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Memory Stimulators.
1944 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Going My Way; On A Wing and a Prayer; And So They Were Married; Tall in the Saddle; Mrs. Parkington; The Climax; Double Indemnity

General News:

The role of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information is first demonstrated by O.T. Avery, C.M. MacLeod, and M. McCarty.

1944 -
On January 1, Robert Oppenheimer writes a letter to General Groves on the subject of the explosive possibilities of German "reactor". Commenting on the design described by Bohrs to himself, Bethe, and Teller, Oppenheimer notes:

"The proposed pile (reactor) consists of uranium sheets immersed into heavy water."

If Germany continued to use this design, then there was likely enough time for the Los Alamos scientists to be successful first in making a bomb. Oppenheimer and the other major scientists in the American program now knew that a more efficient design used lumps of uranium embedded in a lattice within a moderator of graphite. Bothe had began working with graphite in 1941. It was abundant and cheap. Theoretically, hydrogen was the best moderator; heavy hydrogen, that is, heavy water was the ideal moderator - but at an availability of 1 part per 5000 in sea water, graphite was more available. While sheets of uranium enabled easier mathematical calculations, and thus was easier to work with, the availability of the uranium atoms for bombardment by neutrons to initiate the fissioning process was greatly reduced. Surface area available was much greater when lumps were used; however, calculations would be much more complex.

Many of these details had been summarized in "The Los Alamos Primer" written by Robert Serber in 1943. It was used to bring new recruits to the Lab up to current knowledgeability after their arrival. It would remain classified until 1965. It would be first published in its entirety in 1992.

1944 - During both WWI and WWII,
UFO sightings were believed by each side to be some sort of unexplained weapon which the others were using.

1944 - Between December, 1943 and February, 1944,
73 V-1 Launch Sites were destroyed by Allied bombers.
The number of sites had grown to 96 from the previous 63 found in August, 1943.

1944 - Early in the year,
Averell Harriman, an American wealthy industrial and banking leader, and one of President Roosevelt's top advisors expressed caution to the news that the Soviet Union was "anxious to come to a prompt understanding" about postwar economic relations. Later in the year, Stalin would make a formal request for a loan of 6 billion dollars. Harriman advised cutting the initial amount under discussion to 1/10th of that sum and proposed that the project should be defined as a credit, rather than a loan, so that if it ever actually went through, the United States could exercise extensive controls over Russia's use of the money. He shared the view of the state department that Russia's weakness and devastation could and should be used as a point of manipulation to insure a predominant role for America in all decisions about the post-war world. Harriman had owned substantial shares in several Russian companies and was against the threat which Communist state ownership of business held for Open Door policies.

1944 - By February,
Coded Communications were being sent between the American Consulate in Rome, Italy and Washington, D.C.
In them, the ambassador was referred to as "Daddy"; the Sicilian Mafia godfather, Calogero Vizzini was called "Bullfrog"; the American OSS chief in Sicily, Joseph P. Russo, was "Mr. X". Local Mafia leaders throughout Sicily were meeting with Russo on a monthly basis or more often. Auto tires had become a luxury: they were in short supply and the Mafia leaders needed them to get around, demonstrate their presence, and conduct their business. Russo obliged them in return for their continued support of American Presidential policies. These policies had changed dramatically with the passing of FDR who intended to be honest with and tolerant of the Communists. Truman, had the opposite policy: he distrusted the Communists and wanted them crushed. In Sicily, the OSS used the Mafia as their secret tool to carry our their dirty business on the quiet.

1944 - On February 3,
Eduard Albert Meier's 7th birthday, a new telepathic voice came into his conscious mind and ordered him to collect knowledge transmitted to him. Meier feared that the clarity of this new voice meant that he had gone insane. Again he went and counselled with Parson Zimmermann who increased his understanding of the telepathic and the contact with spacepersons. The new entity was named Sfath and they communicated frequently through the summer.

Sfath said he would remain the boy's mentor through the early 1950s, when a much higher form of life would assume the responsibility. Meier had been selected for a mission, but decades would pass before he knew the nature of it. In the interim, Meier had to be prepared to meet with many things, some that would cause him again and again to question his sanity, others that bright bring him physical harm.

When Meier became 12, he would spend 8 months in a tuberculosis sanatorium, at 14 the local guardianship office would send him to the boy's home at Albisbrunn for being consistently truant. At Albisbrunn he ran away three times before authorities returned him to his parents, and then he quit school before completing the 6th grade. As a young man, he worked at many jobs, from laying sewer pipe to milking dairy cows. Once, with several other young men, he was picked up by police for stealing and sent to a detention centre at Aarburg, from which he again ran away, this time to France, where he joined the Foreign Legion, went AWOL a few months after completing training, and returned to Switzerland and the detention centre. At the age of 16, Meier would meet Asket, his new mentor.

1944 - On February 23,
A memo regarding Sicilian Political Activity was sent to the American Ambassador in Rome from the OSS stating that the:

"Mafia are taking an active part in the life of the island ...
perfect loyalty in a secret way to the political wishes of the US."

Vincent Scaborino, Charles P. Russo (OSS) and Captain Max Corvo (AMG) had been directed to establish a climate of information and collaboration in Sicily.

1944 -
New developments at Los Alamos Laboratory necessitated that the bomb would have to be constructed of a hollow sphere of plutonium-239 with explosive lenses placed around it to implode it quickly to the centre and produce a chain reaction nuclear event. Plutonium-240 was a byproduct of reactor production and could not be chemically separated out. Its presence meant that shooting two lumps together would not provide the force to overcome the diffusiveness provided by the P-240. The new method had been proposed by Seth Neddermeyer a year earlier; he had received the idea from the GRAYS. So primitive was the understanding surrounding the process that before the Trinity Test of the first bomb, its yield was estimated at between 5 and 20 kilotons! The prediction of yield would still not be very accurate by 1980.

In March, Oppenheimer asked Kenneth Bainbridge to take over the Trinity test program in terms of finding and preparing the site. It was to be far enough away from Los Alamos so as not to be easily associated with the blast. It also had to be reasonably remote and flat. The site also had to not displace any Indians or their reservations. The area finally selected by Oppenheimer and Bainbridge was a 30-by-60 mile practice bombing and air-to-air gunnery range for B-29 and B-17 planes, already taken over by the government, the Alamogordo Army Air Base. Housing provision for 160 military and civilian personnel was requested. Radioactive fallout capable of causing death and severe medical difficulties was expected to follow the bomb. The likely dispersal area and shape were completely a guess. The site was 5 hours drive from Los Alamos.

This was a case of science being seen but not understood; under those circumstances, one cannot act responsibly because one is not aware of either the inherent or potential dangers.

1944 - Early in the year,
The CANOL Project was initiated.
An oil pipeline was built between a then major Canadian oil field at Norman Wells to Whitehorse, 1000 km distant. The intent was to get oil to USA military bases in Alaska in aid of the war effort. As happens in EVERY human war, consideration for the ecology became non-existant.

Much of the pipeline traversed subarctic and arctic tundra which is highly influenced by the use of heavy machinery and which has a tendency to be unstable during the summers at which time the upper metre of the surface may become marsh-like. Broken equipment, used supply drums, and other materials would be discarded along the length of the line. After the War, and in spite of years of local expressed concern over the potential toxicity of the materials discarded, government cleanup of the extended site would not begin until mid-1995. The projected cost would be $300 million to a government already deeply in debt.

1944 - In the Spring,
The Soviet Army began to advance into eastern Europe.
Confronted by Churchill with the need to come to some clear arrangement with the Russians, Roosevelt at first agreed to the idea of a clear and precise division of authority. Then, in an abrupt turnabout, he asserted that he must have "complete freedom of action," whatever the agreement arranged by Churchill and Stalin. After considerable effort, Churchill and Stalin worked out an understanding - "a good guide," said Churchill, "for conduct of our affairs" - whereby Russia would exercise predominant authority in southeastern Europe, Great Britain would do so in Greece, and the Allies would share the responsibility in Yugoslavia. Roosevelt reluctantly accepted this division of power on the basis of a three-month trial.

During subsequent months, the British intervened to crush a revolution in Greece and prepare the way for the installation of a government they wanted and could control. Though he urged the British to take a more liberal line, Roosevelt went along with Churchill on the need to control affairs in Greece. Both in fact and in the eyes of the Russians, that committed Roosevelt on the eve of the Yalta Conference to the agreement worked out between Churchill and Stalin. For his part, Stalin refrained from attacking or blocking the British move in Greece. Churchill reported that Stalin "adhered very strictly to this understanding." Stalin also moved to forestall trouble with the Western Allies arising from foreign communist agitation and revolution. He advised, and apparently even warned, Tito and Mao Tse-Tung to abstain from revolutionary action in their nations and instead to accept subordinate positions in coalition governments led by pro-Western parties.

1944 - By April,
A landed circular craft was discovered by E.L. (initials), serving as USA Carpenter Mate, A5,B3-C 1st Class, Hqt. Co. 112th Construction Battalion, near the beach of Kaneohe, Oahu, Hawaii. He described it as 50 feet in diameter; metallic; looking like an igloo; topped with a clear glass dome about a foot high with a gold coloured weather vane-like device spinning inside.

1944 -
Example of a Walk-in:

(87) David Paladin , Albuquerque, New Mexico ... born on a Navajo reservation in Arizona ... exhibited few abilities ... running away from home ... hustled into uniform in WWII ... in the secret service ... captured by the Germans ... left for dead ... in a deep coma ... mumbled Russian ... fingerprints identified him as an American ... sent to Battle Creek, Michigan, ... after 2-1/2 years ... regained consciousness. Asked his name, he promptly replied, "I'm an artist. My name is Vasili Kandinski."

his fingerprints were those of David Paladin; and Kandinski, the Russian artist ... had died in France at the age of 78 in 1944, when David would have been 18. ... as David became more alert he admitted that he had never heard of Kandinski and knew no Russian until he heard himself speaking it.

... began to paint ... compared favourably with the paintings of Kandinski ... teaches at universities, conducts workshops and seminars in the parapsychology field, and continues ... paintings that some critics feel surpass those of Kandinski.

... David is the Walk-in soul of the famous Russian Artist. ... "David is a highly developed soul who comes from Sirius, ... Kandinski in later life had also been a Walk-in from Sirius, and when the soul who is now called David Paladin was no longer able to keep the artist's body alive "he briefly returned to Sirius and then found the body of the soldier that he was able to revive for his work ... the preparation of earthlings for the New Age. He needed a body which would serve him in the setting where he could do the most good. That was in the body of an American with Indian roots." ... David ... was in Sirius ... during the long period of coma ... until ready to resume an active earth life in a well-functioning body.

1944 - On June 16,
The First V-1 "buzz-bomb" had been launched by the Germans against London, England.
Hitler had been primed by his scientists and technicians with overoptimism.
At Margival, the next day, Hitler would command his generals, who were concerned about another stunning defeat, that they must not retreat. He believed that the V-1 would be decisive against the British. When the generals further pressed him about the declining success of the Luftwaffe in the west, Hitler again assured them that "masses of jet fighters", which had just been put into production - would soon turn the tide. Shortly after the generals had left the meeting, an errant V-2, targeted for London, turned around and landed on top of the Fuehrer's bombproof bunker.

The REDS, in an uncharacteristic act of interference, had redirected the V-2.
Even had the technicians intended to kill Hitler, the expertise required to make a drastic mid-flight correction and land the V-2 exactly on the bunker would have been a miracle. No one was killed or even hurt - another hallmark of the REDS. Hitler was so shocked by the occurrence that he immediately left the bunker and fled to his centre in the mountains of Berchtesgaden. Humans have always had difficulty is acknowledging their lack of technical design innovativeness and the capacity for any new weapon to be used against its inventor even as to his or her benefit.

1944 - on June 31,
German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel wrote a memorandum to Hitler affirming that the troops were fighting heroically everywhere, yet losing. He urged Hitler to "draw the proper conclusions without delay." On June 20, the Soviet offensive on the eastern front had begun with such strength that the German forces were torn open all the way to Poland. By July 4, the Soviet Army would reach the Polish border.

Rommel was preparing to take action against the Fuehrer himself if a surrender wasn't put forward. Two days later, Rommel's staff car was straffed by Allied fighter planes and he was wounded so critically that he was not expected to live to the next day. This and the successful landing of the Allies at Normandy threw confusion into those conspiring in Berlin to overthrow Hitler.

1944 - During the summer,
The sighting of a Flying Saucer occurred at Blovice, Czechoslovakia.
It was later described in Henri Chaloupek's "Observations en Tchecoslovaquie et en Bulgarie".

1944 - On July 20,
An attempted Assassination of Adolf Hitler at the German leader's "Wolf's Lair" resulted in the deaths of 4 persons and minor injuries to the arms and legs of Hitler. Traumatized by the event, Hitler would hereafter distrust his generals and consider them weak willed in their offensive against the Allies. Increasingly, he would become moody, depressed, subject to fits of rage. An Energy Block can be such a destructive influence that it markedly diminishes any degree of positive spirit remaining in the individual.

1944 - Dated August 1,
Document #2701 at the Japanese prisoner of war (POW) camp headquarters in Taihoku read:

"Whether (the POWs) are destroyed individually or in groups, or however it is done, with mass bombings, poisonous smoke, drowning, decaptation, or what, dispose of them as the situation dictates. ... In any case it is the aim not to allow the escape of a single one, to annihilate them all, and not to leave any traces."

Within the ruthless Japanese code of honour, only a coward would allow himself to be taken prisoner. As an extension of this fear-induced tribal ethic derived from population overcrowding and a desperate grasp for the material sufficiency behind land possession and enemy extinction, any prisoners taken by the Japanese were despised. Such prisoners were considered subhuman, and, as such, were valuable and useful only as cheap labour. Since prisoners proved more plentiful than the requirement for labour, their lives were worthless in the eyes of the Japanese. It was not considered a display of human respect that POWs received starvation rations: it was gross waste. Prisoners were mercilessly herded and coerced to work to a point of exhaustion with whips, beatings, and the fear of decapitation. More than 30% of the 50,000 British and Canadian prisoners of the Japanese died in prison camps, on forced marches, on forced work details, by roadside execution, or for the purpose of keeping secret the hidden construction projects.

In Europe, the survival proportions of 142,319 Allied prisoners of war were close to 19 out of each 20. In German and Italian detention camps, Allied soldiers shared 2 ethical considerations. While each group could view itself as a different race, they all shared a professed belief in Christianty and each considered their background to be "European." Physical resemblances were similar such that spies from one side of the conflict did not find it difficult to infiltrate the ranks of the enemy. Languages and script were similar. These similarities stood as glaring differences against the Asian featured Japanese. Obvious dissimilarities of physical features, language, script, religious belief, and culture prompted the all too common "human" racist reaction of disrespect, dislike and fear which had been the foundation of many previous European-based genocide actions. Through the previous 10 years, Japanese troops had massacred, tortured, raped and murdered 27,500,000 persons: most were Asian civilians; about 1% were European troops.

1944 - In the Autumn,
General William J. Donovan, head of the USA OSS, in a secret memo to the White House, urges the creation of a permanent USA intelligence agency.

1944 - By September,
Experiments with Chemical Warfare Agents by the USA Defense Department had resulted in 60,000 troop exposures to mustard gas. Many of the exposures were intended to test the efficiency of chemical warfare suits and masks. Some involved the consideration of atmospheric factors such as wind turbulence and precipitation presence, in addition to temperature considerations. Tests began with soldiers clad in conventional issue uniforms, without preparation and without access to environmental factors, such as standing bodies of water and forestry cover, which were available sometimes in the reality of the battlefield.

At least 4,000 soldiers received significant exposures resulting in ulcerated burns which might take as long as 6 months to heal and which were judged as more painful than any "normal" burn. No record of the number of fatalities resulting from such burns was ever made available to the public. No followup was provided and those who requested assistance due to problems arising from the exposures were turned away with toxic shame comments about "coping with it like a man". Emotional trauma and physical difficulties sometimes would result in marital problems, relationship and communication difficulties, abuse and financial hardship. None were compensated with disability pensions until 1994.

1944 - One day in September,
Eduard Albert Meier, 3 or 4 miles from home, walking alone in a meadow, heard telepathically from Sfath, his spaceperson contact, to stand his ground. Eduard then saw something falling down from the sky, very, very slow and it became bigger and bigger. It was something like a metallic pear. Then this ramp opened out, going down like an elevator. He entered the ship and they went up very high above the Earth. "There was a very old man who looked to Eduard like a patriarch: his name was Sfath. He was a human being, like each other one here on Earth, only very old. We talked for hours, then he brought me back to the ground. The funny thing was, he knew my mother tongue better than I."

Sfath told Meier that he would remain his mentor only through the early 1950s, when a much higher form of life would assume the responsibility for further teaching. Meier had been selected for a mission, but Sfath revealed only that decades would pass before the boy knew its nature. Until that time, Meier had to be prepared to meet with many things, some that would cause him again to question his sanity, others that might bring physical harm. At the end of 4 hours, Sfath returned Meier to the meadow and departed, never to be seen again, although he continued to transmit thoughts to Meier. Eduard is NOT an example of a Walk-in.

