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1920 A.D. - An article on Mars: Are Martians People?
is written by C. Fitzhugh Salmon, in the March 20 issue of Scientific American. An abstract stated:
"Nothing we know of the evolutionary process warrants assumption that there are intelligent beings on Mars or on any other planet than Earth. Plant life only exists on Mars, and since it is commonly assumed that Mars supported life longer than the Earth, plant forms would presumably have reached a high stage of development, to such a degree that our highest plants are simple and rudimentary in comparison.
If life has been produced at all upon other planets than our own, it has assumed forms of which we know nothing: forms which may be neither animal nor vegetal, transcending our experience. Even if we actually perform a journey to Mars, it is not likely that we should be able to communicate with its inhabitants, and if we found existing there a greater number of life forms, we should probably have difficulty in deciding to which of them, if any, the designation "people" should be applied."
1920 A.D. - On April 1, the American forces withdrew from the Soviet Union, seen off from Vladivostok by a Japanese band. The Japanese would hang on until October 25, 1922, when they would then leave only under threat of the United States which wanted to curb Japan's growing imperialism. As late as the mid-1940s, English language encyclopedias would flatly state that American troops had never invaded the Soviet Union; most of the American public would never
know, or believe, the truth.
Between January and October, 1919, Allied military intervention to overthrow the Communist Bolsheviks was participated in by troops from England, France, America, Canada (which
protested from the beginning about being drawn into the war by Britain), Japan, Italy, Serbia, Poland and Czechoslovakia. Many of the Czech legion were former Russian prisoners. The British had been convinced from early on that the Bolsheviks were agents of Germany and had freely used propaganda against them.
The White Russian, Admiral Alexander Kolchak, head of the "All-Russian Government of Omsk" and the British General F.C. Poole had attacked from the east; a Czarist general, Anton Ivanovich Denikin, attacked from the south; General Nicholas Yudenitch commanded the "Northwestern Army". Media reporting was at its worst with biased enthusiastic reporters creating myths about both the Generals and the reverence of the Russian people for them. Exaggerated, between April and October, Denikin's forces were credited with capturing 245,000 Bolsheviks.
In reality, the French troops mutinied; theft, rape, and murder were common; black-marketeering ran rampant; desertions by conscripted Russians were high; public executions of soldiers by their commands was necessary to maintain order. And this was only Denikin's forces. In the east, the Allied forces were in total confusion with no coordinated leadership or plans.
When the Canadians withdrew in June, 1919, the British had to downsize several months later because of the loss of the Canadian administrative support. The bottom line was that the major reason for intervention by most of the nations was simply greed - greed for territory, greed for markets, greed for plunder.
When the "White" armies would finally lose to the "Red" armies, the Russian Revolution would be blamed on the Jews. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion published in Russia by Sergey Nilus, would have been widely read by members of the "White" army, who believed that the work explained why and how the Jews were attempting to take over the world. This began a myth of a Jewish-Communist conspiracy that would help fuel a German campaign of anti-Semitism.
The reality: Jews had often been members of political organizations which sought for social reforms that would better the lifestyle of the disadvantaged. The Jews had often found themselves, as individuals in social positions of poverty or having to cope with prejudices which did not give them equal opportunities for housing or jobs. The "poor" Jew was often better cared for by the Jewish community than was the poor non-Jew within the general society. This and other cultural factors helped to conceal the true extent of poverty within the Jewish community and give the appearance that all poor people were non-Jews. This promoted the suggestion of a conspiracy.
Admiral Kolchak and a bunch of minor war lords became one of the "Allies" in the east. Now instead of fighting for democracy, the Allies were fighting for dictatorship and gang leaders. It would be no surprise that not until the 1980s would it become acknowledged that the Bolsheviks commonly mass executed such local gangs of thieves and murders throughout this period. As in all similar human activities, errors and excesses occurred.
Fundamentally, the Soviet Government was trying to attain order in its country.
A multitude of foreign troops had invaded it from all sides. It had recently lost 8 million men. Supplies were scarce. It was impossible to take prisoners unless made necessary by formal troop combat and international censure - so "arrests" were frequently no different than executions. For all the media hype about Denikin's success, and Kolchak real advance in April to within 400 miles of Moscow were routed by November by Tolstoy's new Red Army.
The Czechs, to save themselves, with French "guidance", handed Kolchak over to the Bolsheviks thereafter to ensure their safe transit to Vladivostok. Kolchak was executed by a firing squad on February 7, 1920. The Czechs also handed back the Russian imperial treasure, worth some 100 million British pounds currency.
Grigori Mikhailovitch Semenov raised a private army of 60,000, officered largely by supporters of the former Czar. Supplied and financed by the Japanese, Semenov terrorized a large part of Siberia, robbing, pillaging, torturing and murdering. The situation became so bad that American William General Graves refused to supply any more rifles to him on the suspicion that Semenov planned to attack the United States troops. In one instance, fighting did occur between American
soldiers and one of Semenov's armoured trains. Twenty-six years later, at the end of WWII, Semenov was arrested and hanged.
Atrocities occurred on every side in addition to the rapes, theft, and murder of civilians. Typhus swept the Soviet Union and helped to bring the Revolution casualty toll to over 14 million persons. At one point, there were reputed to be 30,000 cases of typhus deaths in Krasnoyarsk alone. Naked corpses stacked on railway platforms, sleighs packed with frozen bodies -- these were common sights.
Alcoholism was common amongst officers, including generals.
Messages were sometimes misconstrued. Once, a British colonel shelled an American column. Two American companies attacked a Bolshevik position, expecting assistance from both a White Russian and a British detachment. Neither arrived: the Russian commander had decided that it was "not the right time of day"; the British colonel had "succumbed to the festivities of the season."
In the north, French, English, Canadian and American regiments refused to follow orders such that some were sent home. White Russian regiments also mutinied.
1920 A.D. - During the year, Hoba West, the largest known meteorite find by a human was located on a farm near Grootfontein, South West Africa. It weighed about 60 tons.
1920 A.D.
The (Michigan) Dearborn Independent, a newspaper supported by Henry Ford, publishes a long series of articles defending the authenticity of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
These articles prove to be so popular that they are published as a book, The International Jew. German Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler would later have this American book translated and circulated throughout Germany.
The articles followed closely on the publication of the Protocols in North
America. The above responses suggested a similarity of cultural response between American economically disadvantaged individuals and those found in Germany: victimization of a minority as self-denial and an acting out of frustrations and anxieties during a period of economic and political challenge. Both would persecute their Jewish citizens; they would choose different methods and different times.
1920 A.D.
A British Mandate over Palestine is established, in disregard for the British pledge (The Balfour Declaration) for a Jewish national homeland in the Palestine region. Struggles between Arabs and Jews begin.
1920 A.D.
During the summer, General Sir Aylmer Haldane of the British army uses gas shells - chemical warfare to kill nearly 9,000 Arabs when the tribesmen in the Euphrates rose in rebellion against British military-colonial rule. Britain ruled Iraq after WWI. The use of gas is applauded as having "excellent moral effect". The rest of the human world hardly noticed.
1920 A.D.
The German National People's Party (DNVP) was formed.
In election campaigns it used racial propaganda, including the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to promote emotional intensity and mob cohesiveness which could easily be translated into membership. Sales of the Protocols quickly reached 120,000 copies. The campaigns began to focus on the "Jewish World Conspiracy" - a Jewish plot to destroy the "Aryan," that is, Germanic race. Fueled by the German nationalist tradition (the "volkisch-racist"), the Protocols reinforced ethnocentrism and
encouraged the transfer of frustration, despair, anger, shame - into hatred.
An English translation of the "Protocols", called The Jewish Peril, was published this year by Eyre & Spottiswoode, publishers of the authorized version of the Bible and Anglican Prayer Book. Most reviewers accepted the work as authentic, although the newspapers published letters from readers who disagreed.
1920 A.D.
The saga of Carlo "Charles" Ponzi , Italian immigrant to the USA, and proclaimed financial genius came to an end during the year. His program of taking investments on a promissory note which were intended to return profits of 50% in as little as 45 days, had been based on a total purchase of no more than $100 of International Reply Coupons. During one period, as much as $1,000,000 was being invested daily. The operation had been a gigantic fraud, simply known today as a pyramid scheme.
The "profits" returned to earlier investors had been paid from the "investments" of later participants. When the Boston Press began to question Ponzi's success - there weren't that many coupons to buy and that much profit to be made, and no country was complaining about a misuse or manipulation of their coupon market - Ponzi hired a public relations man to counter the attacks. He became aware of what Ponzi was really doing and went to the legal authorities. Ponzi was convicted of mail fraud and sentenced to 9 years in jail. He jumped bail, moved to Florida, and sold swamp land in one of the initial "swamp land" real estate frauds which would be duplicated many times over, by others, for the next 50 years!
Ponzi was caught again and returned to prison.
Eventually, he was deported back to Italy were he died alone and destitute in 1949. His example created a considerably negative spiritual influence on thousands of Americans. First, it result in thousands losing not only ALL of their savings, but also in their losing monies which had been borrowed and large amounts of capital which they believed they had earned. While over $20 million was returned to "investors" before Ponzi's Securities Exchange Company was closed, hundreds of millions of dollars were lost.
The traumatic influence of this event on the spirit of many of these people was to leave an energy block in their "personality": an obsession of distrust, lack of self-esteem, anger, depression, need for security and a reaction of abuse towards others. Unable to cope with the trauma in a constructive and spiritual manner, most became subject to failure in their careers, relationships, marriages, and, several committed suicide.
The mentored self-indulgence and lack of respect for others was transfered to some persons who would adopt an attitude that success by any means was sanctioned. They had been (emotionally, financially, and spiritually) hurt by some other significant being which they could not enact their frustration and anger against. So that perpetually unresolved negativity would be acted out against those other persons around them. Some even went on to replicate the scheme in other ways.
Ponzi's pyramid concept would resurface in North American economies at 2 particular times: after WWII (late 1940s) and during the lengthy recession of the mid-1990s. Both were historical periods during which the average North American was desperate for material wealth, frustrated with a culture which promised wealth and increasingly delivered poverty, and searching for the "American Dream" of wealth to permit the irresponsible behaviours of "doing whatever I want whenever I want to."
1920 A.D.
On November 20, Lenin stated the following:
"... As long as capitalism and socialism exist, we cannot live in peace: in the end, one or the other will triumph - a funeral dirge will be sung either over the Soviet Republic or over world capitalism."
1920 A.D.
On December 16, an 8.6 Magnitude Earthquake devastated Kansu Province in China. Intense shockwaves caused violent undulations of the thick loess, turning it temporarily into a fluid mass. Several landslips resulted. An area 280 miles by 95 miles (450 km by 150 km) was severely affected by landscape deformation. 10 cities had widespread destruction and heavy casualties and the death toll rose to 200,000. The region had been earthquake-free for 280 years.
1921 A.D.
On January 8, Cheka Order No. 10 noted that only a worker or a peasant in the Soviet Union could not be arrested without convincing proofs. That is, all intellectuals, politicians and group leaders or managers could be arrested with no proof of a crime. Anyone who even potentially was suspect of questioning authority could be sent to a "correction" came where their spirit would be broken, if they lived that long. There, they would meet the classless victimization which all prisoners underwent.
University professors and scientists would bunk and work beside
convicted murderers. The intent was to keep the more politically dangerous elements of society impotent by having the real criminals on their backs. Both Stalin and Beria were intellectuals with higher levels of education. They knew that it was persons like themselves whom they should fear the most.
The others were accustomed to servitude, to following orders, to acknowledgement of
authority, to impoverishment, to total concern for little more than the day-to-day survival of themselves and their family. The peasants and the workers would die on their own, or, they would crudely reveal their guilt and be punished. For total control, one had to be able to restrain those who might be self-directed enough to mobilize others in dissent.
1921 A.D.
The animated cartoon, in America, becomes the perfect vehicle for obscene farce with a violent, frenetic, quasi-surrealistic style. From 1921 to 1928, Otto Messmer's Felix the Cat sexual cartoons enjoy their golden age of popularity. Others join and follow to satisfy the inclinations of the artists and the market.
1921 A.D.
Beginning in 1921, was the Trust (Trest) Operation, one of 40 or more deceptions in the U.S.S.R.. Initiated or run by state security during the interwar period, it received the official title of "Monarchist Association of Central Russia". It employed simultaneously disinformation, provocation, penetration, diversion, fabrication, agents of influence, and combination. Where no genuine internal opposition organization exists, state security will invent
one - both to infiltrate the more dangerous emigre organizations abroad in order to blunt or channel their actions, and to surface real or potential internal dissidents.
If an internal opposition already exists, it will be infiltrated in an attempt to control it, to provoke opponents into exposing themselves, and to cause the movement to serve state interests. Fortuitous circumstances at times will allow counterintelligence to target the deception at internal dissidents, the emigration, and
foreign governments or intelligence services. Part of the disinformation spread abroad was that
communism was fading in Russia, how the Soviet leaders were really nationalist-monarchists, and
why any direct action by the West, military or otherwise, would be undesirable.
Such operations resulted in an intensification of distrust between all Soviet citizens. On the one hand you might be afraid to discuss a subject simply for an interchange of ideas in case your neighbour or your cousin was an informer. It is well known that highly intelligent thinkers are also flexible thinkers. Like a child maturing through experience, the inquiring person rises in intelligence by testing new concepts and honing older ones.
With this ability denied, the individual, particularly those with greater capability, have a tendency to become depressed, more self-centred, and broken in spirit to the point of regimentation. At that point, acting out and heartless acts become the norm. At that point the citizens of the state lose their spiritual
ability.
Soviet citizens lived within a brutal totalitarian state because power, force and fear killed those who had spiritual abilities and the remainder largely succumbed to slavery to the state ... to the bureaucracy. Their hardships were the reward they chose for themselves, not given them by God.
1921 A.D.
At the 10th Communist Party Conference, the New Economic Policy (NEP) is introduced:
- a return to capitalistic forms of economic life;
- peasants are taxed by goods in kind;
- tariff-free domestic trade;
- admission of private entrepreneurs and foreign sources of capital;
- foreign trade and major industries remained state controlled.
1921 A.D.
Abdullah ibn Hussein is made the Emir of Transjordon, later to become the state of Jordon.
1921 A.D.
The London Ultimatum to Germany regarding war reparations forced an interim conclusion with Germany ordered to pay 132,000 million Goldmarks; should the amount of 1,000 million Goldmarks not be paid within 25 days, the Ruhr steel-making area was to be invaded by the Allies and occupied. Germany accepted in May 5.
Numerous conferences had been convened
before starting with a reparations amount of 269,000 million German Goldmarks. More
conferences and negotiations followed until The Lausanne Conference of 1932. It was then agreed that Germany was to make a final payment of 53,000 mil. Goldmarks of which most of the 20,000 mil Goldmarks paid were borrowed from the USA. Some Germans never shared the belief that Germany had started WW1 or was responsible for it.
1921 A.D.
During the year, Winston Churchill becomes the British Colonial Secretary. He continues to support a 10-year air force bombing and strafing war against rebellious Kurdish tribesmen who resist the coercion and abuse of the British colonial military force.
Churchill urges the Royal Air Force to use mustard gas but the advice is rejected for technical not moral reasons. David Omissi , author of Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919-1939 would later write:
"Even without gas the campaign was brutal enough. Some Iraqi villages were destroyed
merely because inhabitants had not paid their taxes. The British authorities always
maintained in public, however, that people were not bombed for refusing to pay -
merely for refusing to appear when summoned to explain non-payment."
1921 A.D.
Emir Feisal is proclaimed king of Iraq, bringing to an end continuous violent uprisings between tribal parties. A companion-in-arms of the British WWI Colonel T.E. Lawrence (of Arabia), Feisal will establish a constiutional monarchy in 1925.
1921 A.D.
In the USSR, the Prohibition of Opposing Groups within the Party effectively strengthens the dictatorship capability within the Party. Trade Unions are placed under control of the Party thereby lessening further chances of economic disruption of scale.
1921 A.D.
During the year, Dr. Eugene Gudger would propose a theory, later proven correct, which explained why occasional showers of frogs, fish, stones, and other small and numerous items fell from the sky. For millenia, humans had spuriously reasoned that such were the works of the devil, of witches, or more commonly in the "scientific" age - the fruit of human imagination or insanity.
The theory suggested that waterspouts and tornados were capable of picking up such groups of items when passing over shallow water or gravely land. Waterspouts are vortex wind formations which form over oceans and seas and have been known to be capable of lifting objects weighing 50 tons out of the water.
About 400 waterspouts occur in the Florida state area each year.
Tornados are similar vortex wind formations which occur over land masses. Winds generated within such formations can reach 250 mph. and the debris and items sucked up may be carried for hundreds of miles before gravity exceeds the suspending force of the winds. At that point, a shower of materials fall to ground.
