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1946 - HIGHLIGHTS:
Memory Stimulators.

Movies::

Without Reservations; The Razor's Edge; Bedlam; The Big Sleep; O.S.S.; Best Years of Our Lives; Brief Encounter; It's A Wonderful Life; The Killers; Humoresque; The Captive Heart; Angel on My Shoulder; Detour

1946 -
USA Peacetime Military Manpower has increased from a pre-war average of 275,000 men to more than 2 million men after WWII. America had changed from a naive self-secure nation to a paranoid authoritarian power. Peacetime spending of prewar levels of no more than $650 million a year would now begin the rise to more than $650 billion (thousand million) by the early 1970s; it would reach $120 billion in 1979.

1946 - By this year,
400 millionaire families controlled 90% of the wealth in the American colonized Philippines.
Under their adminstration, a higher percentage of the population were now tenant-farmers, rather than land-owners, than at any time under the rule of the Spanish. At the centre were 40 billionaire families whose fortunes rivalled those of the American Rothchilds, Mellons, and Rockefellers.

Politically backed economic greed allowed inefficiently produced Philippine sugar to enter the USA duty free in order to compete with the sugar production of other countries. In return, sugar barons and Chinese clans held the political power and ensured order in the country. Monopolies, never limited in the Philippines by the USA government, ensured profits. The top 10 Chinese clans ranked among the 40 billionaire families. Of those the clan to which Ferdinand Marcos belonged was 6th in size of assets. Outside the financial centre of Manila, provincial feudal empires had risen headed by the names Laurel, Batanga, Aquino, Cojuangco, Quirino, Crisologo, Lopeze.

Ferdinand understood the indiscretions and inequities of the American political bureaucracy.
Favours were returned with favours. Manila under the Marcoses, with the blessing of the Americans, would become a centre for money-laundering, arms-trafficking, narcotics, amphetamines, gambling, white slavery, and child prostitution. The false spectre of a Communist takeover, always made to seem imminent, through deception, control and manipulation of the media - were used to maintain a dictatorship that served American business interests and international organized crime.

The Pentagon would eventually add $300 million to its $500 million military base rental at some point merely to satisfy Imelda Marcos. The American General who negotiated such a travesty would become head of the Manila branch of the CIA-backed Australian bank where the Marcoses deposited some of their money and part of Yamashita's Gold.

1946 - By this year,
Japanese War Criminals, were being rewarded by the USA military on a rationalization of national security.
Many top Japanese officials, including General Shiro Ishii, who had routinely promoted the torture, abusive treatment and routine execution of Chinese and Southeast Asian civilians as well as Prisoners of War (POWs) were given experimenter's salaries and given an exemption from war-crimes prosecution in exchange for the knowledge they had gained on biological warfare and the use of torture.

Humans who learn the skills of their enemies frequently use such skills for greater misery and devastation.
Humans have never learned compassion, negotiation, mutual respect, self-responsibility or love from the intensive study of ruthlessness, obstinacy, intolerance, authoritarianism, hatred. What decides "national security": fear, or reverence? To what end?

1946 - During this year,
Housing was the most pressing shortage in America.
The problem had gone from bad to worse for more than 15 years because at any given time something else had seemed more important. Private construction had slumped badly in the 1930s. Comparatively few houses had been built in wartime. In constant prices the nation's housing stock was worth less in 1945 than in 1929. Yet the demand for housing had never been so urgent.

Millions of people in urban areas had migrated to the cities during the war years.
Nearly 2 million veterans had married by the end of the war and were seeking housing.
Wartime prosperity had lifted savings and income to new heights. The banks, topped with deposits, lowered mortgage rates below 5%. The price of old houses, which was controlled by the Office of Price Administration, virtually doubled in some areas between the U.S.A. entry into WWII and the end of the war.

House construction was still considered a trade, almost a craft, and houses were usually erected one at a time by those who considered themselves big operators.

The housing shortage put considerable strain on marriages and family life, with hundreds of thousands of separations taking place for months at a time. Some advertised apartments brought as many as 2,000 replies. Supplies were delayed and some builders defrauded would be owners of their deposits.

Buckminister Fuller designed a 36 foot diameter round house made of aluminum for the market by Beech Aircraft Corporation. His Dymaxion house could be shipped, erected, completed with appliances and fixtures for $6,500 each. It could withstand the worst of weather but not the narrow-mindedness of the human market; few sold.

Politicians were pressed by the desirous, so restrictions on building supplies were lifted.
Most efforts went into commercial buildings such as bowling alleys, cocktail bars, racetracks, and department stores. Prefabricated housing was encouraged by Truman's National Housing Expediter, Woodrow Wilson Wyatt, who facilitated financing for it - and it took off as an industry. Some of the finance companies did not follow the advice of Wyatt, and, some misuse of support funds occurred when houses were built by novice companies at double the normal price. Wyatt was not experienced in construction himself and he was not prepared for the other costs required for other trades to finish the house and landscaping. Prefab died as quickly as it started.

The housing industry was frustrated by strikes in supply and transportation industries.
Collective bargaining had been suspended during the war and adhered to until the spring of 1945.
The number of man-days lost to strikes had totalled 199,000 in January 1945; in February 1946 they totalled 22 million. By the end of 1946, nearly every major strike had been settled. 5 million people had walked picket lines during the year. In 1939, when the UAW had a membership of 150,000, it was considered a very big union. In 1945, its membership stood at 1.2 million.

The Federal Housing Authority (FHA), originally created in 1934 to assist in the construction of middle income homes now helped all builders. By applying for and receiving a loan markedly in excess of the real cost of the housing development, an enterprising builder could secure 100% plus financing and a no-risk profit of 25 to 35% on the finished project. Veterans who had constructed small towns with airfields, roads, and docks during the war, now could not find materials to build a house - while massive supplies were being used to build racetracks and other commercial buildings.

During the war the consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and other stimulants had soared and sexual liaisons had become more casual. Now, increasingly, average people felt entitled to all the good things in life, including a satisfying job.

Products and supplies which were under price restriction and rationing were hoarded off the market in anticipation of the price rise when restrictions were lifted. There were black markets in supplies of meat, used cars, even houses. To evade price ceilings, many businessmen simply went out of business. Shortages continued for a time of toilet paper, certain foods and steel. Every attempt to curb credit led to a turn-in of Treasury bonds and increased the money supply. Hyperinflation ensued. Prices rose and so did unemployment.

1946 - On January 5, ,
Truman declares that World War III is inevitable, unless Russia is "faced with an iron fist and strong language."
By the end of January, Secretary of State Byrnes had discontinued "the practice of having private meetings with the Russians", even though "they were always eager to do so."

During the year he will establish a National Intelligence Authority under the direction of a Central Intelligence Group.

Truman tells the Pentagon that he wants a standing military of 2 million (the generals wanted a million more). Congress, more sensitive to public opinion than the President, went further. In the spring of 1946 the appropriations committees of both legislative houses would set a limit (for all services) of 1,070,000 men by July 1, 1947. Thousands of ships, tanks, and planes would go into storage, and the military would become mainly concerned with occupation duties and training.

1946 - During the year,
Wendelle Stevens, U.S.Army Air Corp., was assigned to briefing and debriefing air crews of the "Ptarmigan Project", a weather reconnaissance program in which B-29 crews mapped and photographed the polar surface.

He had joined the Army in 1940 and graduated from the Army Air Corps' first test pilot training school.
At age 20 he had been a project officer for the development of the P-47 fighter plane; during WWII, he had commanded an aircraft maintenance squadron. After the war, in 1945, Stevens was assigned to the Air Technical Intelligence Centre at Wright Field, where he screened 1000's of documents and aeronautical blueprints captured by the Americans when the Germans fled their factories and air design centres. Many of the drawings had been seized from the Nazi drawing board revealing details of exotic flying machines and rockets.

Now, with his involvement in "Ptarmigan", his interest was focused on the encounters and strange circular aircraft reported by the returning crews. Dozens of sightings were reported to him by the returning B-29 crews, flying at unheard of altitudes, flying faster than anything imaginable, doing maneuvers which seemed to be in the area of fantasy. The B-29s used in the project carried both still and movie cameras, and many times when there was a sighting, the witnesses captured the craft and their maneuvers in photos and on film. But by procedures, the film and the crew chief were sent directly to Andrews Air Force Base in Washington, as soon as they arrived back at the project base. From Andrews AFB, the film and officer met Pentagon intelligence and were taken elsewhere. Stevens himself would calculate the speed of one such object which he sighted as 7,000 mph. He was convinced that

"there was no Earth technology capable of producing air vehicles that could fly at such high speeds, stop, and even reverse instantly, stand still in the air, descend and ascend vertically at low and high speeds, land on the ice and water, and submerge underwater and emerge again and fly away."

Stevens would retire in 1963.
The deception which Stevens encountered in the military, with officers denying the existence of material he had forwarded on to them only increased his interest further.

"And I was running into trouble trying to tell my stories to somebody else.
That piqued my curiosity, because of all the energy used to suppress the information.
Why were they covering it up? If there was nothing to it, why worry about it?
Then when I got to investigating my own cases, I found that witnesses had turned pictures over to the authorities, and they never knew really who these authorities were, and nobody could ever find the pictures again, I began to worry. Where were they all going? Who the hell was doing this and how?"

Never having access to most of the information on file in the military, Stevens became an avid collector of UFO articles and books, became a UFO incident investigator and exchanged information worldwide with other interested parties. Later he would begin to write on the subject of UFOs. He had held a top-secret clearance while in the military.

1946 - By February,
American taste in movies appeared to have been demonstrated.
Howard Hughes had engineered the breast of Jane Russell into seductive exposure and pointed view for the sexually obsessed American male in "The Outlaw". David O. Selznick's production "Duel in the Sun" was equally lusty - with comedians referring to it as "Lust in the Dust" and "Drool in the Sun". Dorothy Lamour paraded through "Masquerade in Mexico" and other films as the social model-to-be dressed in the "most gorgeous gowns you've ever 'ooohed' and 'aaahed' at." Rita Hayworth, another actress, born Margarita Carmen Cansino, was pictured widely as a "Love Goddess".

Failures also were part of the picture.
Dramas intended to make the entry of veterans back into the main society less difficult were poorly received: "Pride of the Marines"; "Tomorrow is Forever"; "Lonely Journey"; "That Man Malone"; "The Best Years of Our Lives"; "They Were Expendable". Americans did not want to be reminded of the War. Least of all, they did not want to have to assume responsibility for the problems created by the war - the disabled and the veteran job seekers. The lives of other people and the ability to cope more constructively was not the concern of the average American. Instead, denial and fantasy were top on the list of what would be paid for.

While musicals and romances added to the success of sexually provocative and glamour promoting movies, the other major category to catch the interest of the American audience was "the tortured, suffering, young American who didn't know where he was going, whose whole value system had been destroyed." This was how an increasing number of Americans felt. Brought up to abhor killing as Christians, they felt they had been forced to murder for the sake of survival. Sold at the political rallies on the platitudes of peace and non-involvement, they had felt betrayal at Pearl Harbour. They didn't know anything about the politics of the American-Japanese conflict that had preceded the War. They new nothing about the attempts by the Japanese to seek peace BEFORE the atomic bombs were dropped. Their belief in the right to freedom of other peoples was being called into question by the political and media description of the danger of a War ally - the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics.

In idealistically expecting that the rest of the world, living under much greater material deficiencies and higher population densities, could easily resolve their conflicts only to now accept that their government, the USA, had been forced to annihilate hundreds of thousands of civilians in a matter of seconds in order to end the War. It was all very confusing. The myths and disinformation that filled the blanks were lies; they didn't make sense to the American, unless - the unthinkable - humanity really was degenerate. In the few pictures which carried the theme of the suffering young American, the hero was the expected loser. It was the younger, smaller man who won the fight - and women viewers became attracted to the strong, silent, brooding man who seemed emotionally weakened and would accept the loving support and caring of a strong maternal protective woman.

Women wanted to feel needed, now that the War was over.
Men wanted to express that need for closeness and intimacy.
The problem was that most American males had been brought up in emotional denial and were emotionally immature. The maturity of respect, friendship and concern for the other person were missing, dominated instead by the lust of physical involvement. Sex was becoming an obsession with the American male because he was repeatedly frustrated from getting what he needed: sympathy, empathy, emotional support, cuddling, embracing, acceptance of his feelings. He had been patterned against asking for these needs, and, often, the American female had been patterned to reject males who communicated those needs. When the frustration became great enough, sex spelled love. Love assumed marriage. But did marriage and sex mean enough love? Can love without a spiritual context ever be "enough" for the human? Women were not getting what they expected. Men, in getting what they expected, were not satisfied.

1946 - By the late 1940's,
The movie industry would be failing.
Labor-management strikes during 1946-7 would push up ticket prices in this 95 million ticket market.
Production costs would escalate from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000. The international market was severely reduced when Great Britain levied a 75% tax on the earnings of foreign-made films in 1948, whereupon Hollywood decided to boycott British-made films in retaliation. Television, in 1949, would begin to provide an audio-visual alternative for lesser cost and frustration.

1946 - By February 10,
Charles (Lucky) Luciano, born Salvator Lucania, of Sicily, imprisoned for his crimes in the USA, as an enemy of society, with a sentence of 60 years to life to be served at a maximum security prison was paroled after 6 years in maximum security, and less than 4 years in medium security. He was commended by the USA government for his contributions to the war effort and released to return to Sicily. He was the American Mafia godfather.

1946 - During the year,
A sunspot prominence is observed to reach 1,700,000 km (1,000,000 mi) out into space from the surface of the sun.

  SOLAR MAXIMUM begins
    * intense solar storms
    * major influenza outbreaks
    * cycles last approximately 11 years
    * produced by intense solar magnetic activity
    * heats the Earth's atmosphere:
    * 70% more events are observed in the Northern Hemisphere than the South
    * cause the magnetic field surrounding the Earth to wobble and vary in strength **
    * satellite navigation systems are affected by **
    * electric power transmission lines are affected by **
    * long-distance undersea cables can be affected

1946 - During March,
Averell Harriman, U.S.A. Ambassador to the Soviet Union for 3 years, returned to Washington and expressed his conviction that one object - perhaps the object - of Soviet foreign policy was to extend communist ideology to other parts of the world. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, a leading liberal, told Forrestal, Secretary of Defense, that Stalin's speech, commented on by Harriman, was a declaration of World War III.

1946 - During the year,
The prevalence of Pyramid Schemes in America becomes popular despite their illegality.
Pyramid investments are typified by your selling a service or an object to other individuals at a greatly inflated price and on the condition that they are "authorized" or otherwise privileged to sell the product or service to others, also at a large markup, part of which is returned to you, their sponsor. As an example, you sell an item which costs you $5 for $20 to numerous friends, relatives, associates or new acquaintances. You profit $15 on each of these sales. Once they have purchased their first item from you for the full price, they may buy future multiples, for resale, at a discounted price of $10. Once they have made two sales, they have "recouped their investment" in the first item; thereafter they profit $10 on each sale. And on each sale which they make, to an expanding number of customers, you profit $5. Soon you are rich, and most of the selling and product distribution may be done by other people. There are numerous variations but all require the following:

A person who .. 
a) follows authority as demonstrated by wealth and enthusiasm;
b) uses simple rational thought yet unable to think abstractly;
c) wants social acceptance, position, and prestige;
d) can be naively persuasive and socially gregarious;

A product or service which ..
e) costs little to manufacture;
f) can be relatively easily distributed.

The average American commoner after WWII, 
     had grown up in poverty;
     been minimally educated, or had training in the sciences;
     developed intolerance and narrow-mindedness during the War;
     a tendency to addictive use of alcohol, cigarettes, coffee;
     developed or been educated to suppress feelings;
     developed a tendency to overreact to avoid loneliness;
     a poorly developed sense of spirituality.

Anything that promised a quick and easy pleasure or privilege and suggested the possibility of a future clear of the anxieties of long hours of work, of emotional pain, and of poverty and debt - was an opportunity. Pyramid schemes in their simplest form represented a black market - a cash economy - potentially untaxed income.

1946 - In March,
T. Galen Hieronymus, an engineer for the Kansas City Power and Light Company paid tribute to Albert Abrams by stating over Kansas City radio station WHAM:

"About 20 years ago a discovery was made by a California man that was so hard to believe and more especially by those who did not wish to believe it, that the world was set back by their disbelief for many years. There were a few of those following along who took the original idea to the point where today it is as important, in fact, more important to mankind than the atomic bomb because the latter means destruction of humanity and the other idea means the lengthening of life and the alleviation of disease."

Hieronymus had earlier discovered that silver emanated some form of energy, when buried in the ground, upwards; yet, for a few hours every 2-1/2 days, the radiated energy would be projected downwards towards the Earth's core. He found that these cycles correlated with phases of the moon. Further work indicated that these radiations were also strongly influenced by magnetic attraction. Since this energy could be transmitted over wires, Hieronymus considered that it could be related to sunlight and might also affect plants.