1944 - By September,
The Japanese sought a peaceful settlement to the War.
It would not be revealed until mid-1965, in a 1,345 - page volume of U.S. State Department diplomatic papers, that Swedish Minister Widar Bagge, stationed in Tokyo, had reported to his government that top-ranking civilian circles in Japan feared a sudden German collapse, followed by the destruction of Japan. The Swedish Foreign Office learning of the Japanese wish to sue for peace and return captured territories and business enterprises, sent the information to Britain which relayed it to the United States. But because the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender, the Japanese concerned were never even told that their bid had reached London and Washington.

1944 - During September,
The Sicilian Mafia undertook a program to destroy their political opposition by means of murder and intimidation.

1944 - During September,
"Operation Market-Garden", a plan by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, intended to end the war quickly, results in 17,000 Allied soldiers dead, wounded or captured in sacrifice for a 50 mile advance leading nowhere. It was intended to turn the northern flank of the "Siegried Line" with a massive paratroop drop of 35,000 U.S.A., British, and Polish soldiers. Their aim was to capture a series of bridges deep behind German lines in Holland, allowing British armoured troops to pour over the northernmost bridge at Arnhem and push into Germany's industrial Ruhr valley. Arnhem was the "bridge too far" of the movie by that name produced in 1977.

The movie would capture much of the irony, idiocy, heroism and human waste that accompanies such mighty efforts, while demonstrating that such is one of the expected functions of the modern state.

1944 - In September,
"Efficient Extermination Procedures" were being followed by the German officers at the Polish Auschwitz internment camp. The operations staff were alerted to the expected arrival times of trainloads of abducted, arrested, and deceived Jews who rode into the camp on a railway spur. They fired up the incineration ovens in readiness.

Most of the arrivals had travelled in bare, unheated, crowded, freight cars with no washrooms or water supply. As they disembarked from the train, SS officers divided the group into 2 lines: men in one column; women and children in a second. They were told to leave their luggage - whatever they had been able to carry with them, at the station. It would be looked after for them and they would not need it where they were going. The two lines were then directed toward the gas chambers next to crematoriums 1 and 2, or, towards the gas chambers next to crematoriums 3 and 4, at the other end of the camp. A few of the arrivals might be removed into the camp itself to supplement the labour force. They would be replacing the diseased, or those who had been randomly shot, and died during the previous hours. Within an hour after their arrival, all had been divided and dispersed.

Following gassing in either the underground converted morgues or in the custom-made above ground chambers, the bodies were prepared for the crematoria ovens. Shoes were removed and neatly labelled and stacked on shelves awaiting economic recirculation to non-Jewish families. Rings, jewelry, and gold teeth were removed and collected in bins for later meltdown for the financial benefit of the state. Eyeglasses were placed in another collection and distribution area. Even the women's hair was shaved off for possible reworking into wigs or blankets for the consumer market. Then the bodies might be loaded on carts which would be pushed along tracks to the oven doors.

For over a year, the 4 crematoria had been operating at full capacity: 4756 bodies per day, that is, more than 142,000 people gassed and burned to ash each month - more than 1,700,000 to date in this one camp. And this did not include those who were murdered before June, 1943, nor those who were murdered at other camps or in other countries. The extermination program had evolved slowly and out of the necessity of the internment process being so popular and being extended longer than expected. Most Europeans had been pleased to work with the SS officers in their region or nation; sometimes, it was a case of one having to identify and surrender a Jew, or, having oneself suspected of resisting the aims of the state - and being arrested.

With so many people being imprisoned in such bleak and unhygienic surroundings, death from disease and maltreatment had quickly exceeded the burial capacity of the region and small crematoria had been constructed. Then, with the constant and large influx of arrivals, and the decreasing resources of the German state, the numbers had to be slashed - it was impractical to build more or larger camps, it had been reasoned. Either way, cooperating with the SS was a convenient way to rid oneself of "strangers", nasty people, and anyone you didn't like. With such success, it was getting to a point such that Himmler was having to consider building more crematoria and gas chambers in other camps.

1944 - During the year,
J.W. Armstrong, a Briton, published his "Water of Life" book.
In it, he recounts how an Auto-Urine therapy cured him of tuberculosis within 6 weeks and how he subsequently successfully treated patients for gangrene, cancer, leukemia and heart disease. As it was adverse to commonly held cultural beliefs, did not provide a means to make money to the medical establishment, and provided a contrary approach to the scientific use of pharmaceuticals - few would consider his findings, fewer would test them, and the illnesses he noted would continue to be present, and, in some cases, expand in numbers of diseased, disabled and dead for the next 50 years.

A true scientific-oriented culture would have tested his findings for consistency and replication. A truly empathetic health profession would have considered his findings with hope and optimism, not rejection and apathy. As a consequence, millions would die and many more millions would suffer - needlessly, and, health care requirements would continue to rise while pharmaceutical revenues would surpass many other non-military industries.

1944 - On September 18,
U.S.A. President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill reached an understanding "that the world should be informed (of the development of the atomic bomb) with a view to an international agreement regarding its control and use (before it is used)."

1944 - During late 1944,
A movie, "The Battle of China" was produced by the U.S.A. War Department, Signal Corps, Army Services Division for Morale services Division. Like most political use of mass media, it promoted hatred of the Japanese in anticipation of a major American offensive against them. It portrayed half-truths in a dramatic prejudice -building manner to stimulate hatred amongst the historically ignorant human masses. It would again prove the capacity of the mass media to be destructive in result. Harry Truman, soon-to-be president, and many in the military and government administration would become obsessive with enacting revenge against the Japanese. While the movie was not inaccurate in its general statement of events, it left out details embarrassing to the political norm of the Allies.

The Japanese had been invaded by the Chinese and Koreans hundreds of years previously and had found it necessary to close off contact with the rest of the world in order to maintain political freedom. Internal anarchy had been suppressed by the institutionalization of an authoritarian dictatorship, headed by an emperor and enforced by a warrior class, the Samurai. The combined adoption of Shintoism and Buddhism had encouraged the expectation that life on Earth could only be a life of unhappiness with salvation to a happy afterlife being accessible only by complete obedience to the wishes of an Earthly Emperor-god. Cultural norms led to the undisciplined upbringing of children with the concept that a happy un-restricted dependent childhood was payment for a highly restrictive dependent adulthood.

The worst shame a Japanese adult, in such an educated environment could attain, was that of exclusion from the society: a consequence of disobedience to authority. Such an anti-ego anti-individualistic attitude engendered natural reactive feelings of negativity (depression and anxiety) which were redirected, by an attitude of duty and by acting out (intolerance for other cultures and a pride in one's own) to a rational and unemotional use of force towards others outside the culture. A once-peaceful society had become traumatized by the abuse of other cultures, internalized that abuse and raised its intensity through hatred of others (and cultural obsessive self-love) to become a more destructive force than that which originated the problem.

Throughout the 1930s, the League of Nations had failed to provide international sanction against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and the events which followed. The United States had refused to even become a member of the political entity intended to preserve world peace. No Allied nation had sent any degree of assistance to the Chinese throughout the 1930s, or, provided effective sanctions against the Japanese. The Allies, and the rest of humanity, had allowed the Japanese to slaughter millions of Chinese on the basis that it was orientals killing orientals, rather than seeing it as humans killing humans.

The United States and other Allied nations were only turned against the Japanese because
1) they did not want the Chinese natural resource base to fall under the domination of the Japanese, and,
2) because the Japanese had been allowed to attack Pearl Harbour in hopes that the event could be used to motivate Americans to enter the War. The truths of an abusive history and an authoritarian passivity towards the Japanese abuse of others were conspicuously absent from this movie and all other "hate" literature. Its success would be the motivation of Harry Truman, and others, for vengeance.

1944 - On October 6,
Japanese General Yamashita Tomoyuki arrived in the Philippines.
Yamashita had not chosen a military career - it was his father's wish. Yamashita was heavyset, trained in the Prussian style, expressionless and appeared brutal and insensitive. In 1929, he had supported an unpopular plan to reduce the size of the army and he resented and was paranoid about the fanatical clique which had surrounded Tojo. He felt that his promotion to the rank of lieutenant-general had been unjustly delayed for some years. Tojo had given him the seemingly impossible job of capturing British-held Singapore. Unexpectedly for Tojo, who had planned the assassination of Tomoyuki, Singapore fell suddenly and Tomoyuki became a national hero. Tojo sent him to Manchuria to train troops. Now, the "Tiger of Malaya" had been called out to defend the Philippines against an expected American attack.

An allied armada manned by 50,000 sailers was leaving New Guinea for Leyte, Philippines.
MacArthur was returning with 250,000 soldiers. With a ratio of 1 to 10, the Japanese never had a hope of victory and by December Luzon would face invasion. Manila, unable to be successfully defended, was declared an open city and Yamashita withdrew most of his troops to the mountains. Rear Admiral Iwabuchi Sanji, the Japanese commander of the Philippines naval district, then reoccupied Manila with 16,000 marines and sailors.

1944 - On October 9,
An arrest warrant was issued for Ferdinand Marcos, in the Philippines, by Captain Ray Hunt, U.S. Army. Ferdinand had been caught trying to illegally take control of 2 combat units and deceptively trying to raise money from the U.S. military. The order read: "I want you to arrest every organizer operating in Pangasinan without the authority of this office and turn said individuals over to this H.Q. I want Ferdinand Marcos specially ...."

1944 - In late October,
The Japanese battle cruiser Nachi was sunk in Manila Bay.
It had been loaded with 100 TONS of gold bullion and prepared to sail home to Japan.
A Japanese mini-submarine, one of two under the command of Vice Admiral Iwabuchi Sanji, was placed into position further out of the harbour. When the Nachi reached a predetermined spot, the Japanese torpedoed it. Nearly a thousand sailors went down with the ship, those who surfaced were machine-gunned by sailors on the sub so that no witnesses would survive. It was witnessed both by the submarine crew and several Filipino-Japanese on shore, including Leopold (Paul) Jiga and Benjamin Balmores. The Nachi now became one of 178 concealment sites.

1944 - In November,
U.S.A. Secretary of State Dean Acheson testified before a special Congressional Committee on Post-war Economic Policy and Planning. He was gravely concerned lest the economy slide back into the depression of the 1930s or collapse in the new debacle at the end of the war. He repeatedly emphasized that during his entire career. If that happens:

"it seems clear that we are in for a very bad time, so far as the economic and social position of the country is concerned. We cannot go through another ten years like the ten years at the end of the twenties and the beginning of the thirties, without having the most far-reaching consequences upon our economic and social system.

When we look at that problem, we may say it is a problem of markets.
You don't have a problem of production. The United States has unlimited creative energy. The important thing is markets. We have got to see that what the country produces is used and is sold under financial arrangements which make its production possible. ...
You must look to foreign markets. ...

I take it the Soviet Union could use its entire production internally.
If you wish to control the entire trade and income of the United States, which means the life of the people, you could probably fix it so that everything produced here would be consumed here, but that would completely change our Constitution, our relations to property, human liberty, our very conceptions of law. And nobody contemplates that. Therefore, you find you must look to other markets and those markets are abroad ... The first thing I want to bring out is that we need these markets for the output of the United States. ....

How do we go about getting it?
What you have to do at the onset is to make credit available. ... I don't believe private capital can possibly do it. ... I don't think there is enough private capital willing to engage in that activity, which is quite risky. There will be a lot of losses ... "

"The Open Door Policy" was intended to be a way of enabling this development without military force. Nations and individuals would simply be enticed into the fold by their greed, envy, and lust for things material - easily obtained with credit, only to become enslaved to and dependent upon the originating nation. After the Nagasaki-Hiroshima bombs, such deceptive exploitation would be replaced by the threat of force. Borders would remain open, or else.

1944 -
The Bretton Woods Monetary System is created at an international conference of 44 nations, held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire state, USA. It becomes law in the USA in 1945. Assuming and being given Capital Leadership of the Allied Countries, who by now had spent all of their capital on war, the U.S.A. Dollar would now be used to define the value of the currencies of the Allies, especially those of Europe after the War. The European Payments Union would define its unit of account on a rate equivalent based on the USA dollar. In the general collapse of foreign exchange values, the Dollar would assume the role of life preserver at the very moment when American credits were propping up drowning economies and budgets. Until 1971, a par value exchange system equates the currencies of other nations to the American dollar as a standard. The Following are created to support the system:

   The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
   The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank)
   Fixed Exchange Rates

The International Monetary Fund was created to maintain monetary stability in the world community.
By 1990 it would have 146 member states.
Its concern is the payment of external debts owed by countries with balance of payment deficits.
An important role of the IMF would be the provision of loans in the form of drawings by member countries.
These lending activities were supposedly to stabilize the international capitalist economic order.
They would eventually be used to alleviate high world debt and reduce inflation rates within certain countries. In the restructuring of debt owed by less developed countries, the IMF also added its guarantee to private bank loans and made direct loans to encourage banks to renew maturing loans. Loans by the IMF are technically purchases of foreign currencies and repayments are repurchases by IMF members of their own currencies with Special Drawing Rights or foreign exchange.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or "World Bank" was founded as an international lending organization with the original intent to finance reconstruction of Europe following WWII. Later, it would provide developing countries with long-term, low-interest credit for industrial development when private financing was unavailable. It would finance its operations through member subscriptions, sale of its own securities, and net earnings. Most loans were made at a variable interest rate pegged to its current cost of funds. Member countries also had to be IMF members. Later still, the bank would redefine its role to setting aside funds for new loans, in response to the world debt crisis, adding its guarantee to new bank loans made to less developed countries.

Of particular significance is the fact that these decisions and institutions were taken and created BEFORE WWII ended. None of the Axis powers appeared close to defeat, although possibilities were improving. Since 1941, the USA had supplied war materials to many countries on a Lend-Lease agreement. Now, with the War in a perceived position of turnaround by the Allies, the USA wasted no time in insuring their control of the world economy to follow after the War.

First, they were proud that they had seemed to devise a system for economic stability through the monopolization of the banking system and trade currency. All financial transactions in the USA were conducted with American banknotes and currency and the institutions involved were regulated for harmony and fair practice. Now, the economic leader of the Allies, the USA, determined to fashion the world in its (banking) image.

Secondly, USA executive office staff and economic advisers cautioned that by the end of the war the currency of those nations in which the battle was being fought, and to whom the USA was leasing war material, would likely be considerably devalued as need for daily necessities would far outstretch supply. If the value of the loans made was to be preserved, it would have to be standardized to the American dollar. If Britain had received the pound sterling equivalent of 10 million dollars in war material in 1943 and the pound sterling became devalued at the end of the War by 3/4th, the actual value repaid to the USA would be equivalent to 2.5 million dollars. Whereas, if the amount of the loan was set out in dollars, the amount to be repaid would have to be to the dollar equivalent.

By arranging for the American dollar to be the standard, America would receive preferential trade treatment as every country would want more of the dollars acceptable anywhere as an international trading currency. By negotiating for the American dollar to become the repayment equivalent, the USA safely excluded itself from the likely postwar economic catastrophe which awaited most other Allied countries. Thirdly, by instituting an international American-style banking network, the economic conquest and direction of the economies of other countries was assured. Prepared for economic expansion, all that was needed now was peace. And terror would force peace.

1944 - On November 14,
Admiral William H. Standley, who served as American Ambassador to the U.S.S.R. during the first part of WWII provided a review of the situation between the U.S.A. and the Soviets. Some kind of rivalry with the Russians was unavoidable simply because they would be the only other victorious power on the continent of Europe. But that tension could be kept within bounds if the United States accepted its primary responsibility in the situation.

"We must assume two important premises.
First, that Russia's security is vital to her and that she cannot turn to industrialization and development of her raw material resources unless she has that security .... After victory, security is their next consideration .... (And unless we help establish it) they will have to proceed on their own to provide it."

1944 - Between November, 1944 and April, 1945,
The Japanese FUGO Project resulted in the launching of 9000 wax paper balloons equipped with thermite bombs to be flown across the Pacific Ocean and descend on the USA. About 10% of the balloons reached North America, resulting in the setting of some fires and reports by American citizens of Unidentified Aerial Objects and the fear that the Japanese had created some new monstrous armament.

1944 - While in exile,
The "Benelux Customs Union" consisting of the economic integration of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg, is planned for implementation after the War is over. During 1948, the 3 countries would form a customs union, creating a uniform trade policy between themselves. Active policies for European integration would be pursued.

1944 - During December,
USA Army Captain W.E. Statton sent a memo to Washington, D.C. titled "The Problem of the Mafia" regarding the changing political conditions in Sicily. In it he mentioned that there had been a resurgence of Mafia influence and that the USA Government had 3 courses of action. The first was to restrain it. The second was to arrange a truce with the Mafia. The third was to abandon the island to criminal rule. Only the third was certain of success.

The Mafia had become a criminal organization with political power.
It would remain unhindered for the rest of the century. Italian judges, police officers, government representatives, bishops and a prime minister would all eventually be found guilty of accepting bribes. Others would be murdered or kidnapped.