1922 A.D.
During the year, Sir Percy Zachariah Cox, Britain's high commissioner in Baghdad, arbitrarily defines the borders of Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia with a red pencil on a map. Kuwait and what is later called Saudi Arabia are within the British colonial control. Britain grants independence later to Kuwait and Iraq declares sovereignty over the new state. An Arab League dispatches troops to defend Kuwait and Iraq's threat subsides.
1922 A.D.
During February, the Vatican floats a loan of $100,000 from a Rome bank in order to help pay for the media event funeral of Pope Benedict XV who has died.
Mismanagement of the tithes collected has led to near capital insolvency. Tremendous amounts of capital have been used over the former centuries to accumulate material wealth in the Vatican in terms of artifacts and precious metals. Perhaps as much as 50% of the tithes have been used to maintain the image of authority of this human institution through maintenance of church buildings, and the overheads
of monasteries, nunneries, convents, the priesthood and the Vatican itself.
1922 A.D.
In July, the Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw (IvS) was created by the Germans in Holland as a front for their submarine development program, made illegal by the Versailles
Treaty.
1922 A.D.
In County Donegal, Ireland, a circular, glowing, metallic craft was seen ascending into the sky by 6 soldiers when they emerged from a cave in which they had taken refuge. Reported much later by Irish Republic Army man, Lawrence Bradley, he had come upon a cave with vegetation at the entrance being scorched, while he was fighting a scattered rear-guard in the mountains of Donegal.
He found a number of sick and wounded inside the cave being looked after by 6 able-bodied soldiers who said they had been awakened early pre-dawn by a whirring noise outside of the cave. Thinking that the noise was an armoured car, they had fired
their rifles in the direction of the noise. (Is this not a typical human reaction!) The object appeared to retaliate by firing jets of flame at the cave entrance. After near suffocation, the soldiers ran out to see the flame-throwing UFO leaving.
1922 A.D.
In Accra, Africa, a destructive earthquake extends along fault lines laterally across the Atlantic Ocean all the way from the Puerto Rico Trench, one of the greatest depths of the ocean.
1922 A.D.
Salvatore Lucania (Charlie Lucky Luciano), throughout the next 14 years, who had immigrated into the USA as a child from Sicily, became King of the Pimps. Making the majority of his riches from the prostitution trade, he initially avoided the tribal rivalries which arose between Mafia clans concerned over who should control the bootleg booze market.
1922 A.D.
Joe Kennedy, during the year, a business executive with Bethlehem Steel, was offered an opportunity to learn the stock-brokerage business by Galen Stone, a fabulously successful investment banker, whom Joe had tried to sell ships to.
Joe took the position, at a pay cut, and now referred to himself as "Banker" by profession. He learned to use inside information to minimize risk and maximize return. He became savvy at the use of stock pools, an illicit activity practised to this day, in which a few big traders got together to buy blocks of an inactive stock, creating an appearance of a boom, trading their shares back and forth until this "churning" had drawn in less sophisticated investors.
When the price of the stocks had risen to an agreed-upon level, they took their profits and left the others holding the bag as the stock sank back to its true market value. Although involved, Kennedy was careful never to become responsible to anyone other than himself.
In 1924, Kennedy was approached by Hearst editor Walter Howey for help in fending off a takeover attempt of Yellow Cab Company stock, in which he was a large stockholder. Kennedy immediately went to New York, set up a hotel suite command post and began a complicated pattern of buying and selling stocks to stabilize Yellow Cab. After weeks, his campaign was a success and he emerged a very wealthy man as he headed back to Boston.
His father, P.J. Kennedy had graduated from stevedore to saloon-keeper to politician; his grandfather had died a poor immigrant. Joe was often away from home during the 20s spending time with his business associates. Some of that business involved financing the illicit liquor trade.
Kennedy was an individualist who wanted the outer trappings of success and yet was obsessively driven by his humble beginnings and his mother's ambition to accumulate money as an instrument of survival and a transit to freedom. Never again did he want any member of his family to be humiliated and enslaved by sudden changes resulting in destitution. Joe now had money yet was still ostracised by the high-class circles of Boston, so, in 1925, he moved his family to more liberal New York City.
1922 A.D.
The assassination of German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau is motivated by the gossip that Rathenau is one of the "Elders of Zion" mentioned in the Protocols, a fictional work now assumed and promoted increasingly as true and accurate. Human history again proves that innocent persons can be ostracised, defamed and murdered as a result of gossip.
40% of "factual data" communicated between humans can be categorized as gossip: 3rd person referenced information about an alleged incident of which no known direct participant is known or has testified to the accuracy of the description, without notable bias.
1922 A.D.
In December, the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviets (10th All-Russian Congress of Soviets) leads to the formation of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. The Union is
comprised of:
o The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic;
o the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic;
o the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic;
o the White Russian Socialist Soviet Republic.
Regions near Murmansk, Archangel, Minsk, Kiev, Odessa, Rostov, Novoorossiisk, Grozny, Tiflis, and Baku - represent "White" regions.
"Whites" are anti-bolshevist groups.
1923 A.D.
In July, the second Soviet Constitution, which "created" the U.S.S.R., ratified in 1924, lifted state security out of the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs) and established it as a separate commissariat under the Sovnarkom.
It was retitled the United State Political Directorate (OGPU). While Dzerzhinskiy continued as its chief, for all practical purposes, his two deputies, Menzhinskiy and Yagoda ran it. Menzhinskiy, partially disabled by health, was pliant to Stalin.
It began in 1923, that Stalin began using state security to target higher-level opposition within the party, signalling the drive to unitary rule. With Lenin gravely ill, in 1923, following a stroke, Stalin personally ordered the arrest of Mirza Sultan-Galiyev, a prominent Tatar party official in the Commissariat of Nationality Affairs, who had pushed for a Soviet-Moslem republic and reestablishment of the Moslem Communist Party.
Charged by Stalin with supporting the Basmachi insurgents, he confessed (probably under torture) his guilt, and was executed. Stalin accomplished this first step toward control of the party and government by data provided by state security (whether real or spurious). This set the OGPU above the party in authority and would eventually lead to the demise of Party authority.
The New Constitution also differentiated between the powers of the Union (federal) and the member Republics (much like states or provinces). The Union would exercise power and decisions over foreign policy, foreign trade, economic planning, defence, social insurance and other similar 'universal' policies. The Republics officially retained the right to secede from the Union.
The supreme institution of the state was the All-Union Congress composed of the
delegates of the various Soviets; it elected, from its members, the Executive Committee, to function as the government under a Chairman (much like a President), the personal representative of the Union.
1923 A.D.
Professor Hermann Oberth, during the year, a German mathematician, and later space scientist for Germany and then the U.S.A., published a book in Munich on the theoretical possibility of space travel. He believed that technological knowledge was sufficient to build machines that could rise beyond the limits of the earth's atmosphere, and that the further development of them would give them sufficient velocity so that they could continue in space and not fall back to Earth. He further declared that these vehicles could carry men and that within a
few decades could be manufactured on a profitable basis.
1923 A.D.
Robert Delavignette, during the year, was appointed colonial administrator of part of a French colony in North Africa. He was unusual in his sensitivity towards the local people and his belief that colonialism was an opportunity to bring the benefits of more powerful civilizations to less just archaic societies. He deplored the utopian notions of some supporters of the political right who were suggesting that French recovery could come from organized exploitation of the colonies.
If an empire united in purpose was to be created, it had to share the experience of self-sacrifice. Men's lives could be improved by technology. But for his life to have
meaning, the individual, and the society of which he was a part, had to have a culture, a central focus of beliefs. Furthermore, the cultural exchange had to go in both directions with each accepting the benefits which the other had to offer.
Delavignette was in a small minority.
Most French colonialists accepted the authoritarian stance that as rulers, it was their culture which should dominate exclusively and for them to live comfortably, the local would be required to sacrifice in order to pay for the excesses of the administration. Most other colonial writings concentrated on the material riches to be gained by the enslavement of the poor colonials. Few criticized the French bureaucracy. It was
generally accepted that starvation in the colonies for the local people was to be expected.
In Indochina, poverty stricken individuals and families flocked to French outposts from China in hope of gaining work on the French plantations which would provide them with food, housing and earnings. Often, the Chinese and Vietnamese were treated like cattle and bought into slavery by the administrators of the plantations, with the acknowledgement of the French colonial administrators.
After World War 1, French colonial authority was to a large degree based on the force which the mother country had, pretended to have, or, which the colonial administrators pretended to have. The colonial service offered an opportunity for young Frenchmen to flee their defeated, occupied homeland, and many seem to have believed that the glory that had been lost on the battlefields could be regained by glorious action in the colonies.
At the same time, in both the British and French empires, the end of the war unleashed educated colonial elites who wanted independence, or insisted on enjoying the same rights as the Europeans living in the colonies. Neither the colonial administration or the settlers were aware to any degree of the change in attitude which
had started to rise in the colonies.
Delavignette admired the North African territories he oversaw where many cultures now mixed peacefully compared to the tribal and peasant-nomad confrontations of the past. He freely acknowledged that his residence, the factories, and the roads all owed their existence to the productivity of the fields. He noted that there could not be a good health policy without a food policy.
He recognized that the focus for success had to be on the peasants: Anything that would not be favourable to them would be deleterious to the colony; anything built without them would be useless. Education of the masses was a starting point. He saw his job as working for mankind: acting to store up wealth for the future and feelings of loyalty for today, between colonizer and
peasant.
Civilizations had shone, especially in the Sudan, although they were not known in Europe: their inner force was gone; they did not shine anymore. Like any culture which loses its spiritual direction, the materialistic and bureaucratic shell had crumbled and blown away in the dust storms. Most of the time, one felt he was witnessing a miserable way of life, stuck away in some savannah, forest, or desert corner. Great evils were at the root of Africa's squalor.
Everywhere communications, crops, wealth, and human life were precarious. Delavignette saw that colonialism could have a beneficial influence in ameliorating these conditions by using roads and railways and ports to join the areas together; by protecting agriculture and freeing slaves; by securing trade and establishing a reign of justice; by building schools and clinics.
1923 A.D.
On September 1, an 8.3 magnitude Earthquake strikes Tokyo and Yokohama. The Kanto Plain shakes for 5 minutes as the Sagami Bay fault ruptures. Thousands of buildings crashed to the ground, and a tsunami (tidal wave) measuring 36 ft (11 m.) devastates the coast.
A firestorm sweeps Tokyo destroying a million homes and burning alive or otherwise killing 142,000 people. Two-thirds of Tokyo and four-fifths of Yokohama are destroyed and the sea floor of the adjoining bay area drops an amazing 1300 feet (400 metres). Some reports of the death toll were as high as 200,000.
While concern would lead to stronger building construction designs, 10,000 times as much capital would be spent on armaments as on research into understanding the Earth and earthquakes. After many decades, it would finally be discovered that Tokyo experiences a severe earthquake about every 70 years. This indicates that much earlier, the Japanese could have become aware that Tokyo was an earthquake centre and the destruction of this quake could have been minimized in several ways. It all depends on the priorities of the culture.
It would later be discovered by Dr. R. Tomaschek, a German geophysicist, that the position of the planet Uranus in the astrological chart for this date, and for that of 133 other earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 7, correlated significantly. Uranus has long been regarded by astrologers as the planet of "tension, explosion and the unexpected."
This quake, and many frequent small tremors encourage the Japanese to begin to see their physical nation of islands as temporary and believe that a colonial empire will be necessary for
survival.
1923 A.D.
This was a year of tremendous economic inflation for Germany.
While the Protocols of the Elders of Zion had been used by the German National People's Party (DNVP) since 1920 as a rational for the economic downfall of Germany, Alfred Rosenberg further promoted Nazi anti-Semitism in his Myth of the Twentieth Century which would become known as the sourcebook of Nazism. Adolf Hitler would look to the Protocols for an explanation of the inflation of this period. He would declare:
"According to the Protocols of Zion, the peoples are to be reduced to submission by hunger. The second revolution under the Star of David is the aim of the Jews in our time."
Memory Stimulators.
HIGHLIGHTS: Movies: Hot Water; Girl Shy
Uzbek and Turkmenian Socialist Soviet Republics join in the USSR federation.
1924 A.D.
During May, Benito Mussolini determines to extend law and order to Sicily.
In 1912 he and his "revolutionaries" had defeated the "reformists" in an election in which the socialists had been split-up. Disappointment over the 1919 outcome of the peace conference, in which Italy received little territory relative to that of other participants, split Italy into moderate and nationalist groups. Spurred on by a sense of lost national unity, a tendency to glorify power and a feeling of national resentment, associations of combat and disabled veterans formed political groups including the Fasci di combattimento under the leadership of Mussolini.
In 1920, the Fascists signalled an end to the political anarchy which arose from economic crises and repetitive government failures were aggravated by socialist strikes, by nullifying the functions of various government departments and opposing the Socialists with terrorism.
In 1921, the Foundation of the Partito Nazionale Fascista (P.N.F.) changed a revolutionary movement into a political party. During the tenure of several ineffective cabinets the PNF initiated programmes of "direct action" (threats, application of force, and elimination of the provincial bureaucracy in Upper Italy. Industrialists and the armed forces sympathized with the Fascist aims. A revolution was called and a Committee of 4 was formed: Italo Balbo, Emilio de Bono, Cesare de Vecchi and Michele
Bianchi.
On October 28, 1922, Mussolini had marched into Rome, and, when the king
empowered him to form a cabinet, he filled the government posts with Fascists and became dictator. During November, the Parliament granted Mussolini unrestricted powers until 1924.
In 1923, the Fascists institutionalized the armed forces essentially destroying the power of the monarchy. In early June, 1924, the Fascists won a 65% electoral victory after the Socialist deputy, Giacomo Matteotti, was murdered. This sequence of events and intentions would be followed by the Minister of Intelligence in Germany, Adolf Hitler.
Now, Mussolini sought to extend his enforcement of order and unity, necessary for the building of any empire, over Sicily. The Fascisti were given a free hand to suppress the strongly independent Sicilians whose only unified resistance became the "brotherhood" to become known as "The Mafia". A campaign of mass arrest followed: 11,000 in all were arrested. Whole towns, such as Gange, were held hostage, to bring the leaders of the resistance out of hiding. Those leaders were then arrested and sent to forced confinement for 5 years. All levels of the society were affected by the coercion and violence of the government authorized Fascist enforcement.
The Mafia would learn from the methods used against them: threats, kidnapping, murder - the ethic that the means justify the end. For them, the end was the power to be free of political control; to provide a good material lifestyle for their family and friends in an otherwise population outstripped ecology; to duplicate a human pattern for material success: unify, coerce, benefit.
This has historically been the capitalist-based political reality: in times of population overcrowding and material insufficiency, sacrifice personal freedom and utilize spiritual weakness to intensify emotions such that the rights of others are denied and the possessions of others are taken for one's own gain.
Communism, as frequently applied, has little difference in effect: it has a more idealistic intent; it coerces the citizen as well as the foreigner; it builds on
population overcrowding and/or material insufficiency; the same sense of sacrifice and the same foundation of spiritual weakness are present.
1924 A.D.
Aleksandr I. Oparin proposed a theory of molecular evolution in his short book, The Origin of Life. Oparin maintained that organic molecules could have evolved outside any organism: one did not have to begin with a finished product.
These molecules might then assemble into increasingly complex biological systems: an array of simple to complex forms could evolve. Complex biological systems would then be "selected" by their capability to survive the challenges of the environment and the competion of other species and individuals. This theory would dominate and inspire anthropological and biological research for decades.
1924 A.D.
Ferdinand Marcos, becomes the smallest and neatest student at Shamrock Elementary School, in Laong, Philippines, when his mother and father receive teaching positions there. Both had been financially assisted in their careers by wealthy Judge Ferdinand Chua, Ferdinand's real father. Ferdinand was noted as nervous, intense, intellectual, and had total recall - the mark of "idiot-savants" who cannot abstract and extend knowledge, yet can repeat long
complicated passages or tunes after once reading or seeing them.
This characteristic would later strongly influence Marcos' law professor (ability to quote passages forward and in reverse, at length), his military men (ability to recall organizational tables and issued orders in detail), his constituents (ability to match names and faces of thousands of people), and impress others. He also had an exaggerated imagination, sometimes confusing it for reality.
His legal father, Mariano Marcos, was a severe disciplinarian, unpredictable of mood, who
administered leather belt lashings to Ferdinand when dissatisfied or angered with the boy or with
someone else. At times Ferdinand was locked in a closet the size of a coffin by Mariano; once,
for several days. Mariano's real son, and Ferdinand's brother, Pacifico, was treated with
tenderness and affection.