To find out, Hieronymus placed some aluminum-lined boxes in the pitch-dark cellar at his Kansas City house. Some boxes he grounded to a water pipe and connected by separate copper wires to metal plates on the outside of the house exposed to full sunlight. Other boxes were left unconnected. In all of them Hieronymus planted seed grain. In the connected boxes the seeds grew into sturdy green plants. The seeds in the unconnected boxes had no trace of green and were anaemic and drooping.

The radionics devices he was building for doctors he noticed were "short-circuited" in operation if placed in sunlight. Building a special analyzer with a prism, he found he could identify by the radiations emitted, many of the elements on Mendeleyev's periodic chart. He found that the energy, when refracted through a prism, behaved in the same manner as light, except that the angles of refraction were much more acute, and that the energy from the various elements came through at angles of refraction in the same order as the contents of their nuclei. This convinced him that disease was destroyed by the Abrams device "through a radiative attack on the binding energy which holds molecular structures together."

Hieronymus found that the frequency of emanation from materials, or angle of refraction, was in exact proportion to the number of particles in the nucleus of an element and that the range of frequencies or angles of refraction from complex substances could thus be used to analyze what they obtained. He also found that this energy radiated out only a certain distance depending on the object from which it is emitted, on the direction it takes, and even on the time of day of its measurement. He coined the term "eloptic energy" to indicate that this energy obeyed some but not all of the laws of electricity and optics.

Hieronymus applied for a patent for his detection apparatus stating that "the apparatus preferably relies upon the element of touch and, therefore, the skill of the operator." The operator had to stroke a detector which, substituting for the area of the patient, was "preferably an electrical conductor coated with a material having such characteristics that under influence of energy flowing through the conducting portion, the coating will change its surface tension or viscosity, or in some manner give evidence of the presence of the energy flowing through the conducting portion by producing a greater drag or resistance to the movement of any part of the body of the operators thereover, such as the hand or fingers." Still, how the actual device worked remained a mystery of understanding.

Otto Rahn, a bacteriologist, wrote to the inventor:

"Since those radiations hold the secret of life, they also hold the secret of death.
At present, very few people know about the possibilities, and very few know all the facts.
It seems imperative that those few keep their knowledge to themselves, and divulge only as much as is necessary to perform the immediate applications to cure disease. Your discoveries open up great possibilities, as tremendous as those of the atom bomb, and just like atomic energy, these radiations may be used for the bad as well as for the good of humanity."

Defamations against the work and devices of Abrams by government and industrial representatives facilitated by the media encouraged Hieronymus to write to the "Saturday Evening Post":

"This is a controversial subject only because it involves the pocketbook of a large group of people who might be harmed financially should the truth of the present day status of (Abram's) little black box be made generally known to the public. The unfortunate part of the situation at the moment is that a large pressure group is still fighting tooth and nail to keep the known facts from being presented and I just wonder if the article in the Saturday Evening Post wasn't instigated by that group."

Hieronymus went to Harrisburg to consult with Armstrong and the founders of UKACO, Inc. who would incorporate the amplifier which he had built. They could not understand his concept of eloptic energy and in trying to extend its effectiveness through adaptations made on the assumption that the device worked on electromagnetic or electronic principles, their devices demonstrated less than the 100% accuracy of the Hieronymus device. If it works, and you don't understand why, don't change it until you understand how it works.

In 1973, Hieronymus was not revealing the full details of his device to others, in caution against its misuse by irresponsible people. He had expressed an open invitation that "If a group of responsible people will help us to run a proper and broad investigation of eloptic energy for the good of mankind, I will be glad to cooperate and tell them all I know."

Hieronymus also determined that personal objects could carry a positive or negative influence imbued by the person who had formerly worn or handled them. Such objects, given as gifts, found or purchased, were capable of altering the demeanour of the person who wore them or in whose presence they were. Some influences resulted in the person feeling tired, enlivened, depressed, elated, afraid, courageous. Thoughts and emotions appear transferable to the objects around us, including the artifacts we leave behind. Hieronymus also believed it was possible to rid an object of malevolent energies.

1946 - During the year,
Lavrenti Beria, chief of government Intelligence (later called the KGB) was placed in direct authority over the Soviet nuclear weapons development program. Beria was ruthless, sadistic and harboured psychiatric problems from an abusive childhood. Because he could always be counted on "to get the job done", Stalin trusted him as much as he did anyone. Authoritarian control, torture, and abuse of his power became the hallmark of Beria.

Soon after Beria's appointment, Kapitza refused to do further work on the development of the Soviet nuclear bomb. Soon after Beria took the position, a heated argument ensued between Beria and Kapitza over a technical issue and the appropriate role of Kapitza's laboratory. Beria thought the laboratory should be helping develop nuclear weapons while Kapitza thought it should be continuing to try and develop a form of electromagnetic propulsion of hyperspeed magnitude and interstellar possibility. Beria, holding the greater state power, placed Kapitza, who maintained his views, under house arrest in his dacha outside Moscow, away from his laboratory and regular home. Kapitza remained there, cut off from work, friends, and family until after the death of Stalin.

The period was psychologically stressful as Beria and Kapitza essentially played a real life game of chess in which Beria tried to find the "key" to "motivate" Kapitza to cooperate. The use of torture or drugs held the danger of the possible destruction of the talent which Kapitza possessed, and Beria wanted. Death or torture of a relative could lead to Kapitza designing a bomb only to use it to annihilate himself, the scientific team, and, possibly Beria. Only if Beria kept Kapitza reasonably comfortable could he hope that someday, Kapitza would see the political necessity for the U.S.S.R. to develop the weapon. Beria's best move was to restrain Kapitza from the scientific activity he loved so much in the hope that the attraction would change his mind.

During the time, his family visited him and his salary as an academician was continued.
During that period he also managed to publish a report on the motion of a pendulum with a vibrating support, and to do research on ball lightning - often associated by government intelligence analysts as an intellectualization of reported sightings of UFOs. The motion of a pendulum, in the hands of a trained spiritualist can be used to physically indicate spiritually derived answers to questions.

1946 - On April 4,
Stalin told General Walter Bedell Smith, the new American Ambassador to Russia that in his opinion the United States had "definitely aligned itself with Great Britain against the U.S.S.R." Stalin was disappointed with the response to his demands for a permanent base in the Dardenelles and the cessation of the northeastern provinces of Turkey to the Soviet Union and he went on to explain that:

"Turkey is weak and unfriendly to us ... It is a matter of our own security."

By August, Truman sent a battleship and an aircraft-carrier force to Istanbul and Stalin relaxed his efforts in this area and continued expansion in eastern Europe.

1946 - During April,
Stalin's speech to the Soviet "electorate" in the uncontested elections would state that the Soviet victory in the War was a tribute to the system and policies he had evolved in the 1930s. He had encouraged expectations of radical political and economic changes after the war, during the War. Now it would be a return to the struggle the people and officers had wanted to end in the 1930s. Most were poorly informed of events which had occurred outside of the Soviet Union save what the government censored newspaper and radio had told them. The speech was a lie; without the facts, or the experience, the younger enthusiastic supporters had no source of truth.

1946 -
U.S.A. Secretary of War Robert F. Patterson requests General Leslie Groves, on behalf of President Eisenhower, to write up the "Truman-Atlee-King Statement", to update their wartime agreement which had been more restrictive. The General, respectful of authority, agrees although he was not at the meeting it will summarize! He writes the memo "only because I was familiar enough with the subject to know what those decisions should have been, regardless of who arrived at them or what they actually were." The agreement would violate the UN charter and almost immediately the British would press for release of the design and production figures for the Hanford reactors and plutonium separation plants.

1946 - During the year,
A Necktie Mania swept America.
Demobilized soldiers wanted to leave behind the military life and experience and the drab uniform which they had been wearing for a few years. Socializing and courting and asserting one's individuality became paramount. Changing a tie was easier and cheaper than changing a whole set of clothes. Ties had become popularized in the movies as dignified and adult male style. Tie-swapping clubs arose and some men owned as many as 3,000 ties before the mania cooled. Nevertheless, wearing a tie now became an expected addition to the dress of a man.

1946 - Between 1943-47,
U.S.A. Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace, persistently talked about the problem of preventing an economic depression and of overseas economic expansion as the new frontier.

"Private enterprise in the United States can survive only if it expands and grows, ....
The old frontiers must be rebuilt ..."

He pointed to American economic expansion into poor, underdeveloped countries as "this unrealized new frontier of opportunities."

1946 -
General Eisenhower, as a military commander, held great faith in future peace between the USSR and USA.
He had become a living symbol of Soviet-American cooperation. He had become very friendly with Marshal Zhukov, who shared his hopes and whom Eisenhower expected would replace Stalin. Eisenhower was slow to understand the crucial importance of the Communist Party in setting Soviet policy and Stalin was to remain in power until his death in March, 1953.

Knowing most of the secrets of the American nuclear program, Stalin did not feel under pressure to make the international concessions mentioned in the "Baruch Plan" and so turned it down.

1946 -
The USAF declares 10 billions worth of property surplus and aircraft production in the U.S.A. drops to 1/2 of 1 percent of its wartime peak. Cities like Burbank, Seattle, and St. Louis face massive unemployment.

1946 - sometime during the year,
Joao Prestes Filho and Salvador dos Santos, were returning from a fishing trip near the Brazilian village of Aracriuama and reached the village at about 7.00 P.M. An hour later, Prestes arrived at his sister's home with the following description. A beam of light had hit him as he was reaching his front door. It stunned and blinded him. He fell to the ground, without losing consciousness and then managed to get up and make his way to her house.

That same evening, Preste's condition deteriorated rapidly.
Witnesses said that his flesh literally detached itself from his bones.
It was as if it had been boiled in hot water for a long time, so that his skin and the underlying tissue fell off. Prestes was not in pain but was understandably in an increasing state of terror. Soon he was unable to speak. The villagers placed him in a cart, intending to take him to the hospital, but he died enroute, about 6 hours after having been hit by the beam of light. He remained conscious until the end.

When his body was brought back, the flesh had fallen off to the point where the corpse looked "decomposed". Nothing unusual was found near his house. The weather at the time was clear, thereby ruling out lightning. This incident was not uncovered by investigators until they entered the region forty years later!

1946 - During the year,
A large cigar-shaped craft was sighted accompanied by a number of satellite discs which were sometimes seen to be leaving the larger mother ship.

1946 - In June,
The GRAYS set up their first permanent underground base near Dulse, New Mexico, U.S.A.
While well selected for security, underground temperature preference and open airspace, the GRAYS did not expect that humans would continue setting off nuclear explosions "for no constructive benefit". In the years to follow, they would lose 10 craft to propulsion and flight stabilization malfunctions as a result of unexpected EMP (electromagnetic pulse) signals from atomic weapons tests. The EMP made the atomic-electronic systems of the craft most used by the GRAYS make much more noise than normal, raise the temperature of the shell, lose inertial capacity - and glide to the ground without much control. It became a negotiating factor between the GRAYS and humans by 1949.

1946 - In June,
Dr. X., who had joined the staff of Englewood Arsenal two months earlier had his security clearance withdrawn. Dr. X. had taken part in wartime studies on motion sickness and related subjects, had published some 40 papers in physiology and biochemistry. He was offered the choice of "resignation without prejudice" or suspension followed by dismissal "with cause". Although there were no formal charges, a security officer reminded him off the record that (a) his parents were born abroad (Dr. X. himself was born in New York City in 1905); (b) he was a member of 2 non-scientific organizations (neither of which had been listed by the Attorney General or even HCUA); (c) he had been in contact with the late Brigadier General Evans Carlson, during his wartime work in motion sickness; and (d) in 1940 he had attended a lecture in a university hall given by a "fellow traveler". Dr. X. submitted a statement in his own defense and an impressive array of supporting affidavits. Five months later he was reinstated with full arrears of pay, and on November 12, 1946, he was recalled to duty. Two days later he resigned.

Such undemocratic prejudicial accusations and actions founded in fear and paranoia and often backed by overintellectualization, gossip, and lies by envious persons could only lead to a constant drain of talent from the national service of persons who until now had been positive to the American Dream, yet now could only truthfully contest it.

1946 - On June 19,
Television as a new major mass media made strides ahead in popularity.
Some 45,000 persons gathered to watch heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis pound Billy Conn into unconsciousness in Yankee stadium, in the USA. An estimated 100,000 other spectators watched the same fight and knockout on television receivers in New York, Philadelphia, and Washington cities. In the opinion of radio critic John Crosby, "RCA's miraculous new image orthicon camera brought the television audience a crystal-clear and far more intimate view of the fight than that of the stadium audience." The dominance of radio would start to decline.

The visual medium was even more hypnotic to humans than radio could be made to be.
It was naturally hypnotic, like most Earth animals, humans are driven to focus on movement in the environment. It is a natural defense, based on fear, against surprise by a predator. It is again a natural defense , based on anticipation, to protect against the potential trauma of surprise. Humans, like cats, have a difficulty in ignoring activity which is happening near them, unless a multiplicity of activities desensitize their awareness to keep them from becoming catatonic from overstimulation leading to severe mental confusion. Once the human gaze was captured, sound and movement involved the attention and focus of the mind. Availability would provide opportunity. But what could justify the cost of production if there was no user fee?

1946 - On June 29,
A German V-2 Rocket reached a record published altitude of 75 miles in a test flight from White Sands, New Mexico, USA.
At the same time, the USA announced that everything was ready for its July 1 test of an atomic bomb on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.

1946 - In July,
The "McMahon Act" sets up a civilian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC); 6 months later Truman would appoint the commission.
The AEC was specifically forbidden to exchange information, with anyone.
The British were unhappy. As Groves would write later "Winston Churchill was the best friend the (Manhattan) project ever had, the project's most effective and enthusiastic supporter.

Soon after the end of the war, the USA War Department, with the aid of Lieutenant General Leslie R.Groves, wrote its own "Atomic Energy Act". This was introduced into Congress by Senator Edwin C. Johnson of Colorado and Representative Andrew May of Kentucky, both of whom were enamoured of the military (May was enamoured of money to such a degree that he finished his career in a Federal Penitentiary, convicted of bribery). The May-Johnson bill enjoyed the support of the White House. The hearings set for it scheduled only 4 witnesses, all friendly to the bill. If passed, it would have allowed military officers to be appointed to the proposed Atomic Energy Commission. The structure it envisaged was remarkably similar to the wartime Manhattan Engineer District. Release of research information would be severely limited. There were huge penalties for infractions, such as fines of $300,000. Scientists, muzzled for years by the war, began to arrive in Washington by the hundreds to lobby against the bill. Their activities were coordinated within the Federation of the Atomic Scientists, newly formed, and directed at the Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy, also recently formed. The White House dropped its support of the bill at the response received before the Congress and the Senate.

A new bill was introduced by Senator McMahon and Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas of California. It assured civilian control over the AEC. Research data was still restricted, but less so than under the May-Johnson bill. The "McMahon-Douglas bill" became the Atomic Energy Act.

A five-man committee appointed by James Byrnes tried to devise a system of international control. The six were Dean Acheson, Under Secretary of State; David Lilienthal; General Groves; James B. Conant of Harvard; Vannevar Bush, the head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development; and John McCloy, a noted Wall Street (business investment/stock market) figure. Lilienthal confided in his diary one night after a committee meeting:

"No fairy story that I have read in utter rapture and enchantment as a child, no spy story, no 'horror' story, can remotely compare with the scientific recital I listened to for 6 or 7 hours today. ... - not to feel deeply moved by having the terrible facts of nature's ultimate forces coolly laid before him as on an operating table ... Mixed with that the constant element of international rivalry and intrigue, and I feel that I have been admitted, through the strangest turn of fate, behind the scenes in the most awful and inspiring drama since primitive man looked for the first time upon fire."

Within the AEC framework, the "Reactor Safeguards Committee" (RSC) would be set up by Edward Teller who would become its first chairman. He and the committee would be responsible for rigid and conservative controls (relative to what was known of the dangers) on the construction of American reactors. The containment dome safety measure on many reactors is very largely due to the committee. Teller, was one of the first to advocate declassification of documents regarding nuclear power plants. This was done in 1955 at the Atoms for Peace Conference. Teller further advocated declassification of all information on controlled thermonuclear fusion. Such was done in the late 1950s. In each case the U.S.S.R. reciprocated.

The U.S.A. AEC represented national rivalry, the UN AEC represented an end to national rivalry.
The purpose of the US AEC was to maintain and increase the lead of the U.S. nuclear industry relative to other nations. As long as an arms race would exist, Lilienthal maintained, "it is only sense to do everything to slow up other countries." The possible medical benefits to be gained by international research based on medical based isotopes was lost to military secrecy and progress.