1944 - For a week over Christmas,
U.S.A. General Eisenhower was moved to Versailles and isolated, a prisoner inside his headquarters unable even to go for a walk while G-2 British military intelligence tried to decoy Colonel Otto Skorzeny, Germany's premier commando. In April 1943, Captain Skorzeny had been made Chief of Germany's Special Troops and given 5 months to establish a commando school and train his company size battalion of troops. His third major operation was to form an armoured brigade with the object of seizing and holding, with troops dressed in U.S.A. uniforms, the Meusse bridges which lay in the path of Rundstedt's Ardennes offensive.

Most of his brigade sat waiting for the Panzer tank break-through and when 48 hours later it had not happened, the troops were in a furious ground battle. His advance scout units had performed as instructed yet in their romping around behind American lines, apprehension and rumour arose that Skorzeny himself was driving from Paris to assassinate General Eisenhower. The rumours, and the effect were unplanned by the Germans, believed by the security staff, and resulted in Eisenhower being restricted until December 27 on the belief that the Germans intended to assassinate him.

1944 - By the end of the year,
Underwater launching of the V-2 ballistic missile by the Germans was being tested.
One submarine could tow 3 missile canisters for 30 days at a speed of 12 knots. A single canister could be towed at higher speeds. Upon arrival at a launching point, the canisters would be brought to the surface and ballasted into an upright position; the upper covering would be opened, and the erect V-2 could be fuelled, prepared for launching, and fired. Insulated tanks in each cylinder would hold the liquid oxygen and alcohol fuel, which could be transferred to a V-2 by 3 technicians in less than half an hour after the submarine arrived at the missile launch point.

The V-2 was a 12 ton 46 foot (14 meter) missile that could carry a 1-ton warhead (or space capsule) a distance of 200 miles (322 km). When the Soviets entered the Peenemunde missile centre and various shipyards later in the War, they found V-2 rockets, unfinished canisters, design and production data which they would use themselves.

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1945 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Ziegfield Follies; Back to Bataan; Frontier Gal; Gaslight Follies; Henry V; The Suspect; Brief Encounter; Mildred Pierce

1945 - During January,
The Soviet Army Liberated Auschwitz Camp, after three days of fighting.
What the Soviet officers found, shocked and angered them, some to a point of rage.
As their eyes scanned the camp, they saw gas chambers, mass crematoria ovens, thousands of corpses, over 100,000 gaunt and starving individuals living in putrid dank buildings surrounded by disease, shelves of shoes from the dead, bins of jewelry and teeth, boxes of spectacles, and, mounds of human women's hair. The stench and smoke of burning human flesh filled the air. Some of the Soviet officers, tears in their eyes, vowed to kill as many Germans as they could. Quickly, the Soviet commander, internal affairs (KGB), and counter-espionage personnel came to the camp and took every scrap of documentation. It would reside in the secrecy of the Moscow bureaucracy until 1991.

In the interim, Soviet agents searched for those persons mentionned in the documents - intent on trying them in their courts on charges of war crimes. Both Jew and non-Jew Soviet citizens had been murdered. The KGB found the CEO, chief engineer and senior technician of "J.A. Topf", the company which had manufactured the ovens and refit the gas chambers. Tried in Moscow, the CEO was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 25 years. The engineer and technician received a sentence of 14 years. All were given amnesty in 1955. They returned to Germany, and disappeared. None of the 4 chief administrators who authorized the plans and construction of the chambers or ovens were ever charged or tried.

For the remainder of the century, most of humanity would be brainwashed into the denial which placed all of the responsibility with Adolf Hitler, an evil genius who just happened to persuade or coerce millions to carry out his personal anger against the Jews. But that was neither the truth nor the reality of what had happened nor why humans would carry out similar acts in the 1990s. It would be 1996 before the true story of the Auschwitz and Berkinau camps would be revealed to the public. That, by itself would not bring self-awareness.

Hundreds of millions of labourers, tenants, and clerks had grown to hate themselves for what they had become within a capital-based industrial society: slaves. They hated the nations which (they believed) humiliated them, rejected them, and confined them - the same nations which had lived off the capital-rich fat of their colonies and territorial expansion for the previous centuries. They hated the shame of unemployment and poverty which they could only contribute to the actions of the above - for, as individuals, they had worked hard and seemed to be receding from the plentious standard of living which the Jews, British, French, Belgians, and Americans advertised before them.

The Jews, ritualized by centuries of idolatry, self-worship, social ostracism and religious intolerance - had become, too often, the enemy they loved to hate: the employer (over the economically dependent labourer and clerk), the lawmaker (over the administratively dependent with poor coping skills), the authority (over the educationally dependent), the owner (over the rental dependent and survivor of capital losses). Each challenge had chewed away at the spiritual fabric of their religion until it seemed that they had the fabric yet forgot to wear it. The Jews prominant in each of many societies, in their dissociation of business life from personal life had used rationalizations to justify profit and economic exploitation by almost any means. Unrestrained by their own religious leaders or by their social leaders - because their abuses were against non-Jews, all Jews became part of one simplistic all encompassing stereotype: the ruthless, deceiving shylock. In their obsessive drive for material and power success, numerous Jews emotionally hurt those whom they depended on: workers, consumers, neighbours. And those hurts coloured the perceptions of the masses and their other hurts and contributed to the dissolving away of the spiritual strength which remained in them.

The age of science and mass media had become little more than names for the imposition of superstition, spurious reasoning and intellectualization on the technical manipulation of the masses. So-called scientist and moralists, stripped of such complexities as spirituality, had simplied reality to whatever got the job done. Whether it was fogging the environment with toxic chemicals to kill pests and endanger all life, or, manipulating genetic structures to negate troublesome characteristics and homogenize society, too many scientists proceeded with the short-term vision of the quick-fix. Reporters and politicians had created headlines, catalyzed hatred, mixed authority and envy and shame, and, remanufactured the truth. A worldwide rush to the alter of material prosperity and egocentric expressions of humanity's obsession with sex and possessiveness had led to a deadly competition over the spoils. World War II would be the second major demonstration of this human dynamic.

To an extraterrestrial, such as the GRAYs, humanity was in a rut.
For them, reality is rituals, traditions, patterns, innovation-for-survival; it is never a consideration of choice. Looking at humanity, since they arrived in 1903, two global wars had, and were, taking place within the first 50 years. Each involved great efforts at self-extermination of the species, tremendous waste of resources, and unending suffering for the masses. Eradication of humanity was going to be so easy - just add a few ingredients and wait. Humans were set on doing the job themselves. Meanwhile the GRAYs would prepare themselves for their new home.

But what was this dynamic which the GRAYs were so happy about and which the Pleiadians so grieved about. Mass humanity has a history of never facing the truth. It's leaders constantly hide from the truth, modify the truth, manipulate their public with half-truths and lies - and the individuals within the masses seem to be defenceless. They just sit there and take it? Are humans really that compulsive that they respond like sterile female drones in a hive of bees? Are the leaders of such human masses so self-obsessed and so compulsively aggressive that they must constantly risk the survival of their "hive"? The key is "Truth."

If a human never faces the truth about him- or herself, there is never any requirement for responsibility - for self-discipline, for self-directedness, for self-sacrifice, for compassion, for empathy, for forgiveness, for reverence. The motto of the slave is "Never having to take responsibility." But responsibility brings choice and without choice their is no freedom. Choices: truth, or lies, or half-lies. Freedom, or dependency, or enslavement? The reality is that whether you take responsibility for your participation in the life you have been given, and the greater or lesser suffering which you bring to this world - you are still responsible for it. The GRAYs are counting on humans continuing to deny their individual responsibilities; the Pleiadians are hoping that humans learn to be aware of their responsibilities and act on them; most other visiting lifeforms really don't care what humans do. What are you going to do?

1945 - On January 30,
The "Wilhelm Gustloff", a German transport ship, was sighted by the S-13 Soviet submarine some 12 nautical miles (22 km) from shore. The captain, 3rd Rank M.J. Marinesko fired a spread of 4 torpedoes at the large (25,484 GRT) ship. Three torpedoes struck and the ship went down after an hour. On board were Gestapo forces and their families, technicians who had worked at the advanced weapons bases along the Baltic, U-boat crewmen, 500 female German sailors, the ship's crew, and several thousand refugees - a total of 6,100 men, women, and children. The weather was heavy at the time and a single minesweeper was in escort. The almost immediate 25 degree list of the ship prevented lifeboats on the starboard side from being used, and those to the port had frozen to the davits. The German torpedo boat T-36 picked up 564 of the survivors and the torpedo boat LOWE another 252, with smaller numbers being picked up by 5 other German craft. 5,196 persons perished in the worst ever maritime disaster. Few people would ever know of it.

1945 - In February,
The Yalta Conference results in Roosevelt meeting Stalin and Churchill against the background of imminent German defeat. Roosevelt knew that the Soviet Union was prepared to negotiate seriously about the character of postwar relations with the United States while the U.S.A. seemed to have a fruitful opportunity in Asia with the Chinese communists preferring to work with the U.S.A. rather than Stalin. But during the conference American leaders were not concerned to push such negotiations. They were not prepared to abandon, or even seriously to modify, the traditional strategy of American expansion.

Disturbed by America's ambivalence and Churchill's increasingly open opposition, which increased the difficulty Stalin had in controlling the doctrinaire revolutionaries within his own camp, Stalin went to Yalta ... to receive a large loan from the United States. His overtures in this direction were answered with vague and unrewarding replies. Stalin's alternative was to obtain, by agreement or negotiation, economic reparations from Germany and a strong strategic position in eastern Europe, the Black Sea area, and the Far East. Americans went to Yalta guided by little except a sense of mission to reform the world, a growing fear of post-war economic crisis, and an increasing confidence that Russian weakness would enable America to exercise its freedom and solve its problems by further open-door expansion.

Until the American press and politicians began making Stalin and the Soviets the excuse for all of the world's problems after the end of the war, and until great patience on the part of Stalin ran out for fair treatment in regard to reparations and development loans following the war, Stalin expressed admiration for the American economy and the Moscow newspapers often stressed the vitality of the American economy. Stalin expected leadership from Roosevelt and Truman befitting their economic greatness. Unfortunately, most of the time leaders are no more spiritually gifted or directed than the average citizen. They usually carry the prejudices, fears, pride and envy with them which they have experienced or observed in their personal lives or which have been impressed upon them by their religious and academic training. With the political climate in the U.S.S.R. throughout this period, Stalin was repeatedly compromised by the indecisions of the Americans.

In awe of their economy, he might have become a willing convert to some form of cooperative socialist market economy but when he looked to the Americans to treat him as an equal and act as mentors, they responded with distrust, fear, greed, and pride expecting that he and the Soviets were stupid and could be manipulated. Holding idealistic communists at bay while he waited for the Americans to come good on their promises and offers he had to purge party, military, and intelligence personnel who were beginning to suspect him of selling them out for American capitalism. When it became apparent that the Americans were going to treat him as an enemy rather than an ally, Stalin again had to purge, this time, market receptive comrades to maintain control. The trust he had built over several decades of turmoil was now crushed. He was then left only with paranoia, surrounding himself only with those who would carry out his demands ruthlessly and without question.

By the late 40s, Stalin rightly believed that he could trust no state leader and his past mistakes of respecting and trusting others cost him any vestige of spiritual peace. Stalin's hope to bring the Soviet Union into a circle of major state partners was lost by the pride of American leadership which demanded a world with America alone at the head. Perhaps 10,000 Soviet citizens were executed or sent to gulags as a result of Stalin's risk. He would never forgive American leaders for that blow to his self-esteem.

1945 - On February 10,
The "General Steuben" passenger liner, carrying some 3,000 wounded and other evacuees from Pillau was attacked by the Soviet submarine S-13, which scored a direct hit on it. 2,700 persons died; 300 survived. When the liner "Titanic" struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic in 1912, 1,517 men, women and children lost their lives. In 1915, off Ireland, a German U-boat torpedoed the liner "Lusitania" and 1,198 lives were lost. Whether you are remembered or not depends on the press coverage you get, and that, has nothing to do with relevance. On the whole, during WWII, mines sank more ships than submarines.

During the period January to early May, Soviet submarines sank 15 German vessels while firing 152 torpedoes in 52 attacks. In January, 1945, the Royal (British) Air Force dropped 668 mines in the western Baltic to sink 18 ships; in February, 1354 mines to sink 23 ships; in March, 1198 mines to sink 26 ships. With limited air support and no heavy ships to support them, and with net barriers, minefields, and ASW surface craft and aircraft attempting to blockade the Soviet submarines - no other crew found themselves in such constant danger nor elicited so much attention from the Germans. Their principal benefit was in decoying and preoccupying German forces away from the front, not in producing an attrition of forces.

1945 - During February,
The USA "Office of Strategic Service" (OSS), Research and Development Branch, produce their first
"Special Weapons, Devices and Equipment" catalogue.
The research branch has worked closely with Army and Naval Ordnance and "foreign offices" to compile this classified in-house saboteur's collection of tools for destruction of life and property. It includes automatic weapons, silenced weapons, concealed weapons, delayed incendiaries, fuses and detonators, magnets, lockpicks, mines, flares and both photographic and printing reproduction equipment. The degree of espionage preparation for the OSS at this time compares with that of the USSR NKVD-KGB (Secret Police) of 1942 or the German Nazi SS of 1940.

1945 - On February 26,
Japanese Rear Admiral Iwabuchi Sanji ordered the detonation of tons of explosives and ammunition stored in the tunnels at Corregidor, Philippines.
Sanji had been given special instructions by Rear Admiral Kodama Yoshio, a Japanese underworld chief, to conceal the gold bullion and treasures left in the Philippines which Yoshio had been responsible for collecting from Southeast Asia. This was to be done before MacArthur's American troops took possession of the islands and was to take the highest of priority. Hatred of the USA from restricting the Japanese expansion economically through the 1930s and for their more recent military successes was to be displayed in the acts of vengeance connected with the concealment of the bullion. To allow the gold to enter the enemy's possession at any point would be taken by the Japanese command as a shamefulness which even ritual suicide could not release one's soul from.

Sanji, as a Naval cadet had impressed his peers by his impulsiveness, intelligence and networking skills.
On graduation, he was named an imperial aide under the overall command of the prince. Between 1915 and 1942, Sanji worked in the Japanese Secret Service and became a colleague of Yoshio. In the early spring of 1942, Sanji was made captain of the battleship Kirishima and commanded it in the Battle of Midway and at Guadalcanal. His ship was among those dispatched by Admiral Yamamoto with the mission to destroy Henderson Field on the island. The attack, led by Vice Admiral Abe, resulted in a disastrous defeat for the Japanese with both Abe and Sanji having to scuttle their ships to prevent capture.

Sanji had warned against carrying out the plan from the start, but, as a loyal servant of the Emperor, had carried out the order. Abe was demoted for his part; Sanji was promoted to Rear Admiral: he had confirmed, in the most dramatic manner possible that he could be trusted to carry out orders even if they were against his judgement yet in support of the glory of the Emperor. Sanji returned to Secret Service duty during the remainder of 1942 and for 1943. Having served the royal leaders with devotion for most of his life and holding high pride in his country and its culture, his obsession with Japan's success was increasingly aggravated and intensified by the political and military errors of his countrymen and the increasing and succeeding offense of the Allies. He would come to be known as the "Butcher of Manila"

During 1943 and 1944, Rear Admiral Kodama Yoshio gave the authority to two Japanese officers who later adopted the names of Leopoldo (Paul) Jiga and Benjamin Balmores, to begin concealing the gold and treasures still remaining in the Philippines, which had been a collection point for that collected from Southeast Asia, until after the War ended. They carried out the final excavations in the tunnel system under Fort Santiago, Fort Bonifacio, at Intramuros, at churches, municipal buildings, bayfront and harbour sites and other burial locations for the gold and treasures. Events moved faster than the concealment operations and the Americans were approaching the Philippines when a large amount of bullion was still left to be hidden. Yoshio, not wishing to be captured in the fray, departed for Japan. The task remaining was one of total self-sacrifice: conceal the remaining gold bullion and treasures at any cost - with the expectation that such would demand the lives of one's men and oneself. The man for the job was Rear Admiral Iwabuchi Sanji.

Sanji was appointed commander of the Manila naval district just before MacArthur's troops invaded Luzon. Sanji had a lot of civilian hostages in Intramuros and he made good use of POW labour in the tunnels beneath the city. For security and brutality, he also had 4,500 marines to oversee the work. The end to their defense came when the tunnels were exploded, killing anyone inside or nearby instantly, including some nearing American attackers, with others of the Allied forces being buried in rock slides or being physically thrown off the island by the force of the explosion. Jiga and Balmores escaped with the map of the concealment locations and details.

