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Memory Stimulators.
1935 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

David Copperfield; Hooray for Love; The Thirty-Nine Steps; Follies Bergere; Les Miserables; Hopalong Cassidy Enters; The Murder Man

1935 -
Bernard Baruch, adviser to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, sent a memorandum to the U.S. State Department in February in which he outlined the problem of maintaining in peacetime the capacity to produce armaments in an emergency:

"The only expedient yet used is for the governments of industrialized countries at least not to discourage (and I fear almost to universally to encourage) the manufacture of lethal weapons for exportation to belligerent countries actively preparing for war, but which have an insufficient munitions industry or none at all. ... our Government has not operated on a different policy. To put it bluntly, this is a method of providing a laboratory to test killing implements and a nucleus for a wartime munitions industry by maintaining an export market for instruments of death."

1935 - In February,
The "Workbook" was introduced in Germany to provide the state and the employer with up-to-date data on every employee in the nation and to stabilize worker residency. If a worker desired to leave one employer for another, the original employer could retain the employees workbook and make it illegal for the worker to go elsewhere.

Hitler was focused on building a capitalist economy without which it would be difficult to build strong industries and an empire. An empire required colonies and colonies required capital in order to industrialize and modernize so as to benefit the "father" country. An empire always required armaments as well. The original inhabitants of new colonies seldom welcomed political and other forms of domination.

Profits had to be produced so that capital could be used to build the economy and pay the taxes required for armamentation. Low technology inefficient companies pay high wages would support commodity expansion, yet voters would only agree to a low level of taxation unless a war was in progress. that was too late a time to begin arming. Wages in Germany had always been low. Under Nazi leadership they became slightly lower than before.

In the offices of the profit (capital) generating businesses and industries, low turnover, low wages, and increasing government spending raised income from capital and business by 146% between 1932 and 1938. In the same period, wage skills for unskilled labour fell by over 20% to spur interest in skills training, movement to military careers, and lead to greater numbers of destitute persons with low self-esteem and a high inclination for intolerance and anger.

Income from capital and business rose as a proportion of the GNP by 30%, from 17.4% to 26.6%.
At the same time, heavy government spending - financed both by taxes and the use of maximum credit - increased employment such that income from employment and wages grew by 66%, with no adjustment for inflation.

1935 - During the year,
Dr. Wendell Stanley isolates crystalline viruses after 3 years of effort.
Beginning in 1932, Stanley had been trying to determine the cause of tobacco mosaic disease. After harvesting a ton of plants, processing them through a huge grinder, and straining the pulp repeatedly, followed by evaporation and precipitation of the juice, Stanley finally was left with a small flask of clear juice. Application of any of this juice to the leaves of a healthy plant quickly resulted in symptoms of infection and death.

Certain that the virus was a protein, Stanley used procedures designed to crystallize a protein. The result was one teaspoon of white crystals. Under a microscope, the crystals looked like long, thin needles, and each crystal was composed of millions of individual viruses. It would take many more years before humans knew how the viruses behaved.

From 1892, scientists had been trying to find the cause of the disease.
Dimitry Ivanovski, a Russian botanist, first tried to find what was destroying the valuable tobacco crops in Russia. Bacteria were the smallest organisms known at the time. He was able to determine that the cause of the disease was able to pass through a filter which removed bacteria from the tobacco juice. He did not know what else it could be so he rationalized, incorrectly, that the substance must be a poison made by the filtered bacteria.

In 1895, Martinus Willem Beijerinck, a Dutch botanist performing similar studies, reasoned that the cause could not be a poison because the disease would spread from an infected potted plant to a healthy one. Therefore, he reasoned that it must be something which could grow and multiply.
He named it a filterable virus.

1935 - During the mid-30s,
Peter Kapitza, a distinguished Soviet scientist, was suddenly refused permission to leave the USSR.
As a physicist, he had worked earlier under the guidance of Ernest Rutherford at the Cavendish, England laboratory in the study of nuclear physics.

During the later 1930s, he built a Moscow laboratory in which he did research involving extremely high magnetic fields and extremely low temperatures: two factors sometimes involved in interstellar space travel (UFOs). For years his laboratory had the best facilities in the world for producing liquid hydrogen and liquid helium. When he was initially asked to work on the Soviet nuclear weapons project, he refused. As a consequence he was arrested.

1935 - During the year,
A.W. Stevens and O.A. Anderson flew a balloon to a height of 20 km breaking former records of about 10 km.
The volume of their bag was 100,000 cubic metres far surpassing earlier models.
A difficulty with fabric balloons was that flight past sunset required the dropping of enormous quantities of ballast to overcome the loss of lift as the gas within the balloon cooled and contracted.

A ballast drop of as much as 20% of the gross load was required to overcome the 40 to 50 degree C temperature drop. With the advent of the clear plastic balloon made of polyethylene, the difference between day and night gas temperatures became less severe; ballast drops of 5% would be common in the mid-60s.

1935 - During the year,
Keynesian economic theory becomes popular in American universities with the publication of "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" by British economist John Maynard Keynes. The theory maintains that governments can sustain economic growth and stability in their economies and overcome recessionary cycles by the use of their budgets. Government leadership is defined as the manipulation of the economy by the use of taxation and spending policies. Deficit spending is viewed as a stimulant to the private sector during periods of economic under-performance.

Civil service bureaucrats and Western politicians, educated from now until the late 1970s, will largely support the use of the theory. Their decisions will support the growth of government deficits in most Western nations, states, and provinces. The policy justifies a belief by the commoner in the perpetual growth of a capitalist economy, erroneously. The policy utilizes the social norms of exploitation, overproduction, material wealth, and elitism to increase the pride, arrogance and fear of Western politicians.

1935 - On September 20,
Julio Nalundasan, 3 nights after winning a seat against Mariano Marcos, in which he left the latter in humiliating defeat for a second time, was shot in the back with a 22-calibre bullet and died a few minutes later. Mariano had made a public display of leaving the town that afternoon. His son, Ferdinand, whose grades had been failing, had boasted of being the best shot on the college 22-calibre pistol team. He was charged with the murder 3 years later, just before Christmas, 1938, while commissioned in the reserves of the Philippine Constabulary.

While being held in jail he petitioned for release on bail so that he could sit his exams. Assisted by the influence of his real father Judge Chiu and the wealth of that clan, he was granted bail - most unusual for a charge of murder. In fact all of the accused were granted bail. Five, including Ferdinand were implicated in the conspiracy. Ferdinand found himself a celebrity.

Calixto Aguinaldo was the main witness.
Calixto knew one of the suspects well and had met all of them within hours of the shooting. On December 1, 1939, the Laoag Court of the First Instance found Ferdinand Marcos guilty beyond any reasonable doubt and sentenced him, because of his youth, to 10 years minimum and 17 years 4 months maximum in prison. Ferdinand asked to be set free on bail pending an appeal. The request was denied. Judge Cruz called Ferdinand to his private chamber, a few days later, and told Ferdinand that President Quezon was ready to pardon him? Quezon's term in office ended in 1941 and the Chua clan's financial support could make all the difference.

Ferdinand turned down the offer and spent the next 6 months writing his appeal, passed his bar exam and waited another 6 months for a judgement on whether the appeal would be heard. He was granted an appeal before Associate Justice Jose B. Laurel, who himself had been convicted of murder at the age of 18 and had defended himself successfully in an appeal before the Supreme Court.

Laurel was a man of obsessive political passion to wrestle the Philippines from American domination and he needed substantial funding to assist him. Laurel turned to Japanese industries that were investing heavily in the islands. He also was encouraging to the Chinese businessmen of which the Chua family, the true heritage of Ferdinand, was an open door to Chinese bankers.

The end result was that Laurel went individually to each member of the Supreme Court and pleaded for Ferdinand Marcos' acquittal. Ferdinand was acquitted by Judge Laurel even before all of the arguments had been heard. Many people continued to be convinced of Marcos' guilt in the murder.

1935 -
John Dunning, Ernest Lawrence, Herb Anderson, Enrico Fermi, at Princeton, and Otto Frisch, separately announced the discovery of fission with the possibility that neutrons might be emitted when the uranium nucleus splits.

1935 - On October 2,
The Italians invaded Ethiopia.
In a secret WWI agreement, Italy had been promised economic control of Abyssinia.
Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Abyssinia, the Lion of Judah - a quiet, modest man and religious head of his people, and his people, were not in favour of this exploitation.

Selassie knew from the beginning that any hope his militarily weak country would have of survival would come from support of the international community. Despite the declaration by the League of Nations that Italy was the aggressor, The USA continued to deliver oil to them (Standard Oil) and Germany continued to deliver coal. The Emperor was forced to flee on May 2, 1936, and the Italians captured the capital Addis Ababa on May 5.

Essentially a guerilla war on the part of the Abyssinians, aided by the British, military engagements were usually small and infrequent. Red Cross stations were inevitably hit by the Italian forces in some of their aerial bombing runs and artillery attacks. Atrocities occurred on both sides. The Ethiopians were known to use dum-dum bullets and decapitate prisoners, on occasion; the Italians used mustard gas on several occasions. War reporting to the outside world was largely exaggerated, imaginary, biased, censored, and manipulated. An American journalist left because the combatants wouldn't get a good war going and without such bloodshed, investments intended to reap returns on the profits from the expected war coverage were being lost.

Fleas, flies, malaria, dysentery, heat and altitude contributed to the discomforts such that most reporters on the scene BEFORE the invasion, left shortly afterwards. Stories were invented and real observations were often dismissed by censors or editors. The Battle of Enderta, on February 15, 1936, was a clear Italian victory and the beginning of the Abyssinian collapse. It was reported on by Herbert Matthews, who was on the scene, and George Steer, who was not. Steer portrayed the Battle as a few small engagements of no consequence, from heresay. The public and foreign politicians believed Steer's story.

1935 -
The Export-Import Bank (Eximbank) an independent federal agency, is set up by the USA Congress.
Its purpose is to finance exports of U.S. products by making intermediate and long-term nonrecourse loans when financing is unavailable from private lenders. The Eximbank borrows from the Treasury Department to make direct credits and discount loans to foreign borrowers, and also provides credit guarantees and insurance against political risk. The bank competes with similar financing agencies in other industrialized nations.

This is one of the early steps taken by the USA to expand capitalistic marketing beyond its borders.
Essentially, the government is providing foreign importers with risk-free, and largely repayment-free, capitalization to enhance American market demand. Politically, this capacity will be utilized to compromise foreign governments into following the direction which the USA considers best; it will, in some cases, be used as a bribe - if you do this, we will provide you with (capitalization) of your economy. This "forcing" of the market system is an indication that, unlike the myth of capitalism, free markets do not necessarily have the capacity for unlimited growth.

Rather than learn from the indications and attempt to rethink and replan along the lines of a balanced economy with minimal growth characteristics, the human intellect, both individually and culturally, will remain obsessed with the expected pattern of market expansion. Also characteristically human, considerable rationalization will be used to justify political and social decisions made to support this illusion.

1935 - In October,
The BLONDS (extraterrestrial Visitors) arrive on Earth for an exploratory space mission.
They find the planet still capable of supporting their species. They are the only survivors of a planet which was destroyed when approached by another larger planet, the gravitational pull of which resulted in massive geological disturbances which produced massive climatic changes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.

Initially, they consider working with the Germans, whom they resemble closest of the human races, and they assess that position during 1936-1942. A small group of Germans are put to work to try and engineer the construction of a "flying saucer" circular aircraft to resemble the craft of the BLONDS but have no understanding of its propulsion design.

Beginning in 1941, the BLONDS considered negotiating joint ventures with the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. The BLONDS declined association with the U.S.S.R. until after the death of Josif Stalin in 1953. Stalin's awareness of their existence, his early work in the Tiflis Observatory (1900), and his paranoia, prompt him to place an urgency on the development of space technology from 1946. They would begin working with and infiltrating joint spacebeing-human underground bases in the United States in 1948.

1935 - During the year,
Charles Richter would create a gauge to relative indication of the energy released by an earthquake.
The Richter Scale would be devised from the motion recorded by a vibrating pen on a moving strip of paper during an earthquake to produce a seismograph. Every increase of one whole number, eg. from 4.2 to 5.2, represents a tenfold increase in ground motion.

1935 - During the year,
St. Augustine Volcano, Alaska, has a major eruption.

Memory Stimulators.
1936 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:
Fame; Anthony Adverse; Romeo and Juliet; Song of Freedom; Colleen; The Big Broadcast of 1937; Born to Dance; Easy to Love; Little Lord Fauntleroy

1936 - By now,
The Police Officer as "Professional Crime Fighter", an American myth, had been well impressed upon North Americans by the mass media. Movies and newspapers had particularly exploited the impoverished and depressed public with their overdramatized stories of bank robbers, organized crime, street crimes, and, the efforts of the police to curtail these disorders.

Essentially, "professionals" were portrayed as omnipotent: they solved crimes and found and captured criminals without any reliance on the public. The public would learn that it was no longer necessary and not their role to assist police officers, and, that it was the duty of the police to protect them from criminals and from each other - without assistance.

While a survey of almost any American newspaper during 1925 to 1939 would produce at least one major crime story per month in which either the police or the criminal was glorified, little comparable effort or interest was placed on defining the influences which led to the crimes and the reality of the police work involved. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, the USA was beseiged by a crime spree which mirrored the economic hardships, discontent with the American dream, lack of constructive coping skills, and agricultural dependency of the masses. The public were enraged: they needed something to hate.

When the papers and the movies idolized the criminals, the people hated politicians, big government and bureaucrats. J. Edgar Hoover noted this power of the media, and, as the Director of the FBI, he promoted a media campaign to reverse the tide of public opinion in favour of the establishment. Using the influence of his position, he made sure that the media gave credit to the FBI - often due to the Treasury Department agents or to local law enforcement efforts. Hoover never spent a day of investigation in the field but his manipulation of Hollywood would give him, and FBI agents in general, an image of super sleuth, vigilant, uncorruptible.

The American movie industry would follow a perpetual indoctrination of their public with the image of the independent, anti-bureaucratic, omnipotent law enforcer for the remainder of the century. The following is a small selection of examples reinforcing the image and providing a consistency to the trend. Even when the authors had originally written the stories as social comment against the vigilantism expressed by the story, the public and the media would almost uniformly embrace the hero as a icon safeguarding their freedom rather than endangering justice. The dates indicate the introduction of the character or series.

1935 "G" Men, 6 movies
1935 Hopalong Cassidy, 34 movie series
1936 Texas Rangers, 14 movies
1937 Dick Tracy, 15 chapter movie srial
1942 Sherlock Holmes, 5 movies
1948 G-Men Never Forget, 12 part series
1952 The FBI Girl, 1 movie
1962 James Bond, 17 movies
1968 The Saint, 8 movies after a TV series
1968 Bullitt, 1 movie
1971 Dirty Harry, 5 movies
1974 Death Wish, 5 movies
1977 Star Wars, 5 movies
1982 Rambo, 3 movies
1987 Robocop, 3 movies & a TV series

These were added to by television series which included The FBI (1950s), Dragnet (1950s), The Six Million Dollar Man (1960s), Police Story, and many others. Few people who have been exposed to North American movies can say that at least one of the above movies did not make a strong impression on them when they saw it. The concept that law enforcement officers or representatives can, and must, function without the assistance of the public and (often) beyond the authority which they have been given encourages persons with such expectations to apply and fill the ranks of such institutions.

Since the motivation behind such idiosyncratic activities is largely of an intolerant, revenge, rage, ruthless nature with the intention being one of enactment of justice or enforcement of control - the likelihood for abuse of authority and justice is high. Personal judgements against classes of persons (criminals, poor, foreign, ...) are always irrelevant with regard to individuals. Historically, the number of violent, hardened, career criminals is less than 5% of the criminal population.

Treating all suspects and criminals with the degree of caution and aggressiveness frequently indicated as relevant to the worst 5% represents an abuse which further dissociates the public from the law enforcement professions. The key to the destructive nature of this concept of "professionalism" and its result is the fact that reactive behaviour is substituted for response. Pre-programmed patterns of response override awareness, relevance, and constructive response.

One of the tragic consequences of this narrowing of vision that would develop over the years would be the inaction of the police, throughout the western world, in cases of family violence, the most prevalent source of the criminal. The prevailing attitude was that a husband beating a wife was not a crime in the pure sense. It was not a crime against the state, against the public masses, against an officer, against business, against social authorities, against the capital-based foundations of the culture.

If it were not a real crime then it was not a police problem but rather a family problem.
Because of this attitude, these calls for help and crimes would not be recorded in police records or statistics until the mid-1980s. For decades, thousands of victims would grow to tens of thousands of victims.

Some churches and social agencies would try to provide assistance; largely they would fail. Lacking the cooperation of the judicial authorities and lacking any legal authority themselves they had no control over the provision of their services. Equally in denial about the influences and causes promoting marital breakdown, spousal and child abuse, and sexual assault - these agencies acted as little more than bandaid solutions.

Without any recognition of the spiritual basis for these problemsand the potential to eliminate them by the provision of constructive coping and communicating skills - behavioural, intellectual and emotional techniques would come in and out of vogue for decades with minimal mass benefit. Eventually, tens of millions of people and a significant proportion of the population would have a history of abusive experiences.

1936 - By now,
The Stereotyping of Jews as Cruel Masters had formed in the minds of many of the economically abused and the labourer of the capital-based industrialized nations. It had been the inherent traits of the Jewish culture which had found a disproportionate number of their religion in positions of authority within the industrialized nations throughout which they had spread.

Jews were a nation of people with a state religion which infiltrated the economic and political hierarchies of every capital-based economy. Regardless of the personal beliefs of individual Jews who came to see themselves as Germans, British, Polish, American, Rumanian, none would place their nationality before their religion... as most other EuroAsians had been trained and coerced to accept.

Jews, according to their interpretation of their religion, would always remain "outsiders" within the neighbourhoods of others. An outsider, whether by choice or by social exclusion, encourages most humans to devote compulsive efforts to gain acceptance - to feel worthy. In a stratified society, which all farming, trading, and industrial economies are - acceptance is most directly obtained relative to one's ability to acquire power, capital, or both.

Jewish pride had demanded that they make great sacrifices in order to support their son's efforts to attain positions of authority and economic stability within whichever economy they were living in. It was not difficult to determine the social positions of prestige and target one's survival and future toward the attainment of such a position: someone with authority. Persons on whom the public masses were dependent were the most secure choices: doctor, businessman, building owner, politician, lawyer, professor, manager, entrepreneur. These positions are at the pinnacle of authority in all areas of the society save one: the military.

By the definition of their own behaviour, Jews, in general, seek to hold the reigns of power which have so often been used against them. With the rationalization obsession which has maintained and extended their religion, they are at once dissociated from the masses and from the morality of the business decisions which they make. That is, the two areas of religious expression and social conscience are rationally segregated from the demands of the secular marketplace.