General Groves continues to run the Manhattan District in secret, maintaining the military security cover. The War Department had been determining U.S.A. Foreign Policy for some years and Groves was the principal nuclear industry authority in the War Department. He entered into contracts with Belgium for purchase of Belgian Congo uranium ore without the knowledge of the State Department. Groves resented the review and criticism of his operations by the six man AEC who resisted assisting them in any way. Administrative decisions by Groves came under question. The General had induced General Electric to take over the operation of the Hanford reactors by providing the company with the Schenectady laboratory; the company could stop operation of Hanford at any time. A new site was chosen without a review of currently held government properties.

1946 - During the summer,
Hundreds of Scandinavians watched ghost rockets in their night skies: speeding balls of light that resembled meteors but behaved in what was described as "unmeteorlike fashion". USA intelligence suspected that it might be Russian experiments at the captured German missile centre at Peenemunde, but no evidence existed, and eventually the ghost rockets ceased flying without offering a clue as to what they were or from where they came.

1946 -
Paul Nitze, as a director of the "Strategic Bombing Survey" in the early 1940's, took a statistician's measure of the destruction at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. His fascination for the military and contentment at working within a military hierarchy probably contributed to his expectation that the weapon would be used again and his focus on preparing the USA to survive a nuclear attack. He recommended that the U.S. disperse its vital industry and medical facilities and consider a nation-wide bomb shelter program. At first, most people ignored him.

1946 -
Dean Acheson and David Lilienthal present the "Baruch Plan" which promises peace through terror, in which atomic weapons development would be banned to all nations, and would be undertaken by an international authority with a staff of expert scientists, with large powers of inspection and control. The USSR (Stalin), in fear of the repetition of history (threat to survival in WW1 and WWII ) from industrialized capitalist countries, AND aware of the public stance taken by some U.S. politicians to possess military nuclear superiority (meaning USSR inferiority and servitude), flatly turned the plan down.

1946 -
The Viet Minh war against France begins, following the return of the French military to Vietnam superseding France's earlier granting of independence to and pullout from the area.

1946 - On July 6,
The USA atomic explosion test at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific was broadcast on radio.
The exhibition of catastrophic weapons had become a symbol of American pride and a new venue for entertainment. The bomb was dropped from a B-29 plane named "Dave's Dream". The bomb casing bore a likeness of Rita Hayworth, a popular shapely Hollywood actress, looking seductive; the bomb itself was known as "Gilda". General Carl "Tooey" Spaatz provided the radio commentary, referring to the explosion as the "main event". The networks brought scientists into the studio to explain in cosy, down-to-Earth terms what atomic fission was all about. There were numerous references to "national defense". No one talked about the death and destruction it was designed to deliver. This was "Test Able".

The USA had taken Micronesia, a group of 2,100 islands and atolls scattered across the Pacific between Hawaii and the Philippines, from the Japanese in 1944. Fierce fighting had resulted in the deaths of 6,288 US soldiers, 70,000 Japanese and 5,000 Micronesians. Many others were wounded. After the US takeover, Micronesian helped build US bases on Peleliu, Anguar, Saipan, Tinian and Kwajalein. Tinian became the world's largest airfield. 29,000 B-29 bombing missions had been launched on Japan from Tinian, including the nuclear drops on Nagasaki and Hiroshima.

In January, 1946, the U.S. joint chiefs of staff chose the Bikini group (36 islands with a total area of 2.3 sw. mi.) in the Marshall Islands as a suitable site to continue testing nuclear weapons. The islanders were relocated to another island.

The test series was codenamed "Operation Crossroads".
It consisted of two 23 kiloton nuclear bombs detonated within the Bikini Island lagoon.
The first test, termed "Test Able", involved dropping the bomb from a plane and exploding it at an altitude of 520 feet. The second explosion, termed "Test Baker", involved suspending a nuclear bomb by cable approximately 90 feet underneath a medium-sized landing ship and exploding it by remote control. Each blast used as its target an array of about 80 unmanned naval ships. Approximately 42,000 personnel, 240 ships, and 160 aircraft participated in the Operation. About 200 goats, 200 pigs, and 5,000 rats were also distributed throughout the target fleet to assess the damage of the bomb.

"Test Able" produced a very short brilliant flash of light, followed by what appeared to be a seething mass of gases, heated to a glow, which grew rapidly into a large ball of fire. As the ball of fire died out, a great white mushroom cloud of smoke, dust and fission products rose to a height of 30,000 to 40,000 feet.

After the test drone aircraft and boats were sent into the area to take radiation tests.
After several hours, teams were sent to the ships on the outer rim of the test area for radiation readings, and when intense radiation readings began to be found closer to the centre, the teams were withdrawn until a later day.

"The Bikini test", said rumour, would rip open the ocean floor; all of the ships involved, said rumour, would be sunk without trace; and California, said rumour, would vanish under an enormous tidal wave. It seemed tame when, in the event, 5 ships were sunk, 50 others were damaged, and California escaped unscathed. When rumour was confounded, the bomb became much easier to live with.

Several major twists of the truth had occurred, directed at the public, and carefully manipulated by the USA Defense Department for Psychological Warfare, an Intelligence group close to the president.

    A. Truman HAD received the decoding of the request for peace talks from the
       Japanese BEFORE he authorized the dropping of atomic weapons on Japan;


    B. Truman was personally vindictive against the Japanese for their challenging
       American pride and he needed a symbol which the world would accept as the
       supreme negotiating card, so he ordered the drop on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
       (Americans also did not understand Japanese culture, so they didn't trust them);


    C. The scientists which developed the nuclear weapons, and the military
       officers which were in charge of the tests - clearly knew the hazards of
       radiation and the prospect of fallout - yet they took the position in the
       media that fallout from the bomb was not dangerous, AND, offered no
       assistance of that knowledge to the Japanese survivors, Or, sometimes to
       their own troops.  It was believed that admission of the dangers publicly
       would result in a public denial of further development of the weapon, AND,
       that knowledgeable troops would not make willing expendable test subjects -
       required for truly "scientific" results;


    D. By spreading gossip through the mass media before the test, of highly
       exaggerated, and frightening, possibilities - the public could be
       conditioned into accepting such tests as non-threatening "normal"
       experimentation;


    E. Reality replaced by manipulated denial could be reconstructed into a
       reverence for power - of atomic weapons, of science, of America - a return
       to pride and confidence - to replace the feelings of depression and grief
       brought on by the war.

The planning worked.
All it required was direction from several senior military and political officers, a few "loyal" agents in the Intelligence community, a harsh military secrets policy, and a public that wanted to hear that their leaders were succeeding and in control. Over 300,000 USA military personnel would be exposed to high levels of radiation from such atomic tests. Truman instructed that he only wanted brief reports of what he "needed to know."

1946 - In July,
The U.S.S.R. Space Program is initiated by Stalin.
It begins following contact with Stalin by the GRAYS and in response to his paranoia about the intentions of the U.S.A. and his fascination for the travel craft which the GRAYS demonstrated. Stalin's first intent was to build a spacecraft capable of carrying either a huge atomic bomb or a thermonuclear hydrogen bomb into position over the U.S.A. for a first strike capability. Like all politicians and scientists of the time, the consequences of nuclear fallout pollution to areas beyond the blast area were unknown.

Stalin had determined that the British and Americans could not be trusted because of their waffling on sharing technology, reconstruction aid and economic exchange. They were enemies who would take the future position held only recently by Germany and Japan. The only way to prevent the Soviet Union from being attacked once more, in the mind of Stalin, was by the use of nuclear weapons, was to use them first to immobilize the enemy. To him, this was the lesson of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Americans had shown him how to beat them - if he could only make enough big bombs and place them in a position of delivery faster than them.

The original U.S.S.R. space program was of the greatest secrecy building on the secrecy programs placed into effect during the 1930s collaboration between the Soviet and German governments. At that time, personnel and technology had been exchanged without the rest of the world realizing what was happening for five years. KGB procedures now would be heightened. Anyone working on the project would be placed into a project town: a Space City. They would be selected on the basis of their allegiance to their country, their technical skills, and their social and personal relationships. Communication with persons outside the city would be totally absent. Only in a few cases were desired employees coerced into involvement on threat of exile or execution of family members, relatives or close friends. Small families were more highly valued than either large families or single persons. Magnetic sensors were implanted in the chosen and anyone found outside the city was to be shot on the spot; this rule was later changed to "interrogate and execute" to determine if anyone had been contacted on the outside.

To reward these "rubies" of communism, the inhabitants of Space City were provided with the best of lodgings, medical care, food, and censored news and information services. A great variety of professional backgrounds provided the thrill of professional and intellectual association amongst the members and catered to the idealism of doing something important for the benefit of humanity. The city was largely self-contained with only the larger mechanical parts required being manufactured at a proliferation of outside factories which never knew what the part was for that they were producing. Until the 1960s, most foodstuffs were brought in. Financing was under the Medium Mechanization Program (atomic research and development) expenditures of which went unquestioned due to its high level of secrecy. Only a small number of political, military and industrial contacts were allowed to enter and leave and communicate with the KGB Section responsible for the direction of the Space City.

1946 - During the Summer,
Many UFOs are sighted over Scandinavia.
They become referred to as Swedish Ghost Rockets.

1946 - On July 25,
Bikini Island, "Test Baker" was conducted by the USA military.
Damage was determined to have been greater than that from Test Alpha, earlier in the month.
Large masses of radioactive water was thrown onto the decks of the target ships, making them highly radioactive. With intense radiation persisting in the water and on the target ships, very little was done until August 1. Then, the joint task force began decontaminating the target ships with salt water and foam and by brushing and scrubbing. On August 10, the Project Crossroads Radiological Safety Officer received evidence of probable widespread presence of plutonium on the target ships and immediately halted the decontamination procedures. A microscopic amount of plutonium in the human body can prove fatal. Test ships were sandblasted to decontaminate them, and, eventually ALL of the target ships were sunk due to unsuccessful attempts to decontaminate them, structural damage from the blast or for having a radiation reading so high as to be judged unfit for decontamination efforts.

Subsequently, and after many years of hearings, thousands of USA servicemen made claims for compensation and health care required due to radiation exposure during these tests. In May, 1983, congressional hearings studying an analysis of information once belonging to the late Radiological safety officer for Operations Crossroads, Colonel Stafford L. Warren, concluded that "every aspect of Operations Crossroads was fraught with danger for the 42,000 people present."

Warren had determined that many of the participating personnel received radiation doses hundreds of thousands of times above doses considered safe today. He also noted that General Leslie Groves, director of the Manhattan Project, "is very much afraid of claims being instituted by men who participated in the Bikini tests."

In the months leading up to the Baker test Warren had predicted in his reports that:
"If the radioactive column from the explosion did not rise more than 10,000 feet -
as was in fact the case - that radiological conditions would be 'extremely serious'".

He also noted that the heavily contaminated water in the lagoon was subsequently ingested by all military personnel in the area, who used it for drinking, bathing and cooking - completely unaware of its potential hazard. The third planned test, "Charlie", was cancelled on Warren's advice, because of the high radiation readings found with Test Baker.

1946 - In August,
A large flying saucer is found east of Aztec, New Mexico.
Its arrival had been seen by two military spotters as it entered the Earth's atmosphere.
They tracked it until it landed and within a few hours Air Force officers reached the flying field at Durango, Colorado State.

When they found the craft, it was in a very rocky, high plateau area.
They placed a guard around it. A group of 8 magnetic propulsion scientists were called in to examine the craft. After arriving, they decided that the best thing to do would be to study the ship from a distance. This they did for two days, testing it for various forms of radiation and with other non-destructive instruments. As nothing seemed to have happened inside the craft in the interim, it was approached for closer inspection.

The craft did not appear to have any doors or exits.
It did have portholes, and through one of these there was a hole the width of a pencil thickness.
Gases might have rushed in or out of this hole with such force as to result in the interior firestorm.
The scientists took a large pole and rammed a hole through this porthole to make access easier.
Inside they could now see the bodies of 16 spacebeings. By pushing the pole through the window a distance, they were able to push a button located on another button on the wall of the cabin. A door opened in the side of the ship where non could be seen before, and the researchers could now enter.

The 5 spacepersons ranged in height from 36 to 42 inches and were proportionate in form to humans excepting that their heads were oversized. They were assumed to have suffocated. They had no bad teeth, no fillings. The bodies were taken out and laid out on the ground. One of the scientists remarked that their clothes "looks like the style of 1890." Their skin seemed to be charred a dark chocolate colour. (The climate in this location is such that the daytime high could have been 100 degree Fahrenheit - enough to bake anything organic within a metallic container) One of the scientists thought the spacebeings must have come from Venus. Food found in the ship appeared to be dried wafers and two containers of water which weighed twice that of water commonly found on Earth. One of the scientists thought it might be heavy water like that found at the time in Finland and used in nuclear reactor design later. When some of the wafers were fed to guinea pigs in the laboratory, they seemed to thrive.

The craft was 99-99/100 feet in diameter, perfectly circular, with a cabin in the centre.
The cabin measured 18 feet across, 6 feet high and 45 inches of it protruded above the circular wing. There were bucket seats and push button consoles: new ideas to that era. Two timepieces were found within the craft. They were the size of silver dollars and they worked on a 29 day cycle equal to that of a magnetic month. There were no maps, only several booklets with pictorial script in them. There were no weapons of destruction in evidence and none of the crew had any firearms of any sort. As the ship had settled down safely onto the land, it was presumed that some form of automatic pilot - a new concept at the time - must have landed the ship after the fire killed the crew.

Against the protests of the magnetic research scientists, the craft was dismantled by the Air Force.
To facilitate movement of the disc, the private property was purchased by the government.

1946 - By September,
Dr. C., a biologist with 19 years experience, the author of more than 60 published papers, was terminated from his position as chief of a section at a U.S.A. Army laboratory several months after his appointment. He had not been granted access to classified documents. He refused to resign. The next day "a GI entered my bedroom at 6:20 A.M. without knocking and ordered me to report to the kitchen ... said ... that a civilian on a military reservation had no civil rights .... [The officer in charge] said that if I did not follow his orders, he would send over some soldiers and throw the stuff out." At C-2 (military intelligence) in Washington, a colonel refused to inform Dr. C. of the charges against him, even though he was required to do so by Civilian Personnel Regulations. (Although Dr. C. was never a member of the Communist Party, he was born in Lithuania and had subscribed to "PM", "In Fact" and the "New Republic".) He was dismissed. After 5 months of unemployment, he got a job in another laboratory working on unclassified material, but after 6 months in this new job the Army's Central Intelligence Bureau sent agents along to hound him out yet again.

1946 - On September 4,
A USA government Top Secret Memo to Mr. Morgan, from Mr Lyon stated:

"800 reports (of UFOs) have been reported with new ones coming in daily from Sweden. Full details of these reports have been forwarded to Washington, D.C. by our Military and Naval Attaches."

1946 - By October,
"A", a scientist with a good wartime record of work at the USA MIT's radar laboratory had been dismissed without any reason given. Three months earlier, he had turned down 4 university offers earlier in the year in order to take a job as section chief in an Army research station. He assessed his own crimes as past membership of the ICCASP (Independent Citizens Committee for the Arts, Sciences and Professions, occasional contributions to the CIO-PAC and the JAFRC (Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee) and a subscription to the Soviet Information Bulletin . It took him 13 months to get another time (a horrendous duration at that time). Both women and men were dismissed, often on the request of the local security officer and often without a hearing or charges being laid.

1946 - Beginning as early as August,
The First GRAY Earth Base is begun construction 2-1/2 miles northwest of the small New Mexico town of Dulce.
It would be a multi-level research laboratory, housing, and administration site. Most of the facilities would be located 1/2 km to 1 km deep within the Archuletta Mesa. This would become one of four major bioengineering labs used by the GRAYs in an attempt to make humans more GRAY-like: more suitable for space travel and for drone-like utilization.

1946 - By October,
A British-American Commission on the Palestine conflict urges the opening of the Palestinian borders to the entry of 100,000 Jewish immigrants. At the London Palestine Conference, the British foreign secretary, Bevin, could find no solution between the Arab League willingness to go to war to retain sovereignty over the region and the Jewish organizations willing to fight to establish Israel out of the lands of Palestine. For the Arabs, surrender of the sovereignty of the territory meant a lack of future taxation income, loss of considerable access to the Mediterranean Sea, and loss of control over territory which they believed was theirs and which they believed could be valuable some day for its undiscovered natural resources. The Jews had been pledged a nation by Britain, had been discriminated against in most other nations, had been the subject of genocide in a number of countries, and now believed that only within their own political entity could they be free from abuse and accepted without restraints on their cultural-religious practices. Britain passed the "problem" to the United Nations."