On February 3, the first American cavalrymen entered the city, followed the next day by infantrymen. They found Admiral Sanji and his forces. Sanji was in Manila with the remainder of his troops defending from the Finance Building, the Legislative Building, and the Bureau of Agriculture and Commerce - the last areas from which the Manila bullion was being secreted away from. General Tomoyuki Yamashita had instructed General Yokoyama Shizuo to destroy the city's infrastructure and then evacuate the city; then, he withdrew to the mountains. Admiral Sanji had also been ordered to destroy the infrastructure of Manila - docks, bridges, etc - by Vice Admiral Okochi Denshichi. But Sanji was much busier. The defenses, including stone walls 40 feet thick, were strengthened with salvaged naval guns, machinegun nests and barbed wire. The Americans, frustrated with the stiff defense of the Japanese brought in heavy mortars and artillery and virtually levelled the city.

MacArthur had refused to use aerial bombing earlier in hopes of sparing civilian casualties.
As it was, more than 100,000 civilians were killed in the battle - more than six times the number of combined troop casualties of both the Americans and Japanese . To slow the advancing Americans, take out vengeance against the civilians and otherwise display their rage before their certain death, Japanese soldiers added to the carnage by murdering, raping, beating or burning civilians caught within their lines. Sanji was thought to have died in the ruble and fighting but he may have escaped through the tunnels and taken a disguise. He was later honoured by the Japanese Imperial Navy with a posthumous promotion to Vice Admiral and the First Order of the Golden Kite - greater honours than for heroism in defense of a foreign port.

As Philippine territory was captured further by the Allies, they gradually neared Corregidor, which was incomplete as a concealment location. At the last moment, the fuses were lit and the tunnels exploded.

1945 - By March,
Wilhelm Reich was sponsoring a summer symposium on "The Child" at his "Orgonon Institute" in Randely, Maine, U.S.A. He had remarried soon after arriving in the U.S.A. and he and his wife had purchased 280 acres of land near Randely, to which he increasingly moved his practice and research. He gave seminars and workshops on the importance of childbirth and infancy, body language and personality type, the mind-body relationship, and other topics. He advanced the belief that healthy child development began with the birth process. Even the newborn was capable of emotions and reacting to the emotions of surrounding adults. He criticized the then typical North American hospital practice of separating the mother from the child at birth and stated that this practice would be seen as unthinkable in a hundred years.

Through the mid-1940s, he declared that all diseases could better be understood if their treatment was approached from a holistic perspective such that the individual's lifestyle, emotional foundation, muscular tensions and stresses - were as important as the use of medicines and surgery in producing a return to health. He pointed out the close economic and political collusion between the major drug companies, the medical establishment and the federal regulatory agencies. He was appalled at how fragmented modern science and biology had become and its obsession with the physical dimension to the exclusion of any consideration of the emotional or spiritual factors. By the late 1940s, he had concluded that "Nature does not operate mechanically, but functionally." He rejected the mechanistic and mystical thinking of the new scientific approach noting that nature was imprecise in such limiting and defining perspectives and that a true understanding would require a holistic approach which considered the inter-relationships of all living things with each other and with the universe.

By the late 1940s, the bureaucracies he criticized began to take interest in him.
Disinformation and newspaper sensationalism suggested that his home-office headquarters was the scene of wild sex orgies, presumably financed by the profits he reaped from the sale of his orgone accumulator device which they stated was designed to improve one's orgasm, even dubbing it the "orgasm box". None of these reports were ever shown to be true and none were retracted. Rather they were promoted, supplied or financed by FBI agents and drug company instigators. The former feared his influence because much earlier he had been a member of the Communist Party, he was a Jew, he was an immigrant, he was German-speaking, and his promotion of sexual awareness - in the mind of J.Edgar Hoover, a repressed homosexual - would lead to the corruption of American society if his work became more accepted. In reality, the orgone accumulator device was intended to stimulate the flow of the natural life-energy in ill persons and assist them in eliminating the disease. Reich's research was totally financed from the monies he made from the therapy he provided others with. The Orgone Accumulators were rented only to medical doctors, for a nominal amount.

1945 - By March,
Nearly 8,000 V-rockets and bombs had been launched against Antwerp and other military targets after the British-American-Canadian troops had reached the German border. The damage they did to the Allies was later considered negligible. The hopes behind the "miracle weapon", supported by the masses, the troops, and the generals were finally abandoned.

The new German jet fighters had full air superiority against all other planes.
Nearly 1000 were manufactured. Most died on the ground when Allied bombers destroyed the special fuel refineries they required, the special long runways they needed, and the planes themselves while on the ground. Sophisticated technology has sophisticated requirements, and, sometimes, is easily made ineffective.

1945 - In March, from the Indonesia Bank of Indochina,
The Japanese occupation administration, the "Kempeitei", seized 780 million piastres.
It would have taken a middle-class bureaucrat in Saigon a million years to earn such a sum.

1945 - On March 30,
A British Foreign Office Report set out the diplomatic path chosen by the government of Clement Attlee and followed by the successive administrations of Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden:

"The essential task of diplomacy was to make it clear that the United Kingdom can and will overcome difficulties; otherwise, other countries will say the lion is in his dotage and try to divide up his skin."

This pride and defensiveness would push British leaders for decades to request membership in nearby economic unions and military alliances while at the same time demanding special concessions to preserve the British sense of distinctiveness. This assumptive elitist stance betrayed the underlying motives of British politicians behind such negotiations: clearly, they wished to lead the pack.

1945 -
Franklin Roosevelt, President of the United States, dies on April 12th.
He has been a leader who tended to put off making major decisions, could be manipulative and conniving with both people and public opinion, and personally handled the making of foreign policy without the input of briefing books or even the State Department. Harry Truman, Vice President, succeeded Roosevelt and was straight-forward, decisive, simple, had been an artillery captain, made decisions quickly once he had spoken to the individual he believed was most knowledgeable on the subject. He had not been informed about the atom bomb, as Vice President, and expressed derision against totalitarian states of any nationality including German, Russian, Japanese, etc. on the basis that they followed the erroneous Jesuit formula that "the ends justify the means".

Truman, raised in an atmosphere of bitter racial bigotry - a small-town unsophisticated person from Independence, Missouri, he had adopted, intellectually, the ideals of liberals while reacting to conflict with conservativism. His actions often made him a hypocrite of his words. It was as though he said what others wanted to hear so as to achieve positions of power, and once there, responded with the actions of deception, intolerance, egotism and ruthlessness which he had witnessed as a child. There is none so dangerous as the person who is neither ignorant to the truth nor abusive of the truth, but who no longer knows where they have put the truth.

1945 - Between March and July,
Okinawa was a war engagement which resulted in the deaths of 70,000 Japanese soldiers, 15,000 USA soldiers, and, 100,000 Okinawan civilians - 25% of the Okinawan civilian population. Many Japanese committed suicide to prevent their being taken prisoner. The Japanese had low supplies of bullets and shells at the beginning of the conflict and the battle quickly degenerated into hand-to-hand combat against American bullets and shells. Reports of the suicidal defense of Okinawa contributed to a belief rising within the senior American political and military advisory personnel that the surrender of the Japanese would result only after the loss of many American lives.

1945 - In April,
The first completed German Type XX1 diesel-electric submarine becomes operational.
It is superior to all Allied submarines with respect to sonar, underwater speed and endurance depth capability, and torpedo reload interval. It has a rubberized (anechoic) covering to reduce detection from radar (on the snorkel head) and active sonar (on the hull).

The Walter closed-cycle turbine plant for sustained high-speed underwater endurance consisted of a turbine engine that used the thermal energy produced by the decomposition of a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (perhydrol). It was a complex system, but produced steam and oxygen at a high temperature (1,765 degrees F) that passed to a combustion chamber where they met to ignite fuel oil. The turbine could be operated in a closed (submerged) atmosphere to provide sustained high underwater speeds. At the end of the War, the Soviets would have seized the central design office and several of the component factories.

1945 -
President Truman, on taking office was briefed on how the Soviets had been ignoring their pledges made at Yalta to establish a government of national unity and hold free elections in Poland. Roosevelt had ignored such State Department cautions. Truman always considered himself highly ignorant in the field of foreign relations and foreign policy; therefore, he highly depended upon the advice of senior political and military advisors - particularly those who held authoritarian, conservative and ethnocentric views such as he had been socially rewarded for following in the military and in his political positions. For Truman, the issue was a moral one, heightened by the "insulting and belligerent" attitude Truman detected in the cables he received from Moscow. The Yalta Conference: Feb. 4-11.

1945 - On April 26,
Hitler's Chalet near Berchtesgaden and the adjoining "Eagle's Nest" fortress were obliterated or severely damaged by the bombing of 350 RAF Liberator bombers in an attempt on the Fuehrer's life at his mountain retreat.

Soviet Army troops encircled burning Berlin on a 24-mile front advancing from the east to linkup with American troops 17 miles away. In Berlin, German troops used the subway system to move behind Soviet front lines for surprise defense attacks.

In southern Germany, 500,000 American and French troops advanced towards Munich and Berchtesgaden. Canadian troops encountered fierce German resistance in Holland and the British 2nd Army advanced slowly through the greatly damaged Bremen, shelled by Allied bombers earlier. Allied armies also advanced through northern Italy to within 25 miles of the Alps.

1945 - On April 29,
Britain's Winston Churchill, appeals to Stalin to desist from the unilateral imposition of Soviet will in Poland, and also in Yugoslavia.

"There is not much comfort in looking into the future where you and the countries you dominate, plus the Communist Parties in many other States, are all drawn up on one side, and those who rally to the English-speaking nations and their associates or Dominions are on the other. It is quite obvious that their quarrel would tear the world to pieces, and that all of us leading men on either side who had anything to do with that would be ashamed for history. Even embarking on a long period of suspicions, of abuse and counter-abuse, and of opposing policies, would be a disaster hampering the great developments of world prosperity for the masses, which are attainable only by our trinity."

Churchill then contacted President Truman and encouraged him to allow General Eisenhower's troops to continue into Czechoslovakia with the admonition that if the Americans played no part in its liberation, it would fall under the control of the U.S.S.R. even as Yugoslavia had done. Churchill was too late, Eisenhower had already begun to pull back to the line agreed to at the Yalta conference and had informed the Soviet High Command that he would advance no further than Linz. Truman was unwilling to go back on the agreement about the future "Zones of Occupation" in Germany.

At the same moment, Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator, was caught by partisans and killed.

1945 - On May 1,
News of Adolf Hitler's suicide reaches many of the world leaders.

He had reportedly committed suicide in his Berlin bunker on April 30.
Heinrich Himmler had approached the Allies and offered partial recapitulation on April 23 and been denied.
Others had suggested to Hitler, that ending the War was a consideration.

Shortly afterwards, over $2.5 billion worth of gold and currency was taken from the German Reichsbank in Berlin, some of which later was fed back into the gold market. It became known as the "Black Eagle Operation"; although never acknowledged, it was taken by former Nazis and held in Swiss banks.

1945 - In May,
At the Trinity Site, New Mexico, a rehearsal explosion was detonated to calibrate instrumentation.
100 tons of conventional explosive were mounted on a 38-foot tower.
25 miles of road were paved to reduce the dust whipped up by the traffic along the original dirt road. 500 miles of wires and cable were installed for the site with cables and wiring running along the road as well both above ground and beneath. In the middle of May, the Army Air Force mistook the Trinity base for its illuminated practice bombing target and dropped bombs on the carpentry shop and another building. Army searchlights were added to follow the ball of fire by night and the mushroom cloud by day.

1945 - In May,
Averill Harriman, a key advisor of U.S. President Truman, acknowledged

"that the sooner the Soviet Union can develop a descent life for its people the more tolerant they will become. ... (the Soviets) should be given to understand that our willingness to co-operate wholeheartedly with them in their vast reconstruction problems will depend upon their behaviour in international matters. I am opposed to granting her that credit. I would apportion that credit out piecemeal, demanding in return concessions on the political field."

1945 - During May,
"Operation Paperclip" was enacted to seize German scientists working on the V-1 and V-2 rockets, prevent them from falling into the hands of the U.S.S.R., and get them to the U.S.A. "Office of Strategic Services" (OSS) Lieutenant Mroz, who had been dispatched with a unit on this operation, confronted an American lieutenant colonel in the field who would not cooperate. Mroz pulled a gun on the colonel and managed to round up the scientists specified. He was subsequently court-martialled. OSS director Donovan testified for him stating that "I'd rather have a young lieutenant with guts enough to disobey an order than a colonel too regimented to think and act for himself."

"Paperclip" brought Wernher von Braun and his team of V-1 and V-2 experts to the United States. Dr. Arthur Louis Hugo Randolph, another member of the team, would renounce his American citizenship in 1984 to return to Germany to avoid extradition hearings. He had controlled the slave-labor factory in the Harz Mountains, Mittlewerk Dora, during WWII, having joined the Nazi Party in 1931 and the paramilitary SA (storm troopers) in 1933. In the 35 years he worked for the U.S. Army and the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA), he designed the Pershing missile and supervised production of the Saturn 5 rocket, which put the Skylab space station into orbit and 12 Apollo astronauts on the moon. He was awarded NASA's highest medal in 1984: the Distinguished Service Medal.

1945 - After the War ends with Germany,
Soviet Army Prisoners of War are executed and German prisoners of war are taken to Gulag work camps in Siberia and elsewhere. Soviet POWs according to Stalin's earlier orders, are regarded as traitors. Thousands are taken off of trains in Poland, executed, and dumped in trench mass graves. Their spaces on the trains, bound for the Soviet Union are filled with German POWs.

1945 - On May 12,
Winston Churchill warns President Truman:

"I am profoundly concerned about the European situation.
What will be the position in a year when the British and American armies have melted ... when Russia may choose to keep two or three hundred (divisions) on active service? An iron curtain is drawn down upon their front. We do not know what is going on behind."

1945 - On May 23,
An equal one-third split of the surviving German warships and merchant shipping is proposed in a telegram sent to both USA President Harry S. Truman and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Germany had 157 submarines at the time.

1945 - In June,
U.S.A. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, reiterates that

"The United States cannot reach and maintain the high level of employment we have set as our goal unless the outlets for our production are larger than they've ever been before in peacetime."

Not wishing to entertain opposition or limitation in the marketplace by a strong U.S.S.R., Byrnes sidetracked the basic memorandum dealing with the issue of some agreement with the Russians that involved the recovery loan they had requested, and which had been verbally agreed to, by placing it in his "Forgotten File".

1945 - In June,
Edward U. Condon's USA passport is withdrawn on the instructions of General Leslie Groves, when the physicist is about to attend a conference in Moscow. Soon afterward, Condon is appointed Director of the National Bureau of Statistics by Secretary of Commerce Henry A Wallace. Elected president of the American Physical Society, Condon impudently calls for closer working relations with Russia. He issues:

"What is going on? Prominent scientists are denied the privilege of travelling abroad.
Physicists are not allowed to discuss certain areas of their science with each other ... Let us cast this isolationist, chauvinist poison from our minds before we corrode our hearts."

As an idealist, he believes the popular media acceptance of Russia as an ally of the USA and Britain; further, he sees scientists as professionals who work to solve problems and discover new insights, and science, as apolitical. What Condon fails to acknowledge at this time is that science is as political as the capital which finances it. The only time science is somewhat free to share with all others is when the scientist has fully absorbed ALL of the development costs and shares the new knowledge with anyone else who is interested, without charge. Scientists who believe otherwise have bought the romantic vision of the idealist which makes them slaves and/or mercenaries to their employer's morality.

1945 - June 26:
The United Nations is founded and 50 nations sign the charter.

1945 - By July,
Ho Chi Minh had assisted the U.S. OSS in organizing an intelligence network throughout Indochina.
He had reported on developments within Mao Tse-tung's Chinese Communist Party as well as on the political situation in Vietnam. One OSS/SSU officer in Vietnam during this period negotiated an arrangement with Ho for his future cooperation with the U.S.A. but never received approval from Washington. Ho Chi Minh respected the theoretical basis and freedoms of the American Republic and sought to pattern the new Vietnam after it. For inclusion of France in the American founded United Nations, Vietnam would be "sacrificed" to a resurgence of French colonialism and the information which Ho had supplied would be used against him by the nation he thus far had seen as a mentor!

1945 - By July,
The Japanese War Capability had been lost.
Almost all of their Air Force had been destroyed and military supplies, such as oil and steel, had been at a minimum for so long that shells were becoming scarce. An Allied naval blockade of Japan together with an absence of Japanese young men from the homeland was resulting in chronic shortages of civilian staples such as food. The USA had extended the British practice of bombing civilian targets in Germany to hitting such targets on Japan: the erroneous hope being that lack of civilian support would diminish the power of the military.

Such mass murder of non-combatants had become an acceptable practice amongst the Allies by the end of the War, usually rationalized by the mistreatment of the Allied troops by the Japanese and the Germans. Hostility was rising between the civilian population and the military-industrial-political alliance, as a consequence of troop losses and lifestyle degradation. At the same time, Kamakazi "spirit" warriors volunteered and received high social prestige for making suicide attacks against Allied trrops, ships and planes. Low fuel supplies increasingly resulted in the launching of attack planes which had insufficient fuel for a return flight. Foreign Minister Togo was instructed to find an end to the War. He in turn instructed the Japanese Ambassador to the USSR, Sato, to negotiate peace with the Allies with the assistance of the USSR.