When Mariano was home he was often brooding and ill-tempered.
Such erratic behavior, for Ferdinand, and often unjustified, beatings and treatment encouraged Ferdinand to
develop multiple personalities in order to cope with the psychological inconsistencies. He became
a perfectionist and excelled at whatever he put his mind to.
Both Judge Chua, Ferdinand's real father, and Bishop Aglipay, a distant relative, encouraged and
supported Mariano's entry into politics and the Philippine Congress. Mariano was away much of
the time and spent most of his money cultivating relationships with political associates. Philippine
politics was a great game of pretence, manipulation, and patronage, in which egos were mashed
and bruised, and murder was a viable option.
Little changed after the arrival of the Americans.
There was very little of party politics. Any party supporting independence was banned outright.
Despite American media manipulation and self-congratulation, there was nothing democratic
about the new government. Under the leadership of Sergio Osmena and Manuel Quezon, the
Nacionalista party, which supported anything American, monopolized the government until the
mid-1940s. They knew that the American politicians were only interested in securing raw
materials for the American economy so they catered to it. In return, the American government
looked the other way when it came to ethics and justice in the Philippines. This double-standard
was impressed upon Ferdinand.
Ferdinand's mother, disillusioned by the failure of love, was tough and ambitious, and extremely
protective of her son; she became his conscious mentor. Her small wage did no go far and the
family was constantly in poverty.
1924 A.D.
During the year, Thomas Townsend Brown while studying as a resident with Dr. Paul Alfred Biefield at Denison University, Granville, Ohio, discovered the Biefield-Brown
Effect. While experimenting with charged electrical capacitors, they noticed a tendency of highly-charged electrical capacitors to move in the direction of its positive pole. This suggested a
possibility for transportation.
Brown had been born in Zanesville, Ohio, in 1905 to a prosperous family.
He showed an early interest in space travel and in X-ray tube forces, the latter because he noticed that when they were turned on, they produced a movement. He thought it must have something to do with the high
voltage suddenly applied.
In 1922, he entered the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) at
Pasadena to extend his studies. Innovative and showing initiate in his work, he felt hindered by
the degree of institutionalization and transferred, first, to Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, in
1923, and then, in 1924, to Denison University.
With his graduation in 1926, he went to work at the Swazey Observatory in Ohio for the
following 4 years.
1924 A.D.
J. Edgar Hoover continued to move upward in the American political bureaucracy through his expression of fierce patriotism and allegiance to the status quo. As the son of a long
line of bureaucrats, Hoover knew from an early age of the benefits, requirements and means to
advancement within a bureaucracy. In brief:
Some of the advantages:
- a career occupation;
- a low but dependable wage;
- higher respectability than a labourer;
- opportunity for advancement;
- the potential to acquire power;
- the ability to avoid close public scrutiny.
The primary requirements:
- a proficiency to carry out one's tasks as directed;
- a deliberate placement of employer before all else;
- a wilful obedience to the orders of one's supervisor.
Means to advancement in a bureaucracy frequently include:
- ambition to place employer-career before all other priorities;
- sacrifice to overwork and encourage dependency in others;
- deception to use and promote gossip to one's advantage;
- self-direction to use patience and timing;
- networking of officials to receive privilege;
- concession to others to obligate them to you;
- a predisposition to manipulate to achieve one's goals.
In a relatively small agency with minor enforcement powers, Hoover was made director of what
would become named The Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.).
1924 A.D.
On October 10, James Clavell is born in Sydney, Australia, into a British family with a military heritage dating back to the year 1067. His father, Captain Richard Clavell of His
Majesty's Royal Navy, had gone to Australia to help establish the Australian Navy. His mother
had accompanied his father and gave birth to him in Sydney. He is christened in the upturned bell
of the battleship, H.M.S. Melbourne, and bid a happy life with a song.
After 9 months, the family returned to England where Clavell experienced a "very disciplined"
youth in the expectation that he would become an officer as an adult. Clavell attended a private
military school and at age 16 went into the military. 3 months later, he was designated an artillery
officer at the age of 16. He had acquired a strong sense of self-discipline, strong self-confidence
and a self-assertiveness which gave him a sense of self-control about his experiences and a belief
in his perceptions.
1925 A.D.
In February, the Future of Soviet Submarine operations is considered at a special conference. As a result, engineer Boris Mikhaylovich Malinin of the Baltic Shipyard in
Leningrad becomes director of the submarine design bureau. A secret Russo-German naval
conference in Berlin in March, 1926, followed by a German naval mission in June, 1927, would
lead to a joint German-Soviet training facility on the Black Sea in December, 1926.
1925 A.D.
During the year, General Mikhail Stepanovich Topilskii and a mounted regiment tracked and shot a "wild man". They were in the Pamir mountains of Tadzhikstan - where Russia,
Afghanistan, Soviet Central Asia, Sinkiang and Kashmir all meet - searching for bandits. They
had come upon what appeared to be human footprints - naked feet, in spite of the snow - which
led to a cave in a steep cliff face.
They opened fire into the dark interior and then entered. What
they found was a being like a human except that it was almost completely covered in thick dark
hair. The general asked the doctor with them to make a complete inspection of the body before
its burial. This is how he later described it:
"At first glance, I thought the body was that of an ape. It was covered with hair all
over. But I knew there were no apes in the Pamir mountains. Also, the body itself
looked very much like that of a man. We tried pulling the hair to see if it was just hide
used for a disguise, but found that it was the creature's own hair.
The body belonged to a male creature 165 -170 cm (about 5 ft. 6 in) tall, elderly,
judging by the grayish colour of the hair in several places. The chest was covered
mainly with brownish-red hair, the belly with gray. There was least hair on the
buttocks, from which fact our doctor deduced that the creature sat like a human being.
The knees were completely bare of hair and had callous growths on them. The whole
foot, including the sole, was quite hairless and was covered by dark brown skin. The
hair got thinner nearer the hand and the palms had none at all, but only callous skin.
The colour of the face was dark, and the creature had neither beard nor moustache. The
temples were bald and the back of the head was covered by thick, matted hair. The
teeth were large and even and shaped like human teeth. The creature had a very
powerful chest and well developed muscles. We didn't find any important anatomical
differences between it and man. The genitalia were like man's."
1925 A.D.
The film industry became the focus of Joe Kennedy as he moved from Boston to New York City. Like other seasoned stockbrokers, he believed that the great bull-market of the 20s
would not last. He saw the film industry as disorganized, chaotic, and in need of a practical
realistic thinker like himself. He had seen the books of a small New England production company
and from that he regarded the industry as "a gold mine.
In fact, it looks like another telephone
industry." He had already purchased a small chain of theatres and wanted to get into distribution
and production as well. With more networking, negotiation, and bluff, Joe bought Film Booking
Office of America , an English production company. An avid movie fan yet realist thinker, many
of Joe's productions were lower budget with less known stars than those produced by the older
large studios.
In 1927, he organized a seminar on the industry at Harvard University to which he invited 12 of
the most respected executives in the movie industry. It was a great success. Kennedy was now
considered, by this appreciative group, as one of them with further respect for his family values
and his business expertise. For 2-1/2 years Kennedy commuted back and forth by train between
New York City and Hollywood, California.
In 1929, approached by RCA chief David Sarnoff,
for assistance, Joe put together R.K.O Studios , a future production giant, by amalgamating the
Keith-Albee-Orpheum chain of theatres. Kennedy received a fee of $150,000 for his part, and in
the interim, became romantically involved with Gloria Swanson, popular long time actress,
considered by many to be Hollywood's reigning sex goddess and the most powerful woman in the
industry.
Rose Kennedy, his wife, had in the interim filled her time by organizing and supervising the habits
of the children, solitary habits, and travel. When introduced to Swanson as one of Joe's important
business partners, she accepted the rationalization and welcomed Swanson. By 1929, Joe had
been exposed to several potentially large losses in Hollywood, had not received church approval
to continue a relationship with Swanson while married to Rose, and had suddenly broken off his
relationship with Swanson and left Hollywood $5 million richer than on arrival. Basically, Rose
and Joe reached an understanding: he could spend much of his time at business and with other
women as long as she could enjoy the money and prestige, solitude and travel.
Joe Kennedy continued to chase women - starlets and showgirls mainly, but friends of the family
and wives and daughters of business acquaintances too. He maintained a suite at the Ritz in
Boston and an apartment at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City, in addition to his other
residences. He was proud of how Rose could showcase the reality of his wealth in the clothing
she returned with from Paris.
Joe was thoughtful with the children yet the imprinting he could only leave with the boys was that
a successful man was often away from home, built on networking with others, enjoyed the
company of women in addition to his wife, was organized and self-disciplined in most habits,
carried through an emphasis on action rather than reflection, liked travel, was excited by the
power of politics, and spoke highly of family life which was often lived with intensity during brief
periods when they were together. His son Jack (John F. Kennedy) would mirror these features.
Success was a given; there was no place for losers.
1925 A.D.
Anna Skripnikova, a prisoner at the Lubyanka Prison in the USSR, complained to her interrogator that her cellmates were being dragged by the hair by the prison chief. The
interrogator laughed and asked he:
"Is he dragging you too?" "No, but my comrades!" And he
exclaimed in deadly earnest: "Aha, how frightening it is that you protest! Drop all those useless
airs of the Russian intelligentsia! They are out of date! Worry about yourself only! Otherwise,
you're in for a hard time."
And this is exactly the thieves' principle: If they're not raking you in, then don't lie down and ask
for it. When you have accepted this principle, your spirit has been broken.
1926 A.D.
By this year, the Industrialization of American Police Forces was highly active.
The mass media were publicizing crime with designations such as "public enemies." Technology
often considered a luxury by the average citizen was being promoted to the police departments,
and, because of promises projected by technology salesmen, politicians came to revere it also.
Before the telephone, when a person needed a police officer, they had to go find one either in the
street or at the police station. In other words, a person with a problem had to take themselves
and their problem to the police who were only found in public places. Now, the vaste majority of
calls would soon originate via the telephone, an extremely easy act. The police would then
respond to the scene, usually the home or business place.
Police began to encourage people to
use the services of the police more and more because they were only a telephone call away. The
more calls received, the better they could substantiate their need for improved communications
systems. Statistics and reports became created by dispatched calls. Encounters between people
and police that occur in public are often handled informally and not reflected in "stats".
Legitimizing the "system" was already replacing genuine service to the public as the primary
objective of policing. Police priorities and public priorities were beginning to separate. The age
of bureaucratic policing was on the horizon.
Over time, the phenomenon that began to emerge would be that whereas prior to the introduction
of the telephone, police were rarely invited into people's homes or became embroiled in their
personal lives, they would now become intimately involved in people's private affairs more and
more so that by the mid-1980s, 85% of all calls for service would originate from, and occur
within, privately owned premises, a complete reversal of pre-telephone days.
The expansion and
use of the automobile enabled the police to decentralize their operations; the cost required
justification and budgets resulted in less officers per unit of population. Time was now more in
demand as more officers could, and were required to and expected to - spend time in the coverage
of distances for the purpose of pursuing criminals, investigating criminal acts, detering crime, and,
coping with the effects of crime. Police were beginning to encounter "ordinary" people less and
"problem" people more.
They were becoming technicians of enforcement.
Yet, more significantly and more often than not, the problems were social rather than criminal in nature.
People began to see the police as helpers rather than crime fighters; and policemen began to see
themselves more as crime fighters restrained in their duties by nuisance social problems - for
which they received no training.
With the arrival of two-way radio technology, the reliance on the automobile and the distance
between the public and the officer would increase. Previously, most law officers were urban and
most walked through their neighbourhoods. They were in constant contact with those people in
their jurisdiction and they saw each other during their regular activities as well as at social
occasions. The local cop was just one of the neighbours in the community. But that would
change.
Radios were not portable and since great expense had been incurred to obtain them, they
became one of the new tripartite technology gods. The 2-way radio would control the activities
of the police officer in accord with the reverence accorded it. It's use had to be justified to the
politicians and that meant providing short direct headlines. Stories of incident were too long to
tell voters; statistics were ideal. Quantity would reign supreme over quality. How many calls
were responded to became more important than how many problems were resolved. Response
was simpler and more direct; resolution of problems took time and was difficult to express in a
line of numbers.
1926 A.D.
By this year, the Railroad Companies were promoting Agriculture throughout North America. Educational trains of up to 10 cars in length, took exhibits portraying and describing
poultry raising and wheat growing. If railroads were to grow and expand in size and profit, they
would have to transport more kinds of products between more destinations.
In the late 1880's, trains had supplied the 1 mile square stockyard district in Chicago with cattle.
From 1982/3 towns had begun to relocate from cart-track and road access locations to railroad
junctions and stops. Trains had become the major determinants of where towns and cities would
be and whether current ones would survive. Towns further than 1/2 mile from a train stop were
likely to fall behind in the increasingly capital-dependent and profit-driven economy of the
industrialized commercial centres.
Many states had given land rights to the railroad companies in
order to encourage the spread and construction of railroad facilities. It was not unusual, in
Canada, for a railroad to have tens of thousands of square miles of property ownership of crown
land given to them for this purpose. The state could not afford such a cross-country rail
construction program. Theoretically, the state owned all the land which it governed and which
citizens had not purchased the right to use.
The state rationalized that the railway companies
could sell the land adjacent to their rail lines and by so doing both cover the cost of the facilities
but also gain an increasing number of dependent consumers. Frontier agriculture in a capital-based economy provided the necessary incentive to enable infrequently required services to be
augmented to a level at which regular schedules, wages and profits could be expected.
Cattleowners required the trains to take their surplus cattle to market once or twice a year. Many
cattleowners were mass producers using ranches comprised of square miles of land for grazing
ranges. Because of their size and their frontier nature, most ranches were self-sufficient in most
of the consumer materials they required. Often, a neighbourhood of close relationship families
worked for the ranch owner. This enabled the required specialization of skills to be shared
between the members much as had developed in the estates and manors of Europe.
Each ranch would have its own blacksmith and forge, its own harness-maker and repairer, its own coral and
horse trainer, and, if the workers were predominantly single men - its own mess cook. The law
was often the law of the ranch owner, and just as idiosyncratic, compassionate, or authoritarian.
Ranchers grew their own food, made their own tools, raised their own horses, made their own
clothes, and often had little time for or interest in the refinements of politics, industry, academia,
or waste-based consumerism. True, new products for the consumer were becoming mass
produced, but a ranch-based population would not make such a market profitable - especially if
served by a railroad which brought supplies once or twice per year.
Agricultural sod-busters farmed the land much more intensively, often using acreage which were
hundreds of acres rather than thousands. Farmers could make the difference: there could be many
more of them. With a more dense population, and a more dependent population, market demand
could be increased by at least 100 times that of a cattle market economy.
With many more people
travelling to new land ownership, buying implements, buying mass produced consumer items, and,
acting as if they were extensions of the cities and towns from which many came - they would
mirror the demands of urban people. They would want the conveniences, services, dependencies
of the city lifestyle. These unprofessional starter farmers would need the confidence which
educational promotion and promotional education could provide, and often deceive, them with.
There were far too many immigrants and unemployed people in North America to sell them on
ranch ownership. First they didn't have the starter capital required for such large land ownership
and its expenses. Secondly, without agricultural "homesteading" the North American states were
forced to consider economic stagnation.
Refugees, peasants, unemployed, poor, exiles, criminals, colonists - flooded to North America
from the political unrest and economic anarchy which had arrived in waves of intensity in the
USSR, Germany, Ireland, Britain, Europe-in-general, China and Japan. Persuaded by the national
and colonial myths of Canada and the USA - which would continue to be spread for the remainder
of the century - frustrated and distressed persons flooded to North America in expectation of free
or cheap land ownership, abundant steady work, good wages, lucrative business, lack of
government restriction, and, exuberant materialism.
Immigration departments and the shipping
industry contributed to the deception; newspapers and the mass media flaunted the deception.
Indicative of the past and future history of the mass media, "news" was reality which sold. No
one wanted to hear, and no one wanted to admit, to the massive numbers of failures involved in
frontier colonialism.
What sold people was what they wanted to hear and what the power elite wanted them to hear.
The success stories of the rags-to-riches variety, of the labourer who progressed to become a
business owner, of a pauper who became a nobleman, of an orphan who became a movie star -
these were the stories which splashed hope and opportunity before the depressed and motivated
them into blind sacrifice and denial.
For every one who was successful in such a light, nine more
fell to the side - victims of lies, deceit, manipulation, ignorance, immaturity, lack of skills, lack of
opportunity. And as a material society rewards those who are materially successful and denies
those who are not, the failures and the reasons behind those failures were largely lost from the
potential benefit of the society.