Equally present, Jews may be at the forefront of idealist organizations which seek to reduce the abuses inherent within a capital-based economy while others are in the forefront of perpetuating such abuses. Historically, since the industrialization addendum has been added to the capital-based economy, the aggregation and control of power has resulted in an expansive segregation of humanity into capital haves and have-nots: owners and employees; politicians and natives; leaders and followers; managers and workers; bureaucracies and the masses; professionals and service dependents; investors and debtors; imperialists and colonists; manipulators and deceivers, and, the manipulated and deceived.

Those who enter or find themselves in the "have" realm become the elite - the few who advertise their power and influence with material extravagance and economic ruthlessness. And this advertisement, daily paraded to the envy and rage of the human masses creates a sliver of irritation. If Jews have come to disproportionately hold such elitist positions, it is because they have lusted more than others after the image of security and acceptance which the capital-based economic ethic promotes to all.

The virus which resides in every capital-based economy is that of social alienation. Whomever assumes the role of bringing to life and multiplying that virus infects the culture; a diseased patient, in an human authority-based culture seeks to annihilate the virus with the intensity to which the symptoms of the disease have been felt. The virus is inert without the driving force; whomever comes to represent that driving force becomes a target.

The capital-based economies of the 1920s and 1930s were also those which had massive industrialization occurring and population density difficulties rising out of territorial confinement and population expansion. The end result had been ecological change and abuse which promoted soil erosion and famine; mechanization of farming and population displacement to cities; promotion of consumerism and material expectation; industrial expansion and competitive intensification: massive unemployment and poverty beside capital barons with wasteful personal estates.

Nations of individuals had been manipulated, deceived and frustrated by the actions of their leaders, and, now, under a tremendous weight of shame and humiliation - a catharsis was needed. The truth of betrayal and self-enslavement was too hard to acknowledge. A half-truth would be found.

The Jews had inherited their tradition of trade and commerce from the Phoenicians, Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans. They had carried its rituals along with their religious rituals. Against the pleadings of their God not to worship idols, they had persisted in returning to the obsession of intellectualization.

Instead of following the Guidance of Jesus Christ, a Jewish mentor who preached tolerance, moderation, community, they had continued to revere the principles of elitism, rational dissociation, and segregation. They found themselves in nations to which they did not feel they belonged trying to fit in socially with a neighbourhood, the members of which they held distant. Their rational attempts to succeed and become acceptable had to be secular in nature - there was no religious basis for integration.

Dissociated between "business" and religious morality, some Jews became adept at defining business decisions exclusively according to profit and efficiency. Inevitably, the intellectual application of such principles to the management of people within a capital-based economy must result in abuses. And those abuses lead towards decreasing wages, increasing unemployment, decreasing employer responsibility toward the worker, increasing employee uncertainty, increasing accident and illness frequencies, increasing poverty, increasing frequency of assaults, increasing marital and family abuses, increasing crime - decreasing mass self-esteem.

The "cures" to this viral invitation, without a collapse of the capital-based economy, are only bandaids - and all are costly, and most are avoided for simpler alternatives. Ultimately, capitalism and communism - both capital-based economies in fact, had successfully indoctrinated their participants to believe that each ultimately should have the right to achieve the material property exhibited by the elite in the capitalist economies. To this end, the blue collar worker both despised and envied the capital elite with their wealth and power, possessiveness and gluttony. In a country where unemployment was an individual's highest measure of disgrace, the capital elite would be most despised because they held what others wanted.

Germany had the highest unemployment of any European country.
Because of assessed war reparations, it was the nation most deeply in debt, yet trying to covertly rebuild its military defenses (and offenses). Almost every agricultural worker and every industrial worker suffered from chronic health problems: flat feet, or traumatized back, or physical exhaustion, or anxiety, or depreciated self-esteem. But the industrialists' only focus was on productivity and profit: no social support programs; no work stability strategies; no basic standard of living.

Frustration had grown into despair, then into anger; then into revenge; then into hatred; then into rage - directed at the elite of the economy. Hitler had come to promote ethnic-centred German nationalism. He had introduced the first government-sponsored unemployment benefits program. He had introduced a national health care plan. His political party had promoted the organizing of a multitude of worker-based and skill-based social organizations. He had introduced assured (military-based) employment strategies. He had re-instated nationalistic identity and personal pride. He had appealed to the blue-shirts and converted them to brown-shirts. He had unified their rage into rebellion against the haves: the old imperial nations of Britain, France, Belgium, Russia, and, the Jews.

Rage is a human feeling in which an individual loves to hate.
Actual, presumed, and assumed emotional and physical pain - from rejection, dependency, humiliation, abandonment, shame, betrayal - all become replayed constantly within the mind - seeking a revenge that can never be satisfied.

1936 - By this year,
Dimitri Manuilski made the following speech to the "Lenin School for Political Warfare":

"War to the hilt between communism and capitalism is inevitable.
Today, of course, we are not strong enough to attack. Our time will come in 30 to 40 years.
To win, we shall need the element of surprise. The bourgeoisie will have to be put to sleep.
So we shall begin by launching the most spectacular peace movement on record.
There will be electrifying overtures and unheard of concessions.
The capitalist countries, stupid and decadent, will rejoice to cooperate in their own destruction.
They will leap at another chance to be friends.
As soon as their guard is down, we will smash them with our clenched fist."

1936-38 -
The Chistka (Great Purge) in the U.S.S.R. was Stalin's elimination of the 'Old Bolsheviks' in the party and army as a precondition for the establishment of Stalin's dictatorship. 8 million people were arrested; the camps of northern Russia and Siberia contained 5-6 mil.; their numbers doubled in 1940-42. Arrests, interrogation and executions were carried out with the assistance of the N.K.V.D. (All-Union Commissariat of Internal Affairs).

With the peasants reduced in numbers and terrified into submission, the intelligence forces which required victims for its bureaucratic success, turned against the educated and the party officials. Of the 1,966 delegates to the party Congress in 1934, 1,108 were to be arrested or executed during the 1936-38 purges.

Of the 139 members and candidates of the Central Committee elected at this Congress, 98 would be executed. No meaningful members of the party could escape implication in genocidal activity as they were compromised by their party loyalty. It was a "Catch-22": if you survived the suppression of the peasants then it was because you participated in the suppression of the peasants.

1936,
Nicolai Yezhov was named by Stalin as chief of the NKVD (The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs).
Yezhov's Administration for Special Tasks was created in the U.S.S.R.
It set mobile killer teams searching for White officers, defectors, Trotsky, and other enemies of the U.S.S.R.

These were referred to as "wet affairs" because there was nothing recorded or kept on "hard" paper about the operations and most instructions were verbal. Because they were "wet" the agents and the details of their activities would seep away into the background like water seeping into the ground and disappearing. Yezhov's great zeal for mass arrests, purges, and mass executions resulted in this period of Soviet history being referred to as the Yezhovshchina by the common people.

1936 - On January 13,
Premier Molotovof the USSR addressed the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and called attention to the mounting perils on the borders which could call for armed intervention.

1936 - On January 15,
Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Soviet Commissar for Defence, gave the Committee facts and figures regarding the German and Japanese building military threats.

"Germany is an armed camp, and has increased her air-forces so much that Britain and France have been compelled to build up theirs correspondingly .... Japanese soldiers are threatening on our eastern frontiers."

1936 - On January 30
Germany's Reichs-chancellor Adolf Hitler addressed 25,000 Storm Troopers and black-shirted Special Guards in Berlin.
He noted:

"Everything that you are, you are through me, and everything that I am, I am through you. ... whoever believes that he can treat us as slaves will find that we are the most stubborn people on the Earth. We are no longer defenceless helots, but free and self-respecting citizens of the world."

1936 - On March 3,
Premier Mussolini and the Italian Cabinet changed the 4 largest Italian Banks from commercial banks to central banks.
Heavy military spending for the Ethiopian War and the related subsidization of domestic industries had made greater control of the capital and the credit of the country necessary.

The banks involved included the Bank of Italy, the Credito Italiana, the Banca Commerciale Italiana, and the Banco di Roma - the four largest banks in Italy. They were required to pay off their stockholders and liquidate their reserves; then to be reorganized and capitalized by semi-state credit institutions under government control.

A new "inspectorate for defense of savings and exercise of credit" was appointed comprising Mussolini, Ministers of Finance, Corporations and Agriculture, and the governor of the Bank of Italy. The inspectorate was given full control over the nation's credit and financing system, and jurisdiction over stock exchanges. Its permission was made necessary for any company to augment its capital or issue bonds.

In effect, a military coup had taken place.
The capital and credit resources of the country had been made available, under the authority of a very small group of individuals, to the service of the military.

A royal decree was also published authorizing the government to withdraw from circulation all silver money and to replace it with paper notes. Gold had similarly been called in by the government in 1935 and had substantially increased the nation's gold reserves. By issuing paper money in exchange for gold and silver, the nation placed its citizens at the mercy of its future capital reserve ratio's for the banks and the future pricing of the reserves - and of the paper money.

By decreasing the value of the gold, the apparent value of the debt would be reduced.
At the same time, such a move would decrease the purchasing power of the paper money and market uncertainty would encourage higher prices and inflation. These could lower the standard of living. At the same time, politically, it could be argued that because of the decreased value of the paper currency it would be necessary to increase taxes and other government income in order to cover the "value" of the expenditures previously agreed to. This approach to state capitalization would be taken by the countries of Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, the USA and some other nations.

On March 23, Mussolini announced the abolition of the Chamber and the substitution for that body of a "National Council of Corporations". The decree coincided with the 17th anniversary of the beginnings of Fascism and marked the end of the Parliament and the beginning of a capitalist-based oligarchy. Ostensibly to eliminate profiteering, Mussolini nationalized all large private industries.

1936 - During this year,
A beginning of the Earth's Axial Shift has been prophesied by Edgar Cayce, an American trance psychic.
It can be noted that early 17th century magnets pointed 11 degrees east of north.
By 1643, they pointed 4 degrees east of north. By the 1650s, they pointed due north temporarily.
Previous to the 1960s, a specific reference on the magnetic north pole would be difficult to attain with any degree of accuracy.

Magnetic anomalies found in the Earth's crust, such as iron deposits and other ores, result in magnetic field deflections which require "correction" for accurate local compass usage. Thus an accurate local compass setting must be corrected according to the local deviation AND relative to the current real position of the magnetic north pole. Axial movement would be confirmed late in the century and it would be found coincident with major earthquake frequency and location.

1936 - On March 4,
Josef Stalin, Soviet leader, held a rare interview with foreign correspondent Roy W. Howard.
Stalin admitted that Communism had not yet been achieved in the Soviet Union.
There is still a certain inequality concerning property; everyone is obliged to work and is paid not according to their needs but according to the quantity and quality of his work. Stalin also answered that if the Japanese attempted to seize the capital of Outer Mongolia, the Soviet Union would be forced to war.

1936 - During the year,
Lucky Luciano, boss of the American Mafia, the Cosa Nostra, was arrested, charged and sentenced to 30 years in prison.
Some of the prostitutes from his extensive illegal commerce testified against him.

1936 - On March 7,
Reichsfuehrer Hitler of Germany, speaking in Berlin, went before a specially convened Reichstag and announced that the Locarno Treaty was dead as far as Germany was concerned. The Locarno pacts, signed by Germany, France, Great Britain, Belgium and Italy in 1925, guaranteed the boundaries of Belgium, France and Germany and reinforced the demilitarization of the Rhineland zone laid down by the treaty of Versailles. Hitler charged that the Locarno pacts had been broken by the act of France making a treaty with the USSR.

Hitler announced that a new demilitarized zone with France and Belgium and a 25-year non-aggression pact would be favourable. He suggested an air force pact with Germany's western neighbours with Great Britain and Italy as guarantors. Finally, he noted that since Germany had regained equality in arms, it would willingly rejoin the League of Nations. He dissolved the Reichstag and called a plebiscite for March 29 to prove that the German people are behind him.

The election would result in a record vote with 98.79% endorsing his militarization of the Rhineland and denunciation of the Locarno Treaty. Intensive use of the media and a tremendous speech-making campaign by Hitler and other Nazi orators contributed heavily to the enthusiasm as there was virtually no opposition or criticism from the state controlled media. Election fraud accounted for 20 to 25% of the vote.

1936 - During the year,
A Small Microwave Transmitter Set for use in broadcast circuits is announced by O.B. Hanson, chief engineer of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) as a miniature radio station. Reaching distances up to 4 miles, the device is not intended for broadcasts direct to listeners' radio sets, but for the use of mobile announcers and reporters allowing them to broadcast direct from the point of origin. The model shown was the size of a 3-inch cube and had two ten-inch antennae; current was supplied by a small battery unit of 90 volts, giving power of 2/10ths of a watt. This was the first announcement of the device to the public.

The American military would quickly pick up the development of "field radios" for use between their troop units and armed forces encampments. Most of the Earth's nations would incorporate similar models into their forces. Late in the 1950's, citizen's band (CB) radios would enter the American consumer market; by the 1980s, cellular telephones would follow.

In each case they would develop as an extension of military research and development.
What ever reached the consumer market was much of the nature of a military discard having been superseded there by much more advanced technology. Governments took leadership by financing the military developments in secret and by confining the use of civilian models through the imposition of licensing, registration and other regulations.

1936 - On July 12,
Chancellor Schuschnigg of Austria publicly announced that Austria had made a new pact with Hitler.
Colonel Franz von Papen, German Minister to Vienna, had been active for some time in negotiations between the two governments. Germany and Italy had come to an understanding that Hitler would recognize Italy's conquest of Ethiopia and in return Italy would not annex Austria. Mussolini would not oppose Germany's interests in Danzig and elsewhere.

Features of the Agreement included:
1. Germany not to interfere in Austrian politics;
2. No German troops to be sent to Austria in the next 25 years;
3. Nazis being held in Austrian jails are to be given amnesty;
4. Restoration of economic trade between Austria and Germany;
5. Austria to recognize itself as a German State.

Item #3 was one of the secret clauses of the Agreement not publicized.

On July 22, 10,000 political offenders, including those of the Socialist Revolution of February, 1934, and those of July, 1934, attempted overthrow, are released.

1936 - Following July 13,
The Spanish Civil War began.
A military government formed in 1923 had been replaced in 1925 by a civilian cabinet under the leadership of Miguel Primo de Rivera. Agrarian reform and national infrastructure projects (bridges, roads,...) had begun; a war with France (Morocco) had been terminated; Rivera was exiled in 1930; the Republicans won an election in 1931; the state was separated from the Catholic church; nationalization of church properties; autonomy granted to the provinces of Catalonia and the Basques (1931 and 1936); frequent cabinet crises and civil unrest between 1933 to 1936 after an election victory of the conservatives; a monarchist deputy, Calvo Sotelo, was murdered on July 13.

Essentially, a monarchy and Catholic Church authoritarian and imperialist government was being forced to change, by public demands, to a democratic socialist government: the past privileged Nationalists (Bankers, landlords, clergy, and army) were opposed by the Republicans (peasants and intellectuals) - the first wanted change stopped; the latter was impatient with the slow change.

Germany (Hitler) and Italy (Mussolini) entered the war in support of the Nationalists; the Soviet Union (Stalin) and volunteers from many countries - Britain, Canada, the USA - supported or joined the Republican cause. International support was largely motivated by the reports printed in the international media.

Many of the reporters were obviously biased and abuses of that industry built on all of what had been learned in the past as means to manipulate human history. Fabrications of stories, misstatement of fact, exaggeration and imaginary creation of atrocities, failings to report negative factors, censorship and the use of spy-propagandists was in evidence to greater extremes than ever before. On occasion, those who did report the truth consistently were shot as spies.

The Republicans had many drawbacks: the British hand-grenades were useless; the Russian rifles not much better; the training minimal; food was in short supply; anarchy existed in some commands; bravado and ignorance combined to result in high fatalities; units failed to follow orders; inter-group armed conflict and political maneuvering made their efforts less efficient. Yet they represented the majority of the people. The Nationalists were better armed and supplied and better organized.

Having learned from the reporting abuses used against the Soviet Union during its Revolution, Stalin had created the Agitprop (the Agitation and Propaganda Department of the Comintern) which, with the Soviet Secret Police - monitored the war from Paris. Arthur Koestler and Claude Cockburn (writing under the name Frank Pitcairn) became passionate supporters of the Agitprop intention either by the shock of personal experience or the ignorance and enthusiasm of intellectual naivety. Koestler, early in the war, was arrested by the Nationalists and sentenced to be shot as a spy - because of his honest reporting. After 3 months in prison, he was released in a prisoner exchange. Thereafter, copy for the press could not be dramatized too much for him:

"He would pick up a few sheets of typescript, scan through them and shout at me: Too weak. Too objective. Hit them! Hit them hard! Tell the world how they ran over their prisoners with tanks, how they pour petrol over them and burn them alive. Make the world gasp with horror. Hammer it into their heads. Make them wake up ..."

Otto Katz and Cockburn reported an entirely fictitious battle, to portray the gallant but unequal struggle the Republicans were waging. They tried to intimate tactics by describing fights that took place in squares and short streets: combatants firing at each other from opposite ends of a long street might kill a reporter in the middle, or, might end up being from the same side.

Cockburn took the viewpoint that the public did not deserve the truth until they had taken action to become free. Until then, the more knowledgable reporter, close to the action, and an example of true involvement - would be the judge of what the public "deserved" to read. Phillip Knightly, a British special correspondent would later write:

"If a correspondent writes not what is true, but what he wishes was true, he has a 50% chance that the tide of the war will change and he will be proved right. But equally, it may not change, and he will be seen to have got the whole thing wrong ... misleading in their optimism and in their confidence ... of victory."

During the first 3 months, in village after village, behind the Republican lines, the frustrated and abused peasants and workers took over, and, regardless of political creed, went about settling old hatreds. Some 60,000 are said to have been killed during this period, including 12 bishops, 283 nuns, 4,184 priests, and 2,365 monks. Similar purges took place on the Nationalist side with about the same number of people being murdered.

The American Catholic press printed stories of atrocities on hearsay and placed captions on pictures supplied by the National Catholic Welfare Conference which made it appear that atrocities had been committed by the Republicans; some were committed. Indeed the few attempts made to report massacres and atrocities were buried in an avalanche of hearsay reports exaggerated to the greatest degree, in many cases by professional propaganda/marketing agencies.

A massacre of prisoners at Badajoz, on the frontier with Portugal reportedly happened on August 14, 1936, and subsequent days. Although no eye-witnesses were ever found and the evidence was flimsy at best - the story went as follows ... When the Nationalists captured the town they collected everyone suspected of having fought against them. They were then marched into the local bull ring and machine gunned in groups. Almost 2000 people were supposedly murdered over a period of 18 hours. It was printed, and believed, and has never been confirmed to this date.

The ardent wish of some reporters and editors for a Republican victory led to a story by George L. Steer about the aerial bombing of the city of Guernica by the Nationalists. On March 31, 1937, General Emilio Mola, leading the Nationalist forces, issued a threat that

"If submission is not immediate, I will raze all Vizcaya [a Basque province] to the ground, beginning with the industries of war. I have the means to do so."