Japan had signed a peace treaty with the USSR in 1941 with the intent of providing confidence to Stalin that however far the Japanese penetrated Asia in its war of conquest - it would not enter the USSR. Stalin had already been betrayed by Hitler, who had promised the same protection in an earlier treaty. Stalin was in the process of planning an attack against the Japanese troops in Asia with the intent of pushing them back, taking possession of their conquered territories, and, invading Japan.

1945 - Near July,
The planet Chiron was in perihelion (closest to the Sun), as it is in its orbit every 50.68 years. One of two largely overlooked planets in the Earth's solar system, Chiron approaches close to Saturn and then orbits out almost to Uranus.

Astrologically, its influence on the Earth and its lifeforms may be expected to be subtle.
The presence of Chiron in an individual's natale chart will influence that or those areas with characteristics described as discipline, severity, coldness, and, responsibility. Mythologically, Chiron was given the responsibility of guiding the young to maturity; awakening humanity in time to cope with challenging realities. Chiron was one of the more civilized and well-mannered beasts of mythology. Friendly towards humans, Chiron was a protector who taught morals, music, and medicine.

The last time that Chiron was in this position was near November, 1894.
Humanity had a challenge at that time as to how its organizations would cope with a crisis of global capital-based economies which faced collapse without expansion and subjugation; how masses of unemployed and underemployed workers would be afforded a decent lifestyle; how disoriented capital-based economies could be salvaged; how individual nations could survive without doing so at the expense of other nations; how humans could become more self-aware and compassionate to one another; how humans could become more ecologically aware and self-responsible; how humans could become more spiritually oriented and less idolistic; ....

Chiron introduced a threshold of opportunity for humanity and the human influence upon the Earth.
Challenges were evident; choices would have to be made.
Almost the same challenges now faced humanity again.
The decisions made over the next year would decide human policies for the next 20 years.
Heaven or hell on Earth was the reality of the decisions to be made.

Some of the challenges in the previous cycle were these:

   1878-1904: Finish drive for independence from Russia (Tsar Nicholas I);
   1872-1907: Swedish ecology (lumber & iron) exploited by water power;
   1872-1907: agrarian crisis necessitated transition back to animal husbandry;
   1892: India: striving for equality with British rule > drive for independence;
   1893: Britain: Independent Labour Party formed > rise of labour/socialism;
   1894: Belgium: universal suffrage was granted > Flem & Fr languages official;
   1894: British: complaints over Belgian atrocities in Congo > Belgium increased;
   1894-1906: The Dreyfus Affair > massive fraud > investor loss > anti-semitism;
   1894: Franco-Russian Dual Alliance - French capitalization of Russian industry;
   1894: Germany: tough legislation against revolutionary activities > Fascism;
   1894: Italy: Famine, dissolution of Socialist Leagues > anarchy > Fascism;
   1894: Russia: Tsar Nicholas II: autocracy & orthodoxy > imperialism > Revolt;
   1894: Sino-Japanese War: loss of Formosa > unrest > Boxer Rebellion in 1900;
   1894: South Africa: discovery of gold > British interest > Boer War in 1899;
   1895: Britain: market loss through competition > increased imperial expansion;
   1895: China: support received from European nations > economic imperialism;
   1895: German-Russian: measures against Japan > annoyance of Britain;
   1895: Ottoman Empire division: British plan to divide > rejected by Germany;
   1895: Uprising in Cuba against Spain - suported by USA & developed into war;
   1895: Madagascar: French subjugation and annexation of in bid for expansion;
   1896: Germany: Hamburg docker's strike > unions, socialism > imperialism;
   .....

In general, the challenges of how to utilize the profits of mass agriculture and a market economy peacefully, of how to humanize and regulate the use of mass industrialization, of how to expand a nation's economic base without the exploitation of others, of how to work together or in consideration of one another for group prosperity - were all coped with in destructive manners. Abuses grew, frustrations grew, scapegoats deflected self-responsibility away, profiteering increased economic class differences, nations greedily stole the lands of the less powerful, elitist nations tried to restrain competition from others. The result would be WWI. The challenges focused by Chiron (1894) would not be substantially altered by the conclusion of WWI, a stalemate. The abuses continued and led to WWII.

Could humans and their institutions change their patterns of response, or, like robots would they be doomed to repeat the errors of decisionmaking that led to so much human misery and needless violent death ?

1945 - In July,
The Allied Countries agree to temporarily partition Vietnam after the war with the British controlling the south and the Chinese controlling the north.

1945 -
U.S.A. President Truman decides to drop the atomic weapons on Japan.
He takes full responsibility for the action and believes to his death that such action saved millions of lives by "ending" the war. Leo Szilard and six others would prepare a petition beforehand and have James Franck send it to a panel appointed by Truman, which included Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, General George C. Marshall, and Secretary of State William Byrnes. Truman frequently stated openly that he knew little about most things: he came to rely heavily upon the guidance of a few appointed bureaucrats who had garnered favour in the past.

Brynes was ruthless and direct in his rationalizations of economy.
For both he, General Groves, and Henry Stimson - dropping the atomic bomb on CIVILIANS would engender fear in the leaders of all other nations. Such fear was expected to result in the cowering of the world at the feet of the USA and a Pax Americana which would lead to an economic conquest (new empire) of the world by capitalism. In such a world, the USA would be the leader-master; all other nations would revere it and economically serve it: America would become the prosperous, elitist society of the future.

The panel appointed Enrico Fermi, Arthur Compton, Ernest Lawrence and Robert Oppenheimer to recommend on the military use of atomic weapons against Japan. After the Trinity test, there was only enough fuel left for FOUR bombs. It would be several months before more was ready. The scientists suggested a publicized test shot as an alternative to military use of the bomb. But Truman and his advisors were not interested in only ending the war. The question was bigger for them: They had the opportunity to grasp world domination - to force peace, political uniformity and economic elitism. Their decision was given BEFORE the Trinity test.

If not consciously, then certainly as a matter of the patterns of his beliefs and his briefings, Truman intentionally dropped the atomic bombs to assert the political-military domination of the world by the U.S.A. He chose to refute the earlier agreement between Churchill and Roosevelt of making the existence of the bomb known to the world before its use and thereby enabling its use to be conditioned by the concerns of other nations. The credit, and the power, would not be shared. He was aware, from the military intelligence he had received, that the war could be won without these weapons. He was aware that the American economy after the war might fall back into economic depression without free access to most world markets. Only acknowledged authority would guarantee that access. He and others, after the bombs were dropped, believed that the knowledge of their possession of such strength would enable them to force the Soviets to accept American proposals without recourse to war. People who have been repeatedly threatened and attacked do not place trust in new arrivals who display superior strength and then demand servitude to whatever they decide is desirable for themselves.

His authoritarian response to others, whom he could not see as anything different than extensions of himself and his cultural background, left him with no tolerance for the histories, beliefs or motivations of other countries or their leaders. Japan deserved to be taught a lesson for daring to thwart the U.S.A. Any country, or leader, that dared to reject the American dream was abhorrent. For Truman, the end justified the means. Killing hundreds of thousands of civilians was justified if it meant conversion of the ideology of the nation involved. The Japanese conversion to a less military dominated style of economic imperialism would threaten the collapse of the American economy in the 1980s. Children shamed into perfection often lose respect and tolerance for their less-than-perfect parents.

Edward Teller was in favour of a high altitude test over Japan before the Hiroshima and Nagasaki drops. Szilard suggested that he pass a petition to that effect amongst the scientists at Los Alamos; Oppenheimer was against it, acknowledging that it was a political decision, so Teller dropped the idea. Later, both greatly regretted not having made the statement and effort. Teller wrote back to Szilard that he would not sign the petition because he had no hope of clearing his conscience in that way, for the things they had created were "so terrible that no amount of protesting or fiddling will save our souls." Teller had worked on the project because "the problems interested me and I should have felt it a great restraint not to go ahead." He wrote that he would be doing the wrong thing if he "tried to say how to tie the little toe of the ghost to the bottle from which we just helped it to escape." It was impossible to outlaw a weapon, but it might be possible to outlaw war if the bomb were used for military purposes. He sent a copy of his letter to Oppenheimer.

Teller had disturbed digestion, ate large quantities of sugar, and had lost a foot in an accident.
He valued his two children and his wife as the greatest gifts he had received.

His later actions would demonstrate that he believed the cold war axiom that if we have terrible weapons, our only hope of peace is to have more of them than our enemies, or worse ones, so our enemies will be too afraid for themselves to use theirs against us. Most future criminology findings would refute this position by demonstrating that RAGEe seeks a violent resolution without regard to the consequences of future existence: most murders are committed between spouses, friends, and family members - not by assassins or armed criminals.

Only the unpublicized intervention by the REDs on an unspecified number of occasions over the next 40 years would prevent nuclear war, unbeknown to all but the military. UFOs would be seen numerous times over nuclear material and weapons depots and silos as well as nuclear power plants. Afterward, nuclear material would be found missing, both in the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. and in other countries. The military was too proud, ashamed, and angry at their compromised authority to reveal the truth.

General George Marshall was planning an invasion of Japan for November, 1945.
He was appalled by the projections of casualties in such a landing knowing that the Japanese had been trained to be fanatical to the point of death before surrender. From previous military engagements with them in the Pacific and from their ruthlessness through China, Indochina and Indonesia, Marshall felt that without the bomb, the Americans would have to exterminate the Japanese completely. Americans and the west knew almost nothing of Japanese culture or psychology and that saving face would be important to the Japanese in a surrender. He compared the bombs to the use of poison gas. Despite international agreement to outlaw the use of poison gas, he was ready to use it at Okinawa, after the terrible losses at Iwo Jima. Instead flamethrowers were used at Okinawa, which projected a flaming gelatinous material onto the target.

After the war, Americans consoled themselves with the belief that the effects of the bombs dropped allowed the Japanese to surrender with honour. Little acknowledgement was made to the real attempts made to the U.S.A. before the Hiroshima bombing to reach peace. Decades would pass before translated Japanese documents would reveal that Japan had never planned for participation in a war longer than 3 years and that in 1945, part of their fanaticism was due to the fact that few supplies remained: a kamikaze was a more effective use of available resources than a missed target or wounded troops that required assistance.

1945 - On July 16,
The Trinity Test was the first experimental nuclear bomb detonation.
It was to test the more sophisticated plutonium device of the two which had been prepared.
The Trinity site was on a stretch of arid New Mexican desert that Spanish settlers referred to as the "Journey of Death". The blast formed a depression half a mile wide and broke windows 120 miles away. The site now is within the White Sands Missile range. It is about 37 miles from Socorro. On the day of the tests, scientists could not calculate the yield of the bomb any more accurately than between 5 and 20 kilotons. Refitted tanks scooped up samples of surface dirt afterwards for scientists to extrapolate the yield from the projected remains of unexploded plutonium.

On the day of the test, 425 scientists, technical aides, military personnel were on site.
Observers were to witness the test from 20 miles away. Coaxial cables linking the control bunker to the signal detonation of the explosive lenses in the bomb were connected on the Friday, 13th, one broke when they were covered and a day in the hot sun was required to find the break and repair it. Before the test a desert sandstorm with thunder and lightning increased the dangers of mishap. The sandstorm turned to rain, delaying the shot.

Hours before the detonation, scientists were still discussing the possibilities that such a reaction was not possible, possible, would chain-react with the nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere and/or with the oceans and end the world. Before the explosion, Edward Teller had requested the task of recalculating this possibility, considered in 1942 by the Oppenheimer group and reconfirmed its unlikeliness. Teller believed that in computing, one should always make "idiot checks", especially when using electronic computers. This approach proved valuable at times. His name would often be linked to the hydrogen bomb in the future, an association he disliked.

When detonated, after the initial sun-like flash, the fireball was surrounded by a huge cloud of transparent purplish air produced by the radiations from the bomb and its fission products. The light from the explosion was seen in towns as far away as 180 miles. Two additional explosions occurred in the mushroom cloud as it rose to 36,000 feet. The bomb crater was 1,200 feet in diameter, with another crater of 130 feet diameter and 6 feet deep at the center where the steel tower had stood.

Oppenheimer fulfilled the perfect image of a Walk-in. He was not.
Addicted to the ecstasy of new revelations he was skilfully recruited by the BLONDS.
It was unfortunate and mistakenly believed by the BLONDS that if one political entity on Earth possessed the power of nuclear energy and destruction, the remainder of humanity would band together with the superior force in peaceful unity and the more powerful nation would in return develop the spiritual attributes of reverence, humility, compassion and sharing.

For Oppenheimer:
"It seems hard to live any other way than thinking it better to know something than not to know it; and the more you know the better, provided you know it honestly ...."

In return for displays of technology and capabilities that were hard to imagine, he was able to plant suggestions in the minds of those around him which led to "discoveries" which became the difference between success and failure.

Much of the bomb's development would, in reality, be futile, as the REDs knew.
Japan was trying to surrender when Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed.
Other scientists, who shared Oppenheimer's idealism, decided against the intended military and political imperialism of the time which advocated eventual control by the U.S.A. which would force peace on the world under American political and economic structures. The GRAYS were in favour of this world homogeneity which would make easy their eventual control. Later they would encourage global nuclear war as a means of eliminating troublesome unpredictable human resistance to overt servitude. As the REDs would point out repeatedly, it is not a question of knowing, but one of responsibility, that determines positive self-direction, the capability of which only comes with spiritual skills and strength.

1945 -
Roy R. Grinker, M.D. and John P. Spiegel, M.D. have their "Men Under Stress" published in which they outline 65 cases of stress fatigue and battle illness, indicative of their over 3,000 cases (since February, 1944) as diagnosed and treated from amongst the combat crews of the USA Army Air Force.
Some of their findings are as follows:

"Nothing is so powerful and yet so responsive to delicate touch as modern aircraft.
Flying a plane requires skill, strength and fine control, which is demonstrable at every turn and each landing. The mastery of the power in the machine is a challenge which gives a justified sense of accomplishment when it has been successfully met. Furthermore, the flier increases his sense of power by identifying himself with his plane, which he feels as an extension of his own body. He thereby achieves a feeling of aggressive potency bordering on the unchallenged strength of a superman. ...

The flier's opportunity to master his environment and to dominate a powerful machine represents an attraction which is emotionally satisfying to the average young man in our civilization. Its appeal is universal and many respond to it out of a perfectly healthy interest. On the other hand, it is also a very satisfying compensation for feelings of inferiority. It is a purposeful and socially acceptable escape from, and compensation for, personal defeats among ground-bound humans. It is the perfect prescription for those that are weak, hesitant or frustrated on earth. Give them wings, 2000 horses compressed into a radial engine, and what can stop them? Furthermore, this denial of weakness and dependence is highly exhibitionistic. The flier is universally recognized as someone daring and courageous with dash and glamour. To the extent that this exhibitionistic satisfaction covers a real, underlying sense of inferiority, the attraction to flying represents an unhealthy motivation. ...

Relatively few opportunities for training have been available at reasonable cost in civilian life.
Suddenly, (in war) with the tremendous expansion of the Army Air Forces, unlimited opportunities have beckoned to almost anyone who can meet the physical, educational, and intellectual requirements for flying training. ...

Still later (in the war) manpower shortages forced the acceptance of men regardless of educational achievements .... Experience has shown that the best fliers, allowing for the usual exceptions, are young men. Older persons cannot easily or thoroughly acquire the coordination and skill necessary to handle a fast-moving ship successfully. Beyond the age of 27 years, failures are more frequent than success. ...

An examination of the work record and past history of a large number of fliers shows that, at the time they were accepted for training, they were still in the adolescent phase of testing themselves against the world and of developing confidence in themselves. From the standpoint of both practical achievement and psychological maturity they show a wide range of success. Many have retained considerable emotional and economic dependence on their families. Immediately prior to induction a great number were still living at home, where they were inclined to be spoiled by their mothers and dominated by their fathers. A large percentage of these youths have an emotional attachment to their mothers far more intense than their chronological ages should permit. In this regard they conform to the average contemporary product of our past decades, which is the result of an excessive gratification of children combined with an insincerity in instilling mature standards of conduct.

Among enlisted men and, to a smaller degree, among officers, a large number of broken homes have been responsible for a disturbed family life. Parents separated or divorced, stepfathers and stepmothers, familial discord, a drunken, sadistic father and other disturbing family settings give an unexpected view of the cross-section of family life. ... some of the men have had more than the usual amount of economic difficulty because of either chronically poor family circumstances or personal limitations, or both. ...

A large heterogenous group of adult behaviour problems cause difficulties, not in learning to fly or in combat, but because they lead to personality clashes. Schizoid individuals, who are motivated for flying largely on account of a desire to get away from interpersonal contacts, create problems because they are unable to achieve close teamwork. They clash with other personalities and show peculiar (reckless) judgement in flying, often refusing to follow operational routines. Such personalities are frequently aggressive in combat and are difficult to control and maintain in formation. They resent retreat and cautious maneuvers.

