constructed advertising sources to finance their television debuts. If viewers would endure the interruption of advertisements, they could have their entertainment free. Something-for-free had become a focus of American life. Through the latter 1940s giveaway contest shows prospered on radio. Variations of pyramid schemes in which numerous persons pay their "sponsor" for the privilege to join a group or purchase an overpriced product with the expectation of making the similar huge profit by "sponsoring" numerous others, became popular. The greed of the humans involved blocked their ability to understand that those who cannot "persuade" others to buy an overpriced product, by deception, lying and manipulation - may fail to recover their investment.

This one factor encouraged those who still possessed some spiritual strength, to weaken under the social shame of non-performance and non-inclusion and adopt the techniques of those who profited. A further factor was that of denial of the inevitable. A population has finite limits; it is not never ending. IF the system is widely popular, eventually the structure dictates that a huge number of people become last-to-enter participants. ALL of these entrants must fail for they have no one else to sell to. The bottom line is that you never get anything for nothing - you give up something - and that there are few legal ways for individuals to appreciate their capital by large multiples in a short period. In television, the viewer gave up control over the subtle aspects of their behaviour and interpersonal interactions to become dependent on a hypnotic stimulant and relaxant. The process had begun with the marketing of radio. Now, the population was being allowed to and choosing to be conditioned by a medium which admittedly had one goal - profit. Everything else would be used to justify to and distract from the audience, this focal point.

By the end of 1949, 75% of Americans who owned television sets watched the weekly program of a comedian named "Milton Berle", "Texas Star Theater". Berle had been in vaudeville for 35 years, he was aged 40. He acted as a master of ceremonies of the show: a mixture of song, dance, card tricks, imitations, acrobatics. He changed costumes at least 5 times each show - to play the role of cultural heroes. It was burlesque - a circus of short performances for comedic and thrill benefit. Brash, and obnoxious at times, Berle did whatever it took to get a laugh. 24 cities carried the show, linked together by coaxial cable, each with a local broadcast tower. Three or four million viewers were watching Berle. He did for them what they wished they could do and say, but didn't have the courage to: rebel. They coped by living through his act to release their frustrations and anxieties. He tranquillized them and made them forget what they didn't want to feel responsible for.

The spiritual consideration of any technology centres on the question:
"Does this technology help us appreciate and learn constructive spiritual approaches to solving personal, social, political and environmental problems?"

If it does that in a strident way, other uses of a less spiritual dimension can be used for variety, illustration, or enjoyment. Problems, for many humans, don't go away - they just get more complex and more difficult to resolve. Denial, distraction and desensitization seldom resolves problems constructively.