1946 -
Beginning early in November, the U.S.A. Aircraft Nuclear Program begins.
It will not even receive formal project funding until 1951.
The ANP, then under the direction of the USAF, it will receive over 511 million (1950s) U.S. dollars over the next 10 years with it being formally discontinued in 1961 by then President John F. Kennedy. The aim of the program is to build military aircraft propelled by nuclear energy capable of perpetual flight bombers avoiding the necessity for refueling. AEC participants are lured by the prospect of commercial flights. Details of the ANP program remain secret from the public until long after its cancellation and the first publication of the radiation releases into the environment do not become public until 1991, 30 years after cancellation of the program!

Security for this and other "Black", that is, covert, operations was largely enforced by increasing political intolerance through the Jim Wright/Senator McCarthy era during which anyone believed to be associated with Communist sympathizers was blacklisted from government and research employment (major new employment sectors), socially ostracised by innuendo, or imprisoned. In fear, scientists and other workers enthusiastically supported any government directed program without question as to motive, moral or practicality. Engineers were taught to solve problems without asking what the purpose/justification or need/requirement involved was. Contractors were only considered with renewing contracts; legislators were only concerned with maintaining jobs and being re-elected.

Idaho Falls, in SE Idaho State, had provided a test site for dozens of nuclear reactor designs for the AEC. Other test sites were in Texas, Georgia, Connecticut. By 1958, the program was 12 years old and Idaho Falls was chosen as the project headquarters. The residents were never informed of the possible hazards of radiation contamination to their community and voted in its favour on the basis job formation for the community. General Electric (GE) was chosen to build two test beds and United Technologies, a Pratt and Whitney subsidiary, was chosen to build the engines. Lockheed-Marietta, of Georgia constructed the plane, a specially modified B50. A 20,000 foot runway was built and the intent was to fly the plane to the Pacific and return.

The main test flight path was from Carswell AFB (a Strategic Air Command - SAC base), Texas to Roswell AFB, New Mexico. Near Lake Worth, between Carswell and Fort Worth, 800 miles north of Atlanta, Lockheed used a test site, now a public forest area, to expose military components to radiation by passing them (ie. a tank) on a railway flatbed, by an unshielded reactor. The Idaho National Engineering Lab (INEL) emitted a plume of radiation 500 feet high, on one occasion, resulting in the highest number of offsite radiation exposures recorded. The Idaho Lab was and is the largest single employer in the state with a budget as large as the states and classified as secret. A combination of naivety and stupidity regarding the potential dangers of nuclear radiation together with blind and enthusiastic patriotism and true awareness of dangers pervaded the program.

It would have made the plane prohibitively too heavy to surround the reactor with shielding like that provided for all land based reactors so it was decided to place the reactor amidship with radiation shield bulkheads between it and the cockpit and between it and the bomb/cargo compartment. The cabin was lined with 1/4 -2.0 inch lead with 10-12 inch leaded glass windows. While efforts were made to keep the propulsion gases isolated from the nuclear reaction, they were expelled as radioactive. The plane became a huge transient radioactive source along the flight path. Note this relative to UFO sightings and crashes.

Between 1955-57, the test plane would take off 56 times from Fort Worth, leaving a stream of nuclear contamination along the flight path. 21 out of 50 flights from Carswell would have the reactor on board in operation for the full flight. A modified B36 tested the reactor in flight; when on the ground the reactor was stored underground. Between 1953-61, 100s of nuclear reactor designs for aircraft were tested. In Aviation Week sometime in 1958, an article mentioned that the U.S.S.R. had been operating a nuclear propelled aircraft in the Moscow area for 2 months. In reality, the KGB believed that some of the mentions in the magazine about American developments were false and intended to confuse and disorient Soviet research policies with reports of improbable developments. The Soviet airplane was never built nor flown; the concept was considered insane from the beginning by them. The report was intended as disinformation to exasperate American efforts - and it succeeded.

Concern over the safety aspects to the public of a crashed nuclear reactor powered aircraft (!) led to "Operation Wiener Roast" at Idaho Falls. A supposed simulation of an aircraft crash was provided by enveloping a fuselage and reactor in an aircraft fuel and thermite fire which reached a temperature of 2250 degrees fahrenheit. No release of radioactivity led to a supposition of success. The possibility that in an aircraft crash, the reactor might be broken apart by impact, was never tested - the obvious conclusion of a disaster worse than Chernobyl was not in the interest of the program. The possibility of the plane being shot down militarily over the U.S.A. or over enemy territory seems never to have been considered.

With the advent of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and long range bombers, in the later 1950s, the requirement for the ANP dissolved in reality. Bureaucracy supporting high paying jobs, unrestricted budgets, sources for siphoning off funds for other covert activities, and feed the egos of officers and managers who wanted bigger responsibilities and career credit kept the program alive until John F. Kennedy ended it. Its supporters then became his enemies.

1946 -
John F. Kennedy (Jack), son of Joe Kennedy, Ambassador to Britain, was preparing to enter public service as a career. Having returned from U.S. Navy service in the war, he had got an appointment as a correspondent for the Hearst newspapers, with the help of his father. He had back problems from a war injury which would bother him for the rest of his life.

Ironically, had 1% taxpayer's monies appropriated to the military gone into medical research, these chronic pains might have been eliminated. Instead, the example of his father, the wealth of his father and the family pattern of providing an appearance of success encouraged Jack to spend part of his time in self-excesses which would include a casual approach to personal finances, personal intimacy and social conventions. This would aggravate those who worked closely with him, were conservative in manner and concerned more about his responsibility to the office he served than to him as a person. Many would be aggravated by his apparent naivety in financial matters (spending greatly and chastising others for lack of thriftiness; always requesting never repaid loans from others as if he had never been given money to manage). Some would be irritated by his inattentiveness on the job while expecting the staff to work overtime. His lax attitude towards appropriate dress suggested to others that he was trying to enter the higher power social levels without observing the customs. Lastly, through the later 50's and early 60's, politically powerful persons would be concerned about his risking embarrassment to the position of the American Presidency because of his sexual liaisons.

His father, Joe, knew that his own political ambitions would have to be lived out through his sons, for further advancement on his part would be threatened by media concentration on his past infidelities and business dealings. He doted on Jack trying to make him comfortable in illness and constantly encouraging him into public service and lecturing him who to network with , what positions to take, and what to say. Most of the time Jack acquiesced. His father guided his campaign for election to office, paying whatever was necessary. After Jack was elected to office, Joe sold his liquor business and divided up many of his other enterprises between family members, foundations and holding companies to better clean the way for Jack's progress. Joe was a friend of J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the F.B.I. Jack would become a friend of Joseph McCarthy and Richard Nixon.

Jack was fascinated not only by the tinsel and glitter of the film industry, but by the way that sex appeal, even more than sex itself, became power; by the way ordinary people came to inhabit the extraordinary celluloid identities created for them. He knew of the industry through his father's involvement and contacts and associated with stars on a social level, trying to understand and learn what was involved in the magnetism and charisma they had. He was obsessed with it until he felt comfortable that he had learned it and his success at having done so would be mirrored in his later election campaigning.

1946 - During November,
The French shell Haiphong, Vietnam, killing 6,000 citizens.
This would begin the Vietnam War. Roosevelt knew that colonialism had to go and had sided with the independence movement. Roosevelt profoundly disliked France and its leader Charles De Gaulle, and regarded the French as "poor colonizers" who had "badly mismanaged" Indochina and exploited its people. Roosevelt had died in April, 1945.

Other political and business interests in America began to see the importance of southeast Asia for raw materials once they examined the previous attraction of both Japan and France to the area. Southeast Asia was the world's largest producer of natural rubber and was an important source of oil, tin, tungsten, and other strategic commodities. Without an open southeast Asia, air and sea routes between Australia and the Middle East and the United States and India could be cut. In addition, President Truman and his administration were now more concerned about the safety of Europe against the advance of the U.S.S.R. and believed that only a unified defense would be effective. France had to be part of the equation. France would not agree to a membership in NATO unless the USA helped it in southeast Asia to regain its colonies.

By early 1947, Ho had appealed repeatedly to the United States for American support, even indicating that Indochina would be "a fertile field for American capital and enterprise" and raising the possibility of an American naval base at Camranh Bay. U.S. diplomats in Vietnam insisted that they could find no evidence of direct Soviet contact with the Vietminh, and they stressed that regardless of ideology, Ho had established himself as the "symbol of nationalism and the struggle for freedom to the overwhelming majority of the population." Washington refused to even acknowledge receipt of Ho's messages. The Truman administration, obsessed with Europe, offered no assistance to Vietnam against the French colonizers. Substantial American funds, provided to France under the Marshall Plan, were used to finance the war in Indochina.

1946 - In late November,
The "People's Science and Technology Staff" (Group-17) is formed in the Soviet Union.
Its purpose is to determine the origin of UFOs, attempt to capture some for purposes of reverse-engineering, and if from another planet - try to make contact with the spacebeings. Group-17 is organized by Stalin in complete secrecy, apart from 3 officers in the military intelligence organization. It is composed of 4 top intelligence officers, each representing a major intelligence unit, Stalin, 4 senior military officers, an engineer, 2 nuclear scientists, 2 astronomers, and 3 other persons.

1946 - On December 25,
The first U.S.S.R. nuclear reactor, the F-1 (Physics-1) similar to that of the Chicago graphite/uranium block pile was in 1942, was activated.

1946 - Late in December,
The "Medium Machine Construction Department" is created in the Soviet Union for the purpose of administering and safeguarding the development of nuclear energy AND nuclear weapons.

1946 - On December 31,
The U.S.A.E.C. took over civilian operation of the Manhattan District at midnight.
Truman supported the move but warned that the military establishment (Groves et al) would fight against the change every step of the way. Compromises were no longer necessary for the AEC.

1946 - During the year,
Proctor & Gamble, a large American advertising and audience research company, spent $14.9 million to produce soap operas for radio.
"Road of Life", "Right to Happiness", "Life Can Be Beautiful", and "Ma Perkins" were the P&G soaps. The 4 major networks were happy as the soaps generated about 60% of the revenues for them. They sold more boxes of washing powder, more bathtubs of suds, more varieties of feminine gimmickry, than anyone ever bothered to count. The soap operas were cheap to produce: 2-15 minutes segments could be produced for about 1/3rd the cost of a 30 minute show featuring a well-known band such as Fred Waring had. They were also addictive.

One survey by a Federal Communications Commission showed that 50 or 60% of American women were fanatic listeners of at least one show with some regularly listening to 3 or 4. As Frederic Wakeman wrote, soaps worked - " like magic .... The more you irritated them with repetitious commercials the more soap they bought.... The announcer reminded him of the hucksters who used to shout their vegetables on the street. ... Huckster - that was a good name for an advertising man. A high-class huckster who had a station wagon instead of a pushcart."

In the words of Mary Jane Higby, for 18 years the star of "When a Girl Marries", soap opera "may have been the lowest point ever reached by dramatic art ... but make no mistake about it, as advertising it was just great. Dollar for dollar, it may well have been the greatest dollar value the advertiser ever got for his money." Critics would complain, but as long as the audience would "buy" the product, someone would stoop to provide it.

Before WWII, the American population had begun to change from mainly agricultural to increasingly urban. In what seemed like the distant agricultural past, women would often help their husbands in the field or in the barn, in addition to preparing meals, cleaning the clothes and the house, and looking after the children. When children were part of the equation, older brothers and sisters cared for them, a relative would supervise them, or, a neighbour would take turns with her to watch the children of both. Transportation beyond the farm, and the time available to do so was limited. The War and urbanization changed that variety.

When the War arrived, many women went to work in the factories while many men went to the war.
The women both replaced the men and added to the industrial labour force, much of it targeted towards making armaments. The war finished, the society expected the women to return back home from the factories. Most did. With both men and women displaced from their homes during the war, a perceptual change had occurred. There had been a degree of urgency, distress, danger, challenge, fragile relationships and romance during the war. The pattern of emotional expectation had been changed from one of caring, sharing, contentment, awareness and predictability into one of self-interest, competitiveness, emotional immaturity, anxiety and denial.

It would be "uncomfortable" for humans to now adapt back into a simpler, more positive lifestyle.
But that void could be "fixed" by the soap opera, comedy, contest giveaways, animated disc jockeys and live entertainment. Emotional immaturity, in the forms of acting out and emotional denial would encourage the American adult to forever remain naive, short-sighted, intellectual. You didn't "live" life, you watched it, listened to it, played at it, or gambled on it. As long as you were active or listening, there wasn't time for reflection, reverence, humility, concern, empathy, or, experiencing. Mass media could feed you the life you could only live in fantasy. The War had gone but the "high" was addictive.

Increasingly, women found themselves in urban homes on lonely streets with little to do besides the routines of preparing food, laundering, and, perhaps, caring for emotionally immature and intellectually deficient junior humans. Soap operas gave them back that temporary sense of excitement. They marketed distress. Seldom did anyone portrayed in them find real happiness. Their distinctive theme music became a behavioural psychology trigger to turn on and tune in. It brought relief from narrowing occupational roles and confusing social roles. It brought examples to mentor the brain into a habit of seeking relationship conflict, and expecting failure in them. Social, religious and political leadership fell behind the greed to make as much money as possible - an unspiritual and irresponsible focus.

Recognized from the beginning yet never regulated by the industry, the state or the public was the fact that the fantasy lifestyles portrayed modelled every form of inequity of which humans are capable. This was the "real" attraction in the shows. Soap operas not only portrayed the behaviours, they revelled in them. The characters, like many humans in real life, had problems. As a mass media conditioning agent, the story line of the soaps rarely provided the viewer with a demonstration of constructive coping skill. Indeed if the stories had done so, the characters would have had far fewer and urgent problems, would have been happier, and would have displayed a much less trauma inducing lifestyle. A daily display of persons deceiving one another, lying, lusting, hating, showing intolerance, being involved in the current topic of social concern, envying others, demonstrating pride and lack of self-esteem was artfully "sold" the listener or viewer along with repeated celebrations of marriages, divorces, births, engagements and deaths.

Of course, with a limited number of characters in the shows and the mandate of at least 3 marriages per year, characters found rationales for divorcing and remarrying. As for any addict, the addictive quality of the soaps was that it fed and strengthened the lack of self-esteem which was demonstrated by the viewer who chose to "watch" life rather than to "live" it. It answered the anxiety behind the question: "Why don't I have material riches, a perfect spouse, great friends, and continual success?" The answer it kept reassuring the addict with was: "Because you're (unacceptable), you are like these losers, that's just life." The real answer, which would have made the public less able to be controlled by the mass media was: "Because you don't have the confidence and the strength of faith to go out, take risks, be responsible, and take control of your life.

What radio couldn't do with the soaps it continued to do with children's serials, an increasing emphasis on humour and with an increasing variety of music introduced in rapid fire order by a disc jockey. The top 15 programs contained the names of entertainers who were not new to the public: Fred Allen, "Lux Radio Theatre", Jack Benny, Bing Crosby, "Amos 'n' Andy, Eddie Cantor, Walter Winchell, Charlie McCarthy, Red Skelton, Fibber McGee and Molly, Bob Hope. A fundamental change had occurred since the mid-30s. Emotional and physical abuse were now becoming acceptable topics for humour.

With humans, humour often masks a real behaviour or inclination with which the audience is uncomfortable.
Like a hidden vice, its OK to make fun of someone else doing it because you know that the behaviour is socially unacceptable - but you don't want anyone to know that behaviour is what you feel inclined to do sometimes, or, that you sometimes find yourself doing it. Emotional abuse took the forms of name calling - a sort of human adult temper tantrum - as well as put downs of oneself and others. Physical abuse attended with slapstick routines, and a concentration on the pathos of the disadvantaged and poor. Mass hysteria was necessary for political deception. Keep the people distracted, self-obsessed, and addicted (beyond self-control).

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1947 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Railroaded, Black Narcissus, Body and Soul, Boomerang, Crossfire; Smash Up - the Story of a Woman; The Fugitive; Blondie in the Dough; Life with Father; I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now; Angel and the Badman; The Captive Heart; Magic Town; Blaze of Noon; My Favorite Brunette; Road to Rio

A Department of Defense (DOD) unites the U.S. Navy and U.S. Army.

The U.S.A. Congress approves the formation of the C.I.A.

The U.S.A. Congress establishes the "Joint Chiefs of Staff", which coordinates military leadership and links the military to the President through a National Security Council (NSC).