Psychopathic personalities are openly critical and disrespectful of leadership, and resent lack of personal recognition. They may refuse to fly because of these personal difficulties, or become paranoid, with little insight into their own problems. They are not amenable to military authority and openly disobey regulations, frequently flying low in hazardous exhibitions. Their very aggressiveness frequently leads them into courageous exploits but creates serious problems when they return as heroes and are unable to resume a normal existence. ... it is difficult to impose new social restrictions on them, once combat has permitted them to be openly aggressive and hostile. ....

Men with obsessive-compulsive characters often make good bomber pilots, since their rigid patterns of behaviour cause them to be steady and reliable. They learn slowly and retain tenaciously what they have learned, but are slow to adapt to new or emergency situations. Interferences with their rituals by dirt, bad food, poor living conditions and excessive pressure, and new and unexpected combat experiences often breaks down their compulsive defenses and throw them into reactive depressions. ...

In fact, individuals who are not stimulated to anxiety (in war) are predisposed to severe psychotic-like breakdowns when stress reaches their personal threshold. The subjective emotion of anxiety and its physiological concomitants force some men to fight, others to retreat. In some, the anxiety reaches a stage of uneconomical and destructive influence on the ego, paralyzing or freezing the individual. In still other fliers, anxiety is stimulated in economic quantities and it evokes an adequate aggressiveness, but it persists pathologically without decrement. Thus it gradually accumulates on successive missions, resulting eventually in a breakdown. ...

The environment of combat ... possesses an insane, nightmare quality, like a bad dream which keeps recurring. This is due not only to the senseless destruction and incredible waste of battle, but also to its interminable nature; it cannot be stopped or brought under control. In civilian life, every effort is made to resolve conflicts and abolish misery, to reduce stress, strain and pain, and to make life as comfortable as possible. ... In battle the stress is never concluded, nor can it be controlled. Rather, the intent is to increase the stress continually in the furious pursuit of victory. It is man-made, it is intended that way, and therefore it cannot be escaped, avoided or controlled, but only endured. ...

The pressure to conform to the demands of the group is almost a compulsion, of which the individual is largely unaware .... Loyalty is exclusive of ethical, political or moral considerations. It is intolerant of all considerations in opposition to the welfare of the person, group, or idea for which the loyalty is felt. ... The ability to identify with a group and the past history of such identification are probably the most important (motivational) components ... for combat. ... The necessity to kill (or be killed) is usually something that is endured or accepted as necessary. It is erroneous to consider that hatred of the enemy is necessary for a good fighting morale, for hatred and sadistic gratification from killing are sources of guilt to the hater and are not the best motivation for objective (rationalized: someone elses subjective excuses) and successful combat. ...

When morale deteriorates ... we read of our enemies countering this situation ... by shooting all who attempt to escape. At the same time they try to reduce the general anxiety by ordering increased distribution of whiskey and wine. ... The soldier who attempts to run away when everyone is running is not ill. The military situation is ill. ...

As sensitivity increases ... Athletic activity in the daytime (to reduce stress) gives way to drinking and card parties at night, often carried to such an excess that no one gets any sleep. ... Hostile, aggressive activity, therefore, becomes a boomerang that may result in self destruction, ....

In its search for a more reliable source of protection than the group (or recognized authority), the dependent ego reverts ... (to its childhood where) feats of magic are no more impressive or unbelievable than the wondrous accomplishments of the adults about him. ... if the magic formula or charm appears to work, the intense need for help and protection becomes concentrated and fixed upon it. Many men are unable to place their confidence in (the spiritual), and, finding themselves (in their awareness and perception) deserted and without aid from any quarter, still do not develop anxiety. Being certain of imminent death (their spirit broken), neither the past nor the future has any meaning to them; only the present moment is real. ...

Their consumption of alcohol increases often to the point where it is limited only by the source of supply. Alcohol not only benumbs their loneliness and despair but also affords a substitute relief for their dependent cravings. They become aggressive and quarrelsome in their relations with others, taking out their resentments on any scapegoat. If women are available, they frequently satisfy much of their dependent need as well as their hostility in furious sexual activity. The "I don't give a damn" reaction is actually closer to a masked depression than to a successful adaptation (and) ... is unstable and often breaks down ....

Operational fatigue is the euphemism by which war neuroses are designated in the Army Air Forces. ... manifested by irritability, sleeplessness, loss of energy, loss of weight, mild gastrointestinal symptoms, headaches and mild subjective anxiety. ... are reversible in the early stages by means of rest, diversion, good food, favourable living conditions, and relief from physical and emotional stress and monotony ... rest camps .... The great variety of symptoms (includes) ... restlessness, ... fatigue on arising and lethargy, difficulty in falling asleep, subjective anxiety, easy fatigue, startle reaction, feeling of tension, depression, personality changes and memory disturbances, tremor and evidences of sympathetic overactivity, difficulty in concentrating and mental confusion, increased alcoholism, preoccupation with combat experiences, decreased appetite, nightmares and battle dreams, ... suspiciousness. ...

We have stated many times that the emotional expressions evoked under the influence of pentothal must be considered ... rarely curative in itself but is the necessary beginning to the attainment of insight (of severly neurotic behaviours). Subsequent interviews, interpretations and "working through" are necessary in almost every case. ... For the same reason, ... Ether or alcohol (drunkenness) may make the patient more susceptible to hypnotic suggestion, but not to insight."

Consider that these are the men who may determine the war image of your country, who may become the idols of the young, who - if they survive, will father, imprint and mentor the next generation, and, who will be charged with spontaneously re-initiating a constructive and balanced family relationship where one may not have existed before their exposure to combat.

1945 - During July,
The USS Indianapolis (The Shark) was sent from California on a mission to Guam with a crated nuclear bomb on deck. For security reasons it was to travel without electronic communication during the trip and it did not have an escort. While passing through the Marianis Islands in the west Pacific Ocean area, the Indianapolis was struck by 4 Japanese Kaitens torpedoes. At least 1197 persons were on board the ship which sunk quickly. A search for the ship and survivors did not begin for several days until it was deemed overdue. With the great amount of territory in which it could have been, the difficulty of spotting sailors floating in the water and weather conditions, it would be another number of days before the survivors were found. There were 880 fatalities.

To save face for bureaucratic errors, safeguard the true mission of the Shark from the public, and try to appease the public for such a great loss, the Navy courtmarshalled Captain Charley B. McVey, III. and made him a scapegoat. To the public, it would be made to appear that McVey had failed to maintain radio contact and that such negligence had resulted in the great numbers of deaths which had occurred after the sinking and had been due to shark attack, fatigue, exposure and drowning. The captain's courtmarshall was quietly set aside in 1949, after public concern waned. Public and professional ostracism and accusations continued to harass the defenceless McVey who was bound by a secrecy oath. On November 6, 1968, with his spirit broken by continued public humiliation, McVey committed suicide. The truth would not be made widely known until the early 1990s. The nuclear bomb was never recovered.

1945 - On July 17,
The Decision to drop Atomic Bombs on Japan was made by USA President Truman.
USA military intelligence codebreakers, the Magic Intercepts , had already informed President Truman of the Japanese desire to surrender and of their movements through the USSR to initiate peace negotiations. Over 70 scientists who had worked on the research behind and the construction of the atomic weapons had signed a declaration asking Truman not to use the weapons. The military General who had received the request intentionally withheld it from the President for 10 days. Many military, political and scientific advisers discouraged Truman from using the nuclear weapons.

James F. Byrnes, a senior advisor to Truman was one of the few to advise Truman to use the nuclear weapons. A political strategist with a realist thinking style, Byrnes advocated the ruthless, deceptive and manipulative option of the mass murder of hundreds of thousands of Japanese for the purpose of coercing a quick unconditional surrender from a beaten enemy. The greed of complete control of the details of the surrender - unshared with any other nation - reigned supreme.

Truman used these "political" considerations to rationalize his own rage feelings of revenge which had been manipulated by the military controlled hate media contrived against the Japanese by American intelligence agents. The Japanese had entered war with the mindset of a possessive parent trying to provide a lifestyle of plenty while starting from a materially poor civilian lifestyle in an international market in which discrimination ensured that their poverty would increase - until they lost their freedom. For them, war was an act of desperation and a striving for equality; it was not a gentleman's game of moving chess pieces around to determine who could win privilege. For them, the Geneva Convention "rules of war" were a hypocracy: the intent of war was domination, control and killing.

Most of the real cruelty and disregard for life expressed by Japanese soldiers both before and during the War would remain unknown to the rest of the world until after the War. In the place of the horror of the bare truth, HATE had to be manufactured from pieces of the truth tied together with disinformation and dramatized through the mass media by repetition and shock tactics. Truman sought the retribution which he and his citizens had been brainwashed to demand; Byrnes sought global political supremacy for the USA. No spiritual consideration was entertained.

The 509th Composite Group on Tinian Island was instructed to prepare for this final offensive. Secret committees were set up to choose the targets. If weather permitted, 4 Japanese cities were to be obliterated on the day selected: Kokura, Hiroshima, Niigata, Nagasaki. They were to have been untouched by earlier bombings; they were to have some form of military industry of any size; they were to be inhabited; there was to be no prior warning: cities and civilians were intended to be the primary targets.

1945 - Between July 17 and August 1,
At The Potsdam Conference, Allied leaders and their representatives met to discuss how they would split German's resources.
After lengthy discussions, Admiral Kuznetsov, Ernest J. King, the USA Chief of Naval Operations, and Andrew B. Cunningham, the British First Sea Lord, reached the decision to scuttle all surviving German U-boats with the exception of 30 units which they would split between each of them. In addition to the ten which the Soviet Union received and immediately put into service, several factories producing submarine components and the Schichan assembly yard at Danzig had been occupied by the Soviets and complete sections for at least another 8 submarines were in the yard. Everything was subjected to exhaustive study and research. Three Rumanian submarines captured by the Soviets in August, 1944, were put into service in the Black Sea fleet. Two others were added to that fleet after their acquisition from Italy as a condition of a treaty signed with them. All captured Japanese submarines would be examined by the British and Americans and then sunk.

1945 - On July 21,
Truman met with Stalin.
With the success of the Trinity test, Truman was confident and aggressive.
Before the test, he had stated: "If the bomb explodes, I certainly have a hammer on those (USSR) guys!"
Truman determined beforehand that the United States would not recognize any of the eastern European satellite countries until they were "established on a proper basis." James F. Byrnes, director of the USA mobilization for war and fully aware of the Manhattan Project as well as the most trusted of Truman's advisors, had cautioned Truman not to engage the USSR in any of the peace negotiations to follow: co-occupation of Europe and Japan with the USSR was to be avoided at all costs. Capitalistic domination of such regions would be frustrated by the presence of the Soviet Communists.

Stalin informed Truman of the urgent requests from Japanese Ambassador Sato for a negotiated peace. Truman discouraged Stalin from participating in the negotiations and encouraged him to be part of a deception of the Japanese by suggesting interest yet providing delays to Sato. Japanese Prime Minister Suzuki would wait for a reply after Potsdam: Stalin advised that an answer was forthcoming. The Japanese waited with apprehension and without further requests, fearing that the eventual offer would state the demand of an unconditional surrender - which they believed would mean the eventual execution of their Emperor, Hirohito. To the Japanese, their Emperor held the significance of the Pope to the Roman Catholics, Mohammed to the Moslems, Christ to the Protestants, Marx to the Communists.

After returning to England, Churchill told the House of Commons that Truman "stood up to the Russians in a most emphatic and decisive manner, telling them as to certain demands that they absolutely could not have and that the United States was entirely against them ... He told the Russians just where they got off and generally bossed the whole meeting."

While Stalin knew of the success of the Trinity test through espionage, he probably gained greater insight into its influence by watching the actions of Truman and Byrne immediately after it. Their actions, doubtless stirred envy, respect and fear in Stalin. The Soviets had requested war reparations from Germany in the form of heavy industrial equipment from the restored production of the famed Ruhr Valley. Byrnes and Truman refused leaving Molotov to question if this meant that each country should take reparations from its own zone of occupation? Secretary Byrnes said that was true in substance, further refusing to agree to specifics which the Soviets sought. As such negotiations had begun almost a month previous, on July 23, Stalin accepted the apparent Byrnes proposal of taking reparations from the states in occupation.

To further clarify the proposal, Stalin suggested that "with regard to shares and foreign investments, perhaps the demarcation lines between the Soviet and Western zones of occupation should be taken as the dividing lines and everything west of that line would go to the Allies and everything east of that line to the Russians." Truman and Byrnes agreed with "a line running from the Baltic to the Adriatic" with Britain, the Soviets and the Americans agreeing further that Yugoslavia would go to the Allies, Greece to Britain, Austria would be divided, and the Russian claim would be limited to the zone occupied by the Russian army. In agreeing to such a proposal, Truman assumed that soon to be demonstrated American power would keep Eastern Europe open to trade while not allowing Soviet reparations from Germany would mean the U.S.A. would not be indirectly financing the recovery of the U.S.S.R. through lend-lease to Germany. Stalin understood the agreement to mean that any territory captured before all Axis powers surrendered would remain under the control of the U.S.S.R. Truman dropped the bombs to halt that advance.

1945 - On July 23,
President Truman met with General George C. Marshall, Secretary of War, Stimson, and others.
It was generally agreed that the U.S.S.R. was no longer needed in the war against Japan.
They talked very directly of using the bomb before the Russians could enter the conflict.
Stimson had recommended that course as early as July 2 - that the bomb be used before the Russian attack had progressed too far. Stimson later cautioned Truman not to use the bomb as an excuse not to negotiate with the Russians for fear such actions would lead into another armaments race, and perhaps even, to a horrible war with the U.S.S.R.

1945 - On July 24,
Soviet Navy Day, Josif Stalin declares that

"the Soviet people want to see their Navy still stronger and more powerful.
Our people will create new combat ships and new bases for the Navy."

1945 - By this year,
Marcel Vogel, a research chemist, who studied for years to become a Franciscan priest, was finding his interest in luminescence paying off. His company, called "Vogel Luminescence", in San Francisco, California was becoming a leader in its field. It would develop a variety of new products: the red color seen on television screens; fluorescent crayons; tags for insecticides; a "black light" inspection kit to determine, from their urine, the secret trackways of rodents in cellars, sewers, and slums; and the psychedelic colors popular to "new age" posters. By the mid-1950s, he would become bored with the tedium of running a company and sell it to go to work for IBM.

1945 - In late July,
Enrico Fermi and Edward Teller began work at Los Alamos on the thermonuclear ignition problem.
They worked on the problem until September when the war ended. Most scientists at Los Alamos believed that the U.S.S.R. was so far behind the U.S.A. in nuclear technology that it would take 20 or 30 years before it developed a fission bomb and longer before they began serious work on a thermonuclear device.

1945 - On August 1,
The "Awa Maru" a cargo vessel enroute to Japan, was sunk, "accidentally" by the American submarine "Queen Fish".
It went to the bottom of the Formosa Strait, 14 miles off the Chinese mainland.
2,007 people died. At least $500 million of confiscated bullion and precious goods were aboard destined for the Japanese emperor. The Awa Maru had made 3 other "mercy missions" to Japan earlier, under Allied guarantee of safety. Similar cargo had been loaded on for those trips.

1945 -
Hiroshima (August 06) and Nagasaki (August 9) are bombed by USA nuclear weapons.
The U-235 simpler design bomb was dropped on Hiroshima; the plutonium type, tested beforehand, was dropped on Nagasaki. Had the war continued, many other Japanese civilians would have died in the American fire bombing of their cities. Earlier in the summer, 100,000 Japanese died in the firestorm which followed the bombing of Tokyo by the USA bombers. Gasoline incendiary bombs had been used in a determined effort to cause as much civilian devastation as possible. Now, the Japanese inner cabinet was not unanimous in offering peace (rather than surrender) before the drops; afterwards, Emperor Hirohito acceded personally to the ultimatum issued at Potsdam for Japan to surrender unconditionally.

At 8:15 A.M., on August 6, as Japanese civilians were on their way to work, the American B29 bomber, "Enola Gay", turned away from the middle of Hiroshima as "Little Boy", a 9,000 pound atomic bomb which it had dropped, detonated at 1800 feet above the city. People on the ground either heard a roar followed by total darkness, or, saw intense brightness and felt intense heat before the influence of the blast. Thousands were instantly vaporized. Those far enough away were amazed by the colours which emanated from the growing fireball: all of the colours imaginable seemed to emanate and flicker over the column of fire. The clear blue sky of a few seconds earlier became filled with fallout, a vapourized river and vapourized humans: a black rain fell.

Everywhere, survivors were groaning and crying out for help and in terror; initially, it was difficult to distinguish between the corpses and the living. Burning and partly melted bodies littered the streets. Almost every building in the city had been levellled by the blast. Persons with blackened charred bodies pleaded to be killed in mercy. Others begged for water, dehydrated by their burns and by radiation sickness. Skin pealed off many of the survivors and their clothing was either burned away or in tatters. 130,000 died from the blast or soon afterwards from their injuries; many tens of thousands would die from burns, radiation sickness, other injuries: within 5 years, the death toll directly attributed to the bomb would reach 200,000 for this one city.