German planes, with German pilots were bombing and strafing locations for the General.
Some miles from the town, Steer and Christopher Holme, another correspondent, were spotted sprawled in the bottom of a bomb crater by 6 German Heinkel 51 plane pilots coming from Guernica. For 15 minutes the Germans machine-gunned them before flying off. The reporters proceeded on to Guernica after hearing reports that it was burning.

There, Steer wrote a story of how the Germans had bombed the most ancient town of the Basques with 1000 lb bombs and under and 3,000 2-pounder aluminum incendiary projectiles. He described, for the first time, an apparent new tactic: demoralization of the civilian population by intentional destruction of non-military targets followed up by machine-gunning civilians flushed from the buildings by fires and explosions.

Both sides declared that their enemy was responsible.
The facts do suggest that the city was bombed by the German pilots; the source of authorization remains in doubt; the intent of the attack has always been in dispute. The outcome was that the world powers now had a bombing strategy theorized on paper that had not been considered before. In the coming WWII, the British would use the tactic INTENTIONALLY, to inflict the greatest damage against German citizens as they could - by pulverizing their cities.

The principal Communist source of terror was Andre Marty.
He admitted to some 500 executions and others testified that the number was closer to 2500 or 5000. Paranoid about spies, Marty was convinced that many of the volunteers who came to him were Fascist spies for the Nationalists. He never tired of day-long interrogations, never shrinking from the execution of doubtful cases. His example would inspire the German S.S., the Soviet Secret Service, and the Japanese Intelligence units of WWII.

1936 - On July 13,
General Chen Chi-tang, Kwantung commander, takes flight to British Hongkong, taking with him $30,000,000.
Many of Chen's chief officers, civil officials, his entire Cantonese air force of 60 planes fled Kwangsi province. In June the Canton warlords had demanded that Chiang Kai-shek and the National Government declare war on Japan at once. Chiang had delayed and the recent Nanking meeting of the Nationalist Executive Committee had rejected Canton's proposal of armed resistance against Japanese aggression. The Committee had gone farther, in abolishing the southwest political council (for Kwantung and Kwangsi provinces) dominated by Canton.

Chiang responded to the demands of Chen by negotiating the allegiance of General Yu Han-mou, a Cantonese warlord in immediate command of Chen's elite troops among his 50,000 man army, in return for being appointed to replace Chen Chi-tang. Returning from Nanking, Yu Han-mou, as Pacification Commissioner, took possession of some 300 Kwantung fighting planes, two large arsenals, 500,000 rifles, vast ammunition stores and tanks. In Kwangsi province, a considerable force remained under the leadership of General Li Tsung-jen and Pai Tsung-Hsi, who refused to submit.

1936 - 38
The Communist Party in the U.S.A. attained its greatest popularity during these two years.
An estimated 250,000 Americans joined the Party during the 30s, many of them for less than a year. Minnesota and Washington, D.C. were the areas of greatest concentration. During and after World War II, several U.S. ambassadors, Winston Churchill of Britain and Chiang Kai-shek of China believed that some Office of Special Services (OSS) - an American intelligence service, were involved in some activities which aided the Communists.

1936 -
Most countries go off the Gold Standard.
Britain and the USA have already done so. This will make the currency of the highest trading and most economically stable nation an international standard. Until that standard is recognized international trade will be confused and awkward due to the lack of a universal standard.

1936 -
"Spaceship to the Unknown" is an American movie released to the public viewer during the year.
Movies are so rare at this time that they constitute a social event to attend and the identification with the roles played by the actors and actresses by the audience often borders on a form of acting out fantasy.

Using the medium to "entertain" themselves into another reality apart from the confusion, tedium, disappointment or frustration of daily life, many movie-goers will be long-term motivated by the dramatics of a scenario and its suggestiveness of reality, by the heroism of the main characters, or, by the attractiveness of the major characters.

This was a Henry MacRae Production directed by Frederick Stephini.
The major actors included the following:

Larry 'Buster' Crabbe - played  Flash Gordon;
Jean Rogers           --  "   Dale Arden;
Charles Middleton     --  "   Emperor Ming;
Priscilla Lawson      --  "   Princess Aura;
Frank Shannon         --  "   Doctor Zerkov;
Richard Alexander     --  "   Prince Barin;
John Lepsin           --  "   King Vultan;
Theodore Lorch        --  "   High Priest;
James Pierce          --  "   Prince Thun;  and others.

The story begin with the professor astronomer father of Flash Gordon sighting a planet on a collision course with the Earth. Professor Gordon's associate, Dr. Zerkov, and a young woman, Dale Arden, set off with Flash in a rocket ship bound for the mystery planet.

Landing on the foreign planet, they find dinosaur-like giant reptiles, a mountainous surface and human-like beings who speak English, are technologically advanced and use a spaceship that looks similar to that of the Earthlings. On their way to find the leader of this culture, the Earthlings are captured and taken before "Ming the Merciless" Emperor.

These beings are presumed to be all-powerful because they use nuclear power.
They use devices to "de-humanize" people of their emotions and take control of their will.
These new beings carry swords and use ray guns. They enact trials by placing the subject in a cage and having them fight to the death or dropping them into a pit of reptiles.

Emperor Ming is ruthless, powerful, scientifically intelligent and seems attracted to the idea of conquering the Earth. In a human-like manner, he is lustful of the beauty of Ms. Arden and he makes arrangements to marry her. The lust of the Emperor's daughter towards Flash saves him from execution and assists his escape.

Flash finds an alien rocket, manages to learn how to fly it, and uses it to shoot down an incoming flight of spaceships which look like spinning tops - even though they have not directed any aggression towards him. At one point an alien spaceship and Flash's rocket ship become entangled and crash. Both pilots survive without injury and when Flash spares the life of the alien, it helps him to free his 2 Earth companions.

Priests are shown to be manipulating devices which the Planet's common beings refer to as god. Flash rescues Ms. Arden and agrees to help a Prince who has been defrauded of his rightful rule of the planet. Ming's soldiers, humanoid beings with wings and spears are seen and King Vultan is determined to be in a city which appears to float in the sky. There, winged humanoids imprison human-like beings to stoke huge furnaces.

The sky-city is levitated by gravity-resisting rays thrown out by the radium furnaces being stoked by the prisoners and slaves. The existence of the city depends upon the furnaces continuing to put out their power. Yet radium is acknowledged as being dangerous to the health of the beings and humans. Workers are given breaks in their work so as not to become overexposed.

A revolt breaks out in the furnace area but it is quelled.
Flash is tortured by electrocution. Saved in time, he is returned to health by an electro-stimulator machine. Again the Princess tries to win the admiration and love of Flash by her deeds, but to no avail. An officer of the Emperor initiates a new system of coercion whereby the wrist of each slave working at the furnaces is tied to a high voltage strap such that if they should try to escape or rebel, the supervisor can easily electrocute them.

During a work break, Dr. Zerkov instructs Flash to transfer his wrist strap to a shovel and to throw it into one of the furnaces. He ducks behind a large lead block for protection. An explosion occurs. Dr. Zerkov agrees to save the city if the Earthlings are set free. King Vultan agrees.

Afterwards, Emperor Ming reneges on King Vultan's promise and declares that Flash must first win a swordfight to the death with his finest swordsman. Ming has disguised the Prince Barin and forced him to fight against his will with Flash. The contest is won when Flash succeeds in removing the disguise from the Prince. Ming then places Flash in battle with a gorilla-like being.

Princess Aura determines that the way to beat the beast is to put a spear through its heart.
She takes the spear and the clue into the arena and gives them to Flash, who subsequently wins. Dissatisfied again, Ming threatens vengeance but is restrained by Princess Aura and Prince Barin. Doctor Zerkov radios to the Earth and Professor Gordon that the crew are returning. First, the Earthlings are invited to King Vultan's kingdom together with Princess Aura and Prince Barin. They agree to meet at a special location but arrive only to be attacked by Ming's forces again. They escape, return to the lab, are attacked again, and captured.

Ming is now attacked by lion-like humanoids in spaceships.
Fearing defeat, he enters a sacred palace and dies. For the benefit of science, all of the Earthlings are allowed to return home and assured that this planet, Mongo, will never have to be feared again. When the Earthlings land, all of the electrical power on the Earth must be shut off as a measure of safety.

 
Several factors of this story should be noted :
   a) The possibility of nuclear power is utilized;
   b) The dangers of radioactivity are somewhat noted;
   c) Unitized "rocketships" are shown as viable in space;
   d) Spaceships are shaped like spinning tops and other forms;
   e) Spacebeings are invariably humanoid in form;
   f) Spacebeings speak and understand English;
   g) Spacebeings appear to have emotions like those of humans;
   h) Other planets are believed to have an atmosphere like the Earth's;
   i) The concept of "ray" guns is accepted;
   j) Spaceperson cultures are expected to be hierarchical;
   k) Radium is considered a fuel to be used like coal;
   l) Both friendly and unfriendly beings exist in space;
   m) Other spacebeings share the human norm of attractiveness;
   n) There are no re-entry challenges in returning to the Earth;
   o) There is such a thing as an anti-gravity force which can be generated.

1936 - Early in July,
The "Internal Loan Decree" was signed in the USSR, in Moscow.
Existing 10-year loans bearing 8 and 10% interest were converted into one 18 billion ruble loan bearing 4%. The same terms were applied to a new 4 billion ruble loan. The current value of the ruble was equal to 40 cents American. The conversion, which was mandatory resulted in losses to 50,000,000 worker and peasant subscribers who were informed that they "will gain in the long run through appreciation of the ruble, decline in prices, and improvement in the whole economic system" of the Soviet Government.

This was political fraud for the monies were largely spent for further armamentation and enforced internal security. Rescheduling of the loans to a lower interest rate made it possible to "create" capital through the increased use of credit made possible by the reduction in the carrying costs. Long-term, the public experienced a depreciation in the value of the ruble, inflation and a decrease in the standard of living for the average person.

1936 - On July 30,
Sir Philip Sassoon, Undersecretary for Air, announced that an agreement for a North Atlantic mail and passenger air service had been concluded between Canada, Great Britain, Newfoundland and the Irish Free State. It was concluded in consultation with the USA.

The arrangement between the 4 governments is that the facilities of each party, including the United States, shall be available to all on a basis of reciprocity. These would include the necessary airport, radio and meteorological facilities, and to grant the necessary landing and transit rights within its own territory to the joint company established by British interests and to Pan-American Airways.

1936 - On August 19,
The British Government imposed a ban on the export of arms and munitions to Spain.
On August 24, Germany agreed to join other nations in the noninterference in the Spanish Civil War.

1936 - On August 19,
In what would later be called the "Show Trials", 16 former senior USSR leaders were formally charged in an open Moscow court with conspiracy to overthrow the government. The leaders of the plot calmly confessed to the conspiracy. On August 24, all of the 16 were found guilty as charged and sentenced to death before firing squads. The charges included:

1. Organizing a center to seize power by terror;
2. Organizing terrorist groups to shoot Stalin and other leaders;
3. The murder of Serei Kirov, in December, 1934.

The admitted object of the primary plot was to bring the exiled Leon Trotsky to power, gain control of the government and change the direction of the government. Fascism was the ultimate goal. The USSR demanded that Norway expel Trotsky back to the Soviet Union on the charge that he had broken his pledge not to engage in counter-revolutionary plots while having asylum there. The Norwegian government denied the request.

Trotsky moved to Mexico.
He had not provided leadership to the conspiracy.
Those involved had simply wanted him to become their leader after the successful overthrow had taken place. While Western observers doubted the legitimacy of the charges, they were in fact true.

Those involved included:
Gregory Zinoviev --  had governed with Stalin 13 years earlier;
Leo Kamenev -------  had governed with Stalin and Zinoviev 13 years earlier;
Klementi Voroshilov -- Commissar of War;
Lazarus M. Kaganovich, Commissar for Railways;
Gregory K. Orjonikze - Commissar of Heavy Industries;
Postisheff ----------- Ukrainian Communist party leader;
and others.

1936 - On August 24,
German Military Service Conscription is doubled by decree.
It increases the period of active service from one year to two.
Also, the German military strength will be increased by about 1/3rd.
The decree was signed by Der Fuehrer Adolf Hitler and Marshal von Blomberg.
An anti-USSR media campaign was initiated charging the Soviets with a deliberate attempt to "force revolution on those countries which would stand firm against internal Bolshevist agitation."

1936 - On August 29,
"The Institute of Pacific Relations" met for the 6th time since its inception in 1925.
Eleven countries met at Yosemite National Park for the 2-week informal conference and included the USA, Britain, France, the USSR, Japan, China, the Philippines and others. Political and economic conflicts between the nations appear to be increasing with apparent irreconcilable differences arising.

Japanese representatives repeated their demands regarding a protectorate over China, trade expansion and military policy. The Chinese expressed their determination to fight rather than acquiesce to Japan's demands. Representatives from the USSR, Great Britain, France and the USA made known their unwillingness to allow the Japanese to continue to demonstrate economic and political domination over other nations in the area.

The question of the future independence and neutrality of the Philippines after 1945 was of considerable concern to the Japanese. They hoped that a treaty to that effect could be signed with Great Britain and the United States. The representative from the Philippines expressed appreciation for the presence of American forts and Navy in the region and the British responded with similar support fearing that without an American presence, they, the British, would be unable to restrain a Japanese expansion into the Philippines.

1936 - On September 9,
The Fourth Annual Nazi Party Convention was addressed by Adolf Hitler.
800,000 persons gathered at Nuremberg to hear his personal address in which he stated that "the foundation of the state is an authoritarian will." He continued:

"Unlimited individual liberty leads to anarchy.
All states have experienced the destructive effects of democracy, while bolshevism seeks to destroy culture, as we have seen in Russia and Spain, where 80% of the leading personalities are Jews. .... I am not in the fortunate position of Bolshevist Jews who command a superfluity of land ... They have 18 times our territory - yet bolshevism cannot feed its people! What dunderheads they are! If I had the Ural Mountains, with their incalculable store of raw-material treasures, Siberia with its vast forests, the Ukraine with its tremendous wheat fields, Germany under National Socialist leadership would swim in plenty!"

An 8500-word proclamation by the Fuehrer read earlier in the day set forth Hitler's demand for the return of Germany's pre-WWI colonies noting that such a change would ease Germany's failing finances, revive its international trade, and build up its "raw material forces". The next 4 years were to be devoted to reaching economic independence by the Reich - to match the political independence already achieved. To do this, Hitler warned that greater discipline than ever would be required to carry out such a program.

The proclamation also called for a "holy war" under German leadership against Communism.
In order to make the nation so strong that it could ward off every attack from the outside, the manifesto stated, the 2-year military service conscription had been decreed, as previously announced.

At a special gathering of senior officers, foreign guests and correspondents, Hitler disclosed that the Reich now possessed the biggest military and semi-military forces in Central and Western Europe. The number of Nazi Storm Troopers now numbered 2,000,000 men and the Nazi Schutz Staffel added another 200,000 men. With the further addition of the Nazi motor corps and the Nazi air force, the total rose to almost 3,000,000 persons. The regular army now numbered 1,200,000 and another 400,000 men were employed in the Labour service. Hitler controlled 4,600,000 men.

Economic experts had concluded that Germany could not create substitutes for metal ores, including copper, tin, lead and nickel - all greatly required for the building of armaments. Orders were issued to dig for every scrap of metal ore in old derelict mines abandoned years before for lack of efficient production.

Modern methods and 19,000 new workers were charged with the task of working these old mines.
These included 17 lead and zinc mines, 3 iron pyrite mines, 1 nickel mine, 1 quicksilver mine and 3 magnesite mines. New plants to manufacture "cellulose wool" out of wood, synthetic rubber, and gasoline are planned. Farmers will be promised premiums to grow hemp and flax in order to revive the German linen industry.

1936 - In September,
Cosmic Rays were discussed at the Harvard Tercentenary Conference at Cambridge.
Dr. Merle Anthony Tuve of the Carnegie Institution explained that the newly found cosmic forces have their habitat exclusively within the nucleus of the atom, which is compressed into an area of only 1% of the space occupied by the atom and yet contains 99% of its weight. While the force is the greatest known in the universe, it works over the infinitesimal range of 1/10th of a millionth of a centimetre.

Dr. Arthur Compton of the University of Chicago explained the presence of many "positrons" among the particles which he said form the rays. "Positrons", he said, "are the opposite of electrons, which are permanent particles - a remarkable fact about positrons is that they only last a millionth of a second in earthly laboratories."

Dr. Robert Millikan stated that the experiments showed that heavy ionized particles do not come into the Earth's atmosphere in appreciable numbers. The reason is not known.

1936 - On September 26,
France devalues the franc with the support of the USA.
Holland places an embargo on gold.

1936 - On October 7,
The USSR warns Portugal, Italy and Germany to halt military aid to the Spanish insurgents; otherwise, he will seek a free hand in Spain. On November 25, Germany and Japan sign an alliance against the USSR.

1936 - During the year,
The Asteroid, "Adonis", approaches on a near miss path to the Earth which brings it within 186,000 miles.

1936 _ On October 21,
The Rome-Berlin Axis was formed when Baron Konstantin von Neurath, German Foreign Minister, and Count Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's son-in-law and Italy's Foreign Minister, signed a secret protocol in Berlin which outlined the "Axis" around which other European powers "may work together." If Britain should seek to resist the expansionist activities of Italy, Germany would assist Italy with military supplies and troop support; if Britain were to oppose the expansionist activities of Germany, Italy was pledged to assist Germany against the British.

1936 - By November,
Stalin has instituted a policy of confiscation and nationalization of personal gold assets for conversion into state reserves. The growing defence budget, fueled by the growing threat of German, Japanese and Chinese interference with Soviet borders, internal civil unrest, and the potential for involvement in the Spanish Civil War cannot be financed by either taxation of further deficit financing relative to current government gold reserves.

For the remainder of this year and for much of next year, gold in the form of historic Imperial artifacts, church artifacts and assets - including gold-gilt shrines and buildings, and personal possessions held by some of the nobility and the museums - will be confiscated and melted down into gold bullion. For the great amount of effort, destruction and abuse involved, the contribution to the national reserve will amount to about 100 million dollars. As a reserve, this will finance a further debt of degree of deficit financing of about $1 billion.

1936 - On November 25,
The Anti-Comintern Pact between Japan and Germany was signed in Berlin.
Ribbentrop, appointed German ambassador in London in August, informed the media after his concluding of the Pact, that Germany and Japan had joined together to defend Western civilization.

In reality, they had joined, in opposition to the rise of Communism and Socialism, to preserve Capitalism and Colonialism. Both desired the economic stratification of capitalism and the territorial expansion which attended colonialism. The secret provision within the Agreement was that in the event of an attack on either of them by the USSR, the offended party would consult the other to determine what joint action, if any, should be taken.