1947 - By this year,
Enuresis (bedwetting) therapy would be offered at a number of exclusive European hospitals.
For the offending youngster, who urinated over nightclothes and bedlinen during sleep, a moisture-sensitive pad was placed on top of the mattress. It had a sensor which triggered an electrically operated alarm. This startled and awoke the youngster who was "taught to beat the buzzer." Nightly monitoring assured a rational approach, which assumed that the defect was a factor of conscious laziness, or, of some form of unconsious wish-fulfillment. Repetitive use of this nightmare-like waking shock, used confidently as a form of punishment (training), was usually effective in 8 to 10 weeks (60 to 70) as a form of behaviour modification. In effect, a new sensory awareness was developed to startle the individual when the natural waking mechanism was not yet developed sufficiently. The psychological harm done to the individuals (mostly male, up to 15% of the population) by centuries-old superstitions and spurious rationalizations would continue to be miniscule beside the necessary added laundry requirement over a period of 1 to 3 years. To the end of the century, miniscule sums of capital would be spent to research and understand the problem. But many trillions of dollars would be spent to develop and deliver ever better weapons for mass killing.

1947 - In January,
Dr. B. and Dr. D., husband and wife physicists who had worked for General Electric for 5 and 10 years respectively, were informed on the day they were due to move that their security clearances had been delayed. In October, 1946, they had been persuaded to accept nonsecret work at the new Brookhaven National Laboratory of the AEC. In March, the FBI called on them and asked them about Dr. Israel Halpern, a college friend whom they had not seen for 6 years but who had been arrested during the Canadian spy crisis, then exonerated and reinstated at Queen's University; about their membership in the United Electrical Workers; about their opinions on Communism, the international control of atomic energy, and the treatment of spies and saboteurs. In July, they were invited to Washington at their own expense for a hearing. Early in August, the Federation of American Scientists wrote to the AEC about the case, whereupon clearance was promptly given, but without compensation for the half year both were unemployed. It transpired that the husband had given offense by displaying sympathy for the Union of Electrical Workers during its 1946 strike against General Electric, his erstwhile employer.

(This is typical of many other cases)

1947 - In January,
W.H. (initials) came upon a crashed disc-shaped craft half buried in sand.
While still serving in the US Navy, W.H. was on leave with C.C. who was just out of the US Army. While they were looking for desert property to buy, they came to the Papagos Indian Reservation, north of the rugged Superstitious Mountains, west of Globe, Arizona. While travelling on a dirt trail, they came upon a group of military personnel guarding a crashed saucer with a domed top, about 30 feet in diameter with 2 rings on its outer edge which seemed to have windows between them. There was no evidence of an encampment or heavy equipment.

1947 - In late February,
Dean Acheson, U.S.A. Undersecretary of State, met with President Truman, George Marshall and the congressional leaders to secure their support for aid to Turkey and Greece. In what he believed to be a crisis of his career, he expressed:

"In the past 18 months, Soviet pressure on the Straits, on Iran, and on northern Greece had brought the Balkans to the point where a highly possible Soviet breakthrough might open these continents to Soviet penetration. Like apples in a barrel infected by one rotten one, the corruption of Greece would infect Iran and all to the east. It would carry infection to Africa through Asia Minor and Egypt, and to Europe through Italy and France, already threatened by the strongest domestic Communist parties in Western Europe. The Soviet Union was playing one of the greatest gambles in history at minimal cost. It did not need to win all the possibilities. Even one or two offered immense gains. We and we alone were in a position to break up the play."

1947 - In March,
After Edward U. Condon had invited a delegation of Russians to visit the Bureau of Standards, the Washington Times-Herald launched a series of Congressman J. Parnell Thomas-inspired leaks linking Condon to a number of organizations with subversive names, like the "American-Soviet Science Society". At Condon's request, the new Secretary of Commerce, W. Averell Harriman, had his loyalty thoroughly investigated. The Department's Loyalty Board cleared him in late February, 1948. Six days later, the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA) issued a report describing him as "one of the weakest links in our atomic security" and claiming that he had rubbed shoulders with Soviet agents.

1947 - On March 12,
U.S.A. President Harry S. Truman states: "It must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure." The result of careful and lengthy planning by Dean G. Acheson, Truman's speech introduces the "turning point" in American foreign policy, to be referred to as the "Truman Doctrine". Playing on the missionary piety of the American populace, immigrants who were largely "deported" from other countries or left abusive political environments, Truman went on to attach this policy of national self-interest to the will of God!

"For the Earth is deeply divided between free and captive peoples ...
And much as we trust in God, while He is rejected by so many in the world, we must trust in ourselves."

The speech was intended to incite the voters to support U.S.A. involvement in the resolution of the then current Greco-Turkish situation. Truman, and the American populace came to hold and enact double standards, a symptom of a people traumatized to react against abusive authority by sanctimoniously calling for idealism in the actions of others while dealing with one's own responsibilities with abuse.

1947 - During the year,
"Project Bluebird" was started by the U.S.A. Central Intelligence.
It was aimed at determining whether interrogation teams consisting of a psychiatrist, a lie detector expert and hypnotist, and a technician would obtain better results with drugs than with other (more physical) interrogation methods.

It was an extension of drug experiments conducted by the U.S. Office of Special Services during World War II, including one for a "truth drug" with cannabis (marijuana). Military hospitals had noticed that some aesthetics made soldiers speak freely while they were unconscious. The first test was carried out on an unsuspecting (organized crime) figure, August Del Gracio, a member of the Charles "Lucky" Luciano crime family in New York. Del Gracio was involved with the OSS attempt to arrange, through Luciano, organized crime Italian-American help in preparing the way for an invasion of Sicily and for protection of New York docks and shipyards against enemy sabotage. He was given a number of cigarettes heavily laced with cannabis, and as he smoked them he was questioned about (organized crime) activities to see how freely he talked under the influence of the drug. After several sessions cannabis was deemed to be a tongue loosener."

This would not be the only times that the CIA or FBI would work with organized crime sources to accomplish an end. Clearly the rule was that the end justified the means.

It would be revealed in August, 1977, at a Congressional hearing that

"The program was to discover 'substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public'; 'substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception'; 'materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effects of alcohol'; 'materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognizable diseases in a reversible way'; 'materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier'; 'substances which will enhance the ability of the individual to withstand privation, torture and coercion'; 'materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use'; 'physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surreptitious use'; 'substances which produce physical disablement'; 'substances which will produce pure euphoria with no subsequent let-down'; 'substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced'; 'a material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that the individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning'; 'substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men'; 'substances which will promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties'; 'a knockout pill'; 'a material which can be surreptitiously administered [in food and drink and cigarettes] which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a man to perform any physical activity whatever.'"

Consider how you would feel if such drugs were given to you without your awareness in order for the experimenters to determine the effectiveness of the drugs. And what if the experiment failed and the symptoms could either not be reversed or became life threatening? During the 1950s, the American population in institutions for the insane would expand tremendously. Much of the research carried out by "scientist" of the time would be done under the funding of MKUltra programs of which most would have no awareness. They would be working for masters who had very different intents for their research than they did. Out of the research, considerable information about psychoactive drugs would be determined plus the ability to create new forms. Extensive use of lobotomy surgery and shock treatment would be encouraged. It is noteworthy that the culture, under the direction of those charged with its national security, would choose forms of treatment which usually disabled patients permanently rather than empowering them to cope, become stronger, less dependent, balanced humans.

1947 - On March 31,
"The London Times" commented on how "there would be greater opposition to U.S.A. President Truman's Greco-Turkish program from the isolationists if that program were not so bitterly criticized on the Left." The Truman administration focused hostility on the dissenting Left intentionally to weaken the isolationists. The use of innuendo, accusation and lies manipulated the media and the voters to proudly play God with the lives of others, with pride, in situations where their participation was not invited. This was one of a number of starting points to the sellout of the American soul, setting a basis for the era of McCarthyism. In a land which touted freedom as an ideal, by 1954, the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee would warn that

"the threat to civil liberties in the United States today is the most serious in the history of our country."

The American spirit would be broken by such abuses more completely than the physical and emotional abuses inflicted by the use of Soviet gulags and Nazi death camps.

In order to impose its cultural-economic ideology on the rest of the world, the Truman administration encouraged concepts not based in reality. The comparison of Stalin with Hitler was made solely to justify the isolation and containment of the U.S.S.R. towards the end of WWII, leaving the rest of the world open to U.S.A. influence. At that time, Stalin's only concern was the survival of his country, not its expansion. He looked to the U.S.A. for assistance to that end with a joint peace after the war. The U.S.A. intentionally abandoned him, lied to him, and after the war, refused to negotiate a peace with him.

From 1944-1947, Soviet decisions were based on domestic conditions.
The Soviets assumed that capitalism would stabilize itself around the great and undamaged power of the United States. Those two factors led to the desire, on the part of the Soviet leadership, including Stalin, to reach some kind of agreement with the U.S.A. When the U.S.A. politicians then showed its intolerance of the freedom of its own citizens, Stalin was left with no other alternative but to see American leaders in the light of the hated feudal overlords which had led to the Russian Revolution. The Cold War he did not want, the Americans imposed upon him. Feeling deceived and betrayed once again, Stalin sank into paranoia, believing he could trust no one and that the ruthless decisions made in the past to stabilize, unify and protect his country would now be necessary on a world-wide scale.

1947 - On April 1,
Jack (John F.) Kennedy, in his first speech on foreign policy, would state the view held by internationalists who viewed the capitalistic economy now in global terms rather than national terms:

"We should still fight to prevent Europe and Asia from becoming dominated by one great military power and we will oppose bitterly, I believe, the suffering people of Europe and Asia from succumbing to the soporific ideology of Red totalitarianism."

Jack had also supported the reconstruction of Europe through the Marshall Plan with enthusiasm, even as his father greatly opposed the move. Differences between Jack and his father were specific rather than general. Joe disliked Truman's proposal to finance the governments of Greece and Turkey in their struggle against communism. He believed that America should concentrate on keeping strong and not worry about the ideological affiliations of the rest of the world. He would re-emphasize this position in January, 1951 by stating that

"If portions of Europe or Asia wish to go Communistic or even to have communism thrust upon them, we cannot stop it. Instead we must make sure of our strength and be certain not to fritter it away in battles that could not be won ... We can do well to mind our own business and interfere only where somebody threatens our business and our homes."

1947 - On April 3,
U.S.A. President Harry Truman read a directive to the newly formed AEC.
In part it stated, "The Atomic Energy Commission must report to the President certain serious weaknesses in the situation from the standpoint of the national defense and security: the present supply of atomic bombs is very small. The actual number for which all parts are available is zero." This shocked Truman. Previously, civilians had assembled the bombs; they had now left for peacetime jobs and no replacement Army personnel had yet been trained.

1947 - During the year,
The first Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (G.A.T.T.) is signed in Geneva, Switzerland.
It is intended to standardize trade between North American and European nations, and, in general, all industrialized nations wishing to participate in international trade.

1947 - On April 5,
President Truman, in characteristic Jekyll-and-Hyde fashion announced that he was "deplored by the atrocious violations of the rights of nations by the interference of anyone in the internal affairs of another." At the same time, he had committed American money and troops to support the bitterly reactionary elements in Greece, while ensuring, through C.I.A. covert actions, that the Communists were squeezed out of the French and Italian coalition governments.

1947 - During April,
A record-breaking group of 107 sunspots extended out 320,000 km (200,000 mi) into space from the surface of the sun. Sunspots usually disappear after a few weeks. Sunspot frequency varies on 11 year cycles.

1947 - Between 1947 and 1953,
The U.S.A. Navy ORIOLE project was undertaken.
The USAF did not yet exist. This project is considered to have been a BLACK program intended to reverse engineer the technology discovered in alien craft recovered before and during that time. The sum of 12,500,000 dollars was expended before the program was "cancelled", thereby closing the records to any further scrutiny. The average annual rate of inflation in the U.S.A. between 1926-67 was 1.5%; between 1968-81 it was 7.6%; between 1982-1990 it was 4.0%. The value of the 12.5 million 1950 dollars would have an approximate purchasing power of a minimum of 57.1 million 1990 dollars. (a factor of 4.568)

1947 - During April,
Japanese P.O.W.s at Revuchi, the penalty camp for the Krasnoyarsk Soviet work camp prisons, threatened hara-kiri if they were not given better treatment. Forty Japanese officers had been brought into the camp and thrown in with the usual mixture of thieves, murderers, and section 58 political prisoners. It was bitterly cold.

The "otritsalovka", who were customarily a powerful band of thieves who rejected whatever was demanded of them, swiftly stole the clothes from some of the Japanese and swiped the whole tray with their bread several times. The Japanese, initially, waited for the camp commander and officers to intervene, as would be the case in a Japanese camp. Of course, the chiefs did nothing.

Then, the Japanese brigadier, Colonel Kondo, accompanied by 2 senior officers, went one evening to the office of the camp chief and warned him that if the violence against them did not stop, two officers who had announced their desire to do so, would commit hara-kiri at dawn the next morning. And this would only be the beginning. The chief of the camp immediately sensed that he could come to a bad end if this happens. In a bureaucracy, each member is expected to follow the procedures set out for them and to maintain levels of production and order in accord with the expectations of the authorities. If many Japanese were to suddenly die, their death would indicate a lack of order at the camp, the number of labourers and the quantity of production would fall, and, worst of all - their actions might set an example for the non-Japanese. If that happened, the camp commander might find himself to be an inmate.

For two days, the Japanese officers were not taken out to work, were fed normally, and then taken off the penalty regimen. As Solzhenitsyn would later write:

"How little was required for struggle and victory - merely not to cling to life!
A life that was in any case already lost.

But our 58's (political prisoners) were constantly mixed with the thieves and the nonpolitical offenders and were never allowed to be alone together - so they wouldn't look into one another's eyes and realize: "who we are". And these bright heads, hot tongues, and firm hearts who might have become prison and camp leaders - had all, on the basis of special notations in their "files", been culled out, gagged, and hidden away in special isolators and shot in cellars."

Only a human with a strong spirit will risk their physical life to die for a belief.
Force the person to concentrate on their material existence through deprivation, abuse, torture, toxic shame, ... and their spirit is often weakened and can be easily manipulated to be servile to whatever authority is presented. People are born with an opportunity to develop an awareness of the choices available. From birth, human societies imprint, model, coerce, reward, rationalize and teach each individual to assume a set of status quo options. The narrowness or breadth of those options, both in number and in quality, determine the constructed survivability of the individual and the society both in the long- and short-term, and, in the mundane and the catastrophic.

1947 - On May 1,
Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter was appointed third director of Central Intelligence by President Truman, replacing Army Air Force Lieutenant General Hoyt S. Vandenberg. Hillenkoetter would automatically become the first director of the new C.I.A. in July.

1947 - In May,
The AEC submitted its first budget request to the U.S.A. Congress, for more than $500 million dollars.
This is comparable to at least the purchasing power of 1994 $1,500,000,000.!
Apologies were made for the lack of substantiation on the basis that "the Army's Manhattan District didn't have any or keep any (books) and that to disclose details would be to breach security." To rectify the situation, each installation was organized as a corporation, with local governing bodies, having separate contracts with the AEC.

At this time, there was no known sources of uranium ore in the U.S.A.
Later, adequate deposits would be discovered in Grants, New Mexico, western Colorado, Wyoming and elsewhere.
There had been little market demand or prospecting for it until now.

1947 - In May,
U.S.A. Undersecretary of State for Economic Affairs Clayton describing the U.S.A. economic problem stated:

"The capitalistic system, whether internally or internationally, can only work by the continual creation of disequilibrium in comparative costs of production."

In other words, a capitalist system requires either low cost labour or resources or both to yield a market profit from the sale of goods manufactured by higher paid employees to still higher paid workers. Profit is derived from the differentiation between the cost of production and the market selling price. A distribution of profits makes possible a class which can serve as a market. Without such differentiation and profit there is no incentive to sacrifice ones freedom or work compulsively to improve ones material advantage beyond that of daily comfortable subsistence. What provides this necessity of struggle is the migration of humanity into challenging environments in which daily subsistence is neither comfortable nor survivable in the longer term. Expansion of population makes necessary this migration.

Political systems, by the very cost of their bureaucracies do not allow for sustainable steady state economies: expansionist communist or capitalist economies are the options. Expansionist economies demand military support in order to maintain or gain access to new geographical regions to exploit, which increasingly over time are the subject of such endeavours from competing states.

As the Earth is finite in size, the human population continues to grow, and the political systems continue to take markets into possession - at some point, the potential for new market monopoly disappears, competition increases, militarism increases, profits and yields decrease, unemployment and social hardship increases, crime and anarchy increase, environmental quality decreases - and a doomsday of war, environmental collapse, social collapse or biological collapse becomes inevitable. There is only one constructive alternative: a spiritually gifted civilization which accepts the responsibility of a steady state population relative to its progress in longevity. Historically, humans are incapable of this development.

1947 - On May 12,
U.S.A. President Harry Truman announced the "Truman Doctrine", carefully planned by Dean G. Acheson.
It was to represent the "turning point" as he later described it, "in America's foreign policy."
Wherever "aggression" threatened peace or "freedom", he said, America's security was involved, and it would be necessary to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures."