Rather than acknowledge, rectify, and improve - in an effort to
reduce hardship for one and all - individuals would follow like sheep, one after the other,
oblivious of the dangers and hardships, into the pit of failure. Such a proud society suffers. It
suffers from the ignorance of the first wasted effort, and the second, and the third, ....
What further stimulated and motivated the population into a self-obsessed force were the stories
of accidents, murders, illegality. Too often, such stories simply served to affirm to the uninvolved
individual that they were still on the path to success, untainted by bad luck, negative fate,
misfortune, or weakness. Such a culture encourages the individual to either withdraw into
themselves for security or to clutch for adoption into the neighbourhood for security.
In either choice, the individual becomes de-politicised.
That is, their interest in other countries, other
interest groups, other political concepts and religious beliefs - is maintained at a minimum. This is
pure contentment for politicians and business leaders for while the "little people" are concerned
totally with their "little problems" the self-appointed guardians of "freedom," "capitalism,"
"socialism," "free enterprise," and "the better life" manipulate the political direction of their nation
for the continued benefit of the few.
Industry, in the context of human history, has always been driven by those with wealth and power
seeking to extend their wealth and power. A tremendous amount of capital is required to build
huge steel mills and refineries, pay for the construction and tooling of factories, employ huge
permanent shifts of workers, pay for transportation and energy services, finance production and
sales. The only time in which such endeavours are low risk and most closely guaranteed to
succeed is when they supply governments.
With the assistance of the media, a population can be
easily persuaded to pay taxes and make sacrifices so that employment continues, external military
threats are restrained, new sources of supply are acquired, and technical superiority over possible
adversaries is maintained. Supply armies in a war or contribute to building and expanding a
military and you can be guaranteed a profit. But what happens when wars end and military forces
are downsized and nations speak of peace?
Modern industry is the mass production of finished material goods.
The word "industrialize" did not exist until the 1880s. Apart from military hardware, the only other market for industry is mass consumerism. Basic requirements for successful consumerism include an urban lifestyle
perception (labour-saving, skill-replacing, ego-enhancing, luxurious), a transportation network for
ease of distribution, a capital-based economy of wage-earners and savings, and, a cheap source of
raw materials.
Throughout 1889 to 1910, there had been rapid boom and bust consumer cycles:
gold rushes, land grabbing, oil well strikes, bank and currency collapses, the introduction of
popular technologies and services (regular mail delivery, electricity, telephone, processed cereals,
vehicles, photography, radio), and, the development of the assembly line.
But as the 1920s
continued, cost of basic materials continued to rise, overpopulation led to employment
competition, gold rushes had played out, the oil industry had become monopolized, car
manufacturers were unifying into conglomerates, telephone and electrical services were becoming
government regulated and institutionalized, and sales of basic technology to consumers had
reached those who could afford it.
The capability to maintain expansive industrialization and
commercialism would now require one or more of the following: cheaper sources of raw
materials; stabilization of banking, currency and trading markets; global or international war;
increased surplus by increased waste; increased reliance on government and personal credit;
reduced unemployment.
Overpopulation in the cities, inadequate taxation to provide for the military-policing and
bureaucratic requirements of a large state and the prospect of having to close the borders to
further immigration terrified both merchant and politician. Unemployment had been a problem in
the cities for several decades. Attempts at farming in ranching districts had been severely
frustrated by a lack of easy access for supplies and for law and order.
Many early farmers moving
westward had been brutalized not only by the weather but also by resident ranchers. The promise
of freedom, the lack of fencing, and the scarcity of administrative officers had resulted in both
regulated ownership of farms and straightforward squatter possession of segments of ranchland.
Ranchers typically grew to fear and despise farmers. They brought with them everything which
destroyed the lifestyle of the rancher.
Complex law enforcement, increased population density,
abuse of land rights, increased emphasis on materialism and inter-dependency, increased political
restrictions and obligations, increased cutting up of the land by roads, complex social norms more
based on community status than on achievement. For some ranchers, farmers were the arrival of
the devil their ancestors had escaped from - and they responded with rejection and violence.
Politicians had increasingly become aware of the difficulties of servicing and taxing both lifestyles
while encouraging both and maintaining peace as long as the ranchers held greater power and
access to state enforcement was poor.
Railroads could provide a political answer to these problems.
They could carry tens of thousands
of immigrants and unemployed into the prairie, give them or sell them a plot of land, bring them
implements to buy, supply stores in agricultural community towns with the consumer items which
were uneconomical or impractical for a single family unit to produce, and provide access for the
ready transportation of state troops to enforce order, if required.
With the added numbers of
people in each region, it would become necessary and practical to establish regional political
administrative centres. This process of populate and administer and capitalize on had been
haphazardly applied for a century in North America. Without massive organizational and
economic support, towns had come and gone and a great amount of disorder and confusion and
economic loss had taken place. Formed on the speculation of gold and silver rushes and other
temporary economies, some towns had formed and boomed for a decade or a few before sliding
into oblivion.
Based on small scale single-industry capital-based markets, the stability of the
towns and the population mirrored that of the resource they mined or the extent of the resource.
Recurrent cycles of boom and bust had busted many would-be settlers, industrial speculators,
wannabe business owners - all disgusting examples of humanity to ranchers.
Railroads were now the great hope for order.
They could provide support for long-term employment activities which
depended simply on the expansion of populations. And politicians could take great pride in
providing the utopia of freedom which millions in other nations had sought by military overthrow.
1926 A.D.
In August, Andre Bovis, a Frenchman, found that some waters, such as those at Lourdes, radiated energy as high as 156,000 angstroms.
Eight years later, some of the same
water, stored in bottles, still registered 78,999 angstroms. Considering that fresh olive oil can
give a reading of 8,500 and that pasteurized products gave a reading of 0 and that these readings
indicated the degree of vitality in the substance, one can surely see why some foods and water
could be referred to as healing substances. The basic human wavelength of radiated energy was
found to be 6,500. Anything above that reading added vitality to the human body; anything
below, reduced the vitality.
Although the knowledge and the benefits of science and the education and health authorities
investigating and extending these findings further could have reduced human strife and pain
considerably, human institutions largely ignored the findings. Many additional conclusions
would be reached and finally published in the 1970's, yet never seriously adopted by any nation
on Earth up to this publication in 1994.
Humanity would remain slaves to the status quo which
in its power of authority would continue to weaken the spirit of humanity and result in
devastating environmental and political consequences.
1926 A.D.
During the year, Emperor Hirohito ascends onto the throne in Japan. The domestic situation was tense in Japan owing to:
a) imposition of strict nationalist "education" to reduce socialism;
b) rising birth-rate and population creating a drain on resources;
c) corruption in political parties leading to public apathy;
d) economic effects of a worldwide capitalist-based depression;
e) army and navy inspired assassinations of liberal politicians & officers;
f) Shintoism instilling a sense of obsessive mission of duty to the emperor;
g) increasing support for ultra-nationalists by the Emperor.
1926 A.D.
During the year, Vladimir Zazubrin , one of Josif Stalin's favorite writers, urged
"Let the fragile green beast of Siberia be dressed in the cement armour of cities, armed with
the stone muzzles of factory chimneys, and girded with the iron belts of railroads. Let the
taiga (sub-arctic forests) be burned and felled; let the steppes be trampled. ... Only in cement
and iron can the fraternal union of all peoples, the iron brotherhood of man, be forged."
Few writers have stated more harshly their hatred for the rest of nature which results from
powerful insecurities fed by fear and terror yielding a lust for power. Nature is very forgiving
and passive to humanities insults until a threshold is reached beyond which the existence of
humanity becomes questionable. It is, therefore, easy for spiritually weakened humans to reflect
their vengeance, earned from human abuse - whether in war, or at home, or in one's
neighbourhood - on an apparent defenceless nature, even as humans have expressed their anger
in kicks directed at dogs, inanimate objects or each other. The irreverence of such devastation
would not be widely recognized until the 1990s.
The legacy of an abused and abusive Soviet culture would yield the following:
- widespread deforestation of central and eastern Asia;
- salt-encrusted wastelands replacing 2/3rds of the Aral Sea;
- oil spills and other industrial waste near most industrial centres;
- high-risk nuclear generating plants with numerous safety violations;
- pollution by heavy metals, nuclear and other waste of most ground water;
- conversion of the sub-arctic into a huge industrial garbage dump;
- archaic and wasteful technologies used for maximum extraction for least
initial cost;
- widespread loss of species of plants and animals;
- heavy pollution of Lake Baikal, estimated to hold 1/5 of all fresh water;
- high rates of chronic illnesses, birth defects, psychological problems;
- high levels of waste in major industries: 50-70% loss in lumbering;
- huge hydro-electric dams will flood 100s of thousands of acres of forest;
- huge air pollution volumes from smelters: copper, SO2, radioactive waste;
- extreme erosion of soils reducing agricultural and lumbering capacities.
Such a legacy would not need to happen. Visitors from other galaxies would express
concern for humanity's lack of spirituality, it's unsuitability for a healthy Earth, and offer
alternatives throughout the century.
1926
- Between 1926 and 1949, Hollywood, California would turn out 47 Charlie Chan
feature films. Created in the late 20s by Earl Biggers as the hero of a whodunit series, the movies
also led to a comic strip, a radio show, and a short-lived television series. In his long career as a
super-sleuth, Charlie was never played by a Chinese, who he represented. Many of the mysteries
were easily solvable by the audience, yet they relied heavily on old-style comic relief, homely
wisdom, some of which included these:
"If strength were all, tiger would not fear scorpion;
Long journey always start with one short step;
Door of opportunity swing both ways;
Intuitions are key to door of truth;
Mind like parachute
- only function when open."
1926
- During the 1920s and 30s, a Smut Plague would threaten wheat production in North America. Scientists would find smut resistant varieties which had a toxic membrane around the
kernel that prevented smut growth. This toxic membrane was genetically engineered into all
production varieties from this point. As a biologically toxic substance, the membrane would be
less healthful to humans and other animals fed it than another or a wild grain. The nutritional
value was also altered such that larger quantities of the starch had to be eaten in order to obtain
the same amount of vitamins and minerals. The result was that humans who came to rely on
wheat products as a staple or a regular part of their diet would find themselves unsatisfied until they had eaten more calories than were required or healthful.
It is possible to remove the toxic membrane electronically; this would increase production costs. Eating smut-resistant wheat products which have not had the toxic membrane removed will
encourage the development of more allergic-type reactions and a trend to obesity.
1926
- Ibn Saud is proclaimed king over the Hejaz and Nejd territories. In 1932, these territories will be joined into the state of Saudi Arabia in 1932.
1927
- Herman J. Muller, geneticist, reported that he had changed heredity patterns by the use of X rays. Mutations showed up in the next generation. This evidence led him to
advocate exploiting the apparent malleability of humanity by changing humanity for the better
through genetic manipulation. Adolf Hitler, of Germany, agreed with this scientific suggestion, in
principle. It would support his belief that "sub-standard" humans should be terminated by the
state thus allowing for a "purification" of the races. The intent was to free human societies from
the burden of low intelligence persons, chronically ill persons, people with birth deformities,
persons likely to impose difficulties on the "good" people of the state.
1927
- "Dealing with the Opposition" was addressed by Stalin at a speech given to the 15th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party:
"If you study the history of our Party you will find that always, at certain serious turns
taken by our Party, a certain section of the old leaders fell out of the cart of the
Bolshevik Party and made room for new people. A turn is a serious thing, comrades. A
turn is dangerous for those who do not sit firmly in the Party cart. Not everybody can
keep his balance when a turn is made. You turn the cart - and on looking round you
find that somebody has fallen out.
Let us take 1903, the period of the Second Congress of our Party. That was the period
of the Party's turn from agreement with the liberals (theoretical democratic capitalism)
to a moral struggle against the liberal bourgeoisie, from preparing for the struggle
against tsarism to open struggle against it for completely routing tsarism and feudalism
(and replacing it with a theoretical socialist oligarchy). At that time the Party was
headed by the six: Plekhanov, Zasulich, Martov, Lenin, Axelrod and Potresov. The turn
proved fatal to five out of the six. They fell out of the cart. Lenin alone remained.
It
turned out that the old leaders of the Party, the founders of the party (Plekhanov,
Zasulich and Axelrod) plus two young ones (Martov and Potresov) were against one,
also a young one, Lenin. If only you knew how much howling, weeping and wailing
there was then that the Party was doomed, that the Party would not hold out, that
nothing could be done without the old leaders. The howling and wailing subsided,
however, but the facts remained. And the facts were that precisely thanks to the
departure of the five the Party succeeded in getting on to the right road."
Stalin had "seen" and experienced the political reality of large human political systems:
besides idiosyncratic turns in the popular "vote", power is the only determinant of success. If
capital power is not at hand, there is the power of the media, of disinformation, of pride, of
vengeance, of envy, of deceit, of force, of threat, of fear, of torture.
Once humanity assembles in anything other than small groups, its spiritual immaturity
provides a high basis for failure arising from unmediated intellectualization, emotional
extremism, and trauma-based traditions.
1927
- Sir William Arbuthnot Lane declares that 90% of all chronic diseases originate in the colon. Little attention would be given to this statement by the medical industry or the
public for another 50 years!
1927
- The Japanese political statement, The Tanaka Memorial, written by prime minister General Tanaka, sets out a plan for semi-global conquest by Japan. Building on the political
history of the European nations in which they successively achieved power and wealth by
conquering lesser nations, monopolizing the natural resources of those nations, confiscating the
wealth of those nations and making the colonized peoples both dependent (slaves) and assimilated
(members). The Tanaka proposal set out a plan of conquest for the nationalist elements of the
Japanese military and political leadership:
1. China would be conquered first for its source of raw materials;
2. The conquest would be carried out piece by piece in order to
not raise the attention or concern of other powerful nations;
3. Southeast Asia would then be striped of its capital riches;
4. The now-combined East would move to capture the USA.
It was imperative that each of these steps be carried out in sequence and be completed in entirety
before moving on to the next. Japan was 1/20 the size of China and had 1/6 the population of
China. At 4,000,000 square miles, China was larger than all of Europe and 1/3 larger than the
USA. Its population of 450 million people made up 1/5th that of the Earth's human population.
1927
- During the year, an 8.3 Earthquake struck the Chinese city of Nan-Shan and resulted in the loss of 200,000 lives.
1927
- By this time, Count Louseman (Cheiro) had written Cheiro's World Predictions.
Born in 1866, into the British aristocracy, he took or acquired the media name of "Cheiro" after
his reputation as a palmist. Cheiromancy is an art of divining by inspection of the lines of the
hand. It was practised in India in very ancient times; in Europe, during the Middle Ages, it
received great respect, but with the persecution of the Inquisition it fell to use by gypsies alone.
The Count had acquired the knowledge and used it with great success.
Cheiro became a war correspondent, a WWI spy for Britain, a womanizer, and an occult scientist.
In addition to palm reading, he used numerology, astrology, and, developed the skills of hypnosis
(it would seem to seduce the wives of other men) and ju jitsu (to protect himself from jealous
husbands). Before the War, he had advised both Czar Nicholas II and Edward VII. During
WWI, he had a love affair with Mata Hari. After the War, he eventually made his way to
Hollywood where he gave readings for Mary Pickford, Lilian Gish, Eric Von Stroheim, and
others. He also did some screenwriting. The publication of his book would become mildly
popular.
In it, he headlined -
o The Fate of Europe
o The Future of the USA
o The Coming War of Nations
o The restoration of the Jews.
Most of his predictions were unwelcome and held in denial by readers:
a) Mussolini of Italy, would attack Libya;
b) The coming of World War II;
c) The Fall of Communism;
d) The Russian Federation could become greater than the USA;
e) A coming chaos in religious beliefs;
f) The fall of the Mother church;
g) Global warming leading to another ice age.
Regarding d), if the Russian federation could persevere through a future time of great
difficulties, it might become more powerful than the USA. This was a question of
choice, willpower, skill, and acknowledgement.
Cheiro died in 1936.
1928
- Between 1927 and 1932, Two Ancient Roman Passenger Ships were restored. They had been found at the bottom of Lake Nemi, in Italy, during the 1920's. The vessels were large
and wide with 4 rows of oars. Accommodation was provided for 120 passengers in 30 cabins
with 4 berths in each. There were quarters for the crew as well. The boats were richly decorated
with mosaic floors depicting scenes from the Iliad , walls of cypress panelling, paintings in the
lounge, and a library. A sundial in the ceiling showed the time, and it is thought that a small
orchestra entertained the passengers in the salon.