1936 - On November 29,
Ernest Jones, M.D. read "Rationalism and Psycho-Analysis" before the Glasgow Rationalist Press Association.
It would be heard before other similar associations and would be publicly printed later.
He ended his speech with the following:

"... we have become very familiar in Psycho-Analysis with the deplorable fact that reason, however one may prize it, can be misused like any other faculty when it becomes one of the 'defences' about which I have been speaking. By misuse I mean the employing of the intellect not to discover truth, but to conceal it. Nothing is commoner than for a man unwilling to reveal the underlying feelings from which such motives spring, to prostitute his intellect by using it to invent reasons, quite logical ones, which will serve as an explanation.

An unwillingness to face intimate emotions is characteristic of mankind, and yet without feeling, reason is powerless to understand the workings of the mind. The theses I am sustaining here are that only by feeling can reason discover truth and that, as was said by a certain Person, 'the truth shall make you free.'"

1936 - On December 12,
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, virtual dictator in China, is kidnapped at Sian-fu, in Shensi province, by Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang. Chiang had been staying a few days at a hot-springs resort nearby. The action taken was intended to force the Central Nanking government to declare war against Japan in response to the atrocities being committed by the Japanese in China. Marshal Chang, a onetime warlord of Manchuria, in a telegram to military leaders throughout China, guaranteed the life of Chiang if the Nanking government carried out 3 demands:

First -- Immediate declaration of war against Japan;
Second - A pledge to recover all lost territory including Manchukuo;
Third -- Reorganization of the Nationalist Party to admit Communists.

Marshal Chang Hseh-liang is the son of the former dictator of Manchuria, Marshal Chang Tso-lin, who was killed by a Japanese bomb in 1928. Chang was driven from Manchuria by the Japanese in 1931. He had worked with Chiang's Nationalist government in Nanking and had been fighting the Chinese Communists in the northwest until he learned of their enmity for the Japanese also.

On December 19, Nanking troops in the Sian-fu region attacked, captured and disarmed two mutinous battalions. Mediators arrived on December 20 to speak with Chang. Mme. Chiang Kai-shek left for Sian-fu on December 22. On December 25, Chang released Chiang, agreed to at least temporary exile, pacification of his troops and receipt of a large payment for the expenses of his army. Chiang returned to Nanking on December 26 with Chang following on the 27th in an effort to appear before government officials and explain his actions and accept their punishment. Chiang recommended clemency. Chang was sentenced to imprisonment for 10 years. Within a week he was released on parole.

1936 - On December 31,
The "Washington Naval Treaties", signed by the 7 sea Powers of the USA, Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Germany, and the USSR, came to an end. There had been a repeated failure in getting the nations to agree to a continuance on the limitation of armaments for the future. This now left each nation freely open to expand its navy to any degree which it might deem necessary for its own defensive purposes.

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1937 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:
Nothing Sacred; Captains Courageous; The Awful Truth; Seventh Heaven; Interns Can't Take Money; Three Smart Girls

1937 - During the year,
The Austrian Nazis, financed and encouraged by Berlin, continued to create social unrest and public terror with their acts of sabotage and bombings.

1937 - By this year,
Andre Bovis, a French experimenter, had formed a theory of how the art of dowsing revealed special energies about the Earth. The Earth had positive magnetic currents running north to south, negative magnetic currents running east to west. He noted that these currents would be picked up by all bodies on the surface of the Earth, and that any body placed in a north-south position would, more or less, be polarized, depending on its shape and consistency. In human bodies, these telluric currents, both positive and negative, enter though one leg and go though the opposite hand. At the same time, cosmic currents from beyond the Earth enter through the head and go out through the other hand and foot. The currents also go through the open eyes.

Bovis concluded that all bodies which contain water accumulate these currents and can radiate them slowly. As the currents go out and act and react against other magnetic forces in objects, they affect the pendulum held by a dowser. Thus the human body, as a variable condenser, acts as a detector, selector, and amplifier of short- and ultra-short waves.

Bovis used a pendulum detector together with a ruler to obtain an indication of the degree of vitality of different foods. The ruler was graduated in centimetres to indicate microns, which are thousandths of a millimetre, and angstroms, which are a hundred times smaller, covering a band between 0 and 10,000 angstroms. Simoneton analyzed foods with this scale. Bovis believed that the wavelengths broadcast by the object in question were picked up by the nerves in the human arm and then amplified by means of a pendulum swinging at the end of a string.

Jan Merta, of Montreal, Canada, would later show that a minute muscular movement of the wrist occurs a fraction of a second after a change in the electroencephalograph registered a change, thus indicating that the human brain processes the signal through to the registering device rather than that an unseen energy, either received directly from the environment or directed from the human brain, influences the pendulum.

At the same time, Bovis believed that the pendulum, acted as a perfect lie detector in revealing what a person really thought about a subject. More specifically, from what is known in the 1990's, the manner in which the pendulum user asks the questions for which an answer is sought, determines the truth and relevance of the answer indicated. The answer the dowser receives may be as exact or general in nature as is the reasoning of the individual. Asking whether you would like to do a particular activity rather than whether you should do that activity may result in opposing answers: each true according to the Spiritual tone of the question.

Some questions are more abstract than others thereby leading to a potentially more abstract than expected answer. Testing to determine where within a particular area the best water well should be drilled can provide the dowser with an exact location which is unlikely to change in the shorter-term. Testing to determine which food you should have for lunch will lead to a choice or choices dependent upon which foods are available - if so implied intuitively, or, to choices which may include items not currently available.

To further complicate the validity of dowsing and pendulum usage, it was known by the 1980's that the energy blocks harboured within the dowser or would-be dowser could result in negated answers. If traumatic experiences within one's own life, and/or pattern "memories" from one's ancestors raised the influence of the accumulated energy blocks within a human lifesystem, the natural intuitive "wisdom" of the person would be expressed in the negative. If the correct answer to a question was "yes", the dowsed answer would be "no".

If the correct answer was "left', the negated answer would arrive as "right".
Typically, the psychic abilities of the person would be reversed. Intuitive or "feeling" answers would tend to be incorrect to an alarming degree. Soon, the person would learn to negate through distrust any confidence in felt answers and seek to intellectualize and rationalize all decisions. Ego deception (obstructed "Heart" feelings) would be denied in favour of "head" decisions; passive-aggressive communication (non-assertiveness) would be exchanged for manipulation.

Instead of being wrong 80% of the time, a more favourable ratio of 50% might be achieved.
The less afflicted person, however, being able to dowse correctly, could have a correct answer ratio nearing 100%.

This is a motivation to rid oneself of energy blocks and develop intuitive and dowsing skills - yet this questions the relevance of intellectualization. Have humans so concentrated on this skill of consciousness so as to make excuses to lend credibility to decisions made rather than take responsibility straight-forwardly for an answer which has an error ratio of 50%?

Have humans increasingly exalted their intellectual conscious abilities in denial of their spiritual, and if so, has that path been taken simply because it supported the formation of authority structures and the irresponsibility of destructive interpersonal relationships and unrestricted population expansion?

1937 - By this year,
Japanese Army Unit 731 under the direction of General Shiro Ishii was in the midst of committing atrocities against the Chinese civilians in Manchuria. Medical experimenters openly forced Chinese civilians to become test subjects for diseases like cholera, typhoid, anthrax and plague. The intent to train medical students to become doctors and surgeons to benefit the Japanese colonists together with both a lack of respect for the Chinese and a low availability of anaesthetic resulted in victims being dissected alive and conscious.

Prisoners of war, held in contempt by the Japanese, were routinely beheaded or shot at roadside.
Thousands died of starvation during forced marches and forced labour. Others were burned, electrocuted, frozen, boiled, or sealed into pressure chambers which popped the eyes out of their heads. Thousands of others died when villages were randomly chosen as targets to test germ warfare leaving hundreds of thousands affected. Over 21,000 Chinese civilians would die by such means before the Japanese left Manchuria.

In the passive-aggressive authoritarian culture of the Japanese, the infant was sheltered from self-responsibility and self-direction. As the child grew, it remained emotionally infantile and sensitive and learned to be completely dependant on the state for survival. Military-based traditions utilized the development of self-esteem completely as a reflection of reverence for the emperor, the state, and the authorities of the state. The expected hardship of adult duty involving self-denial and a degree of family abandonment led to a rationalization of the overprotectedness of children as their happy period of life.

Self-worth was closely tied to a concept that the individual was a burden to the state and that such a burden could only be somewhat reduced by selfless ruthless obedience to authority. Any failure to live up to the perfectionistic and rigorous standards of the authority in charge resulted in spiritual, emotional and physical abuse. One either developed devoid of personal will, choice and motivation, or, one's spirit was broken by public shaming such that the individual yearned for the opportunity to demonstrate by some extreme action their worthiness for acceptance.

The concept that a soldier would surrender rather than die, or stay alive in a prison camp rather than kill himself was completely at odds with the Japanese imprinting and modeling of one's entire identity as an extension of one's contribution to the increased benefit and power of the state authority: the emperor. Human extreme social interactions are always abusive: perfectionism, intolerance, brutality, torture, murder.

Most Japanese adults lived unhappy lives of resigned servitude and abuse with the unlikely-to-be-achieved goal of official honour - whether while alive or posthumously. Japanese soldiers were almost as brutalized by their commanders as the Chinese and other enemies were brutalized by them. In the typical cycle of human abusive interaction, the defenceless abused person acted out their frustration and anger against those who were defenceless before them.

With the typical Japanese soldier having been culturally emotionally retarded to infantile egoism, attacks against the soldier's sense of identity, self-worth and manhood were much more devastating than they would have been felt by a more mature and stronger emotional individuality. More sensitive emotions produced more intense frustration, anger and rage. Such emotional reactions made expressions of ruthlessness, sadism, masochism, emotional coldness the norm.

What the Japanese military did outside of Japan was largely unknown to the common Japanese citizen or even to most of its legislators. The media reported on only the positive aspects of Japan's military campaigns - voluntary sacrifice to harsh conditions, bravery, conquest/liberation, increasing access of Japan to foreign resources for economic survival and growth.

1937 - On January 5,
The first session of the American 75th Congress was convened.
President Roosevelt delivered his annual message including a desire to revive legislative principles such that a moral liberal attitude could be taken towards New Deal legislation. He noted: "Means must be found to adopt our legal forms and our judicial interpretation to the actual present national needs of the largest progressive democracy in the modern world."

Among his immediate requests was the authority to devalue the dollar, for the neutrality law to apply to the civil war in Spain, and for deficiency appropriations. He asked for laws to curb monopoly, unfair trade practices and speculation throughout the 48 United States. Under administrative pressure, a neutrality resolution preventing the legal shipment of arms to Spain was quickly passed by both the House and the Congress.

On January 8, the USA Annual Budget was presented by President Roosevelt.
It promised a balanced budget for the 1938 fiscal year, beginning next July 1.
A completely balanced budget for the 1939 fiscal year and those following it, with $35,000,000,000 as the ultimate peak of the public debt was also estimated. National defense expenditures were estimated at 911.6 millions (1936), 964.9 millions (1937), and 991.6 millions (1938). Interest on the public debt for the same years was estimated at 749.4 millions (1936), 835 millions (1937) and 860 millions (1938).

1937 - Early in January,
The Japanese Government faced an Economic Crisis.
Growing military programs (in Southeast Asia and China) had resulted in a rising cost of living.
The prices of foodstuffs and other staples rose by 10% to 30% with every family being influenced.
Discontent was growing among the poorer classes. On January 22, Emperor Hirohito suspended the Diet (parliament) for two days to encourage a compromise between angry army leaders and anti-military political parties. Still apart afterwards, the entire Japanese Cabinet headed by Premier Koki Hirota resigned.

1937 - Early in January,
A Chinese Communist Movement of 250,000 supporters was reported in northwest China.
General Yang Yu-chen, the leading Shensi militarist met with and began negotiations with the Chiang Kai-shek government leaders in order to avoid armed conflict.

On February 15, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek would present a report to the plenary session of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, at Nanking, before 200 members, regarding the Sian-Fu incident. He had been kidnapped and detained for 13 days, being released on December 25, 1936. Following the presentation, Chiang, in the characteristic Chinese norm, offered his resignation from the various posts which he held in the Party's organization. The convention urged him to retain the offices.

Chiang Kai-shek further declared that he had rejected the program demanded at Sian-fu by General Chang which had been presented as a prerequisite to the surrender of the Communist armies and territories to Nanking's rule. He advised moderation in further contact with the Communists.

1937 - On January 11,
The Soviet Finance Commissar, Gregory Grinko, announced to the Central Executive Committee a contemplated defense expenditure of $4,020,400,000, an increase of 1/3rd over last year's budget. Other nations assume that this is a response to the German-Japanese pact against Communism, announced in November, 1936, and to Japan's reported decisions to increase its army in Manchuria and built a larger Navy.

1937 - In January,
The United States Treasury makes its first shipment of gold bullion to the new government depository on the Fort Knox, Ky. military reservation. The new storehouse for the nation's gold is a low, granite building with an underground vault, protected by a 25-inch steel and concrete wall, a 20-ton door, a bombproof roof and a sensitive electrical alarm device.

The bullion is in the form of 400 oz. bars, worth $14,000 each ($35./oz.).
The government will eventually lodge some $6,000,000,000. (42,857 bars) of its $11,296,000,000 (80,685 bars) gold supply at Fort Knox.

1937 - On January 29,
General Senjuro Hayashi is asked by Emperor Hirohito to form a new government.
The Emperor's first choice, Kazushige Ugaki had been unable to form a government due to opposition from the military. General Hayashi has been a prominent military leader in Korea and then in the Manchurian campaign and later was Minister of War in the former government. In addition to the Premiership, Hayashi assumes the duties of Foreign Minister and Minister of Education.

The new cabinet consists of 8 members instead of the customary 13.
An issued statement of policy declared that the government would follow a middle way so far as circumstances permitted. A budget reduction of 8-1/2% would be introduced on February 11.

1937 - On January 30,
Reichsfuehrer Hitler proclaimed to the German people that he had broken the fetters of the abhorred Versailles Treaty, which he said, "we felt as the worst stigma of shame ever branded on a nation." In particular, he denounced the clauses concerning "war guilt", the German Reichsbank and railroads:

"I hereby most solemnly withdraw the German signature from that declaration forced upon a weak government against its better knowledge - the declaration to the effect that Germany was guilty of starting the World War."

He declared that the Reichsbank and the railroads are free from the obligations imposed upon them by the peace treaty and are restored to the complete sovereignty of the German government. Hitler repeated Germany's demand for a return of colonies taken from it after the War, offered cooperation with other nations for peace and economic development, and, expressed complete opposition to bolshevism. All German citizens were directed to listen to radio broadcasts of the speech in their homes, offices and factories.

In both domestic and foreign affairs, Hitler's record was impressive.
During his term in office, unemployment had been abolished (in a culture which abhorred unemployment and shamed deeply anyone who had been pushed into it); a boom in business had been created (during one of the worst capitalization crisis yet recorded); a powerful Army, Navy and Air Force had been built up, and, provided with considerable armaments and the promise of more (in contravention of the Versailles Treaty); a loyal ally had been found in Mussolini (for Germans who felt weak and humiliated by the outcome of WWI); the independence of Poland from France had been mediated (diminishing the felt encirclement of France); hope and optimism had been encouraged in the German people.

1937 - On February 2,
Authority for the USA Executive Office was extended for 2-1/2 years continuing to provide the President with control over the 2 billion stabilization fund and the power to devalue the dollar. The new bill expires June 30, 1939.

1937 - On February 17,
A Japanese Diet debate on Military Expenditures produced widely divergent statements.
Yukio Ozaki, 79-year-old Liberal leader, declared that Japan has neither the population nor the wealth to compete with such powers as the United States, Britain, Soviet Russia or China with their great resources and millions of inhabitants. Ozaki denounced the army's attitude in seeking to control Japan and to enforce a strong policy toward China and the rest of the world. He questioned the lately signed pact with Germany against the spread of Communism, declaring that Japan should suppress Communism without foreign assistance.

Premier General Hayashi defended the budget expenditures for armaments on the rationale that they were necessary in case diplomacy failed.

1937 - On February 20,
The Chinese Nationalist Nanking government officially cancelled the anti-communist war which had occupied nationalist forces for a decade. This followed negotiations with the communist leaders in Shensi and Kansu, who agreed to the abolition of the Communist army and its incorporation with the National army under officers appointed by the Nanking military authorities. A proposal was also adopted for holding a national people's assembly next November to adopt a national constitution and to inaugurate a "constitutional regime."

1937 - During the year,
Howard Menger, born February 17, 1922, in Brooklyn, New York, and his brother, saw bright shinning, circular objects skipping about the sky. One day, a metallic object landed not far from them. Unafraid and curious, he approached the object only to have it fly away. Later, a spacewoman contacted Howard. He knew immediately that she was not an earthling because

"she was an exquisite woman with long blond hair which cascaded around her face and shoulders ... she seemed to radiate and glow as she sat on a rock before me, and I wondered if it were due to the unusual quality of the material she wore, which had a shimmering, shiny texture, not unlike but far surpassing the sheen of nylon .... she wore no makeup and her skin had pinkish undertones while her eyes were opalescent discs of gold. She first said, "Howard, we have come a long way to see you and to talk to you."

Over the next several decades, scientific and technical data would be imparted to Menger.

1937 - On March 7,
An "International Raw Materials Conference" convenes in Geneva, Switzerland.
It is generally acknowledged that no single nation in the world is self-sufficient in the sense that it contains within its borders all the raw materials which it needs for the (traditional) uses of its industry, its agriculture, and in many cases for its food supply. To this end the economic needs of a developing (population and capital expanding) civilization have become political in the sense that they have been the causes of colonial expansion, of intense rivalries between nations for control of sources of materials not indigenous to their own countries, and of trade competition which has aroused international enmities. Organized by the League of Nations, Nazi Germany was conspicuously absent - it has demanded the return of its colonies in view of their resources.

Yuko Shudo, Japan's delegate, presented Japan's demand for the right to send her excess population to all undeveloped territories of the Earth and noted that foreign nations were often closed to emigrants from crowded Japan. As Japan has only raw silk as a natural resource, access to foreign sources is essential to Japan, he stated.

Export restrictions had so hampered a continuous supply of raw materials for industry that the Japanese, like some other countries, were seeking to save themselves by programs of self-sufficiency, but such attempts, he said, tended to disturb world economy. Shudo urged abolishment of all restrictions on export of raw materials and contended that immigration from all countries and by all races into undeveloped countries must be permitted.

A self-sufficient economy in a country with few natural resources, which is overpopulated and continues to have a growing population can only result in a decreasing standard of living. The internal political threat of such a policy is that increasing levels of poverty and economic distress and decreasing availability of produce will stimulate inflation, illegality, social unrest, civil war and anarchy.