This took the USA in a decided imperialistic direction. Freedom would often be interpreted to mean free to trade with the USA under the terms of the USA. Further, it would often be assumed that democratic support for a socialist, communist or nationalist government, could only be a threat to freedom, whether the voters concerned realized it or not. America had begun as a traumatized nation reacting against involvement in the affairs of any other nation because of its historical experience in having had other countries interfere with it and it's losing its assumed right to freely expand into Canada and Mexico.

It's late involvement in World War II and its assumption that the war had been won by its technological development of advanced weaponry, and, the world's acceptance of that myth, now replaced humility with pride, self-concern with paternalism, democracy with elitism, passivity with aggression. FEAR produced this fundamental shift. There was an unspoken fear that what they had taken from native Americans would be taken from them, and that foregoing the ruthlessness, greed, sacrifice, and determination of their pioneers - the American Dream of prosperity for all could be lost to the slavery of Communism.

1947 - On May 19,
Three railway workers at Manitou Springs in Colorado observed some small silvery objects through binoculars.

1947 - In May,
Monsanto withdraws from running the U.S. Oakridge National Laboratories nuclear processing plant.
General Electric, now running the Hanford reactors could promise a delivery time of no less than 3-1/2 years, 10 times the duration taken during the war by the scientists!

Part of the problem was that the reactors had "Wigner's disease".
Fast electrons striking carbon atoms in the crystalline graphite moderator between the fuel elements would knock carbon atoms out of the layers, producing a distortion of the crystals as a result of their increased volume. Because the neutron flux was greatest at the centre of the pile, this distortion soon became evident as a swelling of the entire pile, which was greatest at the centre. From this steadily increasing swelling, Wigner computed the amount of energy stored in these displaced carbon atoms, heat energy that would be released if the carbon atoms could jump back into their original positions in the lattice. If the graphite is heated, as it heats more and more self-heat is released. This, in turn, raises the heat of the graphite which releases more self-heat.

To prevent a runaway chain reaction, the cooling water running through the aluminum pipes has to be SLOWED thereby allowing the graphite to release the heat and act temporarily as the fuel. At the same time the control rods are inserted deeper to lessen the nuclear reaction in the uranium fuel. This principle is difficult for operators to sometimes comprehend particularly when the operator is under stress or tired and the "obvious" reaction is to increase the cooling water running through a rising temperature pile. This is how the accident at Windscale, Britain destroyed the reactor there, was possibly the cause of the Chernobyl accident and several others.

This must have got out of hand at least once at Hanford because each pile bowed up in the middle to the extent that the aluminum tubes containing the uranium metal slugs, and through which the cooling water flows, distorted. The oldest reactor, B, was shut down in early 1946.

The question still remains: Was there excess and if so where was it going.

Actually, some of the reprocessed fuel was being siphoned off by the REDs who were dismayed by the environmental damage being done and foreseen in increased production and proliferation. They knew that humanity was not progressed far enough spiritually to either understand, be responsible for, or use the materials constructively. Their hope was that human civilization would progress far enough to prohibit runaway use by the military. Amounts were withdrawn on a regular basis making it preferable not to report, for there was no physical evidence of intrusion and the suggestion of espionage of such a nature by humans was unthinkable from a health standpoint. Most intrusions were undetected and those who did witness UFOs and/or "aliens" were too shocked, embarrassed, ridiculed ... to report the incident fearing dismissal or charges of incompetence. Without the interventions, it is also likely that Hanford would have been a Chernobyl accident during 1946. The operators were paid to run the plant, they did; production would not be their concern.

1947 - During June and July,
More Than 850 Sightings of UFOs were reported.
They occurred in 48 states, the District of Columbia (D.C.), and Canada.
Most were reported in the newspapers.

1947 - During June,
A UFO is sighted off the Straits of Madagascar.

1947 - On June 21,
Harold Dahl, three other men, Dahl's son and a pet dog (perhaps fictitious names), had been in the area of Maury Island, near Tacoma, Washington about noon. It was a bleak, overcast day with a relatively low cloud cover. Everyone's attention was suddenly drawn to 6 doughnut-shaped objects that appeared just below the clouds. The objects dashed towards the boat, stopping only 500 feet above it. One of the objects seemed to be in trouble as the other 5 circled it. While they hovered everyone got a clear description of them: they were 100 feet in diameter with a hole 25 feet in diameter in the centre. The surface appeared to be bright metal and no one heard any noise or saw any type of trail behind the craft.

While the UFO hovered, Dahl took pictures including one when one of the craft maneuvered to the disabled craft and appeared to make contact. Minutes later, when the contact was broken, there was a dull thud, and the UFO began to spit "sheets" of light metal from the hole in the centre. As the metal floated down, the object began to throw off a harder, rocklike, "hot slag" substance and this fell to the beach on Maury Island. When Dahl had turned the boat towards the island some of the rocklike slag had fallen onto the deck, damaging the boat, burning the arm of Dahl's son, and killing their dog. Dahl returned to the harbour, reported the incident to a harbour patrolmen, Fred Chrisman, who returned with him to the site.

On the beach, the men gathered samples of the "slag" and kept an eye on the UFOs that were leaving the area at high speed. Dahl radioed for help but the reception was so bad that he couldn't make contact. After gathering the samples, the men returned to the harbour, obtained first aid for the burns, and reported it to their supervisor. The supervisor didn't believe the story until he went to the island and saw the metal. That convinced him.

The next morning, a man in a dark suit came to see Dahl, who described the incident to him and suggested that he forget all about it. Later that day, Dahl had the pictures developed, but they were badly "fogged" and spotted. One man later suggested that the film had been exposed to radiation.

Kenneth Arnold, a pilot who had witnessed a sighting, found out about the reported sighting when Ray Palmer, a Chicago editor of 2 science fiction magazines asked Arnold to write about his own experience earlier in June and casually asked if he would look into the Crisman story. Palmer did not mention that Crisman had approached him before with reports of alien encounters. Crisman had declared in an earlier letter that he had been involved in a gun fight with an alien creature in a cave. Arnold flew to Tacoma, Washington state to interview Crisman and Dahl. The latter identified himself as a harbour patrolman and reported his experiences of June 21. When Arnold inspected the metal which had "spewed out of" one of the objects, he recognized its similarity to lava rock.

E.J. Smith, a United Airlines pilot who had also had a recent UFO experience was contacted by Arnold. Smith flew in the next day to participate in a joint interview with the 2 men. After the interview, which took place in a hotel room, Smith and Arnold received a telephone call from a local reporter who said he had received a word-by-word report of the secret discussion they had held with Dahl and Crisman. Smith and Arnold searched for microphones in the room and found none.

The next morning, Crisman and Dahl showed the 2 pilots their samples of Lava-like substance and aluminum-like metal. Arnold believed that the metal was "ordinary aluminum which certain sections of all military aircraft are made of." Dahl said he had given the film he had used to record pictures of the crafts to Crisman. When Crisman was approached, he said he had "misplaced" the film. Arnold, not having done any investigations to this point felt he should call in better expertise and on July 31st, Arnold called Lieutenant Frank Brown of the intelligence unit at Hamilton Air Force Base, California (until 6 months later they were Army Air Corp. until the Air Force came into existence) regarding the incident. Within an hour, Brown, with a Captain William L. Davidson left for Maury Island.

Brown and Davidson, when they saw the fragments, immediately suspected that they were simply looking at junk and politely excused themselves. They had to get back to duty so they returned to McChord Air Force Base in Washington and while waiting for their plane told the intelligence officer that they thought the story was a hoax. They boarded their B-25 to return to California and within an hour's flight-time, the plane engine caught fire. Both died in the crash near Kelso, Washington. Good pilots as well as incompetent or careless pilots die in aircraft accidents. Without a thorough investigation and a release of the full results, the public is always left to wonder as to whether there might have been negligence involved or "foul play."

At that point both military intelligence and the F.B.I. entered the picture.
It would seem peculiar for these organizations to begin an investigation at this point unless they suspected that foul play had resulted in the airplane crash, or, unless they were convinced as to the truthfulness of the report and were seeking to keep the details secret, for matters of national security, or confuse them with disinformation. They concluded that analysis of the fragments showed them to be from a Tacoma slag mill, although the composition of the material was never released and both it and the silvery foil-like material were "misplaced". Information released for publication at the time included the following:

A Chicago publisher had wanted to hear about the rock fragments so Dahl and Crissman included him in the initially notified group. The incident had originally started as a joke, but it had snowballed. They had written to a man, Palmer, and enclosed a piece of rock. Palmer had then called Arnold and asked him to investigate. Neither man ever produced any photographs. One of the perpetrators was the mysterious caller from the newspaper. Neither Dahl nor Crissman were harbour patrolmen. They owned a couple of beat-up salvage boats and salvaged floating lumber from the sound. The airplane crash was just that, an accident, perhaps. The metal fragment on file, later, was confirmed to be worthless slag. Neither Dahl nor Crissman were prosecuted for the hoax. In fact, both disappeared?

The records show that the incident was seriously considered by the Air Corp and that the two men had not wanted to cause trouble, but the story which may have started as a joke, snowballed. When the story was finally released, it was old news, and the public was left with the suspicion that the Air Corp simply didn't have the answers to the Maury Island story. This "hoax" seemed to be successful in producing a media humiliation of the Air Corp. It was certain to colour the attitudes of government staff in the future. It was also certain to intensify the scepticism of those who seriously sought to explain the observations. Some viewed all sightings as hoaxes; some of the public began to distrust the military and to view the whole area of UFO information and aliens as a plot against humanity. The Air Force never officially informed Arnold of their finding nor their conclusions.

The "records" were part of an elaborate CIA disinformation cover-up.
CIA operative, Clay Shaw, alias Clay Bertram was on the scene before the officers headed back by plane. Remember his name. Former directors of the Central Intelligence had been head of military psychological warfare during World War II. Similar sightings have been reported since: 1952; 1957; December 17, 1977; two in July 1978; November 1978, and others.

Was this a hoax or the start of a later confirmed government disinformation program. Due to the ridicule brought on the witnesses by the media, a possible instrument of the government, together with the loss of photos and materials, and the secrecy and loss of government reports on the case, no more can now be verified.

1947 - During the year,
The first practical process for Titanium production is perfected by Wilhelm Kroll, after more than 15 years of research. By using an inert atmosphere of Argon gas in the combining chamber he restrains the contamination of the titanium product with oxygen or nitrogen. He also replaces the use of calcium in the process with magnesium. The pure metal will be termed "sponge" because of its porous cellular form.

While titanium is the 9th most abundant chemical element in the Earth's crust, it is the 4th most abundant structural element - exceeded only by aluminum, iron and magnesium. Titanium deposits are widely scattered through the Earth's crust in rutile, ilmenite, sand, clay, soils, and, mineral water. The world's major producers, by 1988, would be (in greatest-to-least order) The USSR, the USA, Japan, Great Britain, and the People's Republic of China. Producing plants would be located in the above and other countries. The capacity to produce a high grade titanium metal would enable many other industries to develop.

1947 - During the year,
Frank Oppenheimer, Ed Ney, Phyllis Freier and Ed Lofgren discovered the heavy-ion component of COSMIC RAYS: that as well as protons and helium nuclei, they contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron nuclei, and nuclei heavier than iron in relative abundances similar to those occurring on the surface of the sun, stars and earth. All areas in the universe which contain cosmic rays indicate a similarity with the solar system.

1947 - On Tuesday, June 24,
Kenneth Arnold, a 32-year-old fire equipment salesman and business owner, private pilot and deputy sheriff from Boise, Idaho, was flying his small Callair model plane. He had left Chelalis in Washington State to head SE home. He was taking a long detour on his flight to Yakima to search for a missing US Marine Curtis C-46 Commando transport. Cruising at 9000 feet, a bright flash glinted on his canopy. The strong sunlight was reflecting off something far in the distance, which was heading rapidly south. He guessed it was 18 1/2 miles away. He was near Mount Rainier.

Looking more closely, he observed a line of flattened, crescent-shaped discs.
There seemed to be nine of them, in an V-echelon fashion. They were linked in some strange fashion as they ducked and bobbed and then rose as they moved, in unison. It was this movement that caught the sun resulting in the flashes. Arnold judged their wingspan to be at least 100 feet across; flat like a pie-can; so shiny that they reflected the sun like a mirror; about 3 feet in height. Using his navigational skills he gauged their speed in excess of 1000 mph, perhaps even 1700 mph. Arnold had also turned his airplane sideways, opened his window and observed the objects without sunglasses. After landing at Yakima airport, he sketched a series of diagrams of what The USAF later classified it as a mirage.

The story made news in 150 newspapers.
Arnold's description of the flight of the craft as "like a saucer would if you skipped it across the water" prompted one reporter to coin the term "flying saucer". Fifteen other sightings were seen within a month.

John C. Ross, a military consultant with access to military research bases, notably the Guided Missile Centre at Point Mugu, California, and the two rocket testing centres at Muroc, California, was one of the persons asked to investigate the incident. Ross did not believe that the U.S.A. had any craft that ever reached the speed of 1,200 mph, at that time. Nor did he believe that any country on Earth had a supersonic craft at the time. He acknowledged that the U.S.A. had missiles that had attained a speed of 1,200 mph and that both the German V-2 rocket and the bazooka shell was capable of 3,000 mph. The U.S.A. did have aircraft manned by pilots, and even missiles, that roughly resembled a doughnut in shape, but these had no speed approaching sound, which at sea-level is 760 mph. One was the rocket-propelled Bell XS-1 and another was the Douglas D-558, a transonic jet plane. The X-1, under development by the Army during that summer, and developed by Bell Aircraft Corporation, was a bullet-shaped fuselage with a rocket engine, powered to exceed the speed of sound, 760 mph. Chuck Yeager would not break the sound record for another 4 months after this sighting. Very conservatively, Arnold's figures indicated that the shiny disks were travelling almost Mach 2, or twice the speed of sound.

Three other planes might have been mistaken at a distance for the reported shape, but none had the speed capability. One was the NIM, built by Northrop, but it was propeller driven. Another, the N9N was designed to carry one person, had a 60 foot wingspan, and was limited to training pilots. The MX-324 was a rocket driven aircraft which failed because it could not develop enough thrust. The XP-79 was jet-driven and had big and broad wings with no tail and could do only 500 mph. Some of these were never announced as completed and flown. Ross could not support the suggestion that what Arnold had seen was terrestrial in origin.

When the story appeared in print, Arnold's politics, finances, business, and reputation in the community were investigated by Military Intelligence, the F.B.I., the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Internal Revenue Service, each hoping to discover that Arnold was unstable, publicity-conscious, given to exaggeration, or linked to the Communist Party. But not only was Arnold considered to be an excellent mountain pilot with a cool head, calm hand, and 20/15 vision, his general reputation in the community and as a man was impeccable. Why would the government spend so much effort trying to discredit the witness rather than considering the truth of his observations, unless ...

When the story first appeared, the military wondered if such stories were simply intended to distract the Air Force by responding to a myriad of reports of lights in the sky so that waves of Soviet bombers could penetrate the USA air defenses unchallenged. Or was it some ploy to frighten the American people.

1947 -
The UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) recommends the partition of Palestine into Palestine and Israel.
The UN General Assembly and the Jewish Agency accept the recommendation; the Arabs do not.
The Arab "Liberation Army" occupies Galilee, in the north, and attacks the Jewish Old City of Jerusalem.

1947 - June 25th
H.J. Taylor, radio commentator, gave this date, in 1950, as the day when the U.S.A. began saucer experiments and from which time the frequency of experiments would expand. Taylor said that stencilled on the back of any real saucer, the witness would find: "Anyone damaging or revealing description or whereabouts of this missile is subject to prosecution by the U.S. Government. Call collect at once."

1947 - Between June 25 and July 10,
UFO Sightings are reported in 43 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.).
Pictures of some of the sightings appear in "Life" magazine, July 21, 1947 issue.

1947 - During the year,
U.S.A. Secretary of State Dean Acheson stated the American foreign policy on Communism as:

"I do not mean to infer that there is that desperate a situation.
I said I was not discouraged and was not taking a pessimistic view at all.
The problem which confronts us can be stated simply:
To maintain the volume of American exports which the free world needs and which is our national interest to supply as a necessary part of building a successfully functioning political and economic system, the free world must obtain the dollars to pay for these exports."

At the time, the downfall of the Soviet Union was assumed to be inevitable despite the facts that the Russians had tested their first nuclear bombs and the Chinese communists had defeated Chiang Kai-shek. The problem perceived was one of competitive economic monopoly. In refusing to treat the U.S.S.R. as a political equal, the U.S.A. had unwittingly, through Truman, "surrendered" the economies of eastern Europe to the control of Stalin. Military occupation would result in long term control as a requirement for the poor U.S.S.R. economy. The Americans, with a strong economy, had assumed that Stalin would take his war reparations from these countries and then just retreat back behind its borders. How often does a poor farmer, once given legal use of additional good farmland, voluntarily abandon the good to return to his subsistence plot?