The USA President would call it the "greatest day in history. ... a new and revolutionary increase in destruction." Several days later, Nagasaki would be bombed: 70,000 civilians would be killed by the blast alone. Perhaps 30,000 Allied soldiers had been starved and mistreated following their opposition to Japanese forces. The USA now had its revenge. While 4 million Japanese soldiers still occupied the war fronts, almost 240,000 civilians would be murdered in their homeland - within hours. Perhaps as many as another 100,000 would die within 5 years from chronic health problems precipitated by the influence of the bomb. For every Allied soldier mistreated, 8 Japanese civilians had been burned to death! Many more would die a slow lingering death. Even with all of its destructiveness, this initial design was still quite crude by later standards: only 1 kilogram of its 28 kiliogram uranium payload is considered to have achieved fission - producing an explosion which was the equivalent of 15,000 tons of TNT. Had it possesses the greater efficiency of later designs, much of southern Japan would have been destroyed in a clear act of genocide.

Those who survived the lethal heat and radiation effects within the city typically progressed through a sequence of declining health which extended over a few days to a few months. They first endured nausea, diarrhea, dehydration and headaches. Their hair fell out. Purplish blotches appeared on their skin and their gums began to bleed. Eventually, death occurred. General Douglas MacArthur imposed censorship on all USA and other non-Japanese media. Almost immediately, the Allied occupational forces took the position of monitoring the progression of the devastation with little attempt of sharing known medical information about the influence of and treatment of radiation sickness. Within days, all of the reports and film footage of the real devastation were classified as Top Secret as a measure to contain the reality away from the American people and the "scientific and military significance" from the Soviet Union. Military Intelligence began to construct disinformation to placate the citizens back home in America and to deceive the rest of the world so that nuclear weapons development could continue to receive capital funding after the war: it had become big business.

The world would ultimately receive the legacy of the Hiroshima bomb's radioactivity.
Much of the remaining radioactive fallout would circulate around the Earth in the atmosphere to deposit into the Pacific Ocean and over North America. Much of the rest would wash away into the ocean surrounding Japan.

Stalin immediately showed great interest in the new weapon.
He may have known about the fission weapons even before Truman. During the development of the bombs at Los Alamos, Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi (Italian), Leo Szilard (Hungarian), George Gamow (Russian) and Neils Bohr (Danish) would have leaked research secrets or progress reports to U.S.S.R. representatives, intentionally or not, as revealed by Soviet spy chief Pavel Anatolievich in 1994.

Although all chose to continue their work in the U.S.A. and develop the bomb for peace, all had been treated as "aliens" and security risks until at least 1942. As an example, Enrico Fermi was not allowed to travel anywhere without security agent/driver John Baudino, for at least a year. Others were routinely harassed by national security seeking any connection with socialist or communist groups/seminars/sympathizers, an expression of idealism and open-mindedness at the time. For half of the war, the U.S.S.R. was openly accepted as an ally of the U.S.A. and Britain, with huge amounts of military hardware being sent to them.

Robert Oppenheimer left the directorship of Los Alamos at the end of the war obsessed by the guilt of his participation in the nuclear devastation, telling Teller that he would have nothing more to do with thermonuclear work. When it became evident that the U.S.S.R. and China would likely develop a hydrogen bomb and threaten world peace, Oppenheimer re-entered the research to direct Los Alamos until early 1950 when his security clearance would be strongly questioned. As he had participated in the transfer of documents to the U.S.S.R. earlier, guilt also may have played a part in his decision to return.

Many of the scientists in the Manhattan project believed that the findings of science should be shared equally around the world; many feared the autocratic possession of the bomb by one nation would encourage a Nazi doctrine in the U.S.A. The heavy security imposed by General Groves was very irritating to some scientists who felt they could not share their findings with friends and associates, a complete reverse of the common aims of science.

Few really could acknowledge that they were, in reality, working for the military.
It would have been difficult for some people to maintain a sense of total allegiance to a country which advertised freedom for the individual yet during times of maximum uncertainty treated them with suspicion and without acceptance. How could a person treated as an expected spy consider the U.S.A. as his country. In reaction to this treatment, some scientists (ie. Teller) were obsessive in their allegiance and support for the military, and were rewarded accordingly.

1945 -
Dean Acheson writes on the day of Hiroshima,

"If we can't work out some sort of organization of great powers, we shall be gone geese for fair." (see Baruch Plan, 1946.)

Dwight D. Eisenhower, American General and later 2-term President, would remark after the bombing:

"It was not necessary to hit them with that awful thing."

1945 -
Stalin sends troops into Manchuria within 2 days after the bombing of Hiroshima.
Now that the USA has dropped their atomic bomb, Stalin knows that his time to aggregate power and territory before the end of the War is drawing short. Within days, 1,200,000 Japanese soldiers surrender to the USSR, which is welcomed by the Chinese as liberators. With the Japanese code of honour indoctrined into the Japanese troops, such a mass surrender is only thinkable within the reality of negligible supplies and armaments which which to mount a defense.

1945 - August:
The Viet Minh captures Hanoi and proclaims the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV).
The Chinese withdraw. During August and September, Ho Chi Minh sends requests to U.S.A. President Truman and to the Secretary of State, through the Office of Strategic Services, precursor of the C.I.A., asking that Vietnam be accorded "the same status as the Philippines" for a period of tutelage pending independence.

From October to the following February, Ho Chi Minh wrote at least 8 letters to President Truman or to the Secretary of State, formally appealing for the United States and the United Nations intervention against French colonization. None were answered or even acknowledged.

To bolster American pride in its founding of the United Nations, the U.S.A. was wooing France into continued involvement in the United Nations ... and would continue to do so for the inclusion of France into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) at a later date. The reality was that racial integrity was closer between power proud white Americans and French caucasian power fathers, colonialists, than between power proud caucasian Americans and power poor oriental Vietnamese revolutionaries. America would not begin to acknowledge its own black Americans until the 1970s.

1945 - During August,
Soviet leader Stalin envisages a conflict between the USSR and the West in 10-15 years, and that the Soviet Union must be militarily superior at that time. He will call for a rapid production of all categories of weapons.

1945 - During August,
Lord Keyes, an influential British economist, stated:

"Shortage of material goods is not going to be the real problem of the post-war world for more than a brief period. Beyond question we are entering into the age of abundance. The time may well come - when the sums which now overwhelm us may seem chicken-feed ..."

1945 - Before the end of August,
Norman Cousins wrote in the "Saturday Review" under the title "Modern Man is Obsolete".
The basis of loyalty to the nation-state was that it offered security to its citizens.
With atomic weapons, could anyone be secure any longer? Technology had overtaken established systems of political allegiance, and humanity would either adjust to the change by moving toward world government or slide eventually into a war between obsolete political entities armed with atomic bombs. If people could not make the adjustment to world government, it might be just as well to raze the great cities, burn down the universities and libraries, and revert to a simple, pastoral existence. That would at least assure the continuation of the human species.

1945 - On September 2,
Japan Surrenders to the USA and Allies.
In the final surrender ceremonies, General Douglas MacArthur stated:

"A new era is upon us ... The utter destruction of the war potential, through progressive advances in scientific discovery, has in fact now reached a point which revises the traditional concept of war.

Men since the beginning of time have sought peace ... military alliances, balances of power, leagues of nations all in turn have failed, leaving the only path to be by way of the crucible of war.

We have had our last chance. If we do not now devise some greater and more equitable system, Armageddon will be at the door. The problem is basically theological and involves a spiritual recrudescence and improvement of human character. It must be of the spirit if we are to save the flesh."

MacArthur expresses the naive status quo myths which stimulate human pride and destruction while conveying a denial of basic human history. Increasing population densities have led to increasing sophistication of weaponry with the express desire of the proponents for genocicde. Whether war has been declared formally or not, the conquest of material wealth, the subjugation of other cultures, nations and races, and, the political dependency of the masses - has been consistent. The preservation of the status quo - a trend towards overpopulation and stratification of wealth as well as an increasing codependency of societies upon authoritarian military and religious institutions - continues to dominate human history. These dependencies continuously frustrate any hope fo peace through the extension of abusive relationships at every level of human acculturated society.

While the later comments expressed above by MacArthur indicate a recognition of a necessity for change, MacArthur was only mouthing the words of his speechwriter: a man more aware of the options than he. MacArthur never expressed any aspects of spiritual decision-making nor was he ever known to have made any attempt to develop them. Throughout his career, he remained deceptive, manipulative, dishonest, intolerant, passive-aggressive, proud, and greedy. His personal Public Relations and Political Intelligence staff sold a favourable image of him to the American civilian public. His decisions and indecisions cost the lives of thousands of his troops. His intolerance and pride would eventually press for the beginning of a WWIII.

1945 - At the end of the War,
Allied "Battle Fatigue" Casualties represented 25% of the troop numbers.
These were the persons who would be "forgotten" after the War in a form of national embarrassment and personal shame. While movies and magazines would continue to promote the heroism of the few, millions of men, shocked and stunned by the degradation, brutality, suffering and destruction of the War, would guard flashback memories of traumatic events they had experienced or witnessed. While some studies were made during the War, almost no follow-up research was conducted after the War.

In the Hollywood war movies, sponsored by the Defense Department, both directly and covertly, Americans were made to seem uniformly heroic, militarily skilled, even compassionate - against a uniformly failing, desperate and evil enemy, the Germans or the Japanese. Most of the time, the enemy were portrayed as distant images of uniformed men or in the guise of aircraft and ships which were only distinguishable by their flags and the movie commentary. Deaths in the movies were all clean kills. The enemy soldier was shot and fell down dead, in silence.

In the theatre, the War was antiseptic: comfortable seats, clean air, clean clothes and recently washed bodies, hair combed, refreshments, schedules, announcements, and the friendly scent and conversation of a friend or spouse. The fake reality mentored how the audience were expected to respond should they be placed in such a situation. It was this contrived "acceptable" bloodless reality which the returning soldier was to have lived through. It was on this image of reality that the expectations of friends and relatives projected the experiences of their returning troops. Everyone was expected to have stories of excitement and heroism; most did not.

For a generation brought up on material deprivation, religious authoritarianism, and the material benefits of anti-government illegalities (gambling, prostitution, alcohol smuggling, ...), the sins of past generations were long forgotten. Accounts of the reality of the American Civil War and their War for Independence were buried behind exploits of courageous settlers conquering the land, rebelling against unfair institutions, and profiting in the market. The reality of the deception of, lies told to, promises broken with, stealing from, and genocide of the native peoples was well disguised by exploits of colonists subduing savages which seemed to attack the invading Europeans for no other reason than simple unmotivated aggression. For much of the period since WW1, American politicians had talked about world peace and the necessity for nations not to conflict with one another.

The reality of the rest of the world did not exist for most Americans, except as the mass media chose to present it. Most of the American population had still been rural before the War. With the beginning of the War, business had begun to boom and employment levels rose. Supplying the Allies, and, later building one's own military equipment reserve had changed economic depression to economic opportunity. When it came time for American men to be sent to War, the government had to "persuade" them that isolation was no longer a viable foreign policy; otherwise, Germany and Japan might control future international markets. The USA Armed Forces set out on a campaign to "train" hatred of Germans and Japanese into the minds of new recruits. Mass media representations of such enemies as untrustworthy, power-hungry, manipulating, ruthless demagogues was undertaken. How true was it?

When American soldiers landed on German, French, Italian and Japanese soil, they found that these people also had feelings, friends, spouses, babies, and good intentions. They also could be hurt, injured, and could cry. They also wanted to live. As many as 25% of the American forces would suffer from the influence of Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, at best termed "shell-shock" at this point in history. What they experienced was not a movie version of reality but the real thing in front of their face. They knew of families being crushed under the ruble of destroyed buildings; they knew of the British strategy of the mass murder of civilians in order to coerce peace from the leaders - the Americans had learned and employed the technique themselves against the Japanese; they knew that a wounded enemy might scream, gasp, and beg for help for hours; they knew that a fatally wounded enemy would often shoot back before dying; and they knew that human blood and stench contaminated any battlefield. They also knew that they were responsible for the deaths of many men, women, and children who were not substantially different from themselves. They were confused by the torturous and gruesome deaths of their comrades. Somehow, the simple equation that had been painted for them had become greatly more complex. But then, how could they doubt the integrity and intelligence of their leaders?

Denial did not make those experiences vanish or go away.
The memories were hid behind false images of addictions - to work, to alcohol, to smoking, to sex, to money, to gambling .... Relationships and marriages dispersed, for some, into shells of convenience, anxiety, depression, or animosity. Everyone looked for fun, pleasure, social acceptance, security, while rushing to and fleeing from commitment. Obsessions began to grow. There was hope that love would wash away the stains of War: it would not. Instead the stains of War would taint marriages and relationships like a cloud ... hanging there in the background - when would it descend; why wouldn't it go away and let people get on with living?

1945 - On September 2,
Ho Chi Minh proclaims the independence of Vietnam from French rule.
In his opening words he borrows liberally from the USA pioneer,

Thomas Jefferson:
"We hold these truths to be self-evident. That all men are created equal."
During the independence celebrations in Hanoi later in the day, American warplanes flew over the city, U.S. Army officers stood on the reviewing stand with Vo Nguyen Gian and other leaders, and a Vietnamese band played the "Star-Spangled Banner." Toward the end of the festivities, Giap spoke warmly of Vietnam's "particularly intimate relations" with the United States, something, he noted, "which it is a pleasant duty to dwell upon."

Ho had departed Vietnam in 1912 as a cabin boy aboard a merchant steamer, he eventually settled in France with a colony of Vietnamese nationalists, and when the Paris Peace Conference rejected his petition for Vietnamese independence, he joined the French Communist Party. He worked for more than 2 decades as a party functionary and revolutionary organizer in the Soviet Union, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. In 1930, he organized the Indochinese Communist Party and incited a number of revolts which were brutally suppressed by the French. Ho founded the political organization, the "Vietminh", and with the assistance of Giap, raised an army of some 5,000 men. When the Japanese deposed the puppet French government in March, 1945, the Vietminh worked closely with an American intelligence unit and waged an effective guerilla war against the Japanese.

1945 - September:
British troops occupy Saigon, South Vietnam.

1945 - At the end of WWII,
Nearly half of the USA gross national product was tied up in war contracts.
"Cancellation of any large number of these [if] accompanied by delay or uncertainty about payment could easily tie up sufficient resources to start a depression," so one scholar thought. By mid-1946 nearly every war contract would be terminated and settled, at a cost of $63 billion. It was a policy which succeeded in large part because it suited American expectations - expansive, optimistic, positive, generous and quickly done.

The army and Navy had ended the war with $90 billion worth of surplus material, including 40,000 surplus homing pigeons, huge quantities of Elizabeth Arden black face cream (for night fighting), 500 tons of contraceptives, half a million wooden rifles. To dispose of its surpluses, the government hired hundreds of agents. The agent's fee often exceeded the value of the sale. One company made a scale worth $14 and charged the War Assets Administration a fee of $4,571 for doing it. U.S. Steel was allowed to buy the world's most expensive, most modern steel plant, built at Geneva, Utah, at a cost of $202 million, at the discounted price of $47 million. Alcoa had run a string of government plants built during the war at a cost of $700 million. The cost to Alcoa now - $230 million.

Former flyers set up small local airlines for transport of goods, 2400 by the end of December, 1946. Ball-point pens, an invention of a Hungarian, sold as "the fantastic atomic era miraculous pen" made a net profit of $1.5 million in one year for Milton Reynolds, who manufactured them. Consumer interest heightened in the areas of astrology, science fiction, and superstitions.

1945 - On September 11,
U.S.A. Secretary of War Stimson, in a formal letter and memorandum to President Truman stating that American efforts to force the pace, or determine the nature, of internal relaxation or liberalization in Russia by applying pressure "would be so resented that it would make the objective we have in view less probable." Outlining the consequences of the then existing attitude and policy of Truman and Byrnes he stated:

"Unless the Soviets are voluntarily invited into the (nuclear) partnership upon a basis of co-operation and trust, we are going to maintain the Anglo-Saxon bloc against the Soviet in the possession of this weapon. Such a condition will most certainly stimulate feverish activity on the part of the Soviet toward the development of this bomb in what will in effect be a secret armament race of a rather desperate character. There is evidence to indicate that such activity may have already commenced. ...

Those relations may be irretrievably embittered by the way in which we approach the solution of the bomb with Russia. For if we fail to approach them now and merely continue to negotiate with them, having this weapon rather ostentatiously on our hip, their suspicions and their distrust of our purposes and motives will increase. ...

I emphasize perhaps beyond all other considerations the importance of taking this action with Russia as ... peculiarly the proposal of the United States. Action of any international group of nations, including many small nations who have not demonstrated their potential power or responsibility in this war would not, in my opinion, be taken seriously by the Soviets."