Such spells death to the living political organism of state bureaucracy which is charged with maintaining order and profit - the status quo. Human bioengineered sexual obsession prevents a serious consideration of a stabilization or reduction of population levels even though such could be done humanely while increasing the potential for marital harmony.

1937 - On March 8
Japanese Foreign Minister Naotake Sato stated that:

"Japan has no territorial ambitions in China.
It is wrong for one country to possess a sense of superiority over another.
China's wish for equality should be duly considered. I wish to forget all past differences and proceed with mutual good will. Japan respects Chinese interests and wishes to shake hands with them economically.

Recently, Japan has clashed with British economic interests in China.
It will be better to cooperate with them and follow a peaceful policy."

Sato's statements received immediate opposition in the Japanese Diet where he was accused of presenting a weak policy and that a firmer attitude to China should be taken.

1937 - On March 12,
Chinese militia clashed with Coreans (Koreans) who were found smuggling sugar into territory south of Tientsin.
Ignoring an order to halt by the Chinese, the Coreans were fired upon. Chiang Kai-shek and his advisers conferred with visiting Japanese at Nanking on economic matters, while the Japanese military authorities at Tientsin were making drastic demands on the Chinese authorities to cease their war on smuggling. The Japanese designate the Coreans as "special traders" and declare that 3,000 Coreans are engaged in smuggling and have no other source of livelihood, and that therefore, their "special trading" must not be interfered with!

1937 - By March 16,
Mongokuo, a new state in China, roughly the size of the USA state of Ohio, is established.
The new state, including 6 northern counties of Chahar, is between the Japanese dominated state of Manchuko and the Chinese province of Suiyan, extending to within 20 miles of Kalgan. The capital has been declared as Chapsur.

Prince Teh, for a long time opposed to the Nanking Nationalist government, set up the new nation with the aid of Japanese military advisers. Japanese officers stationed at Dolonar, near the Jehol state border, had supported the creation of the Chahar Autonomous Mongol Political Council, which was never recognized by Nanking, over a year ago. Many Mongol leaders oppose the new "puppet" state that they are determined to prevent invasions by bandits and will support the Nanking government against revolutionary movements.

1937 - During March,
Libya becomes the focus of the Arab-Islamic movement.
During a visit by Italy's Premier Mussolini to the north African colony, he received an enthusiastic greeting and had the title of "Protector of the Faith" conferred on him. This demonstrated the success of Italy's Islamic policy of respecting the people's religion and customs - in contrast to the historical British and French colonial practices.

The Arabs are trying to shake off French and British domination, and Italy apparently is seeking to supplant Great Britain as the world's greatest Moslem power. Italy's friendly attitude towards the Moslem world was contrasted in a circulated pamphlet which mentioned the problems in Syria, the bloody overthrow of the Baghdad government, and the continuing Arab-Jewish conflict in Palestine. It further mentioned that:

"The only authentic basis for peace and tranquillity in the Moslem part of the Mediterranean base is Libya ... no Islamic movement ever had cause to complain of Italy's more than fair attitude."

1937 -
Canada begins its chemical and biological warfare program despite the fact that Canada, Britain and the U.S.A. all signed the 1925 Geneva Protocol outlawing the use of such weapons. Otto Maass was the director of chemical warfare and the man in charge of Canada's research into chemical and biological warfare. The first area of concern was Mustard Gas, which had been used in WWI.

Sir Frederick Banting experimented independently upon himself in a minor way and to his regret. The leg patch burn he gave himself took a month to heal and was quite painful. The National Research Council labs in Ottawa, under the direction of biologist J. Gordon Malloch initially used volunteers from the staff in the early experiments done there. Repeated exposures magnify the symptom severity experienced. Such sources quickly diminished and Maass was asked for volunteers from the military.

Experimental animals could not be used effectively in such experiments due to their inherent passive response. Humans, on the other hand could be trained to take evasive actions. Britain began experimenting in 1942 with soldiers at Porton Down, England. The soldiers became "severe casualties". On the request of the British, the Canadians rewrote their regulations on using troops in war gas experiments and the research station at Suffield, Alberta became a preferred location because of its vast open areas which offered excellent possibilities for testing under combat conditions.

A minimum of 100 volunteers per month were called for, each to receive $1.00 or more per exposure, and none of which would be told of the certainty of injury. The notices posted stated that "the actual tests are carried out under scientific control, so that no personal injury is likely to result". Mustard Gas burns are always severe and very painful. Medical officers were ordered to conform or face dismissal. Men returning to their units no doubt contributed to the truth reaching the troops resulting in increasing difficulty in obtaining volunteers and increasing pleas to the military to send more.

The poor "attitude" of the returning volunteers was thrown back on the military as being responsible for sending laggards who "were sent back because they refused to do their duties". Army officers were again told that it was their "duty to provide suitable troops in adequate numbers" and to tell such volunteers that "they would not be called upon to make sacrifices".

Ostensibly undertaken so as to find ways of avoiding Mustard Gas exposure and better ways of treating same, an equal stress was given to making the dispersal of the gas more effective. This included finding ways of ensuring that troops on the ground would be contaminated by gas released from planes flying at up to 1,000 feet altitude. The British set up similar testing grounds at Innisfail, Queensland, in Australia. The Canadian experiments were favourably received by Britain and the U.S.A. and Canada continued with experiments for both countries after WWII on a wide range of gasses and viruses.

In 1989, the results of these experiments were still under order of government secrecy.
This approach and the results stand as a model of research done by every militarily powerful or dominated political system on the Earth.

1937 - On June 24,
"The General Political Situation" was the subject of a "Top Secret" directive shared by The German Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, Field Marshal von Blomberg and the chiefs of the German Navy, Army and Air Force. It justified the position that Germany "need not consider an attack from any side" as neither the Western powers nor the USSR were preparing for or wanted war. It continued:

"Nevertheless, the politically fluid world position, which does not preclude surprising incidents, demands constant preparedness for war on the part of the german armed forces ... to make possible the military exploitation of politically favourable opportunities should they occur. Preparations of the armed forces for a possible war in the mobilization period 1937-38 must be made with this in mind."

 The report continued with 3 scenarios in which war might begin:
   1. A French surprise attack, RED: German strength applied in the West;
   2. A German attack on Czechoslovakia to defuse a 2 fronts war, GREEN;

In the second case, intervention could only be made if "necessary conditions" (civil unrest, sabotage) occurred beforehand. In 3 additional situations "special preparations" were to be made:

   3. Armed intervention against Austria;
   4. Warlike complications with Red Spain;
   5. England, Poland, Lithuania take part in a war against Germany.

The directive ended:

"... England will employ all her available economic and military resources against us. Should she join Poland and Lithuania, our military position would be worsened to an unbearable, even hopeless extent. The political leaders will therefore do everything to keep these countries neutral, above all England."

1937 - On July 7,
The Sino-Japanese War began following an incident at Marco Polo bridge, north of Peking.
A Japanese soldier had been detained or killed by the Chinese. In retaliation, the Japanese attacked Shanghai, the largest city in China and the biggest seaport in Asia. A centre of commerce, Shanghai had a population of 3-1/2 million Chinese plus a central French concession in which other countries had embassy-like compounds complete with their own garrisons. Britain, France, the USA, Japan and other nations ostensibly had representatives present to assist the Chinese in increasing their sophistication to more "modern" levels".

The Japanese garrison had been enlarged immediately before the incident and they resisted the Chinese until 2 divisions of reinforcements arrived from the south. The Japanese destroyed 1/2 the Chinese army before it withdrew. In retaliation for opposition, the Japanese intentionally bombed the civilians from the air, killing thousands. Deliberate genocidal actions were taken by the Japanese both here and at Nanking, to which the Japanese next marched.

Nanking, as the capital of the Republic of China, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, was attacked following the sinking of the USS Panan, a USA gunboat, further south. The gunboat sinking was declared a mistake and the Japanese escaped sanction. Nanking was captured in several days. 40,000 civilian men, women and children were murdered; many others were raped, assaulted, buried alive, or tortured. 300,000 civilians and troops were later reported to have been killed.

Chiang Kai-shek and millions of Chinese resorted to guerilla warfare, yielding territory slowly to the advancing Japanese while burning crops and destroying factories and roads. Railroad tracks were taken up. Many factories were taken apart and carried to Chungking, 2000 miles west, where they were reassembled in underground factories; bomb shelters were built for the civilians. Japan bombed the city from the air and the Chinese in old biplanes defended with suicide missions.

The Japanese countered the resistance by re-building the railways with slave labour and isolating the Chinese ports so as to cut off supplies such as oil from reaching the interior. This only left a small-gauge railway from Rangoon, Burma to southern China for the Chinese to obtain supplies. Engineers estimated that a road through Burma would take 6 or 7 years to construct. Chinese labour completed the Burma Road in less than a year, protected in part by a small group of American fighter aircraft, the Flying Tigers.

By the end of the year, Japan would have captured 5 more northern Chinese provinces in its drive to unify its control over China.

1937 - On September 28,
A Celebration in Berlin for Mussolini by Hitler greatly impressed the Italian leader.
A gigantic crowd of 1 million people were gathered to hear both leaders, responded with deafening applause. Mussolini, speaking in German, responded to the flattering words of Hitler by describing the Fuehrer as

"... one of those lonely men of the ages on whom history is not tested, but who themselves are the makers of history."

1937 - On October 30,
"Hermes", a miles wide asteroid, shot past the Earth at an estimated speed of 22,000 mph, missing the Earth by twice the distance to the Moon (approx. 500,000 miles), that is, 7 minutes. The energy which would have been released by a collision was calculated to be the equivalent of 100,000 one-megaton hydrogen bombs, about equivalent to the world nuclear warhead explosive capacity on alert in 1988.

1937 - By November,
A "Law for the Control of Important Industries" is set up by the Tokyo Government in Manchuria.
By its direction, no one could go into major enterprises without a Japanese permit. This virtually excluded all Chinese and foreigners from any large business. "State companies" organized under this law became monopolies owned and run by such big Japanese interests as the Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, South Manchuria Railway, and the Oriental Development Company.

By 1944, they would control the salt, leaf tobacco, motion pictures, rice, coal mining, electric power, automobile assembly, life insurance, textbook printing, alcohol, opium, and other lines in at least 1/3rd of China. Flour and spinning mills and chemical works, machine shops and railways - were all in the hands of Japanese syndicates and industrialists.

All land, labour, and immigration laws in China would come to favour the Japanese.
It would become easier and easier for Japanese colonists to acquire land, while becoming almost impossible for a Chinese. Scores of new factories - chemical works, machine shops, woodworking plants, spinning mills, and food-preserving industries would multiply in the Mukden (Shenyang) industrial area. New railways would be built including some to reach the Soviet border - for military reasons. The same approach would be generally used by the Japanese for conquest anywhere in southeast Asia.

1937 - On November 5,
The Wilhelmstrasse Meeting allowed Hitler to outline the new German policy.
Present were:

Field Marshal von Blomberg:        Minister of War and Head of Armed Forces;
Colonel General Baron von Fritsch, Commander-in-Chief of the Army;
Admiral Dr. Raeder,                Commander-in-Chief of the Navy;
Colonel General Goering,           Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force;
Baron von Neurath,                 Foreign Minister;
Colonel Hossbach,                  military adjutant to the Fuehrer.

Hitler regarded his new policy the fruit of 4-1/2 years of political leadership.
It was to be his contribution to history. He said:

"The aim of German policy was to make secure and to preserve the racial community and to enlarge it. It was therefore a question of space. [Germans] had a right to a greater living area than other peoples ... Germany's future was therefore wholly conditional upon solving the need for space. ...

The history of all ages - the Roman Empire and the British Empire - had proved that expansion could only be carried out by breaking down resistance and taking risks; setbacks were inevitable. There had never ... been spaces without a master, and there was none today; the attacker always comes up against a possessor."

Hitler believed that two hate-inspired countries, Britain and France .. had their colonial or internal problems and the USSR should also be considered in any "political calculations." Strategy had to be considered carefully. Three cases had to be considered.

1. After 1943-45, Germany's relative military position to Britain and France would weaken as they rearmed.

2. If French internal strife came to completely occupy it, Germany should strike quickly against the Czechs.

3. If France was so occupied in war with another state, Germany should overthrow Austria and Czechoslovakia simultaneously.

War was considered mandatory.
Hitler raised some doubts as to his survival beyond 1945, his desire to solve Germany's problem of space by that time, and the correct timing and choice of strategy would be dependent upon the political actions of the other countries. Some of the officers neither supported the Fascists nor the prospect of war. Their presence prevented unity of purpose.

1937 - On November 6,
Mussolini, while Ribbentrop was in Rome for his signature on the Anti-Comintern Pact, remarked about Austria: "Let events take their natural course." This was taken as a signal by Hitler that Mussolini was no longer as concerned about the future of Austria as he had expressed previously.

1937 - On December 9,
Joe Kennedy was publicly appointed by U.S.A. president Roosevelt to be the next Ambassador to Britain.
Joe had asked for the position; it was one of the most prestigious jobs in the diplomatic service and the one most unexpected for an Irish Catholic to hold. He was finally a hero to Bostonians.

Memory Stimulators.
1938 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:
Four Daughters; The Sisters; The Adventures of Robin Hood; Jezebel; Arrest Bulldog Drummond; The Lady Vanishes; Algiers; The Divorce of Lady X; The Shopworn Angel; You Can't Take It With You; Made For Each Other

1938 - During the year,
Adolf Hitler and his government in Germany pass laws against civilians owning guns, ostensibly to reduce levels of crime.

1938 - On January 25,
The Headquarters of the "Committee of Seven", the Austrian Nazi underground, was raided by the Austrian police.
They found documents in the Vienna offices, initialled by Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy, which clearly stated that the Austrian Nazis were to stage an open revolt in the spring of 1938 and that when Austrian Chancellor Dr. Kurt von Schuschnigg attempted to put it down, the German Army would enter Austria to prevent "german blood from being shed by Germans."

According to Franz von Papen, Chancellor of Germany, one of the documents ordered his own murder or that of his military attache, Lieutenant General Muff, by local Nazis so as to provide an excuse for German intervention. This was the second time that Papen now knew that the Nazis had targeted him for murder. On February 4, he would learn that he had been fired, along with Neurath, Fritsch, Blomberg, and others.

1938 - On January 25,
Fraulein Erna Gruhn was the factor which led to the discharge of Field Marshal von Blomberg from the German military leadership. After almost 30 years of marriage, Blomberg's wife had died in 1932. He became enamoured with his stenographer and on January 12, they were married. Rumours began to spread and a police chief, Count von Helldorf became aware of a police file on Fraulein Gruhn.

In her younger years she had been charged with having been a prostitute and having posed for pornographic photographs. She had grown up in a massage salon run by her mother which, as sometimes happened in Berlin, was simply a front for a brothel. Helldorf dutifully should have passed the information on to the chief of German police, Himmler, but Himmler was getting a reputation for being unsavoury. Helldorf reported the findings to General Keitel, a junior of Blomberg. Instead of passing the papers on to Army chief von Fritsch, Keitel suggested that Helldorf show them to Goering.

Goering had long wanted Blomberg's position and saw an opportunity.
Goering took the papers to Hitler. On seeing them, Hitler, conservative and intolerant religiously, as many Germans of the era were, Hitler felt disgraced and disgusted that Blomberg had not confided these details to him and that he might have made such a disgraceful choice, for a senior officer. Hitler had been one of the two official witnesses at his marriage. By now, the Army command itself, with its good share of pride, was demanding the dismissal of Blomberg. Hitler dismissed Blomberg from duty that same day, January 25.

Blomberg was informed on his honeymoon by an arrogant and zealous junior Naval officer that he had been dismissed; the officer took the liberty of offering Blomberg a pistol for the purpose of suicide in order to save the honour of the Army. Blomberg did not agree with the extremist views of the junior officer and declined the pistol. Blomberg had not known about the previous history of his new wife and when Hitler learned the truth, he promised Blomberg to reinstate him as soon as Germany's hour has come. Blomberg was denied service for the length of the approaching war.

Iniquities throughout the German ranks and culture served here to diminish their chances of success ahead. Blomberg was a loyal and excellent military leader whose potential contribution would be lost as a result of the cumulative expressions of gossip, lack of compassion, passivity, distrust, envy, pride, social status, intolerance.

1938 - On January 25,
The career of Colonel General Freiherr Werner von Fritsch, the Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, who had opposed the November 5, 1937, pronouncement of policy by Hitler, began to come to an end. On that day, after showing the files concerning Blomberg's wife to Hitler, Goering also brought forth paper purporting to disgrace Fritsch. Himmler, Goering's chief aide, and Heydrich, chief of the S.S. Secret Service, the S.D., had provided Goering with the report. The Gestapo papers alleged that Fritsch had been guilty of homosexual offenses and that a German ex-convict, Hans Schmidt, had blackmailed him since 1935.

Hitler summoned Fritsch to the Chancellery to face the testimony of a rather unsavoury looking individual. Fritsch who was openly anti-Nazi, was so angered by the insolence of the situation that he was speechless. Hitler took this as a sign of guilt and ordered the resignation of Fritsch. This shocked Fritsch back to reality and he refused to resign and threatened to challenge the charges in a trial by a military court of honour. Hitler, neither wishing to stir military dissention nor miss the opportunity to rid himself of an opponent, ordered Fritsch on indefinite leave.

A preliminary investigation by the Army working with the Ministry of Justice quickly established that Himmler and Heydrich had initiated a Gestapo frame-up against Fritsch. The ex-convict, Hans Schmidt, had observed an Army officer in an "unnatural act" and had blackmailed the man for years. The subject's name was Frisch, not Fritsch. The Gestapo had known this, yet it had arrested Schmidt and threatened him with death unless he identified Fritsch as the homosexual subject. The elder leaders of the Army and those opposed to Hitler now believed that the scandal involving the Gestapo would threaten both his and the Gestapo's credibility. Before that could occur, Hitler would have gained superior control of the situation.

1938 - On February 4,
A Decree placing Hitler in Command of the whole German armed forces was passed by the cabinet and announced to the nation shortly before midnight. As head of state, Hitler had been the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. Now he took over Blomberg's position as Commander-in-Chief and abolished the War Ministry. In its place he created the High Command of the Armed Forces (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW), to which the 3 services were subordinate. Goering was rewarded with the title of Field Marshal.

Hitler announced that Blomberg and Fritsch had resigned "for reasons of health."
Sixteen senior generals, known to oppose Hitler, were retired. Another 44, who were considered less than enthusiastic, were transferred to lesser commands. Foreign Minister Neurath, who was beginning to question the direction of policy, was replaced by a compliant Ribbentrop.

Hitler, the former information officer, used the media to placate the public about his new dictatorial rule and some of the prominent dismissals he had forced by taking a suggestion of Goering and creating a fictional "Secret Cabinet Council." It was supposed to provide guidance to Hitler "in the conduct of Foreign Policy." Neurath was described as its president and Keitel and the chiefs of each of the 3 armed forces were to be part of this "supercabinet" as Goebbels' propaganda described it. In reality, it never met, even for a minute.