1947 -
William T. Walsh writes that 3 shepherd children from Sierra da Aire, Portugal, reported six times in 1917 that they had seen a circular globe of light descend from the heavens and had spoken with a lady -- later thought to be the Virgin Mary -- who had stepped from inside it (Our Lady of Fatima).

1947 - Early in the summer,
Increased sightings of UFO's led to a consideration of them as secret weapons, and a concern over weather they were alien or Soviet. The possibility of the Soviet Union testing such craft over the United States encouraged fear and terror. The FBI was involved to check out witnesses for communist sympathies and the Army-Air Force was recruited to study the flight characteristics of these "weapons". Paranoid secrecy would prevail for decades.

1947 - On July 2,
In the evening, Dan Wilmot and his wife saw a large glowing object in the sky over New Mexico.
It was seen to head NW for the desert near Corona.
A thunderstorm was raging with fierce lightning occurring.
William Brazel, a local farmer, heard an explosion unlike thunder, but assumed that it had to be.
The next day, the desert was scattered with debris - peculiar light-coloured metal fragments.
Part of something had been blown out of the sky before continuing its flight.

1947 - On July 3,
A man named Barnett, working out at Magdalene, about 150 miles away from the Wilmot sighting, discovered something shiny in the sand. He discovered the wreckage of what seemed to be a disc, 30 feet across. Later a military truck arrived and supervised the investigation of the crash site. Barnett had seen bodies in the area, thrown from the craft, wearing silvery suits and only 3 feet tall.

1947 - On July 3,
At Wright Field, Ohio, officers of the air research and development section of the Air Materiel Command (AAF) were asked by General Carl Spaatz, the Army's air commander, to try to ascertain what the "flying saucers" were. Lt. William C. Anderson, public relations officer at the field, downplayed the suggestion that they might be guided missiles and said that without further evidence it would appear that the phenomenon was imaginary.

1947 - On July 4,
Near Boise, Idaho, Captain Smith, United Airlines pilot, with co-pilot, First Officer Stevens, reported "three to five" disks at an altitude of 7,000 feet, 15 miles southwest of Ontario, Oregon. The first photograph taken of the mystery saucers was claimed by Yeoman Frank Ryman. Ryman's estimate was that the saucer was 9,000 to 10,000 feet in the air and travelling 500 mph.

1947 - During the July 4 weekend,
Numerous UFO sightings are reported, from coast to coast, over the USA.

1947 - On July 4, at 5 P.M.,
Dan J. Whelan and Duncan Underhill of Hollywood, California, saw a disk above them at 2,000 feet, near Santa Monica. The fliers were about 7,000 feet in altitude themselves. The object was described as disk-shaped, not spinning, but resembling a rifle practice disk target, 40 to 50 feet in diameter and travelling at about 400 to 500 mph.

On July 6, Brazel drove to the nearest town, told the local sheriff, who in turn contacted Roswell Air Force Base. Major Jesse Marcel, officer in charge of intelligence at Roswell, elevation 3570 feet, made the trek to the remote Brazel ranch about 30 miles north of Roswell. On his return, notified his commanding officer the next day. Marcel was very excited on returning to his family in the evening and showed parts of what he had found to his family. Some of it appeared to by small I-beam structures with some form of synbolic writing on it. There was metal which when dropeed on the table spread out as if it were water. The men tried to cut it without success. They tried to burn or melt it with a cigarette lighter but had no success. They could not dent it or make any change in it.

Ms. Frankie Rowe, a 12-year-old witness at the time, scrunched the material up in her hand, then watched as it spread back out to its seamless creaseless original form. While she was holding it in her hand she couldn't feel it, as if she were holding air. Frankie Rowe's father, the Roswell fire chief, had been called to the crash site initially for what had been reported to him as a plane crash. When he arrived, he found "little people" outside the disc. One was still alive and walking around; two others lay covered on the ground. Ms. Rowe was approached several days later by a uniformed man and told: "Don't you understand, you did not see anything!" He carried a nightstick on his belt like a military policeman and he withdrew it and slapped his hand with it for emphasis as he spoke to her. He continued: "If you say one word about this for the rest of your life, we will split up this family and if that's not enough, you know this is a big desert out here. We can take you out in the desert and no one will ever find your bodies."

1947 - On July 7,
The Roswell Incident began.
A spacecraft and extraterrestrial beings were taken to Roswell Air Force Base and placed in hanger 84, under the supervision of Brigadier General Roger Ramey, with all information being concealed from the public. Within a short period of time, all the pieces were crated and sent elsewhere.

Roswell Army Air Force Base, 509th Bomb Group, Public Information (Press) Officer First Lieutenant Walter G. Haut received a press release and was instructed to release it to the radio and newspaper media. It noted that parts of a crashed flying saucer had been found on a ranch north of Roswell; no further details were revealed. The 509th was the ONLY nuclear weapons air bomb group in existence at that time in the USA. After the media release was changed, Haut resigned his commission in April 1948 on learning that he was about to be transferred and on that willingness was promoted to captain before he left the service. Others who knew him were puzzled by his departure and attested to his integrity. He much later openly testified that what was to follow was "one of the slickest coverups - We had the material and then one of the higher ups says, 'No you don't.'"

Major Marcel was sent with the wreckage, which filled a bomber plane, to Wright Field (later Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio). Situated there was the Foreign Technology Division of the Army/Air Force. Brigadier General Ramey ordered a cover-up story to be provided to the media. Marcel was ordered to pose with air balloon wreckage tell the press that he had been mistaken in his earlier observations and that only a balloon had crashed. Marcel told his wife that he had been ordered not to talk with her, their son, or anyone else further about the incident. He later admitted to his son, Jessie Marcel, Jr. that he had been ordered to be part of a coverup.

Major Curtan advised Wright Field to contact the FBI with the results of their examination. Official documents would only begin to be released 53 years later. Project Bluebook staff would not even know about it.

It seemed that an explosion had occurred and debris was scattered, yet the craft continued for 125 miles to the west, towards Socorro, before setting down. Sixteen spacebeings, ranging in "ages" from 35 to 40, relative to human aging, were taken from the craft. The craft measured 72 feet in diameter and was proportional in dimensions to the 99-99/100 foot craft discovered in August of 1946, near Aztec, New Mexico. In this case, the ship access door was open. The spacebeings appeared to have died on coming into contact with the atmosphere of the Earth. They had a fair complexion, and they looked like caucasian humans except for an absence of beard. Some had a fine fuzz in place of a beard. They wore uniforms which used closures which humans would produce commercially, after several decades, and call Velcro strips. The thread used to sew the buttons on the jackets of the beings was tested and found to take 450 pounds of weight to break: similar to Kevlar, also to become available commercially in several decades.

The scientists involved in the investigation decided that the mathematical system of the operators of this and a formerly discovered craft was similar to ours "because mathematical law should follow for all the planets in this solar system." Their reason for thinking this was because they were struck with the fact that when the measurements of the ship in all its parts were broken down they found that it followed what was termed "The System of 9's".

There was an ingenious device which when they discovered how to operate it, turned out to be the sleeping quarters. Pushed back into the wall was what turned out to be a collapsible or accordion type screen, and as it was pulled out, it moved around in a half circle, so that by the time it reached the wall of the circular cabin little hammocks had dropped down from this screen or accordion-like wall, and there were the sleeping quarters for these beings. There were toilet facilities inside the sleeping quarters.

Some sort of radio communicator, the size of a pack of cigarettes, had no tubes or wires and appeared to have been torn from a corner of the craft during the crash. It was rigged with an antenna and broadcast a high C sort of note at 15 minutes past every hour. Humans were building massive sized computers at the time which were totally dependent upon electronic tube devices. The transistor radio was still years into the future.

Gears were discovered which had no play nor lubrication.
The Swedish gear system, used by humanity, with a ratio of 3 to 5 was different from that of the spacecraft gears which had a ratio of 3 to 6, giving no allowance for lubrication or play or wear or expansion under heat. The metallic composition of the gears could not be discovered in more than 150 tests. The visitors appeared to show improvement in each craft which was discovered: technical improvements to make them more suitable for landing on the Earth.

1947 - On July 07,
Vernon Baird, a pilot, reported, to the Grand Rapids Gazette, Montana, that he had knocked down a pearl gray, clam-shaped (or yoyo-shaped) airplane with a Plexiglas dome on top. The story was datelined Bozeman. Mr. Baird, a pilot of a commercial photographic plane flying at 32,000 feet and travelling at 360 miles an hour had been hired by the USAF to search for and photograph any discs in the area, following the Roswell incident. The plane, a P-38, was flying over Montana, near the Tobacco Root Mountains due west of Bozeman and south of Butte. The pilot turned and saw a formation of objects flying along behind him. Mr. Baird described them as 15 feet in diameter and 4 feet thick. One of them broke away from formation and flew up close behind the P-38. As it did, it seemed to fly apart like a clamshell and fall into the mountains below.

A report described the pilot of the downed craft as a 10 year-old boy, meaning that it was 3-1/2 to 4 feet tall and of slender build. Information leaks on the story were quickly hushed and even this amount of the story did not become clear until 1988. Baird was accompanied on his photographic missions by George Suttin, who later claimed that he didn't think of his camera until after the objects disappeared. Both men had worked for Fairchild Photogrammetrics Engineers Company.

1947 - On July 8,
The capture of a crashed saucer-like craft was accorded the Roswell Army Air Force, New Mexico, according to Major J.A. Marcel as reported in the Roswell Daily Record . The discovery was also broadcast on radio stations. Major J.A. Marcel was the intelligence officer at RAAF at the time.

1947 - On July 8,
An Urgent FBI Memo from General Roger Ramey concerning "flying disc information read:

"Maj. Curtan, HQ 8th AF, telephonically advised this office that an object purporting to be a flying disc was recovered near Roswell, this date. Information provided this office because of national interest in case and fact that (certain media forces) attempting to break story of location of disc today ... (the recovered disc was) being transported to Wright Field by special plane for examination ... Maj. Curtan advised would request Wright to advise (FBI) results of examination."

1947 - On July 9,
The Los Angeles Examiner, a California newspaper, carried a photo of a flying saucer and the statement that "Residents in almost every section of Kentucky reported seeing these luminous disks streaking across the sky last night." Earlier references had wondered if there was a connection between the atomic weapons tests and the saucerian curiosity.

1947 - On July 9,
The New York Times carried the headline:

"Disk Near Bomb Test Site Is Just a Weather Balloon," and followed with a story of
"How Warrant Officer Solves a Puzzle That Baffled His Superiors."

Now it had been discovered that what all of the eyewitnesses had thought was a crashed flying saucer had been found to be only a crashed weather balloon.

1947 - On July 10,
An FBI Memo notes that General George F. Schulgen organizes top scientists to determine if the flying disks are indeed fact and whether or not they are a foreign body mechanically devised and controlled. He desired the assistance of the FBI in locating and questioning the individuals who first sighted the disks. Col. L.R. Firney of MID indicated that it had been established that the flying discs are not the result of any Army or Navy experiments and should be of interest to the FBI.

1947 - After July 10,
Apparent censorship by newspapers of reports of UFO sightings was noted by Kenneth A. Arnold and so stated in an article he wrote for publication in the Spring, 1948 issue of "Fate".

1947 - On July 12,
Kenneth Arnold, in a since declassified statement, noted:

"I observed these objects not only through the glass of my airplane but turned my
plane sideways where I could open the window and observe them with a completely
unobstructed view (without sunglasses)."

1947 -
In a USA Navy briefing paper on UFO phenomenon, written by U.S. Navy Physicist, Dr. Bruce Maccabee, and completed at a later time it was stated:

"... the Air Force knew by the middle of July, 1947 that saucers were real and not manmade ... the technology represented by the (recovered) disc ... was so far beyond our own that it could not be understood immediately ... Therefore it would be necessary to treat the disc as a military secret. This would mean containing all information about it within some small group."

This authoritarian and elitist rationale was to severely disadvantage much of humanity from any constructive awareness about the existence of other beings visiting the Earth from other parts of the universe and possessing a variety of motives, forms, and technologies. The less truthfully informed a human is, the more easily the person can be deceived, manipulated, terrorized, and enslaved - for an inability to acknowledge and accept reality allows the human imagination to accept whatever information is placed before it in its effort to dispel the anxiety of mental confusion and to avoid the nervous breakdown typified by mental terror.

Only two factors can provide a human with the strength to cope with reality in a constructive manner: the knowledge of reality and the faith established by experience in spiritual direction in decisionmaking. Few humans seem to ever develop the latter and no mass human culture and political structure in human recorded history has provided support for the values which would limit its concentration of authority - spiritual strength and decisionmaking.

1947 - On July 15,
A handwritten note from J.Edgar Hoover, Director of the FBI, and a memo to a Mr. Ladd stated:

"... before agreeing (to investigation of crashed saucers) ... we must insist upon full access to discs recovered. For instance in the Soc. (Socorro, N.M.) case, the Army grabbed it and would not let us have it for cursory examination."

1947 - in July,
The AEC joint committee hearings, U.S.A. were held.
General Groves had continued to be difficult for the civilian body to work with as he tried to discredit their management at every opportunity with accusations of security leaks, cost overruns, incompleteness of AEC reports to Congress - with the hope that direction for the nuclear industry would be returned to him. The strategy backfired: the AEC security people found that 17,000 blueprints were unaccounted for when the AEC took over from the Army! The incident with Groves frustrated the AEC to the point that they requested his dismissal from the Military Liaison Board.

President Eisenhower, the diplomat and idealist, acknowledged Grove's czarist approach, comparing it with that of Montgomery and Patton, and suggested to Lilienthal that a more tactful approach be taken with Groves to get more positive results:

"... keep it light.
That's what I do when he comes in here with a face as long as this.
I say, 'Do you think I like sitting at his desk after being in command of twelve million troops?
Why, sometimes I would like to push this desk over and walk out of here, and never come back.
But I don't.' Make him feel he isn't the only one who has things that don't please him. He is always thinking people are slighting him ...."

Nevertheless, Grove's usefulness had deteriorated in both the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project Command and the Military Liaison Committee and in September 1947, Eisenhower removed him from the second position; 6 months later he would resign to become vice-president of Remington Rand, a company charged with developing the new technology and power of computers for the military.

1947 - In July,
J. Parnell Thomas launched blistering charges against the scientific personnel working at the Oak Ridge nuclear facility in Tennessee. Interrogations began at Oak Ridge in August. The impact was devastating; according to one source, during the first 6 months of 1948, 20 to 30% of research scientists employed there departed to take jobs elsewhere. According to another, by the end of May more than one third of 60 senior physicists and chemists had left - and morale among the remainder was extremely low.

By the end of 1952, about 400,000 personnel would be investigated by the AEC.
Of these we can estimate that scientists and technicians working on the staffs of the AEC's national laboratories, or working on the AEC's research projects in intergovernmental laboratories, numbered at any one time about "nine to ten thousand".

1947 -
In the conclusion of an FBI/Army Intelligence Report, declassified in 1976, under the Freedom of Information Act, the following was stated:

"Based on detailed study of the Kenneth Arnold case (6/24/47) and 15 other UFO encounters during the first month of the 'flying saucer' mystery the conclusion is 'this flying saucer situation is not all imaginary or seeing too much in some natural phenomenon. Something is really flying around.'"

The parties to the report had not been provided with access to the discovered crashed disc or its contents.

1947 - On July 26,
The U.S.A. "National Security Act" came into effect creating the Central Intelligence Agency (C.I.A.)
It was responsible directly to the President through a National Security Council (NSC) , which replaced the National Intelligence Authority (N.I.A.). The NIA had been an intermediary between the director of Central Intelligence and the President. The NSC was advisory to the President, who was its head. The CIA technically reported directly to the President through the director, its chief and a presidential appointee.

A flaw was that most presidents were unlikely to be very involved in intelligence matters, and thus the council would inevitably dominate the agency. It would always be easier to involve the president on paper than it would in day-to-day affairs. Directors were to serve as civilians, even if they were military officers. The new agency was to be an intelligence and not an operations organization.

The functions of the CIA were to make recommendations for the coordination of intelligence; to correlate and evaluate intelligence from all quarters relating to national security; to perform services of common concern to all the government's intelligence organizations as determined by the National Security Council; and to perform such other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security as the National Security Council may from time to time direct. The director of Central Intelligence was additionally charged with the responsibility for the security of sources and methods of intelligence, ultimately making it necessary for the director to lie to Congress.

1947 - During the last week in July and the first week in August,
A phenomenal increase in the sightings of UFO's in the USA encouraged flying saucer headlines.