The stern contained a large restaurant and kitchen. The passengers enjoyed freshly baked bread
for breakfasts and the menus of the meals is believed to have been comparable to the richness of
the dining-room decoration. Copper heaters provided hot water for the baths and the plumbing
was comparable to that of modern times, particularly the bronze pipes and taps. Centuries after
these ships had sunk, European explorers and merchants could only dream of such luxurious
passage. Only with the development of passenger liners in the 1900's would such options become
available again. Until they were discovered and restored, the European and North American
world had come to worship the ideal that humanity progressed to increasing betterment with time.
1928
- In late April or early May, Floyd Dillon, a 17-year-old was driving along an unpaved country road about 10 miles west of Yakima, Washington at about 4.00 P.M. As he
reached the top of a slight rise, he saw an object come into view about 75 feet off the ground and
hardly moving. It appeared to be a metallic hexagon with a domed top, olive drab in colour,
about 22 feet wide and 7 feet high. The underside was rounded and smooth. He could see rivets
along a vertical section, and also a two-by-three-foot window set in a metallic frame. In that
window he observed the head and upper torso of a man dressed in a dark blue uniform, who
"would pass for an Italian in this world." When he drew the being later, it had a perfectly human
character with normal hair, parted in the middle
Floyd did not feel afraid of the ship.
The object moved slowly but did not stop. The occupant
looked intently in the direction of the car; then the object rotated, flew across the road, and
abruptly went off at a "terrific speed." The object was swinging silently as it followed the terrain.
There was no effect on the Model T Ford car, no sound, no smell, nor unusual taste. This
incident was not reported to a ufologist until 1978. Mr. Dillon stated that he had never used
drugs or even cigarettes at any time. He has been interested in astronomy ever since he was 9 or
10 years old. He had not mentioned the incident to anyone until about 1958 finding that "People
just don't believe anything that they don't understand."
Mr Dillon finished his high school, picked fruit, made boxes, worked in canneries and warehouses,
enlisted in the armed forces during WWII, worked for McDonnell Douglas as a machine tool
operator for 22 years in Los Angeles and retired to Redding, California.
1928
- In May, the First Soviet Five-Year Economic Plan (1928-1933) was announced. Josif Stalin's authoritarian intellectualist theorizing influenced many of the conclusions. The fact
that they were built on political academic theory without feedback from the people nor with a
basic understanding of humanity, other than that gained through the influence of an abusive father,
produced a series of inoperable mandates.
A 6-year naval program adopted by the Council of Labor and Defense was expanded and
included. For naval development, a heavy emphasis was placed on submarine development: 18
large submarines; 5 small submarines; 3 destroyer leaders; 18 patrol ships; 5 submarine chasers;
60 torpedo boats; 2 river gunboats.
By August 1928, the British submarine L-55 , sunk in the Baltic in 1919, had been raised and was
being reverse engineered to determine its features. Designs obtained from the Germans also
supplemented original Russian designs to afford the Soviet with the best composite design
resource.
1928
- By this year, Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose, an Indian physicist, had completed much of his work on the responses of plants. He had faced many dramatic changes in his peers and the
public regarding the acceptance of his findings. He rejected the suggestions that he should change
his results, against his evidence, to affirm the authority of the status quo. Ridiculed by some, he
was applauded by others. He designed equipment that vastly increased the sensitivity of detection
of responses as well as the monitoring of such factors as growth.
He began to publish his
experiments in papers and books. He showed parallels of response between the skin if lizards,
tortoises and frogs to those of grapes, tomatoes, and other fruits and vegetables. With his
magnifier, he proved that plant tissues can become as fatigued as animal muscles by continuous
stimulation. He discovered close parallels between the response to light in leaves and in the
retinas of animal eyes. He demonstrated the characteristics of a nerve system in the mimosa plant
and the existence of reflexes.
He found that the death of a plant due to rise in temperature, while
certain at an upper degree, would also occur at a lower level if the plant were fatigued or
poisoned. At the point of death, the plant threw off a huge electrical force. Five hundred green
peas, connected in series, could develop 500 volts at death. Though it had been thought that
plants liked unlimited quantities of carbon dioxide, Bose found that too much could suffocate
them, but that they could be revived, just like animals, with oxygen.
Like human beings, plants
became intoxicated when given shots of whisky or gin, swayed like a drunkard, passed out,
eventually revived, with definite signs of a hangover. Bose's experiments, against commonly held
precepts, showed him that in plants their movement, the ascent of their sap, and their growth were
due to energy absorbed from their surroundings, which they could hold latent and store for future
use.
Whereas plants were considered to lack all power of conducting true excitation, Bose showed
that they were in fact possessed of this power: they could conduct electrical stimulation and
change it into motion; could store up and discharge energies. Bose held that the isolated vegetal
nerve was indistinguishable from the animal nerve in response or capability. While praised for the
interesting matter skilfully woven together in his works, they were downplayed for their
incredulity. Heralded as proceeding smoothly and logically, reviewers chastised him for a lack of
"attachment" to currently held beliefs and for not calling reference to the findings of others in the
area - of which there were none. Bose opened his own Institute for Research on his 59th
birthday, November 13, 1917. After the acceptance publicly of his work after a demonstration in
1920, Bose wrote:
"Criticism which transgresses the limit of fairness must inevitably hinder the progress of
knowledge ... I regret to say that during a period of twenty years, these (research) difficulties
have been greatly aggravated by misrepresentation and worse. The obstacles deliberately
placed in my path I can now ignore and forget."
After 1928, Bose retired:
"Is there any possible relation between our own life and that of the plant world? The
question is not one of speculation but of actual demonstration by some method that is
unimpeachable. This means that we should abandon all our preconceptions, most of which
are afterward found to be absolutely groundless and contrary to facts. The final appeal must
be made to the plant itself and no evidence should be accepted unless it bears the plant's own
signature."
Bose's findings and work would be largely forgotten and uninvestigated for decades by the
inertia of human institutionalized science. The direction of humanity in the second half of the
century may well have been dramatically reversed from technological progress, spiritual
degradation and general global ecological and political decay, had these findings been
intelligently accepted and pursued. The spiritual awareness, the acceptability of a potentially
superior advanced plant-like spacebeing and the knowledge and willingness to communicate
with such a being without fear, envy, greed, pride, and deception would have made possible
peace, prosperity, environmental renewal, spiritual awareness.
1928
- During this year, Dr. Helen Hosmer, of Albany Medical College submits her findings to the public regarding the undesirable side-effects associated with radiotherapy. Fever,
sweating, weakness, nausea, and dizziness are determined to be symptoms which all disappear
when the subject is removed from the electromagnetic field of a radio transmitter. Hosmer had
been called in to investigate the causes of the symptoms among workers building an experimental
radio transmitter for the General Electric plant in Schenectady, New York. She found worker's
body temperatures increased by as much as 2 degrees Fahrenheit following an exposure to the
transmitter field of only 15 minutes.
Within 2 years, radio-wave therapeutic devices (diathermy) were in use and were declared to be
helpful in the treatment of injuries, arthritis, migraine headaches, sinusitis and cancer. The
possibility of locally heating the body with some new form of technology stimulated the human
masses, many of whom were looking for such "miracle" remedies for their ills. The treatment was
popular, despite its relatively minor value.
1928
- On May 21, Orestes Romualdez and Remedios Trinidad were married. On July 2, 1929, their first child would be Imelda; she would later marry Ferdinand Marcos and become
Imelda Marcos.
The Romualdez brothers
- Miguel, Orestes and Norberto - had all settled in Manila. Orestes
brothers were the more industrious and had a joint law office which was thriving. Orestes
participated in the firm much like a clerk, surrounded by wealth and prosperity. Using borrowed
money, he bought property, built a house, a garage, and a black Berlina limousine. Three months
after moving into the house, Remedios, who had never been sick beforehand, died suddenly of
"blood poisoning". Orestes immediately began to consort with a married woman.
Tidad (Trinidad Talentin), his mother, became concerned for her son and the family reputation.
With her own negative feelings towards men and an admiration for the position of nun, she
arranged with a mother superior for several nun-like girls to be screened as possible wives for
Orestes. Her other sons had been generous with their wealth, earned from the legal profession,
and had given some to her for investment. Some she placed into property and some went to her
favorite charities, a group of nunneries. A Roman Catholic shelter in Manila for orphaned or
destitute girls, from which candidates for nuns were found was her source. Some of the girls, for
a roof over their head and food to eat, would agree to marry into wealthy families and become an
obedient wife for an errant son. It was little different from white slavery.
Remedios Trinidad, a shy, quiet girl, placed in an orphanage at an early age, with a good singing
voice, was chosen by Tidad. She had been emotionally traumatized by a love affair with the son
of a wealthy family at the university. His parents sent him off to the USA, believing that
Remedios was unsuitable as a match because of her status as a penniless orphan. She met Orestes
at a party, arranged by Tidad, and, liking her beauty and her song, began to court her. After a
year of pressuring her by the bishop, the mother superior, her confessor - they persuaded her that
marrying Orestes would be her salvation from grief and poverty. They married.
Orestes was lax in providing principles and guidance for his earlier 5 children, except, to be
overprotective and very negative with his daughters on the subject of sex. He did not want them
to be victimized by irresponsible and undisciplined men much like he saw himself. At the entry of
Remedios into the family, the elder daughter, Lourdes, proud of their apparent material wealth,
became exceedingly emotionally abusive. Remedios to her, was worthy to be no more
than a servant. When the other children saw that Orestes would not deter their mistreatment of
his new wife, they joined in.
Frequently, in emotional hurt and spiritual despair, Remedios would
leave and stay with friends for a day or two. Orestes only gave her attention when she wasn't
pregnant, and that was seldom. A second child, Benjamin, was born the year after Imelda.
Lourdes continued her tirades against her step-mother nightly, overhead by the 2 servants
Norberto had hired to look after his brother's family. Justice Norberto was chairman of the bar
exams. A daughter, Estella, of his brother Miguel, had stolen a copy of the exams for her
boyfriend. He was caught.
A 2-year trial and scandal followed with Norberto resigning from
many politically influential positions and Miguel losing his position as mayor of Manila. Miguel
and Norberto had enough money put away for themselves but the free ride for Orestes stopped.
In 1930-31, the family fortunes fell. Orestes became short-tempered and physically abusive to his
wife, Remedios, which Imelda, her daughter would know about. Remedios left with her two
children for 3 months until family pressures forced her to return. The emotional strain was too
high for grandmother Tidad, and, bedridden for months, she died in 1932. Remedios moved out
permanently with her two children, leaving the debt-ridden Orestes behind; leaving her, Benjamin
and Imelda to live in abject poverty.
1928
- By now, Max Theiler, a young South African working on vaccines at the Harvard University Medical Center, had formulated a vaccine against yellow fever . He had followed a
strategy of making such a vaccine from a weakened strain of the virus. He first had to find a
lifeform which he could infect in order to grow more of the virus. He found that if he injected
infected blood from a monkey into mice, the virus lived and multiplied in the mice - but the mice
didn't get the disease. Infected mouse blood could even be injected into another mouse host to
produce more virus without that mouse becoming ill.
Yet each time the infected blood was
passed to another mouse, the virus became weaker. After passing the virus through a string of
mice, Theiler re-injected the much weakened virus into a monkey. The monkey became ill with
minor symptoms of yellow fever and then recovered in a few days. When the vaccine was tested
on humans, it caused a slight fever for 2 or 3 days - yet was successful in making these people
immune to yellow fever.
1928
- During September, inventor George de Bay provided a confidential demonstration to Leo Bentz, builder of automobiles and a friend, in Griffith Park, Los Angeles, California of a
saucer-like flying model. De Bay produced drawings showing designs of the device that would
skip through the air like a flat stone - an upside down saucer that worked on a vacuum principle
requiring 10 times less power for propulsion than conventional designs. It was believed that de
Bay went to the U.S.S.R. when he found no interest in the U.S.A.
1928
- Penicillin is discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming. It will be the first prescription antibiotic. It is made from a common mold: penicillium. Its benefit is that it prevents
the growth of certain disease-causing bacteria. For some persons an allergic reaction may
develop with the symptoms of a rash, diarrhea, vomiting, and/or yeast infections. It and similar
drugs will only be beneficial to the treatment of bacteria, not viruses. Human diseases, for it will
eventually be used in the treatment of other animal diseases, found to most benefit from its use
will include tonsillitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, gingivitis, Vincent's disease (trench
mouth), rheumatic fever, endocarditis, syphilis, and gonorrhoea.
1928
- During the year, the U.S.S.R. announced its first Five-year plan which laid out industrial and agricultural development for the years 1928 - 32. Collectivization of the agriculture
led to famine and food shortages. Expropriation of peasant lands was effected by the OGPU
(United State Political Directorate) which had its own army, independent of the Red Army. They
also provided border patrols, elite internal security divisions, guarded prisons and labour camps,
and provided leadership protection and guard functions for senior party and state leaders.
Countless peasant uprisings during the 1920's were suppressed. They confiscated grain, livestock,
and other foodstuffs in order to force the peasantry into the communes.
Spontaneous peasant
uprisings and the killing of party activists only resulted in a brutal backlash from the OGPU.
Villages were surrounded with machine-guns and crowds were fired on indiscriminately. Villages
were burned and when the soldiers had finished killing the men, the women were reported to have
"thrown themselves on our bayonets." Those who managed to escape "across a border were
pursued and wiped out." Famine accompanied this chaos through 1932-33. Conservative death
totals for both terror-famine and collectivization are estimated at 14,500,000
1928
- D.C. Somervell, M.A. notes in the introduction to A History of Western Europe :
"Many of the wise men of the Ancient World held that the history of Man goes round in
a circle; that though the actors change and pass, the events themselves in their essentials
are repeated like the figures in a recurring decimal. This view is no longer acceptable,
yet the history of Western Europe for the last 400 years might be adduced as an
argument in its favour. Four times over, at intervals of just over a hundred years, a
single Great Power has sought an ascendancy which made it intolerable to its
neighbours, and thereby provoked a coalition which, backed by British sea-power,
secured its defeat. Round about 1580 the offender was the Spain of Philip II; round
about 1700 the France of Louis XIV; a hundred years later the France of Napoleon; and
in our own day the Germany of William II. ...
We might pursue our cyclic theory rather further, and apply it to the intervals
interposing between the four decisive struggles. Wach "interval" seems to fall into 3
sections: a period of maintenance of the peace; a period of "halfway wars" centring
round Germany; and a second period of peace in which signs of the approaching storm
may be retrospectively discerned. In the first "interval" we have the peace period that
may be associated with the name of that muddle-headed peacemaker, King James I; the
Thirty Years' War; and the long diplomatic period, broken by wars, indeed associated
with the name of William of Orange. In the second "interval" we have the peace of
Walpole; the wars of Frederick the Great of Prussia; and the calm preceding the storm
of the French Revolution. In the third "interval" we have the long peace extending from
Waterloo to the Revolutions of 1848; the wars of Napoleon III and of Bismark; and the
"armed peace" that culminated in 1914. The fourth "interval" has now begun with the
peace of the League of Nations. Will the cyclic movement continue?"
1929
- On May 16, the First American Motion Picture Academy Awards were presented. The movie Wings produced by Howard Hughes, won the best picture award.
1929
- Tajikistan Soviet Socialist Republic joins the USSR Federation.
1929
- During the year, Pyotr Akimovich (Ioakimovich) Palchinsky, a Soviet engineer and scholar was shot without trial. Born in 1875, he had graduated from the Mining Institute in 1900,
an outstanding authority on mining. He wrote many books on subjects including general
questions of economic development, on the fluctuations of industrial prices, on the export of coal,
on the equipment and operation of Europe's trading ports, on the economic problems of port
management, on industrial-safety techniques in Germany, on concentration in the German and
English mining industries, on the economics of mining, on the reconstruction and development of
the building materials industry in the USSR, on the general training of engineers in higher
education, descriptions of individual areas and individual ore deposits, and others.
As early as 1900, Palchinsky had been listed by the Tsarist police as a "leader of the movement";
he had been leader of a students' assembly. As an engineer in 1905 in Irkutsk he had been
prominently involved in the revolutionary uprisings, and, was sentenced to hard labour. He
escaped and went off to Europe. He became friendly with Kropotkin. He studied European
technology and economics. Amnestied in 1913, he returned to Russia and wrote to Kropotkin:
"I aim to take part ... wherever I am able in the general development of spontaneous
social and public activity in the broadest sense of this word."
Palchinsky was offered many positions - manager of the Council of the Congress of the Mining
Industry, directorships, consultancies to banks, lecturer in the Mining Institute, director of the
Department of Mines. World War I came, and he became Deputy Chairman of the War Industry
Committee. After the February Revolution, he became Deputy Minister of Trade and Industry.
During the October Revolution he was Chief of Defense of the Winter Palace. Immediately
afterwards he was imprisoned for 4 months, released, and arrested in June, 1918, without charge.