1938 - in May,
Trans-Canada Air Lines, inaugurated the first transcontinental service in Canada with the delivery of 10 Lockheed 14s which brought their fleet up to 16 planes. The new planes have a top speed of 250 mph and accommodation for 11 passengers.

1938 - During the year,
Nikolai Bukharin, who ranked second only to Lenin as a Bolshevik theorist in the USSR, was ordered shot by Josif Stalin. Bukharin's internationally known book, The ABC of Communism was outlawed for publication or possession along with his numerous works on Marxist economics and sociology. Bukharin was a member of Lenin's first politburo, an organizer and leader of the Communist International, and editor of Pravda and Izvestia. Although he strongly disagreed with Lenin on political issues, the founding father of the USSR praised him from his death bed. His works and his place in history would be "rehabilitated" by the Soviet Government in 1965, over 10 years after the death of Stalin.

This was one of many people who lost their life under the order of Stalin.
Josif Stalin, had been an intellectual as a young adult, rushed into rational development at the expense of childhood emotional development due to physical and spiritual abuse by his poor alcoholic father. He would forever subconsciously hate the world, like other humans who were robbed of their childhood play and opportunity for emotional development. With great assistance from his mother he gained advanced education at a monastery only to be sent to a work camp in Siberia. He became aware of the strategy of Chess and followed it through the rest of his life.

No-one, including his mother, a long-time friend, a close associate, a wife, trusted and loyal officers - could not be considered expendable. All were potential dangers to his possession of power. Those who knew him best had a greater opportunity in the world of public opinion and politics to jeopardize his reputation. The more you knew of what had happened, the greater your chance for execution or imprisonment.

In Chess, the Master must be willing to sacrifice all of his or her "pieces" in order to survive and win, including your knights, your bishops, and your queen. For Stalin, intellectuals posed a personal threat to he who was an intellectual; on numerous occasions, they would be persecuted as a group.

1938 - In May,
The REDs receive lifeform distress signals from the Milky Way Galaxy to their own Andromeda Galaxy.
They study the reception for about a year of our time and then decide to investigate as the signals indicate increasing distress. Lifeform distress signals move at 1/5th the speed of light and cross great distances in the universe. They are picked up here by a RED exploration group and relayed to their home planets at the speed of light. Those picked up and relayed at this time indicated the distress of the earth's biosphere (living organisms, plants, animals, birds, reptiles, insects, etc.) from the period of human history beginning in the 1850s.

In May, 1939, the RED civilization sent 10 exploration groups to investigate the source, which had been pinpointed as the Earth. They began arriving at the Earth in 1943. The travel capability of the REDs in terms of distance covered would be incomprehensible to humans until the year 2015. It can be represented by a factor which is double that available to the Pleiadians; theirs would be incomprehensible until the late 1980s.

The ANDROMEDA Galaxy is located at position M31 in the Andromeda Constellation.
It is the brightest and nearest spiral galaxy to the Earth. Without optical aids its appears to humans as a bit of elongated fuzzy light. This great island universe is the nearest of all the spirals and is probably the largest member of the Local Group of galaxies. The distance is 2.2 million light years, that is, about 13 thousand quadrillion miles. The stars of the system are arranged in 2 different populations, and, in this case, one is much farther away than the other. Previous to 1953, M31 was believed to be 1/2 to 1/3 that distance from the Earth.

The Andromeda Galaxy possibly contains over 625 billion stars, of which only the brightest can be seen with human-made telescopes by humans. By comparison, the Sun would be 200 times too dim to be seen by the same telescope looking from the Andromeda Galaxy. Like the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy is known to be in slow rotation about its central mass with the outer hub moving more slowly than the inner portions.

As early as 905 A.D., the Persian astronomer Al Sufi had noted it and called it the "Little Cloud". The first telescopic observation is believed to have been made by Simon Marius in 1611 or 1612. Only long-exposure photographs taken with large telescopes reveal the true nature of the galaxy to be an aggregation of billions of stars like the Milky Way in which the Earth and its solar system are found.

1938 - By the summer,
The Japanese controlled 2/3rds of the Chinese railroads.
The Yellow River, which had changed its course during its annual flood almost a century earlier had been maintained in the new course by dikes. Now, these dikes were broken to provide a water barrier against the Japanese advance. Chinese guerrilla farmers presented an unpredictable and uncontrollable enemy to the Japanese, which lost troops to ambushes. Swamps and marshes also frustrated the Japanese troops. Millions of people were being killed. Most other nations were either unconcerned or in debate about how they should be responding. Humans did not always view other humans as humans: humans were races; races were euphemisms for the concept of different species.

1938 - On June 22,
Labour Conscription was instituted by the Office of the Four-Year Plan in Germany.
It obliged every German to work where the State assigned him or her. Workers who absented themselves from their jobs without a very good reason were subject to fine or imprisonment. Also, a worker conscripted could not be fired by the employer without the consent of the government employment office. There was job security, something unknown in the earlier part of the century.

Restricted by many controls and wages that were only a little above the subsistence level, the German workers were provided with circuses by the government to divert attention from their misery. The Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy) Organization was created by Dr. Robert Ley. In pre-Nazi Germany, tens of thousands of interest clubs provided social participation for persons with a common liking for chess, soccer, bird watching, .... Now, no such club was allowed to function without the approval of the Kraft durch Freude. This was better than nothing at all.

For those at the lowest end of the income scale, it provided inexpensive vacation trips on sea or land. 12 ships were purchased (2) or chartered (10) for such cruises. Destinations included Madeira, beaches on the Baltic, and plans for massive ski excursions to the Alps which would have accommodated up to 20,000 persons. Every branch of sports was so regulated: more than 7 million persons officially participated in them. Kraft durch Freude also made bargain rate tickets available for the theatre, opera, and concerts: anyone of any economic class could now equally attend. Over 200 adult education centres were regulated as well.

As the largest single political party organization in the country, the "Labor Front", with 25 million members gained a huge bureaucracy employing tens of thousands of members. 20 to 25% of its income became spent on administration. Annual dues to the Labor Front passed 200 million dollars worth before 1939. Only 10% of that was set aside for the Kraft durch Freude.

1938 - By September,
Jacque Fresco had designed a flying saucer.
Aircraft companies of the time advised him that he was too far ahead of anything they could handle and it was shelved while he worked on a more conventional job at Pearl Harbour, just before the WWII, and at some less conventional activities at Wright Air Field during the war.

Fresco believed disk-shaped aerial ships had a sound aerodynamic future.
In fact when he heard someone offering $25,000 for a saucer that could fly, he said that would be like taking candy from a baby. "I can build one for $15,000 and make it fly fast enough to pull a pilot out of his skin and I'm working on a way to make even him survive the experience."

1938 - On October 30, in a CBC broadcast,
Actor Orson Welles produces a radio dramatization of H.G. Wells's story "The War of the Worlds".
A story about the invasion of the earth by aliens from Mars, it portrays how outer space lifeforms invade the USA and kill 40 people including 6 state troopers.

An estimated 32 million listeners believe much of the dramatic presentation in spite of periodic assurances by the announcer that what is being presented is a dramatization only and not to be confused with the truth. The format which has conditioned American audiences to believe everything presented on the radio as a news story or political release if it were not music - created mass hysteria and demonstrated the power of mass media to influence much of a nation.

At a time of no television and few radio stations, when a majority of North Americans lived on farms, read few newspapers and magazines and depended on the radio as their source of news with relatively few advertisements compared to the 1990s, many listeners believed that what they were hearing was not a dramatization but a description of reality. People in the region where the spaceships were supposed to have landed grabbed their guns and rallied neighbours to provide an armed resistance to a terrifying threat: invasion by something strange and powerful.

On the radio, the story events were portrayed as parts of a breaking news event with all of the urgency and anxiety one might expect. Following the pattern of "real" event reporting, the dramatized story confused numerous listeners who responded to the pattern without taking head to the announcements that indeed they were listening to a dramatization. Police and radio stations received numerous urgent calls from people demanding to know what was being done about the "invasion". Over 1.2 million people took to the streets in fear that Martians really had landed.

If real facts at a later date were to suggest that a technologically advanced alien civilization had reached the earth, how would the public's reaction to a story and the government's lack of preparation and the culture's lack of confidence and positive outlook to foreigners with greater power likely encourage then current politicians and military/policing leaders to respond? Open disclosure or secrecy? Other alternatives are ruled out by lack of preparation and the given beliefs and responses in the earlier equation.

1938 -
Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein patent a liquid metal pumping system which operated by using moving magnetic fields to push the liquid metal along. Szilard would later propose the cooling of nuclear reactors with molten bismuth and lead and the use of the pump as an alternative to water cooling which he believed would be less effective and require more maintenance. Water cooling was chosen.

1938 - During the year,
In Germany, the generals had seen no reason up to this time to oppose Adolf Hitler.
Faced with the threat of war, an opposition, which had undoubtedly existed from the beginning of Hitler's activities formed but was ineffective. General Ludwig Beck, the first Chief of General Staff, resigned. He was horrified by the military risks he believed Hitler was courting; however, he failed to make use of his resignation in the bloodless coup at Munich.

Weaknesses of leadership in the military and civilian arenas arose from a demand in advance that whatever opposition was raised would have an advanced assurance of 51% certainty of success. Hitler had instituted what North Americans decades later would call Unemployment Insurance and many government civil service work positions into a culture where an inability to provide for yourself and your family resulted in total shame to the extent that you would be disowned by your relatives and friends. Military expenditures together with other programs appeared to be bringing Germany out of the worst economic depression it had ever experienced. Many generals saw no reason to oppose Hitler since he produced results.

Later, when doubts arose, the majority were so overwhelmed by the early successes of Germany in the War, up to December, 1941, that they were content to leave the politics up to the Fuhrer. They bargained their honour for swift promotion and praise. They felt bound by their national and military oaths even when impending disaster was frankly admitted. Many civilians were motivated by the optimism and aim of Germany's salvation in which poverty and hard work would be replaced with riches and power as they held authority over the rest of the world with all of its resources at their hand.

The Gestapo succeeded in April 1943 in destroying the main elements of the original conspiracy against Hitler. On July 20, 1943 Colonel Count Claus von Stauffenberg would lead the resistance elements in an attempt to destroy the totalitarianism he hated and that Hitler personified. ALL elements of the plan failed and the resulting trials and hangings turned those who remained in doubt to support of the Fuhrer to the end.

Justice and right are achieved by the actions of one person at a time and often in opposition to what is easy, accepted, powerful, safe. Morally correct decisions cannot be found, except by coincidence, through intellectualization. Nor to political, social or religious leaders have any command on what is right for the individual, group or state: ONLY faith AND a strong spirit provide the answers. How much time has any politicized group been encouraged to take to build these "spiritual" skills to balance secular skills?

1938 - By December,
The Volkswagen (The People's Car) program, had been begun by Hitler and Ley.
Hitler wanted every German worker to have a car, just as the media portrayed every American had. At the time, there was 1 car for every 50 Germans and 1 car for every 5 Americans. Hitler decreed that a car should be built for him to sell for $396. Hitler himself and Austrian auto engineer Dr. Ferdinand Porsche were the major designers of the car.

Private industry could not produce a car for such a cost.
Dr. Ley's organization, Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy), promptly set out to build "the biggest automobile factory in the world" at Fallersleben. It was to produce 1-1/2 million cars annually. The Labor Front Party advanced 50 million marks of capital and Dr. Ley introduced a "pay-before-you-get-it" instalment plan - 5 marks a week, or up to 15 marks per week (for a 990 mark car).

When the prospective buyer had paid in 750 marks, the buyer was given an order number entitling him or her to a car as soon as it could be produced. Tens of millions of marks were paid in by German workers. War would bring an end to the proposed reality and the dreams. The factory would be converted to the production of war materiel. After the war, none of the monies collected from the workers would ever be refunded.

1938 - In December,
Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Germany, discovered the process known as Uranium fission.
The term "fission" was actually coined by assistants Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch. Bohr realized that because of their structural differences only the rare U235 (7/10th of 1% of the usual uranium alloy, vs 99% U238) had fissioned in the experiment. Fission could be initiated by a single neutron striking a U235 uranium nucleus. Nuclear physicists immediately recognized that by such a process enormous amounts of energy could be released.

1938 - In December,
Nicolai Yezhov, chief of the NKVD Soviet Secret Police goes too far for Stalin in his mass executions and he himself disappears. Stalin replaces him with Laventi Beria who orders an end to the purges. Stalin is given the image of a saviour to the Soviet people: the person who stopped the purges. In reality, he authorized the purges and when he thought they had accomplished his aims he executed the leaders conducting the purges so as to ingratiate himself to the people and to eliminate his connection with them.

Beria is also promoted to be a Candidate-Member of the Politburo.
He modifies the Secret Service in several ways. He establishes agent training schools, widens the international activities of SMERSH, and keeps detailed files on all possible adversaries. SMERSH is the abbreviation for "Smert Shpinonam" - "Death to Spies" - the popular title of the Armed Forces Counterintelligence Directorate.

SMERSH is particularly active between 1943-46.
Beria becomes responsible for the execution of as many as 35,000 members of the Soviet Army as well as 525 members of the Secret Service. It is by the long-term use of these idiosyncratically determined fatalities that Soviet men largely become passive and unassertive: it is a more dependable way of surviving than most others.

Memory Stimulators.
1939 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:
The Wizard of Oz; Gone With the Wind; The Cat and the Canary; The Hunchback of Notre Dame; The Little Princess; Invitation to Happiness; Mr. Smith Goes to Washington; Destry Rides Again

1939 - By March,
Three groups of scientists had completed experiments to prove that nuclear fission produced an emission of more than one neutron per interaction thereby confirming the ponssibility for a chain reaction process:

Leo Szilard and Walter Zinn at Columbia University; Frederik Joliot in France; and Herbert Anderson and Enrico Fermi, also of Columbia.

Publication of these findings resulted in letters being sent to the War Office in Germany, the Soviet Academy of Sciences in the Soviet Union, and the British Government suggesting the prospects for a bomb: all initiated atomic bomb projects shortly thereafter.

1939 - On March 15,
Germany invaded Czechoslovakia.

1939 - During the year,
Igor Tamm, a leading Soviet physicist, remarked to a group of students:

"Do you know what this discovery (of fission) means? It means a bomb can be built that will destroy a city out to a radius of maybe ten kilometres."

1939 - In April,
Dr. Ruth Drown, a vivacious young Los Angeles, California chiropractor made an astonishing finding while making refinements on Albert Abram's devices. She developed a camera which could be used to take pictures of organs and tissues of patients using nothing but a drop of their blood, even when the patients were hundreds or thousands of miles from her office. Even more startling, she could take pictures in "cross-section", which cannot be done with X-rays.

Although she received a British patent for the camera, the American FDA authorities regulating her practice, regarded it as science fiction and confiscated it in the early 1940's. To suitably discredit Dr. Brown, the same authorities ensured that reporters from Life magazine were on the scene at the time of the confiscation and that their story presented her as a charlatan. She reportedly died of grief.

Once again, "modern" human culture proved its own spiritual decay by denying the fair and scientific assessment of new concepts which could enhance health, reduce illness, and reduce the cost of health care relative to the sophistication of the diagnosis required.

1939 - During the year,
A major flood in Northern China, results in the death of 100,000 persons.

1939 - By May,
Thomas Townsend Brown, a specialist in radiation, field physics and spectroscopy with an interest in astronomy and space travel, and who had worked his way up since his entry into the Navy Reserve in 1933 to the position of a Lieutenant, wanted to return to research. With his supervising professor, Dr. Paul Alfred Biefield, he had discovered the Biefield-Brown Effect, 15 years before, in 1924. The economic climate had improved some and he took a position with the Glenn L. Martin Company of Baltimore, later to become Martin Aerospace.

1939 - By now,
Eba Waerland, a naturopathic writer, would note:

"Depleted food gives rise to constipation and constipation is not good for your health. Everything slows down and those things that should be eliminated from the body remain for a long time in contact with the mucous membranes. This is not good for your health because you get toxic, it gives rise to irritation and we get different intestinal flora which produce toxins made from the bile acids and these toxins can give among other things, cancer of the intestines and the large bowel."

Although demonstrated to be accurate, the medical industry would show little recognition of this statement in their modes of practice through 1990.

1939 - By mid-year,
Uchida Ryohei, an associate of Toyama Mitsuru (Dark Ocean Society) founds the "Black Dragon Society".
It dominates the Kempeitei during the War and leads the struggle to expel Bolshevism, democracy, capitalism, and Westerners from Asia. The continued looting of East and Southeast Asia will bring together the Black Dragons and the Yakuza during World War II. They would make huge fortunes trading in the black market, securing quantities of diamonds, gold, and platinum in the process.

While most of Yakuza's wealthy patrons were more interested now in money than in politics, militant Fascism was a natural ally of extortion.

1939 - In July,
H.G. Wells' "The Fate of Homo Sapiens" entered the market as his latest views.
As a futurist, a number of the possibilities suggested in his writings would come into existence. As a pragmatist idealist thinker, he wrote science fiction, novels and critiques of society. His concerns and warnings about the direction of society have often proven out; his admiration for science, thought and nature were balanced by a grieving for the ignorance, compulsiveness and destructiveness of humanity. By this date, history, for Wells, had become ecology.

In "Fate", Wells defined the urgency of the moment as humanity having to adapt so as to finally reach a balance and reverence for nature and the role of humanity as a constructive participant, or, cease to exist. Wells proposed that 3 major changes were taking place and that 3 major responses were necessary in order for the result to be positive.

First, distance was being abolished by radio communication and air travel; second, there had been and continued to be a tremendous increase in industrial operations; third, there was an increasingly targeted release of human energies resulting from widespread increases in literacy and increases in the demand for skilled labour. Without a context of long-term goals built on a foundation of human equality and respect, responsible use of science and technology the adoption of a style of professionalism which would seek for maximum benefits from change with the least of disruptiveness and waste, humanity would be doomed: social order would crumble and nature would exact its own form of restrictions on humanity.

If humanity were to survive, Wells specified that 3 factors would be required.
A worldwide Air Authority to control and direct the use of all aircraft was one. A second was the establishment of a Worldwide Conservation Authority to ensure that human industrialization and commercialization did not continue to downgrade the quality of the environment. A full acceptance of the rights of individuals was the third, and essentially the foremost factor. If the political and social relationships between humans did not become healthier and more constructive, nothing would change. What Wells perceived and stated were the weights holding humanity to its lowest common denominator were what he called "Existing Forces".

These authorities can best be listed by quoting the chapter titles of his book:
"The Jewish Influence"; "Christendom"; "What is Protestantism"; "The Nazi Religion"; "Totalitarianism"; "The British Oligarchy"; "Shintoism"; "The Chinese Outlook"; "Subject Peoples"; "Communism and Russia"; "American Mentality". All of these proud, irreverent, conflicting norms - expressed as taught by their human leadership, dominated world thought and worked more for evil than for good.