1947 - Early in August,
Two pilots from Bethel, Alabama, told investigators that they had spotted a huge black object which seemed bigger than a C-54 transport aircraft. The pilots further qualified their description as "without motors, wings, or any visible means of propulsion, and was smooth surfaced and streamlined." It stood out against a brilliant evening sky.

To avoid collision, the pilots had to pull up to an elevation of 1,200 feet.
The object crossed their path at right angles. They swung in behind it and followed at 170 mph until it left them far behind and about 4 minutes later disappeared from sight.

1947 - By August,
A U.S.A. Congressman, John F. Kennedy (Jack), made his first set of newspaper headlines at a set of hearings conducted by the U.S.A. House of Representatives Labor and Education Committee, where he questioned witnesses with a sharpness that made colleagues assume he was a lawyer. He eruditely quoted Lenin's views on the imperative for Communists to resort to any stratagem to get into a nation and carry out the party's work. Jack seized the anti-communist banner forcefully in the questioning of Harold Christoffel, from Local 248 of the United Auto Workers. At issue was a 1941 strike against Allis-Chalmers, which Jack alleged had been carried out in response to orders from Moscow to cripple United States war preparation. After boxing the witness into a corner with his knowledge of the Hitler-Stalin Pact, Jack got former Communist Louis Budenz, one of the first to become a professional witness against his former faith, to affirm that the Allis-Chalmers strike had indeed been meant as a blow to America's national defense.

Next Jack left for Europe on a Congressional fact-finding tour.
Stopping in Ireland and then England, he collapsed and was diagnosed as having Addison's disease and given a year to live. He would take months to recover somewhat during which the fact of the disease would be hidden behind references to malaria and serious yet anonymous diseases. Jack's sister Kathleen (Kick) became involved in an illicit love affair and in 1948 would die in the crash of a small plane during bad weather over Germany. Through to the early 1950s, Jack would be obsessed with death.

1947 - By September,
The U.S.A. "Magnetism and Propulsion Project" had learned a great amount about magnetic forces.
After 5 years of study under the utmost of security measures, over 1,600 scientists had made fantastic discoveries.

Meteors were composed of metals which actually make them giant magnets.
A rain of meteorites sometimes accompanies a comet's sweep past the Earth.

The scientists had found 1,257 magnetic lines of force to the square centimetre.
Atomic explosions could disturb magnetic lines of force.
It had been shown in the laboratory that magnetic forces could lead to material disintegration, time suspension, immobilization of instrument boards. Material form itself could be attributed to the existence of magnetic forces. No two lines of magnetic force had ever been known to cross each other naturally. If forced to do so, or if crossed "by accident" disintegration and fire were the expected result. The potential for propulsion and for weapons of military destruction were awesome.

Around certain areas of the Earth had been found places known as magnetic fault zones.
Here "blow-outs" occur, similar to the perpetual eddying forces of permanent whirlpools in certain areas of the oceans and rivers. Areas around the states of Oregon and New Mexico represent such anomalies in the U.S.A. and may have contributed to some of the UFO crashes, past, present and future. A craft, on automatic pilot, entering such a region without warning could be expected to behave as if its instruments were indicating to the crew conditions which did not exist and masking those which did require acknowledgement. Spacepersons relatively new in their discovery, or rediscovery, of the Earth may have been caught unawares in such regions of magnetic confusion, and, in seconds faced changes which disoriented their craft long enough to result in a crash.

1947 - By September,
Klaus Barbie, former Gestapo chief for the French city of Lyons during WWII, graduated from American prisoner to paid informer working for the U.S. Army "Counter-Intelligence Corps." (CIC). He recruited agents, many of them ex-Nazis, to report on collaboration between French and Soviet Intelligence agencies - the Americans believed that Soviet agents had infiltrated the French Intelligence agencies. The network which Barbie set up for the Americans helped frustrate attempts by other nations to infiltrate USA spy operations. In addition it provided a flow of tips from hundreds of Barbie's old Gestapo colleagues.

In 1949, Barbie would be proclaimed the "Butcher of Lyons" - a brutal torturer who was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews, by a French war crimes investigation. By then, Barbie had become too important to the Americans. He was the focal point of one of their most sinister spy networks and he had provided his expertise in methods of torture for the army interrogation units. Human political authorities always retain the most advanced knowledge on subversive technologies and techniques of their enemies after a war. Does this make them more powerful than was adequate to win the contest with the enemy, or, does this give them the potential to become worse than their enemy was?

At least a dozen top American intelligence officers initiated a cover-up to conceal Barbie.
They falsely reported to both French and USA civilian authorities that they had lost track of Barbie.
Meanwhile, Barbie continued to collect his American salary in a safe house in Augsburg, near Munich.
In March, 1951, the CIC would engineer an escape for Barbie to Bolivia, along with his family, by way of a covert transfer system termed the "Ratline." Barbie was one of at least 4 major war criminals thus protected and used by the American military and Intelligence organizations. Barbie would not be apprehended and extradited from Bolivia until February, 1982. The details of the American involvement in the deception would not be made public for a further year.

1947 - On September 23,
A US Government "Secret Briefing Document" was sent to Brig. General George Schulgen from Lt. Gen. Nathan F. Twining (MJ-4), Commanding Officer, AMC, stating:

"Flying saucers are REAL! Concerning 'Flying Discs' the phenomenon reported is something real, not fictitious. These objects approximate the shape of a disc and appear to be as large as man-made aircraft. They have operating characteristics such as extreme rate of climb and manoeuvrability. Under a Security Code Name copies of this information will be sent to Army, Navy, AEC, JRDB, SAG, NACA, RAND and NEPA Projects."

1947 - On September 24,
Majestic-12 (MJ-12), a covert operation and a panel of experts, was formed to define the meaning of and the significance of UFOs and spacebeings including the wreckage recovered from Roswell, New Mexico, on July 2, 1947. It is classified as Top Secret by President Harry Truman.

    The panel consisted of: 
    ===========================
 01 Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner (physicist), 
 02 Dr. Detlev Bronk (physiologist and biophysicist), 
 03 Dr. Vannevar Bush (Head of the Joint Research and Development Board), 
 04 James V. Forrestal (Secretary of Defense), 
 05 Gordon Gray (Assistant Secretary of the Army), 
 06 Admiral Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (first Director of the C.I.A.), 
 07 Dr. Jerome Hunsaker (a brilliant aircraft designer), 
 08 Dr. Donald H. Menzel (Director of the Harvard College Observatory), 
 09 General Robert M. Montague (Base Commander at the AEC installation at 
                                      Sandia Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico), 
 10 Sydney William Souers (Executive Secretary of the National Security Council 
                            - NSC, and former Director of Central Intelligence), 
 11 General Nathan F. Twinning (Commanding General of Air Materiel Command at 
                                                     the then Army Wright Field), 
 12 General Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg (former Director of Central Intelligence 
                                                and Deputy Chief of the Air Force.

1947 - On September 25,
USA Defense Secretary James Forrestal under the signature of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, then the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on behalf of the other military chiefs, issued a memo concluding that given the USA's limited resources, it had limited strategic interest in keeping bases and troops in Korea. Forrestal further concluded that enemy air and naval bases in Korea could better be "neutralized" if necessary by air action which he considered "more feasible and less costly than large scale ground operations."

1947 - In October,
The first Soviet Nuclear Reactor was achieved at Kurchatov's Laboratory for Measuring Instruments.
It was modeled after the first U.S.A. design, consisting of uranium oxide "eggs" surrounded by graphite blocks. The first Soviet atomic bomb would be built under the supervision of Yuly Khariton at Arzamas-16. Khariton and Kurchatov were a powerful working combination for they inspired loyalty and enthusiasm in their physical protection of their subordinates - even intervening and negotiating with Beria, head of the intelligence police, something even Stalin is not known to have done. Beria maintained a second group of scientists, as a contingency plan, in case the first group failed in their efforts to build an atomic weapon, until the first bomb exploded successfully.

1947 - In October,
The Committee of Information (KI) was created in the U.S.S.R. by Josif Stalin to fuse all organizations working with foreign intelligence and clandestine operations. The reorganization took the Foreign Directorate (INU) of the Ministry of State Security (MGB) and the Foreign Intelligence departments of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU) and moved them into a central building. The experiment was a failure because counterintelligence could not function with internal and external counterintelligence split between the MGB/MVD and the KI. By 1951, the functions had returned or been turned over to the MGB and the General Staff.

1947 - In the autumn,
The U.S. Navy began Project Chatter which attempted to identify and test truth drugs in response to reports "of 'amazing results' achieved by the Soviets".

1947 - In October,
B.M. Malinin, acclaimed Soviet submarine designer wrote:

"A submarine must become an underwater boat in the full meaning of the word.
This means that it must spend the greater and overwhelming part of its life underwater, appearing on the surface of the sea only in exceptional circumstances ... The submarine will remain the most formidable weapon in naval warfare ... If... it is considered that the appearance of superpowerful engines, powered by intranuclear (atomic) energy is probable in the near future - then the correct selection of the direction in which the evolution must go is ... the basic condition for the success of submarines."

1947 - During October,
Appointment of a Commission to Conduct Elections in Korea before March 31, 1948, was requested by the USA of the United Nations (UN). The resultant government was to control the entire country and both USA and USSR troops were to withdraw. The UN General Assembly approved the USA proposal; the USSR said they would not take part in any elections. That is, the USSR responded that the result of any election would not be recognized by the USSR.

1947 - On October 20,
J. Parnell Thomas, on the first day of the hearings of the USA "House Committee on Un-American Activities" (HCUA) promised to follow up on Representative John Rankin's MArch 1947 call for a cleansing of the film industry by calling 79 people who were both prominent in motion pictures and members of the Communist Party. Robert Taylor, Gary Cooper, Ronald Reagan, George Murphy, Robert Montgomery and Adolphe Menjou were called as "friendly" witnesses. Nineteen were expected to be "unfriendly" and included producers, directors, writers, actors and actresses. Many more were eventually blacklisted including Dashiell Hammett, Lillian Hellman, Zero Mostel, Dorothy Parker, Adrien Scott, Lester Cole, and many others.

In some cases, the White House had actually pressured the industry to produce some of the films which now seemed to romanticize Communism. These were semi-historical stories depicting the Soviet Communists fighting against the Huns or against Fascists, filmed during the period when the U.S.S.R. was considered either not a threat or an ally.

1947 - By November,
The "National Security Agency" (NSA) was created as a USA ultrasecret department, the existence of which was seldom mentioned publicly during the next 10 years. The NSA was responsible for safeguarding the sanctity of US government communications through the development of elaborate encrypting machines and other devices and for monitoring the messages of other nations, both friend and foe. Its closely guarded installations also housed high-level Soviet-bloc defectors duringtheir debriefings.

Eavesdropping on friendly nations is a dirty business, regardless of the national security justifications. Nations avoid embarrassing one another by the expedient of not talking about communications intercepts. But increasingly in the global world, extreme interest would be focused on whether what a diplomat told you was also what he was telling his ministry back home.

1947 - On November 7,
R.H. Hillenkoetter, rear admiral, USN, director of Central Intelligence, in a memorandum to President Truman wrote:

"During recent weeks there have been signs of a marked deterioration in the Communist political position in Western Europe. The process apparently began with the announcement of the 'Truman Doctrine'. It has been accelerated by Soviet-Communist efforts to defeat the European recovery program. In tacit recognition of the trend, the Kremlin appears to have abandoned its once promising attempt to bring Communist Parties to power in Western Europe by conventional political processes, and to be reverting to prewar techniques for the creation and exploitation of an eventual 'revolutionary situation'.

This reversion will further antagonize the people of Western Europe and ultimately reduce the Communist following there to the hard core of militants. It implies Soviet recognition that the postwar opportunity to win Western Europe by political action has now been lost .... The significance of the change in the Communist position is that there no longer appears to be any prospect of Communist accession to power in France and Italy by conventional political processes and that the future Communist program in those countries will be primarily revolutionary in character."

1947 - In November,
Dr. F., a physicist and mechanical engineer employed by an aircraft manufacturer, which had applied to the USA government for a clearance in early 1946, notified him that they could no longer find work for him. They had received no word back from the government in the interim. Dr. F. described himself as subscribing to the "editorial policies expressed in the "Wall Street Journal", "Fortune", and "Time" magazine." He had been cleared during WWII by Navy and Army Intelligence and by the FBI. His employer had recently taken on an Army-Air Force project. He discussed a new job with the head of the mechanical engineering department of a university but discovered that 99% of its funds were supplied by the Navy.

1947 - In November,
U.S.A. Representative Forrest A. Harness, who had headed a congressional committee which had long studied the influence of American political propaganda stated:

"Government propaganda distorts facts with such authority that the person becomes prejudiced or biased in the direction which the Government propagandists wish to lead national thinking."

President Truman and many American social, business and political leaders, into the 1950s, portrayed the Soviet Union as the originator of all the problems in the world.

1947 - On November 30,
Extraterrestrials are classified as EBE's (Extra Biological Entities) in a Top Secret Document issued by Dr. Bronk's scientific team. In the document, a reference is made to September 19, 1947 ... The recovered crashed saucer in New Mexico is determined to be a short range reconnaissance craft (from a mother ship).

1947 - On December 19,
U.S.A. President Harry Truman approved issuance of NSC-4 (National Security Council memo 4)
entitled "Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Information Measures", following the urging of Secretaries Marshall, Forrestal, Patterson, and the director of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, Kennan.

It was the inaugural meeting of the National Security Council.
NSC-4 required the Secretary of State to coordinate anti-communist propaganda activity, and a confidential annex, NSC-4A instructed the director of Central Intelligence to supplement this with covert psychological warfare. It directs the C.I.A. to "undertake covert actions and to ensure, through liaison with State and Defense, that the resulting operations were consistent with American policy." James Forrestal, then Secretary of Defense, had promoted the addendum. He was worried by the prospect of a communist or broad left victory in the coming Italian elections; this would enable the C.I.A. to secretly influence the elections in favour of the Christian Democrats.

Hillenkoetter was concerned about the legality of NSC-4A.
Lawrence Houston, the CIA's first general counsel and John Warner, his deputy, advised Hillenkoetter that nothing in the legislation permitted covert activities; however, if the President provided a proper directive and the Congress provided the money for those purposes, they (the CIA) would have the authority to carry it out. NSC-4A became that directive.

The "National Security Act", which established the National Security Council, authorized the President, if he so desired, to designate another Council member to preside in his place at meetings. The NSC's statutory membership included not only the Secretaries of State and Defense (with the CIA Director and Chairman of the JCS

1947 - During the year,
W.D. Francis writes: "The Functions of Iron in the Evolution of Life".
He provides the hypothesis that life may have originated or may originate with metallic iron or some of its compounds such as ferrous hydroxide. The importance of iron as a basis of respiration in certain bacteria and as a catalyst in other modes of respiration is described. Iron displays a remarkable affinity for the elements of protein. Protein itself has been produced from inorganic nutrient solution surrounding an iron wire. It appears that the protein produced is similar to chromatin, a nucleoprotein. Primitive life may have developed in conjunction with particles of rust, since some mesobiotic forms evidently arise through the interaction of iron compounds and their environment.

1947 - On December 30,
Brigadier General George Shulgen, an order with a class 2A classification security initiated "Project Sign" with Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio, being given responsibility for the project. This had been the response to the request by Lt. General Nathan F. Twinning, Chief of Staff of what was still the U.S. Army, to have assigned a security coding for "The phenomenon reported is something real and not visionary or fictitious".

USAF Technical Intelligence Division, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, officially begin Project Sign on January 22, 1948. During 1949 it produces Technical Report No. F-TR-2274-IA, a 35-page report. It will describe and analyze 243 domestic and 30 foreign reported UFO sightings between 1947 and 1948.

Formed shortly BEFORE Mantell's crash in 1948, it consisted only of high-level intelligence specialists. Amid a great deal of confusion bordering on panic they developed two categories of theory: earthly and non-earthly. In the earthly category, the Russians outdistanced the U.S.A. Navy, which earlier had been conducting secret experiments with the XF-5-U-1, a circular craft nicknamed the Flying Flapjack. In the non-earthly, "space animals" placed second behind interplanetary craft.

Since the second theory was impossible to test, intelligence analysts sought initially to determine if captured German rocket and missile centres, now in Soviet hands, had produced these sophisticated aircraft. German aeronautical engineers had been developing several radical designs, and an intelligence rumour held that the Russians were continuing the experiments. Intelligence analysts studied every intelligence report reporting on German aeronautical research and computed the maximum performance that could be expected from the German designs. They even contacted the German engineers themselves - who noted that craft that could fly at such speeds would either tear apart or melt all known aerodynamic materials known to the earthly industrialized world. It was further surmised that even if such a craft could be built, no human could survive the flight stresses at the controls.