On September 6, 1918, he was included in a list of 122 prominent hostages which were to be
executed if one Soviet official was shot by an angry public. German Social-Democrat Karl Moor
was astounded at this treatment of such a valuable professional and lobbied for his release. Near
the end of 1918 he was released and from 1920, he was a professor at the Mining Institute.
Having spoken highly of Kropotkin following his death, Palchinsky was re-arrested before 1922.
Because southern metallurgy was "of particularly important significance at the present moment"
and only for "the assignment given him" Palchinsky was allowed out of his cell. He continued
reconstructing the mining industry of the USSR. Having shown steadfastness in prison, he was
shot without trial in 1929. This would become a pattern within the Soviet Union. Those most
loving of their country and most willing and able to contribute to its advancement to an
economically and industrially strong nation of the century - would be executed, often for the most
trivial of excuses. Such losses would protect the tyranical authority of the senior politicians. At
the very least everyone keeps his mouth shut.
1929
- The Grand Banks Seaquake results in a gigantic mud and sand slide to flow down Atlantic Ocean canyons, cutting the northern series of transatlantic cables. When the cables are
repaired, areas of the seafloor previously measured would show a rise of almost a mile (1.6 km)
since the last soundings had been taken.
1929
- On October 24, the New York Stock Market collapsed. Severe loss of share value did not actually happen all at once but occurred over a series of losses with this one resulting in
the most despair. 10% of Americans had invested in the stock market and shares were trading at
an average of 15 times earnings. Those who had consolidated their assets before the crash and
paid off their debts invariably became rich by purchasing stock, real estate and other assets at a
fraction of their pre-crash worth.
In the years preceding the collapse, a great amount of stock market profiteering had resulted,
and, despite regulations hereafter, much would continue. Several tactics dominated the
profiteering:
1. INSIDER TRADING:
Individuals or groups closely associated with the company whose stock was in
consideration - would be informed of planned developments which would positively
enhance the competitiveness or monopolization of the market by the company and result
in higher dividends and profits being declared. Stocks purchased at a low price, before
the information became, or was made public, would predictably rise in preference and
price after the planned development was announced. The early investor would then sell
his or her stock at a profit of 100% to 1000% While networking with, or being related
to a bank officer presented possibilities, the support of an informed stockbroker - who
would benefit from both the purchase and resale of the stock, "gift" (bribes) and "joint
ventures" were also possibilities.
2. MANIPULATION OF INVESTORS:
One form of investor manipulation, which would continue through the 1970s and well
into the 1980s would be the "Just trust me" tactic, or a version thereof. First, the
principal larger investors would work in collusion with the stockbroker, and, sometimes,
the executives of the stock represented company to "create" a market for a relatively
low volume stock. By selectively purchasing the stock (shares in the company) the
price of the stock would rise quickly and double or triple in worth within weeks.
Secondly, new and smaller investors would be contacted by the stockbroker who would
mention that he was looking for new clients and that, given the opportunity, he would
show his expertise by producing a good profit for the new investor.
The new investor
would be encouraged to buy a minimum sized lot of the shares and after several weeks,
after the stock had been run up in price - the stockbroker would alert the new client to
sell at a profit. Having gained the confidence of the new investor, more promotional
material would be presented to the new investor - verbally or in press notices, etc. -
alleging that some new development in the operation or sales of the stock company -
were soon to happen. The stockbroker would emphasize the likelihood of the stock
price increasing and encourage the small investor to "buy all the stock you can afford"
with the reassurance that the stockbroker would inform him at which point the stock
had reached its likely maximum and the investor should withdraw.
In reality, a few large investors ran up the stock price initially by making large purchases
either personally or through front companies or individuals who acted on their behalf.
The marketing information produced thereafter was half-true at best and was more
imaginative rationalization than real opportunity. When the stockbroker knew that the
stock was nearing its short-term maximum price, he would alert the major investor(s)
who would sell their stock at a 200% to 400% profit - within a period of months.
The
smaller investor would be informed too late to escape the price plummet. Hoping to
escape with something before the stock reached zero value, many smaller investors
would begin and continue to sell their stock from half maximum value to its lowest
point. Others, who had borrowed the money or used money planned to be used for
more practical expenditures - would find themselves forced out of the market when their
obligations required funding BEFORE the stock had started to rise appreciably -
perhaps delayed by several or weeks months beyond what the broker had presumed
would occur.
In the latter instance, the "stung" investor would often become a "bird"
for a follow-up investment. The rise, and the prospective profits, would have been
obvious after his withdrawal; the stockbroker would tell him that had he left his money
in, he would have been informed when best to sell; he would have multiplied his capital.
Now, the losing investor often gathers more monies together - possibly implicating
friends - buys the stock at a moderately low price, watches it rise, watches it fall - and
either sells at a slight profit, breakeven, or loss - having waited for the advice of the
broker.
If the sales cycle has been planned to run in a multiple of succeedingly higher
rises, the broker can always rationalize later that had the investor kept his investment
until a future price rise, he would have won. This cycle defeats the self-esteem of the
smaller investor because he doesn't know he is being manipulated and because it may
appear that he has lost an opportunity by not having enough faith in the broker.
An example could be a stock that starts selling on the market at a price of $1 per share.
The large investor(s) move the price up by buying and selling it up to $2.50 and back
down to $.50. They then begin a second cycle raising it to $.80, at which point the
stockbroker begins "inviting" new investors into the purchasing. At $1, the new
investors begin to buy in earnest - driving the price to $4. At $3.75, the larger investors
start selling off their shares. They continue selling while the price peaks at $4. and are
all sold out by the time it reaches $3. on the fall. Most of the smaller investors have
held on until this time and now they begin selling in fear of a total collapse. A suggested
average profit, including rollovers (reinvestments and resales) for the larger investor is
350% in a period of 16 weeks. For the smaller investor, of which there are considerably
more in number, the average loss -80%
The reality which the new investor failed to recognize is that the stock market does
NOT create money. It is a point of exchange. The massive profits of a few, well
promoted by the industry and the media - are taken as the sum of the losses of many
others. Failure to recognize this fact encourages small, uninformed and immature
investors to believe that just by participating they will reap huge profits.
3. DECEPTION OF THE INVESTOR:
Apart from manipulation of the investor, some stock promoters, business owners and
stockbrokers sought to misrepresent an offered stock by declaring that it was stable,
when it was speculative. While the economic expansionism of the 1920's America
affected many people in the urban areas, most Americans still lived in the country and
were principally interested in preserving whatever capital they had accumulated yet
desired a better return than could be offered by the banks. Companies described as
stable because of the backing of the personal guarantees of the owner or a few
executives actually often became unstable when the assets so indicated diminished in
value or were sold by the principals. If the asset was not stable, and, if it was not held
in trust for the company - the company had no control over disposition of the asset and
its worth.
Sales agents, either through deviousness, overenthusiasm, or ignorance -
often made declarations (verbal) about the stock which bore no resemblance to reality.
For some agents and brokers, whatever the prospective buyer wanted in the stock was
automatically "found" to be included in its profile. Few investors took the time or spent
the money to investigate what they bought. In the ignorance and naivete of the
investor, it did not seem to make sense to spend money and time in order to determine if
you could trust someone. If you had to investigate, it suggested that you did not trust
the person from the beginning. If that was the case, the transaction should not be made
anyway - so why investigate? This passive-aggressive reasoning, which placed
confidence in the authority of the printed word, the verbal pledge, and the appearance
and demeanour of a person was emotionally and habitual in foundation. For many it
was devastating.
5. POLITICO-REALITY DECEPTION:
Capitalist monopolistic entrepreneurs and some senior politicians assisted the economic
collapse of the market by restricting the money supply, calling consumer debt and
increasing business taxes. Those with power, influence and money in good supply
increased their power, influence and money. They encouraged media obsession with
stories of those who were losing everything in the full knowledge that such media
coverage would further incite fear in the majority of investors who were small capital
investors with a dearth of investing experience.
The spiritual approach to trust is that you only offer trust to those who have earned it.
Earning trust requires action that can be demonstrated. It requires the honesty to tell you the
factors you would prefer not to hear or which challenge you fear-faith attitude. Spiritually
derived trust is also indicated sometimes if the other person chooses to sometimes take action
on your behalf or convey information to you which is disadvantageous to themselves.
In
addition, spiritually derived trust demands that the person who requires the trust must be
willing to take as much risk as you in the project. In the case of an investor and a referral
source - has the referral got any of their own capital in the arrangement; if they do not have
capital supporting the venture, or reputation, or extensive labour, or some other commitment -
it is likely not a trustworthy venture.
In addition, the trust-seeking person had to have the
assertiveness to be able to deny your concerns openly, or, to follow up on them as promised.
You had demonstrated action by showing that you had capital to invest; his responsibility was
then to acknowledge your efforts with the trust that your questions were important. These
crucial points would be compromised with the humans of this culture because their religions
and educational institutions would teach the norm of authority in place of the norm of
spirituality .
1930
- By this year, Josif Stalin had replaced the collective dictatorship of the Soviet Politburo with a personal dictatorship. His economic solutions would be the intellectual
approaches of organization (delegation to bureaucracy) and political (proud rationalizations).
With the power of the secret service supporting him and a cunning of an abused person for whom
anything short of winning was as terrifying as death, no individual dared consider opposing him
for long and lived to do so.
1930
- By this year, Wilhelm Reich, a displaced Austrian German-speaking Jew, physician, psychoanalyst, sexologist, political leader - had reached a point of social prominence.
Born in 1897 from a well-to-do rural family, Reich initially worked with his mentor Sigmund
Freud. After witnessing a worker's demonstration in Vienna during July, 1927 in which 60 people
died from police violence, Reich was motivated to become more politically involved in deciding
the direction of society.
He joined the Austrian Social Democrat Party, became active in policy-making, and, when it appeared to be doing nothing against the growing Nazism, he joined the
Communist Party. He moved to Berlin where the Communists were plotting a revolution against
Hitler. In 1929, he visited Russia where he saw that the Communist ideals of the 1920s had or
were being repealed by the rising Stalinist dictatorship. On his return to Germany he spoke out
against the Soviet example and was largely expelled from the Communist Party by 1933.
Thereafter, Reich favoured a social anarchist philosophy.
Much of Reich's medical and social activities centred on human sexuality. He recognized that for
the common family living in an industrialized economy, probably on low wages, with a low
standard of education and largely as tenants, family expansion was destructive to material,
emotional and spiritual happiness. He recognized that the Victorian sexual norms together with
the general high level of ignorance and appreciation for sexuality amongst the masses only
contributed to abusive relationships, unhappy homes and increasing delinquency and crime.
Early
on, he organized the Socialist Society for Sex Consultation and Sexological Research, a group
which opened several "people's" clinics in Vienna. Reich gave numerous lectures, wrote many
articles and encouraged political-legal changes in the field of human sexuality: availability of
contraceptives; premarital sexuality; sex hygiene and counselling; birth control; counselling for
unwed mothers; legal cohabitation without marriage; equal rights for homosexuals; simple
divorce; communal living. He firmly believed that little could be accomplished to alter the
massive psychological and social problems of humans unless society as a whole changed.
Reich confirmed through the experience of his emotional disorders counselling practice, that the
majority of the people in Western societies had become unaware of their bodies. For them,
satisfaction and pleasure in life was low. Reich noticed that traumatic emotional experiences and
authoritarian conservative social conditioning contributed to the way in which an individual would
build their "character armour" or "body armour".
He developed a method of "reading" the human
personality by noting the individual's body and facial language. This alienation which humans had
been taught about their own bodies, this defensiveness or rigidity, he believed contributed to the
mass neurosis and unhappiness of the day. While Freud and others saw no way out of the
madness for humans, Reich did.
Reich had found that many modern men and women experienced little deep feeling or spirituality
during sexual intercourse, despite their ability to physically complete the act itself. Unlike Freud,
whose approach to the treatment of emotional illness had been by means of fantasy and talking
out the problem-block-experience, Reich's approach was to reacquaint the individual with their
body and their capacity for feeling and sharing and self-responsibility. He found that below this
layer of conditioned self-hate and self-restriction, most humans harboured a layer of violent and
socially unacceptable emotions, suppressed since childhood.
Ironically, because of his more direct
approach to the treatment of psychological illness, Reich was gradually expelled from all his
professional associations accompanied by many rumours about his activities and associations with
his clients. When the Nazis came to power, they remembered his opposition and authorized the
Gestapo to find and shoot him. By 1934, he would have escaped to Sweden, and then to Oslo,
Norway.
Reich believed that if humans could regain control and appreciation for their sexuality,
constructive social and political changes would follow. First, humans had to regain personal self-esteem, self-worth, self-appreciation, assertiveness, physical well-being. Then, positive self-directness, tolerance, sharing, empathy, consideration, self-responsibility, and other beneficial
social behaviours would follow. What he did not include in his scenario was a recognition that a
spiritual awareness was required as a basis for humans to open their institutionally closed minds to
the freedoms of expression and behaviours necessary for human emotional growth and strength of
ideals.
1930
- During the year, The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) an international organization, based in Switzerland, would be chartered by a group of European central banks of
major industrialized countries. Although the United States would decline any official role in the
BIS, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors would regularly take part in its meetings.
1930
- On March 12, the discovery of the planet Pluto was announced from the Lowell Observatory at Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. The discovery was the result of research begun by Dr.
Percival Lowell, in 1905. It was first noticed on a photographic search in January of 1930. Once
recognized, its course was followed on numerous photographic plates until the time of the
announcement, made by Clyde Tombaufg, a member of the staff at the Lowell Observatory. At
first, it was referred to simply as Planet X. The Flagstaff Observatory asked for suggestions from
all across the Earth for a name. Venetia Burney, an 11-year-old girl of Oxford, England,
proposed the name "Pluto." It was the first suggestion received and it was accepted.
Pluto's statistics would raise more intellectual questioning than most other similar observations.
Pluto was the furthest away from the Sun (3.64 million miles); it was the last planet added to the
currently known solar system. With the exception of Mars, planets from the Sun out to Jupiter
(largest planet in the solar system) increased in size proportionately. From Jupiter out to
Neptune, they decreased in size proportionately. Yet Pluto's estimated size, about half that of the
Earth, was too small to fit the formula.
The distance from the Sun also allowed an almost perfect
mathematical progression, until the addition of Pluto. The orbits of the other planets follow a
pattern in that they are almost parallel to each other. Pluto, on the other hand, differs from them
in that its path is more elliptical, and is tilted the greatest number of degrees with respect to the
Earth's orbit. Pluto is the only planet which passes within the orbit of another planet. At its
closest to the Sun, it is nearer the Sun than Neptune is at its furthest travel from the Sun. Pluto
does not seem to turn on its axis as the other planets so appear.
Without the planets beyond
Jupiter, the evolution of the Earth would still be primitive by galaxy development terms. Pluto is
the slowest moving of the planets: its journey through the 12 signs of the Zodiac takes 247.7
years. It stays in the sign Taurus longest, taking 30 years to complete the transit, and the least
amount of time in Scorpio - where it stays only 12 years. Even with the assistance of the most
powerful telescopes, Pluto cannot be seen with the human eye. It appears as only a tiny dot on
photographic film used in the highest powered and most advanced telescopes.
Astrologers had known of the existence of Pluto and its influence from the earliest times. The
priest-astrologers had given Pluto rulership of the land of the dead, Hades, and all the wealth
beneath the surface of the Earth. The search for the planet Pluto was only begun by modern
astronomers when disturbances in the orbit of Neptune were recorded. In similar fashion, the
search for Neptune had only begun when irregularities in the orbit of Uranus were discovered.
It is noted here, that the professional study and use of astrology is one in which the astrologer
provides an experienced interpretation of the historical patterns of influence which usually impose
themselves on the opportunities, motivations and successes, or failures, of the individual. The
professional is bound by historically derived ethics, to be tactful in any description of foreseen
negative, that is, destructive, outcomes.
The intent of the astrologer is to prepare the counselled
individual to be aware of the galactic influences to their lives, to prepare for periods of challenge
and conflict, and, to take control of the direction and contribution of one's life. In order to effect
this goal, the individual must become aware of the traits of weakness and strength which are
believed to be initiated at the spiritual and physical birth of the person.
Strengths can become
destructive if they are not tempered and guided; likewise, weaknesses can become swamps and
prisons which will be destructive unless they are bolstered into strong foundations and their doors
unlocked through persistent self-improvement. As each planet, the Sun and the Earth's Moon
exert their respective and varying influences on each human entity, that person, in the individuality
of their birthplace and birthtime - follow a life history of emotional, intellectual, physical, and
spiritual fluctuations which almost pre-determine the nature and the result of the individual's
activities. Almost.