Wells' call for a new world order was innocent in its inability to acknowledge the basic physiological capabilities of the human; it was gullible in its assumption that human intellectuality really provided a context for freedom rather than a rationalization for deference to authority; it was naive in its suggestion that the authoritarian powerful pillars of modern human culture would meekly surrender their proud, self-indulgent power in the interest of humanity as a whole. Unable to clearly see the opportunities yet able to feel the challenge, Wells concluded:

"The coming barbarism will differ from the former barbarism by its greater powers of terror, urgency, and destruction, and by its greater rapidity of wastage ... The average life will be steadily diminishing, health will be deteriorating. The viruses and pestilential germs will resume their experiments in variation and new blotches and infections will give scope for pious resignation and turn men's hearts once again toward a better world beyond the stars. There will be a last crop of saints and devotees. Mankind, which began in a cave and behind a windbreak, will end in the disease-soaked ruins of the slum. What else can happen? What other road can destiny take?

If "Homo sapiens" is such a fool that he cannot realize what is before him now, and set himself urgently to save the situation, while there is still some light, some freedom of movement and action left in the world, can there be the slightest hope that in fifty or a hundred years hence, after he has been through two to three generations of accentuated fear, cruelty, and relentless individual frustration, with ever-diminishing opportunity of apprehending the real nature of his troubles, he will be collectively any less of a fool? Why should he undergo a magic change when all the forces, within him as without, are plainly set against it."

1939 - In July,
GRAY-Insectoid and GRAY-Reptoid spacebeings arrive on Earth from a base on the Moon.
The Insectoids have set out from their previous planet in 1872 to search for a new gene pool from which to find a key to bioengineer protection from an endemic "genetic" disease. It is actually a dual-virus; they are unaware of viruses. Symptoms of the "disease" are alarming to the insectoids: a reduced lifespan from an average of 48 Earth-years to an average of 24; fertility reduction from 100% to 50%.

Initially, they consider humans too "primitive" socially to utilize as a gene pool. They are much too ethnocentric in terms of lifeform to consider any gene pool so different from their own. They choose to experiment with Earth-origin insects initially. They live on a nutrient base derived from the fermentation of animal tissue in vats.

They are also in search of new sources for their resources and another location to colonize and expand their civilization. Gray-Insectoids are highly developed in their apparent technology yet have a physiology similar to insects. Underground colonies or bases are their natural locations for nests or homes and have provided protection from harmful cosmic radiation as well as wide temperature fluctuations on other planets, moons or asteroids.

They also have bases on Venus.
They found humans to be of as much interest as humans have found insects to be. They have little concern for human welfare beyond determining if and how humans might be utilized as workers or slaves for them, and, whether any human genes may be advantageous to them.

The GRAY-Insectoids coexist with the GRAY-Reptoids in a mutually beneficial relationship.
The Gray-Insectoids are the more powerful and the more technologically advanced while the Gray-Reptoids are more spiritually advanced and have more sophisticated language for communication. It represents a tenuous union of brawn and intelligence on which the survival of both rests. Each possess their own systems of social organization and they cannot interbreed.

GRAY-Insectoids grow to a height of about 3 feet, have somewhat humanoid form with thin bipedal arms and legs, have a diamond-shaped face with large eyes, dislike sunlight, work together for the survival of the "nest", and, have a Gray colored shape. Their main activities are colony building, food gathering, manufacturing, procreation, defense of the group.

The propulsion systems of their transport craft are made of materials foreign to the earth and not dependent on magnetic forces.

GRAY-Reptoids grow to a height of 2-1/2 feet to 3 feet on their arrival and are of heavy build, gray in colour. Over the next decades, mutants derived from cross-breeding and bioengineering, would grow as high as 10 feet. The Gray-Insectoids supply them with older technology craft dependent upon magnetic and gravity forces for propulsion - yet much advanced to human transportation. Subservient to the Gray-Insectoids who possess the power of technology, it is uncertain what beneficial functions they provide to the Gray-Insectoids other than as labourers. They have no specific motivations of expansion or colonization beyond the desire to live comfortably and orderly.

As both GRAY types always work together, they will be referred to from this point on as GRAYS rather than separately as Gray-Insectoid and Gray-Reptoid, unless the situation warrants otherwise.

The GRAYS first sought an area in which to build their first underground base or nest.
They looked for a location which was remote from human lifeforms and in temperate zones rather than arctic or equatorial regions for comfort. Both are usually only away from their bases under cover of darkness and both have hypnotic abilities much beyond that of the skilled human. It is possible for them to easily stun a human into a trance following which the horror of the experience, not having been prepared for, is usually coped with by human neurological defenses as a blank in memory - a traumatic block.

GRAYS initially sought to learn from investigating samples of humanity what physiological factors might make them more suitable to life on Earth. They had little interest in human social and political systems which they viewed as self-destructive, useless, and abysmally primitive to their own. They see humans as we have viewed their earthly representatives for centuries. They did envy humans for their ability to survive on the Earth given their apparent heavy "drawbacks" of emotion, destructive habit structures, and, in terms of insectoid perception - extremely poor "learning" mechanisms.

1939 - In August,
Wilhelm Reich left Oslo, Norway for the U.S.A.
He had received a teaching offer and contract from the New School for Social Research in New York City with the assistance of anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski and Dr. Theodore Wolfe.

In 1936, Reich had founded the Institute for Sex-Economic Bio-Research, in Oslo.
He had continued his research into the basic energy underlying life and in the counselling and treatment of emotionally ill persons.

In 1937 and 1938 he had focused his studies on the one-celled protozoa, using time-lapse photographic techniques, in the search for an understanding of how bio-energy functions in all living forms. Almost daily Reich had become the target of Norwegian newspaper sensationalism which branded him a "sex fiend" and a "Jewish pornographer."

The significance of the findings which emerged from his research indicated the considerable ignorance and denial which humans possessed about themselves. He discovered that specific parts of the body, particularly the erogenous zones (tongue, inner surface of the lips, genitals, nipples, lobes of the ears, etc.) showed strikingly more varied measurements than the normal skin potential in terms of electrical sensitivity and nerve responsiveness.

In addition, the electrical potential of these zones varied considerably with the emotional state of the individual. Also, persons could subjectively tell whether a particular influence would cause an increase or decrease in the electrogram reading, suggesting the possibility of biofeedback training to increase self-awareness and self-control.

His own method of healing he came to call "vegetative" treatment, the term not translating well into English and better described as "life-energy" therapy. This "energy" he would now come to call Orgone (from orgasmic energy) and he developed a theory that all illnesses were caused by a disturbance of this energy. Terming them biopathies, he viewed illnesses as energy-blockages of the body.

He developed an Orgone Accumulator device designed to stimulate the flow of the natural life-energy in the user, thereby allowing for the eradication of illness by a strengthening of the lifeform's energy. They were small wooden boxes, about a foot square made of alternating layers of iron or steel and cellulose or other materials. He had discovered that by using a wooden tube fitted with a magnifying glass, a bluish-gray light, blue-violet dots, or rapid straight yellowish rays could be seen emanating from the box and present in the atmosphere. A small amount of heat was produced in the boxes, more if they were underground. The more layers in the box, the greater the amount of orgone energy concentrated.

1939 - On August 2,
Albert Einstein sends a letter to F.D. Roosevelt, President of the U.S.A. encouraging government support for nuclear research in view of factors which suggest that extremely powerful bombs designed on nuclear reactions may be under development in Germany:

"Some recent work ... leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. Certain aspects ... call for watchfulness and ... quick action ....

In the course of the last four months ... possible to set up a chain reaction ... large amounts of power ... extremely powerful bombs ... might well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. ... The United States has only very poor ores ... good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia, ... Belgian Congo.

... speed up experimental work, ... providing funds ... Germany ... taken such early action ... where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated."

Signed by Einstein, the letter is actually written by Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner.

1939 - On August 15,
The date of the Annual Nuremberg Nazi Party Rally, 250,000 men were called up for military service in the west.
Advance mobilization orders to the railways had been given. Plans were made to move Army headquarters to Zossen, east of Berlin. The Navy reported that the battleships Graf Spee and Deutschland and 23 submarines were ready for sail for their stations in the Atlantic.

On August 17, "Operation Himmler" was ready to proceed.
150 Polish Army uniforms with attachments had been gathered.
They would be worn in an attack faked by the S.S. Gestapo against a German radio station at Gleiwitz, near the Polish border. Concentration camp inmates, condemned to die, would wear the uniforms. They would be told that if they succeeded, they would have their freedom.

The intent was that the "Polish" invaders would be killed during their retreat.
Thus Poland could be blamed for the aggression and an attack. The order for the Operation had come directly from Hitler: he was anxious to push history forward. Alfred Helmut Naujocks, a member of the S.D. (Sicherheitsdienst, Security Service) was placed in charge of the Operation.

Operation Canned Goods under order of Reinhard Heydrich and the responsibility of Heinrich Mueller, was to provide 12 or 13 condemned criminals, in Polish uniforms, for Operation Himmler. To ensure that there would be no survivors, all but one would be given fatal injections by a doctor employed by Heydrich and given gunshot wounds. They would be placed at the spot of the incident and the press would be taken there afterwards.

The one exception would be a person which Naujocks would accompany to the radio station and who would read a prepared speech declaring that the time had come for conflict between the Germans and the Poles. Naujocks, representing the German S.D., would then heroically shoot the individual and save the station. These combined operations would be cancelled at the last moment. Others, involving Belgium, Holland, and other countries would be planned; some would be carried out.

1939 - On August 19,
Stalin agreed to sign a Non-Aggression Pact with Germany, after a week of negotiations.
21 submarines were dispatched to positions in the North Atlantic north and northwest of the British Isles to begin a blockade of Britain. The battleship Graf Spee was sent to position itself off the Brazilian coast. The battleship Deutschland was sent to occupy the British sea lanes in the Atlantic.

1939 - During the year,
A British Government White Paper on the Jewish Question of occupation in Palestine supported the ARAB position. This encouraged the limitation of the sale of land to the Jews as well as immigration numbers. The intent was to maintain an Arab majority in the region. The policy was contested by the Irgun Zwai Leumi, a Jewish terrorist group.

Faced with indirect British anti-Semitism and direct German anti-Semitism during the coming World War, the Jewish Agency (informal Jewish government) became a supporter of the Allies and developed Palestine into a centre for Allied supplies, while the Arabs (the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem) tended to support the Axis powers.

1939 - On August 23,
The Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact was signed.
Stalin was jubilant and took the pact seriously, adhering faithfully to the provisions.
It was the culmination of a process begun in the early 1930s. From his perspective, Stalin believed that the Pact would not have occurred without the second revolution which he had forced on the U.S.S.R. - making it more homogeneous in structure, goals, efforts, and responses. He believed that without such changes, the states which now composed the U.S.S.R. would nave remained or returned to independent states unable to repel the advances from European powers or Far East powers. His power, he believed, put him on an equal with Hitler - and as such he could negotiate in good faith for the protection of "his" country.

Hitler wanted an empire; Japan was building an empire; the U.S.A. were building an empire; Britain and France had empires which were threatened; Stalin had one, which he hoped to protect from threat. Hitler was aware that his chances of defeating Britain and France would be reduced if either the USA or the Soviet Union came to their aid. He and his staff made an honest and determined effort not to aggravate either the USA or the USSR directly.

Hitler's plan for Germany was to first consolidate the countries surrounding Germany, then conquer Britain and France. Only then would he advance into the Soviet Union. During the interim, his ally, Japan, was expected to occupy all of Southeast Asia and China; only then to invade the USA. Italy, another ally of Hitler, was expected to re-establish the old Roman Empire through Greece, the Balkans, the Middle East and through Africa. Eventually, a World Government was to evolve with Hitler as the Chairman.

Stalin identified personally with Hitler: both had know physical and emotional abuse as children; both adopted emotional denial personalities with strong abandonment patterns encouraging a compulsion for control for the purpose of satisfying unresolved feelings of insecurity; both became passionate nationalists who grieved for either the manner in which foreigners had taken advantage of them or for the manner in which the weaknesses of large numbers of their people had made their country open to the control and abuses by/of other nations; both acknowledged that the "power of force" ethic, which they had learned from their fathers or from others whom they believed they should have been able to trust, was the means necessary for the goals they planned; both had sought and gained military and political leadership, survived imprisonment and life-threatening incidents, and succeeded; both were sensitive intellectuals with autocratic religious training during their formative years.

In the reverse, Stalin demonstrated historically for Hitler that genocide was possible and that a state intelligence network positioned between the state leader and the military and the government was effective at controlling and eliminating dissention. As a senior information officer, Hitler had learned that the world would accept genocide (the Turkish genocide of Armenians) and that with strategy, democratic governments could be subverted to dictatorship (the successes of Mussolini and the Italian Fascists). Major nations had politically been self-centred; until he included them directly, he could rely on them to stay out of his plans.

Stalin, in an unusual show of confidence and camaraderie lowered his guard of distrust and supported Hitler; when Hitler invaded the U.S.S.R., the shock traumatized Stalin such that he would totally distrust everyone near and far from him thereafter. The paranoia that obsessed him would result in heightened intolerance and the executions of both loyal associates and those who dared speak against him whether they were within the U.S.S.R. or outside it.

By March, 1939,
Stalin's enthusiasm for Hitler increased as Hitler had succeeded in Munich the previous fall and his preparation for the attack on Poland he was aware of. During his speech at the Eighteenth Party Congress that month, Stalin issued a warning to both France and Britain that their strategy towards Germany was doomed to fail and that they would be best served by seeking a peace pact with Germany, even as he had wisely done.

On September 1, 1939,
Germany attacked Poland, and as agreed, the U.S.S.R. stayed away.
In return, the U.S.S.R. attacked Finland in February, 1941, and the results saw the takeover of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, part of Rumania, and part of Finland and Poland. Stalin's empire grew by 10 million people. Arrests, deportations, executions, and prison camps increased, mandating reorganized and expanded security forces. These expansions, unrestrained, by Germany, confirmed even more to Stalin that his pact with Hitler was positive for the future.

Before Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, Stalin had done everything possible to keep the alliance going. This include cooperation between the NKVD and such Nazi security forces as the Gestapo and SD. A joint NKVD-Gestapo mission in Cracow, Poland, met for several weeks in early 1940 to discuss joint methods for working against Polish resistance organizations.

The Germans learned more from the NKVD on how to suppress the Polish underground than the reverse. Exchanges of prisoners took place. Those Polish prisoners of German background were handed over to the Germans; those of Ukrainian and Belorussian nationality went to the U.S.S.R.. All went to prison camps: officers turned over to the Stalinist forces were executed. German communists were loaded aboard trains in the U.S.S.R. by the NKVD, shipped to the border and turned over to the German S.S. and sent to concentration camps.

In the Spring of 1940,
15,000 Polish officers were exterminated in Katyn Forest in western U.S.S.R. by the Stalinist security forces.
As more intelligence reports suggested to Stalin that Germany intended to turn against him, more dispatches to the German consul were allowed to be intercepted by the U.S.S.R. security forces declaring the value of the pact, and the harder Stalin appeared to demonstrate to the Germans that he could be of value to them by subverting and executing those who resisted the advance of Germany.

The greatest importance of these events here is that they set the stage for later historical events. A paranoid, manipulative person is the easiest person to manipulate against those whom they owe trust. This produces a national weakness in which a great deal of energy is expended in a manner which is spiritually negative. A tremendous concern for the local, the immediate, and the personal, distracts such a leader from consideration of the universe-wide, long-term, spiritual factors involved in decisions. Short-term gain often leads to long-term tragedy. Long-term strategies often succeed when short-term goals fail.

1939 - On September 2,
World War II begins with Britain's entry against Germany.
The key antagonists would include:

Adolf Hitler - born in Austria, subject of poverty, prejudice and humiliation; served in WWI.

Josif Stalin - born in Georgia, subject of poverty, prejudice and of child abuse from an alcoholic father.

Winston Churchill - born in England, syphilitic father who told him on his deathbed that he would be a failure, mother was sexually promiscuous; served in India, Boer War, World War I.

The quiet small French nuclear development program was first transferred to Britain, and then in due course to Canada. The somewhat larger British program prospered long enough to produce results which convinced the government of the possibilities involved on the military side, but then at that point, under the influence of German aerial bombardment and the press of more immediate tasks, part of it was transferred to Canada, and the remainder went to the United States where it was melded with the American effort.

1939 - In September,
Alfred Korzybski, Director, Institute of General Semantics, USA, sent further constructive suggestions to some leading governments, urging the employment of permanent boards of neuro-psychiatrists, psycho-logicians, and other specialists, to counteract dangers in connection to the present world crises. He received only two polite acknowledgements of his letters. Both his forewarnings of disaster in 1933 and 1939 would be disregarded in practice, even by specialists.

Korzybski was asking politicians to take leadership in the conversion of their respective societies into more aware, more spiritually based organizations. The politicians self-interest was to maintain the status quo in which they retained their control and power through deception, manipulation, gossip, fear, pride and greed. Total commitment to this more infantile thinking/emotional patterning would only increase as events placed more and more people into a survival mode apart from a living life mode, the latter requiring a sharing of economic wealth and a respect for the rights of others.

1939 - On September 3,
The British Passenger Liner, Athenia, jammed with some 1,400 passengers, was torpedoed without warning, 200 miles west of the Hebrides. The Naval High Command had ordered its U-boat captains to observe the Hague Convention which forbade attacking a ship without warning. At first the German High Command found no reports in the British media of any U-boats being in the vicinity of the sinking. All U-boats maintained radio silence so there was no way of checking what had happened.

Within a few days, the German media were told to print story's of how the British had torpedoed their own ship in order to provoke the USA to enter the war. On September 16, Joachim Ribbentrop, German State Secretary confirmed with Admiral Raeder that no German submarine had been involved in the sinking. All of the submarines that had been at sea on September 3rd had returned except for one. Ribbentrop met with the American naval attache and truthfully, as far as he had been informed, advised him that no German sub had been involved.

U-30, commanded by Oberleutnant Lemp did not return to port until September 27.
On being interviewed as U-30 entered Wilhelmshaven, Lemp admitted that he might have been responsible for the sinking. His previous instructions had been to keep a sharp lookout for possible armed merchant cruisers in the approaches to the British Isles.

He had mistaken the passenger liner for a cruiser and sank it.
After consideration, anyone connected to the incident or aware of the true meaning was ordered to keep it a total secret. Only one of the crew survived the War, and only after the War did he admit the truth. On October 22, German Propaganda Minister Goebbels personally went on German radio and accused Churchill of having sunk the Athenia.

1939 - During the year,
An 8.3 Earthquake struck Chillan, Chile, and resulted in the deaths of 28,000 persons.