1945 - On September 20,
USA President Truman, proud that he has won WWII by using the atomic bomb and confident that no nation will ever again threaten international war out of fear of its use against them, issues an order for the OSS (Office of Strategic Services) to be disbanded.

1945 - In September,
The "Smythe report", describing the U.S.A. atomic bomb project was printed.
Almost immediately, copies reached the U.S.S.R. where 30,000 copies were circulated in the first printing. The result was to expand and accelerate the Soviet bomb project; Stalin felt compromised with such a strong military world force existing as part of a political club from which he had received support but never treated as an equal. Ideological differences also increased the expectation of the Soviets that the rich English-speaking nations would always ensure the poverty and weakness of the Slavic nations.

1945 - During September,
Vannevar Bush, scientific adviser to the USA President, told Navy Secretary James V. Forrestal that if the Russians concentrated their resources they might equal the American 1945 nuclear weapons position by 1950. A group at Bell Laboratories, headed by William O. Baker, was asked by the State Department to make a careful study of the question, and they, also, came up with a 5-year estimate.

1945 - In October,
U.S.A. General Leslie Groves collaborates on a government bill with Representative May, chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee in an attempt to legalize his wartime powers of control over the nuclear development program. Almost too late, some scientists heard of the bill and went at their own expense to Washington to lobby against it. Groves sought to protect the nation from the idealist theorists academicians whose experience in the practical world was only in "subordinate capacities" promoting universal egalitarianism, personal prestige or extreme social positions. With his solid military background and training, he had the practical experience tested at the level of leadership which would best protect the welfare of the U.S.A., or so he believed. Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi and John Lawrence sent a telegram to Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson supporting the May-Johnson bill believing that delays might result in the dissolution of Los Alamos. Fermi's general philosophy was that any change was for the worse.

1945 - In the Autumn,
Igor Gouzenko, a code clerk in the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Canada defects to Canada.
News of the arrest of 22 people involved in a Soviet spy ring in Canada would be made public in mid-February, 1947. Hundreds of documents detailing the extensive spy network of Soviet spies in Canada, Britain and the U.S.A. are taken with Gouzenko in his defection and they contribute to the arrest of the Rosenbergs and Klaus Fuchs.

1945 - By October,
A.G. Pronin, a respected hydrologist from Leningrad/Stalingrad had learned that almas, the Mongolian word for "wild man" were quite familiar to the local Kirghiz tribesmen as creatures who lived in remote caves and subsisted on a diet of small rodents and edible plants and berries. These were apparently in the Pamir mountain area through which General Topilskii was travelling in 1925. Pronin saw such a being on two separate occasions.

1945 - October:
In return for the participation of France in the United Nations (UN), Britain withdraws from South Vietnam and the U.S.A. militarily supports France's reoccupation of its former colony, South Vietnam. French troops arrive in USA naval ships.

France had threatened to withdraw from the United Nations earlier; the U.S.A. saw the possible departure of France as the death knell of the United Nations. The colonial and political history provided the power of authority and prestige by which many younger and smaller countries would mirror their decisions by. The much younger U.S.A. believed that without its offspring, the United Nations, the world, politically and economically, would continue in anarchy. The implied political intent of the United Nations was the orderly division of the world between sovereign states which would exercise absolute authority within their own borders and cooperate for mutual economic gain.

1940s & '50s -
U.S.A. university researchers fed dozens of retarded boys radioactive food in order to study the effect of nuclear radiation on the digestive system. The boys, aged 15-17, were included in experiments supervised by researchers from Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) while they were students at the Fernald State School. The experiments were funded by Quaker Oats Co. and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Consent forms were signed by parents and guardians but did not mention that radiation would be included in the experiments. A former researcher, Constantine Maletskos, stated in 1993, when the studies became public, that the digested radioactive calcium was given in very small quantities and that there are no known follow-up studies.

1945 - In November,
The Truman-Atlee-King (U.S.A.-Britain-Canada) declaration proposed the establishment of a United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) to set up international safeguards for the nuclear industry. The three nations agreed to restrict the transfer of nuclear information until adequate controls were established by the United Nations. During the war, the three nations had made a secret agreement (Roosevelt-Churchill agreement) for the exchange of information and materials on Tube Alloys (the code name for uranium).

The UN voted it into existence and the U.S.A. "Lilienthal Committee" set to work getting a proposal ready. It consisted of David Lilienthal, Robert Oppenheimer, C.A. Thomas (Vice-President of Monsanto, who played a major part in solving the research and production problems at Oak Ridge and Los Alamos), H.A. Winne (Vice-President of General Electric), and Chester Barnard (President of the Bell Telephone Company). Oppenheimer had a complete awareness and understanding of the problems involved. Thomas was fully familiar with the chemical side of the work at Los Alamos. Winne had a good understanding of the problems involved in the electromagnetic process, for General Electric had provided valuable assistance in that area, and he had been the executive in charge. Lilienthal and Barnard had little knowledge of the subject.

U.S.A. Secretary of State James Byrnes formed a committee to advise him on sharing atomic knowledge with other countries. It consisted of Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson, Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy, Vannevar Bush, James Conant, and General Groves. Conant and Bush had been wartime advisors to Groves. Groves objected to the Lilienthal Committee existence on the basis that he, Bush, and Conant knew more about the problem or had access to those who did, than the panel members. Groves was in danger of losing his iron control over the nuclear field. The "Acheson-Lilienthal report" was produced advocating the creation of an International Atomic Development Authority (ADA) that would control all dangerous aspects of atomic energy and own all raw materials, making it illegal for nations to independently own the mines which might be in their territories. Byrnes appointed Bernard Baruch to carry the proposal to the UNAEC on behalf of the U.S.A., hence, the "Baruch Proposal". Baruch, a man of wealth, had reputedly made himself a friend of many politicians through his generous support and had obtained a reputation as an 'advisor of the Presidents'. Baruch was an aggressive and vain/proud man who contrived and spread most of his reputation and got his way by sheer confidence. He was to "translate" the findings for international acceptance.

The idealism proposed in the plan was totally without practical foundation for Plutonium, from which bombs could be made, was both a fuel and by-product of then existing nuclear reactors. The proposed international body would have produced all of the potentially dangerous materials and then decided which nations would receive how much to use in a safe manner. In the end the UNAEC would never be formed.

1945 - From now until 1953,
The American Automobile Industry would expand continuously.
The influence of WWII had created a civilian obsession.
Millions of Americans who had never before ventured 30 miles from their homes and knew little about other countries and cultures had been exposed to the demand of travel during the War. Technology had infiltrated the lives of the average American to the extreme and its influence would be identified with the winning of the War, largely a political lie. The War had been won by the deception and manipulation of military intelligence programs; by the capital (CREDIT) used to build huge stores of military supplies and technology; by the brainwashing of huge groupings of humans through the influence of the mass media and disinformation; by the degradation of military supplies through the influence of weather and sabotage; by the genocidal extension of military forces to include the civilians of such races: all of these factors would be held in cultural denial under the demands of political and religious manipulation. Now, millions returned to their largely rurally located homes from cities and foreign countries.

From their relocations and war experiences, women had gained the self-confidence that they could participate in business and industry to a much larger degree than previously present in North American society. During their relocation into the cities to work in the factories and offices during the War, women had made friendships with others who would now either stay in the city or return to their hometowns - leaving the friends at great distances from one another. With the anxiety and tragedy of the War and the loneliness and routine of such War industry work, such friendships had become close; some became co-dependent.

The troops had travelled thousands of miles from their hometowns to depend upon and help others who were normally tens or hundreds of miles away from them back home. Here also, the traumas and rigours of the War drew parties of such men close together in their friendships. As had become customary before this century, the military commanders had tried to make alcohol and cigarettes as available as possible for the troops in the field. It had long before been recognized that alcohol eased the manifestation of war-induced anxieties and encouraged that other context of reality in which individuals believed that they were, or that they could become, invincible. Cigarettes provided the tranquilizer to keep men patient and occupied during the periods of waiting before the rush into battle.

The fact that both of these substances influenced the development of co-dependent personalities and promoted the development of chronic disease patterns was of little concern to the utilitarian attitudes of many generals and politicians. Nevertheless, the camaraderie which became an extension of such group "intoxications" produced a need for such groups to try and re-gather following the War. Further, the minimal effort made by the military to counter the negative psychological effects of the War on the troops after their return from the front left a high level of anxiety in many which appeared to be soothed or placated by one's reassociation with one's "buddies." In addition, the dissociation of War experiences between most North American males and females provided a weak basis for the sharing of such experiences - the expression of which could lead to a release of trauma induced energy blocks and relationship endangering stresses.

North American males and females had now acquired close friendships with persons often re-settling back into distant locales. Socializing practices adopted during the War contributed to the maintaining of these relationships. The travel technology of the War - planes, ships, motorcycles, cars, and trucks - had all been in considerable supply and use by the troops during the past many months. In typical human post-war denial, men spoke to women about the beauty and unusual characterisitics of the locals they had advanced through; few talked of the fighting, killing, and turmoil. In return, the women, who had enslaved themselves within factories to do mind-numbing routines, were enthralled by the travel descriptions of the men. Finally, travel would become the ideal distraction to keep interpersonal communications from become too personal. An attraction to travel was built on a denial of the past and a submergence in the past; you were always planning for what would be rather than coping with what was and living what is.

The average American now had more capital than ever before.
The War had brought full employment and wages, financed by government debt, repayable through taxation. Industrialization had advanced considerably and assembly line production was now available like never before. People wanted to "get away"; wanted to "see friends"; wanted to meet their "extended family"; were willing to leave home and relocate for a job with a dependable wage. The material constrictions of the economic Depression years and of the War years now resulted with a desire for material gluttony as an extension of victory. Until 1953, the demand for automobiles would so outstrip supply that little consideration would be given to safe design or stylishness.

Cars became the personal equivalent of boats and planes in the rising obsession for control of and segregation of relationship and communication patterns. Demand was so high that orders were taken for cars yet to be begun on the assembly lines of the factories. Some automobile dealers set up lotteries whereby groups of buyers could pay for a chance to buy the next deliver - at full retail price. Some dealers refused to sell new cars to anyone who was not trading in a used car - because they could make high profits selling the latter. Car ownership became a privilege: elevated social status became attached to the obsession of being emotionally desensitized, actively occupied in a sedentary manner, going places, and, doing what one wanted whenever one wanted to.

1945 - On November 21,
A meeting between Sicilian Mafia leaders and OSS Agents was held at the home of Veto Guarazi, former aid to General Castiglione. A description of the meeting and a note of the participants was provided to the American ambassador in Rome in a letter dated December 18, 1945.

    The participants included:

   Veto Guarazi,             aid to AMG and Mafia
   Paolo Virzi,              Palermo mayor and Mafia
   Mr. Bruno,                mayor of Valle, Province of Trepani, and Mafia
   Mr. Russo, Sciacea,       Province of Agrigecio, and Mafia
   Mr. Guiseppe Cottone, Sr. from Alcamo - Mafia
   Mr. Guiseppe Cottone, Jr. - Mafia
   Joseph P. Russo,          head of the local OSS office
   Vincent Scamporino,       OSS agent
   and others.

They discussed how the USA was indebted to the Mafia for its assistance during WWII and that in return they would soon see their compadre Lucky Luciano. If they continued to maintain order in the area and to eliminate Communist influence, the USA authorities would stay out of their way.

The "US Navy Intelligence - Mafia Project" was the first of a series of conspiracies between two apparent enemies in which the provision of "dirty" services by the Mafia in times of panic by the senior American Intelligence officials would be repaid with special legal concessions for indicted or imprisoned Mafia leaders in America.

1945 - By December,
"California Vitamins" discovered that all of their new sales representatives had been satisfied customers first - friends and family of their existing sales force. They also discovered that it was easier to have a lot of people sell a small amount of product than to find super-salespersons who could sell a large quantity. To utilize the advantages of these findings, the company devised a marketing and compensation policy that encouraged their sales people to recruit new distributors from their satisfied customers: the company rewarded the original salespersons for the sales produced by their entire group of recruited marketing staff.

In a few years, the company would change its name to NutraLite Food Supplement Corporation. Two of their most successful distributors were Jay Van Andel and Rich DeVos.

1945 - On December 10,
On the front page of "The Toronto Telegram" newspaper, a story carried the headline
"Radioactivity Found Harmless After Atomic Bomb Bursts".

"Popular fears that radioactivity, lingering in the air, soil and water after atomic bomb explosions continues to kill human beings and animals, have been proved groundless by studies of the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki raids - including the body of a young Geisha girl - conducted by the U.S. Army in cooperation with scientists at a number of American institutions.

Col. Stafford L. Warren, a peacetime professor of radiology at the University of Rochester in Rochester, N.Y. who participated in the studies here and in Japan, told the North American Newspaper Alliance today that the Japanese men and women who died as a result of radiation were affected during the instant of the explosion. No persons were harmed by any radioactivity left after the bombs exploded."

This method of mass media dis-information has been often used to cover up ignorance, truth which compromises the legitimacy of the authorities and truth which does not contribute to the aims of the military or the fears of political leaders.

1945 - On December 27,
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is established.

Its purposes include:

   o facilitate the expansion of balanced growth of international trade;
   o promote monetary exchange stability;
   o assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments;
   o give confidence to members by making the Fund's resources 
      temporarily available to reduce maladjustments to each nation's
      balance of payments without resorting to measures destructive to
      national or international prosperity;

   o to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium
     in the international balance of payments for members.

   Its headquarters are situated at 
          700-19th Street N.W., Washington, D.C., USA, 20431. 
          Telephone: +1 202-623-7000   Fax: +1 202-623-4661 

It will eventually have over 150 member countries.
The intent will be to spread capitalism through the establishment of trade patterns which are dependent upon capital, loans, interest, profit, and an expansive (CREDIT) economic system. Initially, it would work along the pattern of many co-ops. A member would be expected to deposit currency in the fund for loans to other countries. Any member who did so would become eligible for loans up to an amount relative to their deposit. Countries which did not have a viable capitalist economy, in the judgement of the IMF directors could lose their membership unless they agreed to follow the advice of the IMF directors.

This was intended to stabilize a capitalistic market by affirming to the banks and entrepreneurs interested in exchanges of capital and goods to a member country that the member in question had a secure government, or, that they should be avoided on the basis of a lack of political integrity or apparent success or capability of success based upon their fiscal (monetary) policies. That is, a member country who was experiencing a recession could be discharged of their membership if - they were taking no government action to control their economy, or, refused to abide by the suggestions made by the IMF stipulating deemed necessary government activities to protect and improve their economy. As the directors would usually have been educated in American Universities, there would be a tendency to advocate that all member countries follow the example set by the USA in its rectification of capital problems.

Capital control policies would encourage dependency on the American dollar currency as a universal medium of exchange. This would tend to privilege the American dollar. At the same time, member countries would often receive a more stable standard of value through reference to one dominant currency rather than trying to associate the currency of a particular nation to that of hundreds of diverse currencies representing each country. This would facilitate international trading while preventing any nations from overtly financing the economy of another nation. That is, ideally, I as one nation, would be discouraged from purchasing more goods from you than I bought goods from you and other nations combined: My imports could not be used to weaken my country, by siphoning away capital - resulting in a capital augmentation to the exporting country from whom I had purchased the goods. That would constitute a "loan" or grant of capital under the deception of trade.

1945 - On December 27,
The "Internal Bank of Reconstruction & Development (IBRD)" was established.

  Its major functions included:
   o provide capital for productive purposes ...;
   o promote private foreign investment for productive purposes, and,
      where necessary, supplement private investment by providing or arranging finance;

   o to identify the more useful and urgent projects required to support economic and social development;
   o to ensure that such projects are given appropriate priority by arranging or guaranteeing finance.

The IBRD would initially represent 28 countries which signed the Articles of Agreement drawn up at the Bretton Woods Conference in July, 1944, which was attended by 44 nations. The IBRD, together with the later established "International Development Association" (IDA), 1960, the "International Finance Corporation" (IFC), 1950 , and the "Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency" (MIGA) - would come to be known as the ""World Bank Group"". The Combination of the IBRD and the IDA would be known as ""The World Bank"".

"The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" (IBRD) was founded at the Bretton Woods conference on the expectation that the Allies would win WWII. Originally, it was intended to provide capital for the reconstruction of Europe. It would provide low interest credit when private capital was unavailable. Member subscriptions, sale of its own securities, net earnings and member deposits would provide for World Bank reserves. In later years, the bank would set aside capital for new loans, in response to a world debt crisis, and would add its guarantee to new bank loans made to less developed countries (LDCs).

By 1960, some of the agencies would be utilized by the CIA to extend its activities.
Related organizations, such as "The Asian Development Bank", would be set up to provide capital assistance and loans to specific regions. The whole system of banking organizations was contrived for a singular long-term purpose: world domination and exploitation by the USA economy - if you control the economy of a large human political entity, you control the peoples and the politics of that entity.

The headquarters of the World Bank would be located at
1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433
Telephone: +1 202-477-1234 Fax: +1 202-477-6391.