To the extent that the person seeks to be aware, and seeks to be self-directed
- such a person has CHOICE. The aware person may choose to work with what they begin and
develop it into something greater. The aware person may create opportunities, recognize options,
avoid pitfalls, and constructively cope with elements of change and conflict.
Pluto enters this astrological scenario as a long-term influence of 247.7 years, often extending
beyond the lifespan of individual humans, and being more relative to the histories of nations and
cultures. As humans refer to their "civilization", Pluto provides the challenge of change and
fluidity without which a substance hardens, becomes brittle and breaks. In this sense, if
civilizations simply choose the path of least resistance, greatest sloth and ego aggrandizement -
negative and destructive results identified with the influence of Pluto, will occur. This misery can
be avoided if the civilization involved chooses to use the challenges and conflicts imposed by the
influence of the planet Pluto in order to grow wise, humble and compassionate. This is referred
to as the Minerva aspect of Pluto. Its end result is a big step towards greater harmony and
happiness for humanity.
Keywords for the negative and positive expressions of the influence of Pluto can act as
barometers of whether you as an individual are aware and coping constructively with Pluto's
presence in your astrological chart, or whether human civilization is choosing, through individual
efforts or political leadership - to become more spiritual or stagnate.
Isabel M. Hickey, in her
work Pluto or Minerva: The Choice is Yours, provided an outline of the recorded and expected
political and social developments through Pluto's modern transit of 6 of the 12 signs of the
Zodiac. Where predictive, her findings have proven accurate. If you wish to pursue these
patterns of influence back through time, simply deduct multiples of Pluto's orbit of 247.7 years
relative to the particular sign of interest and its attendant duration of transit.
During 1914-1939, Pluto was transiting the Zodiac sign of Cancer. Emotions and feelings were
expected to be brought to the forefront. Sentimentality would be a keynote. Emotions and
feelings would be inflamed by those who were reacting to their own earlier abuse with the
intensity of rage, hatred, revenge, and possessiveness. The prospect of riches and the imposition
of poverty would provide self-justification for munitions makers to promote the sale of their
products.
Blind patriotism, would replace self-respect, as the masses enslaved to capital-based
economies sought for simplistic answers from leaders whom they worshipped as saviours. Crowd
and mob psychology replaced negotiation and empathy. The dullness and quiet anxiety of the
factory and office worker would be banished by mass media representations of past wars as
heroic, exciting, adventuresome, patriotic. The public would be sold on the "rightness" of
volunteering to murder other people.
The reality of poison gas and trenches; of massacres and the
ineptitude of commands - would produce disenchantment, anger, distrust, and acting out. Racial
representatives of the opposing nations on the battlefield would be harassed and abused within
their own chosen countries. War would cost capital. The war ended, capital was spent, labour
and facilities were disorganized and in need of rebuilding.
The most positive of expectations
would replace the worst experiences of reality. Built on weaknesses of greed, sloth, envy and
vice - the reality would become a failure: high unemployment and destitution. With hard times,
the aspect of true caring, identified with the sign of Cancer, would become universal. Humans, in
general, would look to be mothered by others while themselves seeking to be paternal in their
concern to others. To the extent that this paragraph proves to be predictive, so also was the
influence of Pluto.
1930
- Ege Tilms, wrote a science fiction story Hodomur, Man of Infinity which would be published four years later. Because of the many similarities with later abduction cases, there is
some question as to whether the story is based on the recollection of a true encounter or is just
imagination.
Mr. Belans, the main character, is a Belgian who suffers missing time and amnesia following an
encounter with a flying craft. The incident occurred at dusk, as he was walking in an isolated area
of Brabant where suspicious traces - notably crushed vegetation - had been noticed by farmers in
their wheat fields. At the site he saw a man dressed in black waiting for something under a tree.
Intrigued, Belans stopped and watched.
Soon a strange feeling of tiredness came over him, as if another entity had taken control of his
actions. He heard a buzzing sound, soon followed by a very bright light, as an elongated craft
landed near him. A door opened over a faintly luminous rectangle, and the man in black climbed
into the object. A force impelled Belans to follow. He found himself in a room that was evenly lit
but without any observable source of light. A faint vibration was felt and the craft took off. An
opening then became visible in the wall of the room and a very tall man entered. He seemed to
"guess" Belan's every thought and was able to answer him in French. He revealed that he came
from a faraway star.
"Why don't you establish open contact?" asked Belans.
"Because we do not wish to force the rapid evolution of elements that are foreign to our own
civilization," the tall man responded.
Belans was eventually returned to earth, with a significant period of time missing.
1930
- During the year, General Giulio Douhet, an Italian airman, published the book The War of 19-- , in which he argued that armies and navies should be relegated to defensive roles
while bomber fleets won the war. Any nation investing heavily in air defense was risking defeat
for "No one can command his own sky if he cannot command his adversary's sky." This strategy
would become known as the Douhet Theory.
Nazi air force chief Hermann Goring, a 1918
German air ace, would prepare the Third Reich for WWII with this strategy. Winston Churchill
would favour it in the British Parliament from 1932. The U.S.A. would follow it in WWII and
attempt to win the Vietnam-Cambodia war with the same strategy. The U.S.A. would win the
Gulf War with Iraq based on its superior air weapons (satellites, missiles, spy planes, bombers and
interceptors).
If the U.S.A. thought it had won the war in 1945, and that peace might be
unquestioned by its technical military superiority over other nations, how would it respond to the
discovery that a non-human force existed that could control the skies with technology difficult to
conceive of existing?
1930
- An Almas (Wild Man) girl, aged about 7, is killed by a primitive arrow trap in the Pamir area of Mongolia. An Almas skin will soon be seen being used as a ritual carpet in one
of the Gobi monasteries. An eyewitness will describe it as being reddish in colour with curly hair.
It had been skinned by being cut down the spine thereby saving the chest and face intact.
1930
- In the U.S.A. and the industrialized states, The Depression influenced economic and social values, often by intensifying feelings of shame, abandonment, shyness, compulsive
behaviours, self-denial, ambition, fear. Children born or living through this time would experience
a life of drastic changes, disappointment, family discord and loss. Reactive imprinted behaviour
would promote obedience to authority in return for security and acceptance, reverence for
national morals to the intolerance of differing ethnic images and strivings. The independence of
professionalism and tradesmanship would gradually be exchanged for the slavery of the
practitioner who worked for the all powerful state, union or large company. Military training only
intensified the code: squad, ...........
Scientists have generally fit a category which highlights the above "evolved" characteristics.
"Orphaned" or near orphaned scientists have included:
Herbert Anderson, Harold Urey, Edward Condon, Enrico Fermi.
1930
- During the year, a British - Iraqi Treaty led to the recognition of Iraqi independence, establishment of RAF bases, and support for admission of Iraq into the League of
Nations.
1931
- By now and until 1945, the Japanese Kempeitei (occupational political administration) and the Japanese Imperial Army would use the conquest of East and
Southeast Asia to confiscate and centralize the monetary wealth of the region. Their first step
was the occupation of Manchuria, Shanghai resisted; a year later the Chinese province of Jehol
was captured. Much of China was still under the control of local warlords even thought Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kia-shek were attempting to unify the country in order to consolidate power. By
1932, the Japanese would be starting to move into southeast Asia, ahead of their schedule. Hitler
would be a good student of these events.
The Spanish conquistadors had performed the same activity in central and south America and
distributed the booty between Europe and the Philippines. From the Philippines it had been
spread over southeast Asia assisting in the economic conversion of society from subsistence
balance to expansion-based markets. Human population imbalance (over-expansion and
increasing density) had assisted the adoption of filthy lifestyles and degradation of spiritual
norms (for the majority).
These factors had led to group ethnocentricities (intolerance) resulting
in widespread physical abuse and war, which, with the other factors had made possible
epidemics resulting in an increasing immaturity and traumatization of humanity. In reaction to
these events, political and institutionalized religious systems had mentored materialism and
ruthlessness, and, exported it to contaminate human cultures elsewhere. Wealth made possible
illegal activities; those activities offered solace to those traumatized by abuse and poverty into
despair and rage.
It should be noted here that poverty does not exist in a non-expansionist
subsistence-based society; neither does wealth of any degree - unless the spiritual element is
weakened by uncoped with trauma. There was a history to the global expansion of
institutionalized inequity and it was based on human bioengineering, and, lack of awareness .
Japanese conquest was for one emphasis: acquisition of material wealth. Japan had achieved
stability through isolation and autocratic rule. If the living standard was to improve for the
majority, natural resources, now used up locally by the island population, had to be imported.
Access to those sources had to be dependable. Dependability came only from control. Complete
control over otherwise free persons came only from military occupation. Historical events and
human trends no longer appeared to leave room for patience and negotiation.
Yet such distant
occupation, to remain effective, required ruthless principles and practices in order to break the
normal spirit of the human who would otherwise desire contentment, peace, toleration of others,
love and appreciation of life. None of these elements greeted colonizing troops. Some would be
encouraged by weakness or psychological rebellion to seek some pleasure, or hope of it, by
necessarily risky and illegal means. Largely operating independently the military commanders
confiscated, for themselves and the empire any representation of wealth.
Gold and gems were confiscated from private citizens, churches, temples, monasteries, banks,
corporations, and fallen governments - and, from the gangster syndicates and black-money
economies of each nation. After Korea and Manchuria, China, Indochina, Thailand, Burma,
Malaya, Borneo, Singapore, the Philippines, and the Dutch East Indies were economically raped.
A vast hoard of jewelry, gems, gold Buddhas, bullion, public and private treasure was collected.
The total worth of this bounty was a minimum of US$ 3 billion in 1940, that is, over $US 130
billion in 1995.
The amount of gold bullion stolen from banks amounted to a minimum of 6,000
TONS. Another 2.5 billion in 1940 worth (108 billion in 1995 worth) was included in seized
illicit assets, unreported assets, illegal earnings, criminal profits, black market proceeds, secret
hoards of gems and precious metals, and, other forms of "black" money such as power and white
slavery. Manila was the transshipment point. Only 1/3 would reach Japan; US $157 billion in
1995 worth would be ?
The Kempeitei also took over the Asian opium and heroin trade, the Imperial Army setting up
gambling establishments and lotteries throughout the conquered countries. They encouraged
wealthy collaborators to lose their fortunes. Because of the traditional contempt for paper money
in the Orient, Japanese officers personally required payments in precious metals and gems. A
small amount of the wealth was hidden in the source countries by rogue agents of the Kempeitei
and the field commanders who seized it. Senior Imperial Navy officers conveyed most of it to
Manila.
The navy, the air force, the army and the Kempeitei were full of factions, personality
cults, and cells of secret societies. The most powerful of these were the Black Dragon Society,
the Cherry Blossom Society, and the Yakuza. The drug cartel over the narcotics was set up in
collaboration with the Shanghai Green Gang and other Chinese underworld syndicates connected
to the administration of Generalissimo Chiang. Working together, the Japanese Army made $300
million a year in the Manchurian drug trade alone; over a decade that would amount to $3 billion
in 1940 value.
1931
- During the year Charlie Lucky Luciano (Salvatore Lucania) took over the management of the American Mafia. The Unione Siciliana had formed from the Sicilians entering
the USA. Some had eluded Mussolini's ruthless autocracy in the 1920s and had used their
newfound determination and learned ruthlessness to found crime families in the USA. Some of
these included Joe Profaci from Villabate, Carlo Gambino from Palermo, Joe Bonanno from
Castellammare, Gaetano Lucchese (Tommy Brown) from Palermo.
These Mafia had made
millions marketing bootleg liquor in addition to profits from gambling, political bribery, blackmail,
loan sharking (high rates) - all the while sheltered within the 38 lodges of the 40,000 member
Unione Siciliana - a social ethnic fraternity. Old family feuds and traditions of intolerance and
pride erupted repeatedly into the "soldiers" of one family killing some from another. Of course,
hatred and vengeance kept the killings going.
Killings were bad for business: they attracted the
attention of the justice system as more and more of the public began to fear for their "life and
liberty." Having grown up in America, Luciano decided to put an end to these aggravations so as
to be able to build a strong capital-based enterprise.
Accordingly, Luciano murdered the two Sicilian leaders currently having each other's men killed
off: Joe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano. Now he was the Boss. One of the first things that
he would do was to close the membership to the Cosa Nostra: no more immigrants would be
granted membership. Luciano was not interested in the business of tradition: rituals, vendettas,
Sicilian culture. His focus was on the business of capital growth. He expected the underworld
business to develop and change as the culture did.
1931
- Tremendous flooding of the Huang He River, China, multiplies the death toll of the previous major flood in 1887 (900,000) to a new high of 3,700,000 persons. Humans have a
pattern of resisting fundamental positive change; yet, doing as they have always done, frequently
results in repetitive, and, sometimes, increasingly disastrous results.
1931
- In September, Britain goes off the gold standard following the failure of many European banks. By April 1933, the U.S.A. would leave the gold standard, with most other
countries following by 1936. Abandonment of the gold standard actually delayed economic
recovery by confirming the perception of instability of currencies producing fear which increased
or maintained inflation.
The principle of a gold standard is that the amount of paper money and coinage which a
government can produce must equal the value of the gold bullion which it has in its storage. In
essence, the government promises to exchange each dollar or other national currency at a rate of
exchange relative to the designated value of gold at that time.
A difficulty with a gold standard is
that for international trade, an international and stable value must be adopted for gold. Politically,
a nation may inflate the price of gold resulting in an inflationary trend in the economy as the
national medium of currency suddenly has the capacity to purchase more: the money supply is
arbitrarily increased. The opposite may also take place.
Without a growth rule whereby the value of gold increases each year to adjust for the mandated
growth of a capitalistic-based economy, the gold held in reserve continually reduces in value
relative to the value placed on other marketable items. As relative value decreases and production
costs increase, the incentive to find, mine, and produce refined gold diminishes. Without a source
of the metal to purchase and use to back the value of one's currency, the currency pool of a nation
cannot grow even though monies gathered by taxation would enable and justify such an
expansion.
An economy which MUST continually expand in order to be viable cannot do so if a
gold supply becomes limited, commodity prices are not frozen (including the price of gold), or if
other trading partners do not form a consensus on what the value of gold will be for all nations.
Unstable or heavily indebted countries are encouraged by necessity to raise the value of the gold
they have such that the inherent value of their currency can pay off more debt, or war reparations,
or reduce taxes, or increase government market involvement (permitting a greater acquisition of
armaments or expansion of bureaucracy).
Without a gold standard, each nation's currency floats in value relative to what other trading
nations are comfortable in accepting, which will relate to the cost and quality of the costs which
can be traded back. In simplified terms, trade returns to a form of awkward bartering in which no
one wishes to hold the currency of another nation any longer than absolutely necessary for fear
that its relative value will decrease. In particular, longer-term contracts become high risk and are
avoided. International trade stability will only return if an international standard of value can be
adopted.
1931
- During the year, USA Unemployment rose to 8 million people. Few social service programs exist. Families are separated as husbands and fathers leave home to travel widely, often
on hearsay of the possibility of job openings in other regions.
1931
- Mariano Marcos, legal father of Ferdinand Marcos, was running for a third term in the Philippine Congress. He was stunned by a defeat and suspected that improper voting
procedures had been manipulated into the results. He took the unemployment hard, after 6 years
as a public official, and for a year was emotionally crippled, a burden to all. Finally, Senate
President Quezon had Mariano appointed a clerk in the governor's office; Ferdinand, his son,
would later declare that his father had held the post of governor of Davao, in remote Mindanao.
In an attempt to displace Muslim Filipinos from the area, now under intense development,
Mariano's job was to help the Christian Filipinos get settled.
On several occasions, at least one of
which Ferdinand witnessed, Mariano dispatched an angry Muslim with his pistol during a walk .
Ferdinand saw this as an act of courage on his father's part: he had controlled the situation; he
knew he would win - the other man was unarmed and angry. Mariano often told his son: "Don't
start a fight until you know you can win."
Ferdinand would later tell how his father had come into ownership of a huge hacienda with many
thousands of acres, and had stocked it with 10,000 head of expensive brahmin cattle from India.
There was never any record of any of this ownership; however, Ferdinand Marcos petitioned the
USA government for 500,000 in compensation for theft of these cattle during World War II, in
1948. Lack of proof led to rejection of the claim. Yet Ferdinand came to believe it in his
imagination.
1932
- Movies : The Phantom President; A Farewell to Arms; Horse Feathers
1932
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt becomes President of the new American Administration.
1932
- During the year, K. Fischer writes in his book Das Militar: The typical European standing army (of 50 years ago) consisted of " ... troops unfit for
employment in commerce, industry, or agriculture, led by officers unfit to practice any
legitimate profession or to conduct a business enterprise."
1932
- During the year, Orestes Romualdez and Remedios Trinidad's, marriage worsened.