1939 - During the year after the War began, Edgar Sengier, head of Union Miniere, Katanga, Belgian Congo, put 220 grams of radium onto ships in Brussel's harbour, together with 1,000 tons of high-grade uranium ore in drums, sent it to the U.S.A. and stored it in a New York warehouse. By 1942, the mines were shut down and flooded. In 1942, Colonel Nichols would ask Sengier to reopen the mines to provide the U.S.A. with uranium for the Manhattan Project. Sengier's planning would supply an immediate source from the New York warehouse - an important time advantage. Those you choose to make your enemies may contribute to your downfall.

1939 -
Nationalist groups unite in Viet Minh (Front for the Independence of Vietnam), under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.

1939 - During the year,
The planet Mars comes close to the Earth.
Some astronomers report surface markings estimated at up to 20 miles wide and 3,000 miles long.
Up to 40 such markings would be called "canals" by some astronomers, as they seemed to become more apparent when the ice caps shrunk. Kuiper detected no oxygen in the Martian atmosphere; others suggested an equatorial temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit; some saw green vegetation developing at those times when the "canals" became predominant.

1939 - During December,
Niels Bohr remarks at a seminar:

"With present technical means it is, however, impossible to purify the rare uranium isotope in sufficient quantity to realize a chain reaction."

1939 - By year-end,
The USA Navy had begun a Submarine Nuclear Propulsion Program.
It would become largely dormant during WWII.

Memory Stimulators.
1936 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies :
The Westerner; The Son of Monte Cristo; All This and Heaven Too; The Sea Hawk; Gaslight; The Bank Dick; Whom the Gods Love; Seven Sinners; The Grapes of Wrath; Pot O'Gold; Those Were the Days; I Love You Again

1940-44
Vietnam is occupied by Japan.
Viet Minh fights a guerilla war against the Japanese.

1940 -
In the USA, the FBI declares a War Against the Mafia as public enemy number one responsible for kidnapping and murders and accused of ruling organized crime with fear as well as expanding it from state to state. About 500,000 Sicilians are in the USA at this point. American agriculture will have a bumper crop this year and the prominence of the car as a status symbol is notable.

In New York City, Salvatore Lucania (Charles [Lucky] Luciano) becomes known as the "directing genius of organized vice" and the mastermind of the prostitution rackets: the godfather of the most brutal of the New York organized crime gangs.

1940 -
U.S.A. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appoints the "National Defense Research Committee" to let government contracts for expanded nuclear research with the intent of building an atomic bomb to win the war.

1940 -
Herb Anderson writes a doctoral thesis on the resonance absorption of neutrons in uranium, the effect that requires that uranium fuel in a reactor be placed in lumps instead of being evenly distributed throughout the moderator, whether graphite or heavy water. Publication is temporarily withheld on the advice of Leo Szilard who advises secrecy for political reasons.

1940 - In March,
Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls make the first correct calculation - in principle - to determine the critical mass quantities of U235 and Plutonium required to make a nuclear weapon. Previously, it was suspected that tons would be required; hence, the construction of such a weapon would be impossible; its delivery even more improbable. The correct calculation, however, was 110 pounds (50 kilograms) for pure U235 uranium or 35.2 pounds (16 kg) for Pu239 Plutonium.

1940 - During the year
"The Rockefeller Brothers Fund" is founded by the sons of Rockefeller Junior: John, Nelson, Laurence, Winthrop and David. Between 1855 and 1934, Rockefeller Senior gave $531 million to various organizations to assuage some of the evil image he had gained in his ruthless amalgamation of some oil producing, refining and marketing enterprises into Standard Oil . It had made billions. He would die in 1937 leaving only $26 million to Rockefeller Junior; 60% of the estate went to state and federal taxes. Although Junior was to live to 1960, his estate transferred $75 million to his sons in 1940.

Nelson and Laurence strongly believed that without serious effort towards lucrative investment and good management, the family would lose its special "chosen" status, which had been afforded by the grandfather's material successes. The philanthropic projects the brothers would promote would be subsidized by outside sources of funds, both private and public. Unlike their father and grandfather, their chief contribution would be personal effort in these areas.

Nelson was at the Chase National Bank for a short time, and also became engaged in a series of small enterprises, including one that arranged business transactions between large companies. Beginning in 1937, Nelson involved himself in the U.S.A. government and business policy toward Latin America, improving relations between U.S. corporations (such as the members of the Standard Oil family) and the Latin American nations where the corporations did business. On Roosevelt's recommendation, Rockefeller delivered a memorandum to the White House on June 14, 1940 entitled Hemispheric Economic Policy.

Latin America was considered ripe for Nazi propaganda, which, it was feared, would lead eventually to the establishment of German military bases there. The Office of Coordinator of Commercial and cultural Relations between the American Republics was set up and later became the Office of Inter-American Affairs. (In 1994, we would understand it as a front for espionage and foreign intelligence activities) In 1940, Roosevelt appointed him Co-ordinator of the Office of Inter-American Affairs where he remained from December 1944 to August 1945, he would serve as Assistant Secretary of State with jurisdiction over Latin American affairs.

In 1945, Nelson, while working at a conference on drafting the United Nations Charter would work hard for the adoption of article 51. That would permit the formation of "regional groupings" within the United Nations family for individual or collective self-defense. This later permitted the U.S.A. to enter into NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) and engage in wars while maintaining UN membership. After the War, Nelson would be appointed head of the International Development Advisory Board by President Truman, in 1950; head of the Presidential Advisory Commission on Government Operations by President-elect Eisenhower in 1952; Undersecretary of Health, Education and Welfare (the New Deal Plans) in 1953.

By 1953, Nelson Rockefeller would by a close associate of past and present Presidents, of big business concerns in the U.S.A. and Central and South America, of the higher representatives of the military and intelligence communities, and of the high profile professionals of academia and science.

1940 - During the summer,
The first of 3 Cremation Ovens is delivered to the Auschwitz, Poland, internment camp.
Designed by the German firm, "Topf and Sons", 2 more ovens would follow in the autumn of 1940 and the autumn of 1941. Each oven was actually 2 crematoria with one firebox and one chimney. The crematoria were required to efficiently dispose of the large numbers of persons dying daily from disease, starvation, and arbitrary execution by the guards. Coal was plentiful in the region.

Between 1939 and 1942, four other internment camps (Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec) would be built in Poland with the original intent of housing captured and gathered Jews and Soviet prisoners, for possible use as slave labour. The aged, unhealthy, and those too young - would be gased with carbon monoxide. Their bodies would be buried in mass graves in the beginning. But these would prove problematic so cremation would become the preferred method of disposal.

1940 - In July,
William Donovan, after having turned down the position of undersecretary of the Department of the U.S. Navy in June, agrees now to travel to Britain for the White House and assess morale and military capabilities and to examine British intelligence and counterintelligence methods.

Donovan had won the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal, and the Medal of Honour for battlefield exploits in France in 1918. Donovan's grandparents had emigrated from Ireland; he was a Catholic with a very strict moral code; he was extremely socially conscious and liked well-connected, wealthy, influential people; he was a successful lawyer; he was ambitious. As early as 1935, he had sensed that another war was likely and that America would again be involved; indeed, he believed that "In an age of bullies, we cannot afford to be a sissy". Beginning in 1939, he was looking to do his part although his age of 55 meant an unlikely active combat position. By 1940, he was firmly into intelligence as his future contribution.

William Stephenson, a Scottish-Canadian millionaire, boxing champion, World War I flying ace, international financier and industrialist was appointed by the British Secret Intelligence Service to be their liaison with the American intelligence services and had the personal approval of President Roosevelt. After Donovan's visit to Britain, Stephenson became his contact in North America. They liked and respected one another and this contributed to a positive influence on the development of an American intelligence community.

1940 -
Americans Enrico Fermi and Herb Anderson conclude that a chain-reacting pile could be built of graphite and natural uranium. German scientists wrongly concluded that it could not and attempted to use the extremely rare isotope deuterium as a moderator, which slowed their development. The U.S.S.R. scientists did not seriously consider carbon as a moderator and the French were committed to deuterium. This one factor could have changed the outcome of which country would develop an atomic weapon first.

Anderson was assisted by contact with the GRAYS in formulating his thesis and taking a position on the graphite. Sometimes, leaps forward in technology come from trying something which all conventional theory and practice suggest will fail. The "idea" can come by intuition, "divine guidance", contrarian thinking, "planted" visions, Walk-ins, or direction from spacebeing advanced intelligence. The decision here could not be taken with ANY possibility of error. Such could have been fatal, time consuming, and economically disastrous.

1940 -
The Foundation for the Study of Cycles is formed.
By 1952, it will have these conclusions:

*  The stock market has rising and falling cycles of 9 years each;

*  International battles begin every 11 years followed by 11 years of peace;

*  The occurrence of influenza, plagues, volcanic eruptions, pig iron price peaks, birth peaks,
                                         earthquakes and emotions were shown to run in cycles.  

*  More crimes, suicides, and cases of insanity occur in the summer than at any other time.  

*  Correlations between history and climate appear evident in 45, 90, and 510 years.  

A 37 year cycle was found to be evident in association with more than 12 separate and apparently unrelated things: frequency of sunspots, wheat and cotton prices, growth of Arizona pine trees, frequency of the aurora borealis, the recurrence of Chinese earthquakes, floods of the Nile river, temperatures at New Haven, Connecticut, severe winters in Europe, etc.

1940 - By August, Lt.
Thomas Townsend Brown had been called to the US Navy Reserve.
With world political developments, the USA military were beginning to mobilize.
Brown, who had worked with the Naval Research Lab as a specialist in radiation, field physics and spectroscopy in the early 1930s and had then spent 6 years in the Navy Reserve, was recalled as Officer in charge of Magnetic and Acoustic Minesweeping Research and Development. It was a position under the authority of the Bureau of Ships, of which Ross Gunn, the director of the NRL, had an annual budget now of $50 million. Residential houses sold for $6,000 or less.

1940 - On August 13,
Operation Eagle (Adlerangriffe) was begun by Hermann Goering.
It was to be an air assault on Britain by Germany which was intended to be followed by an invasion.
On August 12, in preparation, an air attack on British radar stations was made. Only one was knocked out with 4 others being damaged. With such poor results, and with german radar not being very good, Goering decided not to waste further effort against the radar sites. On the 13th and 14th, 1,500 German aircraft were launched against R.A.F. (Royal Air Force) airfields. The Germans declared that 5 had been "completely destroyed": the damage was minor.

On August 15, the first major air battle involved the bulk of the German planes from all of their 3 fleets: 801 bombing and 1,149 fighter sorties. With 800 planes sent against the south of England, the Germans expected the north to be open to attack. When 100 bombers, escorted by 34 twin-engined ME-110 fighters approached Tynside in the north, they were met by seven squadrons of British Hurricanes and Spitfires. 30 German planes, mainly bombers, were shot down.

In the south of England, 4 massive German attacks resulted in 4 aircraft factories and 5 RAF airfields being hit. German losses were 75 to Britain's 34. Much of the advantage which the British had came from their use of advanced radar which allowed the British pilots to know the exact location and flightpaths of the approaching enemy before they were in sight and afford them the favour of being able to attack forcefully and with surprise.

Two days later, on the 17th, the Germans lost 71 aircraft against the RAF's 27. The slow Stuka dive bomber was fine against the Polish army, but against the British Air Force, it was an easy target. Bad weather called off operations between August 19 and 23. The German bombing force had been reduced by 1/3rd. On August 24, the Germans had learned of the importance of the British underground sector stations from which British fighters were being guided into battle by radiotelephone in followup to radar sightings.

On August 23, a navigational error by an attack of a dozen German bombers ended with their explosives being dropped on the centre of London killing a number of civilians and destroying some houses. The intended target was aircraft factories and oil tanks on the outskirts of the city. At night, in a blackout, targets could only be located by precise navigational methods. An error of a fraction of a degree over hundreds of miles, or the inaccurate allowance for wind drift could place a bomber miles off target.

The British thought the error was deliberate and retaliated the next evening against the civilians of Berlin. That night only 1/2 of the 81 RAF bombers dispatched found the target. The effect on German morale was tremendous. It was the first time ever that bombs had fallen on Berlin. Two rings of antiaircraft guns protected the city, yet with heavy use, not one British bomber was shot down from the cloud covered sky. When the war had started, Goering had assured the Germans that such an event would never happen. Now, it had.

It would contribute to the decision of Hitler and the senior war officers to order priority development of the Vergeltungswaffen, "weapons of reprisal." The pilotless self-propelled aircraft (V-1) and the rocket/missile (V-2) were now to enter serious development. Previously, both of these programs had received little more attention than that of an imaginative technology for the far future.

1940 - Between August 24 and September 6,
German Air Sorties against Britain numbered an average of 1,000 per day.
Five forward fighter fields in southern England were extensively damaged and 6 of the 7 key sector stations were virtually wiped out. British communications had been severely limited. In the 2 weeks before, Britain had lost 466 fighter aircraft either badly damaged or destroyed. The German Luftwaffe had lost 385, of which 138 were bombers. The RAF had lost 1/4th of their pilots, 103 killed: 128 seriously wounded.

On the night of August 28/29, the RAF arrived with even more bombers over Berlin. Goebbels now ordered the press to write extensively about the "brutality" of the British flyers in attacking the defenceless women and children of Berlin. Most of the Berlin daily newspapers carried the same headline: "Cowardly British Attack."

The British made full use of the freedom the German error had enabled them to rationalize. On August 31/September 1, they attacked again. As if led by example, Goering switched the day attacks against the RAF to night bombing raids against English cities.

On September 7, Goering switched tactics to massive night bombings of London, rather than continuing against the British fighters until the RAF was beaten.

During the first 2 nights, during which thousands of bombers arrived over London, 842 persons were killed and 2,347 injured. On September 15, a daylight raid by 200 German bombers protected by 750 fighters headed for London, intercepted and largely dispersed. A second wave of German fighters and bombers, several hours later was routed with the German losses again, twice those of the British. Goering, denying the obvious, continued optimistic about finishing off the RAF fighter planes in 4 or 5 days. Hitler proved more realistic; he called off Operation Sea Lion, the naval invasion of Britain, on September 17.

German bombing of British cities, particulary London, continued for a 57-day period to November 3. While early targets had been military targets, such as airfields and factories, civilian targets had replaced these to an extent. When the bombing finished, much of London lay in rubble; the aircraft factories actually outproduced the German ones in 1940 by 9,924 to 8,070 planes. The German bomber losses were so great over Britain that the Luftwaffe would never recover.

1940 - By October,
The Political use of the FBI was furthered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
William C. Sullivan, an assistant director of the FBI and Hoover's assistant for many years, would later (1974) state:

"Such a very great man as Franklin D. Roosevelt saw nothing wrong in asking the FBI to investigate those opposing his lend-lease policy - a purely political request. He also had us look into the activities of others who opposed our entrance into World War II, just as later Administrations had the FBI look into those opposing the conflict in Vietnam. It was a political request also when (Roosevelt) instructed us to put a telephone tap, a microphone, and a physical surveillance on an internationally known leader in his Administration. It was done. The results he wanted were secured and given to him. Certain records of this kind ... were not then or later put into the regular FBI filing system. Rather, they were deliberately kept out of it."

Mrs. Roosevelt felt differently about Hoover.
For her, he was like the leader of an American Gestapo. Hoover would look for Nazi saboteurs for the remainder of the War, without success. In one situation, one turned himself in to the FBI - and wasn't believed.

1940 - On October 24,
Adolf Hitler, German leader, meets with General Petain of France to request that France enter the war on the side of Germany; Petain refuses and Germany progressively invades France.

1940 -
Gregory Breit, recently elected to the U.S.A. National Academy of Sciences, is made chairman of a subcommittee for uranium research. He advocates censorship (secrecy) of research findings, especially after France is invaded by Germany, and requests that all journals submit articles on fission to the committee before publication. Editors and scientists voluntarily agree to total classification of the atomic bomb project.

1940 -
Louis Turner, at Princeton University, sent his manuscript to Fermi and Szilard pointing out that capture in uranium-238 would produce plutonium, and plutonium would be capable of fission as U-235, while being separated from uranium by chemical methods, unlike the much more cumbersome physical diffusion methods of many stages required to separate U-238 from U-235 (enrichment). The Columbia group now realized that the main purpose of the chain reaction was to make plutonium.

Sir John Crockroft, simultaneously, and independently, in England suggested that plutonium produced by a controlled nuclear chain reaction could be the basis for a plutonium bomb.

1940 -
Ferdinand Marcos, Mariano and Uncle Pio set up a one-room law practice in Manila following Ferdinand's acquittal on a murder charge earlier in the year. Several of his first clients were former prisonmates from his year in jail. Nearby were the law offices of Elpidio Quirino, a lawyer and legislator who had served as secretary of finance, interior and foreign affairs and would eventually become president. He was an ambitious ally of then current President Quezon.

He dodged charges of corruption by delegating the shady work to his brothers, including Tony, "the fixer". Quirino had also married into one of the top Chinese clans, the Syquias, and he was reputed to be the underworld boss of the northern Luzon smuggling networks in partnership with the Fukienese triads. The Marcoses became Quirino men.

One of Ferdinand's uncles, Congressman Narciso Ramos, had become a powerful Ilocano man, finding hundreds of jobs for his followers in the civil service, all ranks of the Constabulary, and as chauffeurs and enforcers for landlords. Many became members of the Manila black market syndicates.

General Douglas MacArthur's services had been requested of USA President Roosevelt as early as the autumn of 1934 by President Quezon. Roosevelt was only too happy to let the military hawk go rather than retire him. Before serving in Washington, MacArthur had been in command of the military garrison in Manila. MacArthur hoped for a White House opportunity some day and saw the Philippines as his opportunity. He identified with the oligarchy of the Philippines.

Denied the post of Governor-General, MacArthur persuaded Quezon to create the title of field marshal of the Philippines; Quezon countered by urging MacArthur to create his own flashy uniform. Through Quezon's initiative, he was inducted into the most exclusive clubs in Manila; financial and material perks attended his several positions.

MacArthur knew the value of the mass media in engendering public support, something he would need for a chance at the USA Presidency. He hired a group of journalists to build the MacArthur myth for him; most readers and voters believed it until most of it was shown to be false decades after WWII.

General MacArthur's preoccupation with material luxury left his 22,000 American soldiers poorly trained and the 8,000 Filipino soldiers both poorly trained and poorly paid. Much of their equipment was in poor repair and ammunition supplied by Washington were frequently duds.

1940 - During December,
Charles van den Kieboom, one of 3 German spies parachuted into Britain with a radio transmitter for the purpose of espionage, was the first spy executed in Britain. The Germans were ahead in short-wave radio development. The captured sets greatly advanced British short-wave radio developments.

The prospect that a more advanced technology will bring peace has never been the case in human history.
Typically, technological development requires tremendous capital expenditures without any guarantee of a successful conclusion. Reverse engineering a product developed by someone else is the most efficient method of advancing one's technical expertise - if it works. Instilling fear into and using coercion against the enemy simply motivates most humans to react with anger and rage and attempt to duplicate or surpass the aggressor's technology as soon as possible.