Remedios agrees to return to her husband as a requirement of his brothers before they will
financially assist him further with his high debt lifestyle. She agrees on condition that she live
separately in the shanty garage. As soon as she returns, Orestes uses her money to buy things for
his children by his first wife and pay the utilities. She, Imelda and Benjamin slept on planks placed
across crates. While the children were to be asleep, Orestes would come out and force himself on
her sexually. In 1929, their first child had been Imelda; Benjamin had followed within a year.
Now 3 more children would follow into this most unhappy and abusive home: Alita on January 3,
1933; Alfredo on July 16, 1935; Armando, on March 6, 1936.
Orestes mismanaged finances further and arrived at a position of losing the property his mother
had given him and the house he had paid instalments on. Orestes begged Remedios' savings to
make a token payment on the house and sent her off some distance to Tacloban to remedy the
problems with the property he rented to others. She went, with her 5 young children and a maid.
Until the property mess was reordered, they lived in a hut described as only fit for birds. They
returned to Manila in 1937.
Remedios again retreated to the shanty garage with her children. Again, she was abused
repeatedly by Orestes and conceived her last child, Conchita. When she was almost full-term, her
first love, an engineer who had been sent by his family to the USA, came to visit her. She was
subdued and humiliated. Within hours she began to give birth and she fled across Manila to a
cleaner rented room, with her children and maid following. Remedios checked into a hospital and
gave birth in a charity ward, an embarrassment to the Romualdezes. Orestes was told to fix
things quickly to limit the scandal. He took Remedios from the hospital; it was December, 1937.
In April, 1938, she curled up in the dark on her table in the garage and wept. Found running a
high fever, she was rushed to a clinic where she lapsed into a coma and died of pneumonia.
The Romualdez family packed Orestes and both sets of children out of sight. Seven months later,
the Manila house was sold with no mention in the deed of Remedios and her children; her money
had gone to pay some of the instalments even though she had no benefit from anything but the
garage. After she became First Lady, Imelda would have the Manila house torn down and a once-magnificent Goldberg Mansion, nearby renovated by an architect. Thereafter, she referred to it as
"my childhood home."
1932
- During the year, King Abdul Aziz al Saud ascended the throne of Saudi Arabia.
One of the first of his reforms was to assure those who came on pilgrimage to the Hadj that they
would not be fleeced, beaten, or left to die of thirst.
Once when a barber from India, trudging from Jidda to Medina, was robbed and knocked
unconscious, the King jailed every Bedouin chieftain between the two towns in the hope that they
would produce the robber.
When a month passed with no results, the monarch ordered each sheik's son to take his father's
place in jail so that the father might return to his tribe and hunt the culprit. This time the thief was
found. As a reminder not to steal again, the King's executioner chopped off the offender's right
hand, a future regular punishment for the crime.
Thereafter, pilgrims have travelled in safety, secure against the snatching of a purse. Money-changers and jewellers in the bazaars would even leave their stands unattended while they went to
pray in the mosques.
1932
- On March 1, the Charles Lindberg baby was kidnapped and held for ransom. Lindberg had become a famous pilot and was increasingly rich and influential in business and
politics. The baby would be found dead after the ransom was paid. Two years later, on the
information supplied by an informant, the ransom money would be found in the garage of a
German immigrant ("alien") named Bernard Haupmann. Proclaiming his innocence, Haupmann
would be found guilty and executed. This would be the most media covered trial in America to
date with particular emphasis through the newspapers and the radio.
The USA Treasury Department would have conducted most of the investigations resulting in the
arrest; however, J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, would aggressively promote his agency as
meriting full credit.
1932
- A major earhquake in Gansu (Kansu), China, following closely on one in 1920, leaves 70,000 persons dead this time.
1932-1933
- In Ukraine the policies of Josif Stalin, U.S.S.R. lead to a man-made famine. The famine plus political measures against the educated resulted in the deaths of an estimated 6
million people.
1932
- In the autumn, Al Capone played host to a celebration of the orderliness and business direction in which Lucky Luciano, the new leader of the Cosa Nostra (Mafia) had
effected. The event was celebrated at the Chicago Blackstone Hotel. Delegations were invited
from all across the nation. As the American organization would continue to grow, its Sicilian
ethnic image would recede into the background.
1932
- Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President of the U.S.A. winning a vote of
22,809,638 to Herbert Hoover's 15,016,169.
In 1936, a second time with 27,752,869 votes to Alfred M. Langdon's 16,674,665. In 1940, a
third time with 27,307,819 votes to Wendell L. Wilkie's 22,321,018. In 1944, his fourth with
25,606,585 votes to Thomas E. Dewey's 22,014,745.
1932
- This year marks the beginning of the Titanium Industry. Wilhelm Kroll, a native of Luxembourg, first manufactures the metal by combining titanium tetrachloride with calcium.
The result is a few pieces of wire, sheet and rod. Previous use of titanium had been as a smoke
source during WW1. When titanium tetrachloride comes in contact with moist air, it becomes the
whitish compound of titanium dioxide by a process of hydrolysis. The effect, when introduced
into the air from an aircraft, is to produce a whitish "smoke" - for skywriting, or for military
operations cover.
Titanium tetrachloride is a light-yellow liquid boiling at 136 degrees Celsius. It may be prepared
by the direct reaction of the elements, or, by dissolving the more common ore of ilmenite in
sulphuric acid, precipitating out potassium titanium hexachloride by saturating the solution with
hydrochloric acid or potassium chloride, and then decomposing it with heat to yield the titanium
tetrachloride. Of the two more commonly found titanium compounds, ilmenite typically contains
between 5 and 40% titanium dioxide.
Ilmenite is a black basic oxide, an iron titanium trioxide. Depending upon the process used in
refining the ore, several compounds can be produced: anastase or rutile. Less commonly
occurring natural forms are anastase and brookite. Both Anastase and rutile are white when pure.
Rutile, contains over 90% titanium dioxide but it is often more difficult to find deposits of it. At
this time, the availability of high concentration sources, the high reactivity of titanium, and the
complex processes involved in its manufacture serve to limit its experimental development of
applications and its attraction to commerce.
1933
- Movies : Little Women; The Invisible Man; Duck Soup; King Kong
1933
- During the year, the USA recognizes the USSR. Mr. William Christian Bullitt, recently the 11th USA Ambassador to France, a graduate of Yale University, a former assistant in
the State Department and as a member of a Special Commission to the USSR in 1919, is
appointed the first Ambassador. From 1933, the USA would almost continually be in a state of
national emergency. Under such conditions the President would hold special powers of
decisionmaking superior to the elected representatives.
1933
- On March 3, an 8.9 Magnitude Earthquake occurred along the Sanriku coast of Japan. The huge submarine quake resulted in a tsunamis which reached a height of 75 ft (23 m.)
and destroyed 9,000 homes. At least 3,000 persons died.
1933
- In April, the USA goes off the Gold Standard when Congress authorizes the Executive to change the gold content of the dollar to as low as 50% of its former value (it was
changed to 59.06%). The present stock of gold in the US Treasury amounts to about
$10,000,000,000. Of that total, the Gold Reserve Act pledges about $8,000,000,000 to protect
that amount of gold certificates which are of the nature of warehouse receipts. When the gold
certificates are separated from the rest, there remains $2,000,000,000 (in gold bullion). Of that
amount, $1,800,000,000 is designated as a "stabilization fund". It's purpose is to protect the
dollar in any world currency wars that might be waged. The remaining $400,000,000 is included
in the Treasury's General Fund. If money is issued against that gold, then the Treasury's cash
balance is reduced by the same amount.
1933
- In the Soviet Second Five-Year Plan submarine construction received particular attention: The Program of Naval Construction, approved by the Council of Labor and Defense
approved a force of 369 submarines - 69 large, 200 medium, and 100 small units. Eight
submarine tenders or depot ships were also budgeted.
In construction technique upgrading, riveting was replaced by welding for more hulls. Other
changes resulted in greater hull strength, reduced amount of steel used, and shortened production
times.
1933
- During the year, Eastern equine encephalitis sweeps the eastern USA killing thousands of horses.
1933
- In August, Alfred Korzybski, an American semanticist, published his first edition of Science and Sanity in which he described the way in which the use of language can
promote human strife or creativity, depending upon the principles on which it is founded. He
outlined in detail two different value systems, the Aristotelian and the non-aristotelian
language/thought systems. He sent letters and information to many heads of state in the hope of
gaining support for his constructive approach. There was little response. Excerpts include:
"Any system involves an enormous number of assumptions, presuppositions, etc.,
which, in the main, are not obvious but operate unconsciously (by habit). As such, they
are extremely dangerous, because should it happen that some of these unconscious
presuppositions are false to facts, our whole life orientation would be vitiated by these
unconscious delusionary factors, with the necessary result of harmful behaviour and
maladjustment. ...
'Human nature' is not an elementalistic product of heredity alone, or of environment
alone, but represents a very complex organism-as-a-whole end-result of the enviro-genetic manifold. It seems obvious, once stated, that in a human class of life, the
linguistic, structural, and semantic issues represent powerful and ever present
environmental factors, which constitute most important components of all our problems.
'Human nature' can be changed , once we know how. Experience and experiments show
that this 'change of human nature' ... can be changed in most cases in a few months ....
Identity is defined as 'absolute sameness in all respects', and it is this 'all' which makes
identity impossible ... known in all known forms of "mental" ills; and in the great
majority of personal, national, and international maladjustments (nationalism -
genocide).
...
I defined man functionally as a time-binder, a definition based on a non-el functional
observation that the human class of life differs from animals in the fact that, in the
rough, each generation of humans, at least potentially, can start where the former
generation left off ....
As always in human affairs in contrast to those of animals, the issues are circular. Our
rulers, who rule our symbols, and so rule a symbolic class of life, impose their own
infantilism on our institutions, educational methods, and doctrines. This leads to
nervous maladjustment of the incoming generations which, being born into, are forced
to develop under the un-natural (for man) semantic conditions imposed on them. In
turn, they produce leaders afflicted with the old animalistic (reactive habits of
behaviour) limitations. The vicious circle is completed; it results in a general state of
human un-sanity, reflected again in our institutions. And so it goes, on and on. ...
No doubt, a period of human development has ended. The only sensible way is to look
forward to a full understanding of the next phase, get hold of this understanding, keep it
under conscious and scientific control, and avoid this time , perhaps for the first time in
human history, the unnecessary decay, bewilderment, apathy, individual and mass
suffering in a human life-period, animalistically (by habit) believed, up to now, to be
unavoidable in the passing of an era. ...
We still preserve in our school books as the most fundamental 'law of thought' - the 'law
of identity' - often expressed in the form 'everything is identical with itself', which, as we
have seen, is invariably false to facts (we are not the same person today that we were
yesterday, or even an hour ago). We do not realize that, in a human world, we are
dealing at most only with 'equality', 'equivalence', at a given place and date, or by
definition, but never with 'identity', or 'absolute sameness', disregarding entirely space-time relations, involving 'all' the indefinitely many aspects which, through human
ingenuity, we often manufacture at will.
One of the most pernicious bad habits which we have acquired 'emotionally' from the
old language is the feeling of 'allness', of 'concreteness', in connection with the 'is' of
identity .... (This habit encourages us to be possessive, vindictive, unable to forgive
ourselves or others - abusive - victimizing, assumptive).
If, in 1933, 99% of the population of the globe appear as infantile or 'mentally' deficient,
how can any one expect that the majority or the mass could ever have proper evaluation
(skills) ... All history shows at present, and this evidence should not be taken lightly by
scientifically enlightened society , that the majority appears 'always wrong', and that all
that we call 'progress', 'civilization', 'science' .., has been achieved by a very small
minority. ...
We should notice that not even all scientists are free from infantilism. Many of them are
childlike in that they do not really care for science or civilization, or society, but are
asocial and merely like to play with their toys. As an excuse (rationalization of
tendencies and 'emotions'), they usually profess 'science for science' sake', not realizing
that a complete adult must become a socialized individual and cannot keep aloof from
general human interests, and that science represents a public , time-binding activity and
concern, not the private pleasure or benefit of some one person. ...
All political leaders would have had to follow the suggestions of Korzybski at this time to
prevent many of the human-generated catastrophes to occur in the remainder of the century.
A biological change would have had to accompany the "learning" for the process to remain
effective and constructive.
1933
- During the year, Jewish Immigration into Palestine was increased through the organization of the Jewish Agency (an unofficial Jewish government), the Histadrut (General
Federation of Labour with its own enterprises, settlements and schools), and the National Fund
(for the acquisition of land). By 1936, civil war would break out between the Haganah (a military
self-defence organization) and the Arab partisans. From time to time, the British administration of
the Mandate supported one side and then the other.
1933
- During the year, Regulation of American Capital Investment is increased by the passage of 2 Acts:
The Glass-Steagall Act becomes a federal law enacted by Congress to force the separation
between commercial banking and investment banking. Commercial banks had to sell off or
otherwise close the operations of their securities affiliates. Also generally referred to as the
Banking Act of 1933 , it recognized the difficulty of trying to regulate and stabilize the high-risk
and low-risk capital services while they were united. Highlights of the Act include the following:
1. Federal Reserve member banks were prohibited from buying equity securities,
except U.S. Treasury, federal agency, state & municipal securities;
2. Federal Reserve member banks were prohibited from affiliating with firms
principally engaged in the sale of corporate bonds & equity securities;
3. It became a crime for underwriters of corporate securities to accept
deposits (which had been utilized as bribes, leveraged purchasing, etc.;
4. Directors of banks and securities firms could not sit on the boards of both
(to lessen insider trading, market manipulation, monopolization, etc.);
The Securities Act of 1933 was also passed by the American Congress. It required the
registration of securities intended for sale to the public in interstate commerce or through the
mail. The statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, had to outline relevant
financial and other information, such as the offering price and the number of the shares offered
and it remained a crime to make misleading statements for the purpose of obtaining money
through fraud or other means.
These Acts were intended to stabilize the market, protect the public and restrict risk within the
banking industry.
The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 would establish the Securities and Exchange
Commission as an independent agency to enforce federal securities laws - a mercenary
organization. It extended the registration and disclosure requirements of the Securities Act of
1933 to all companies with securities listed on a national exchange, as well as other companies
with assets over $1 million and more than 500 shareholders. Provisions regulating margin trading,
authorizing the Federal Reserve Board of Governors to set limitations on credit extensions for
purchase of securities were also established. It required registration of broker-dealers and
exchanges in the Over-the-Counter market, thus providing for the lodging of complaints against
these parties by dissatisfied investors. Finally, it gave the SEC authority to subpoena books and
records, authorized criminal prosecutions by the Department of Justice, and allowed the SEC to
issue orders, after notice and hearings, barring individuals from employment from registered firms.
1933
- During the early 30s, Frank and Ann Hummert, veterans of Chicago, USA advertising, began experimenting, on radio, with the Soap Opera genre. One serial Just Plain Bill,
was about a Midwest barber who "married out of his station" who was a folksy, decent person
who endured condescending relatives and spent more time trying to solve other people's problems
than he did cutting hair. Bill wasn't always successful, either, and seldom did his episodes have
the heart-warming happy endings of conventional pulp fiction.
Housewives worried about the
Depression could empathize with poor old Bill, and his vast audience convinced the Hummerts
that emotional voyeurism was a marketable commodity. They formed a production agency in
New York that became a factory for daytime radio "drama", producing shows which by the end of
the war filled about 1/8th of network air time.
They marketed distress.
Their central characters spent their lives either in a swamp of trouble or
offering a helping hand to others bogged there. Seldom did anyone find real happiness. The
Hummerts packaged these little woes in 15-minute lumps, broadcast 5 days a week. Little
programming other than the serials appeared to be on midday radio. By 1945, the National
Broadcasting Company (NBC) had 4-3/4 hours of soaps daily; CBS had 4-1/2 hours daily.
Soap Operas became the commercial mass media experiment conducted by ad-men and
behaviourists to determine how to condition the mass to mass response.
They began with
distinctive theme music which the frequent listener would learn to respond to as the trigger to
direct one's listening and consciousness towards. A brief recap of the continuing story line then
increased the hypnotic effect by further concentrating and directing the perceptions of the brain.
Then the post-hypnotic suggestion was dropped in: a commercial on laundry soap, toothpaste, or
bleach. The listener would sit mesmerized, waiting consciously for the drama to start while,
uncensored, the words of the commercial were burned into the subconscious. Later, the listener
would enter a store, and, without consideration, include the advertised product in their purchase.
Next in sequence was a recap of the previous day's story, to catch the attention of waiting
listener's conscious abilities. These also served to re-integrate the listener with the continuing plot
theme in case one or more broadcasts had been missed. This relaxed the listener to better prepare
them for the next sequence of hypnotics. To fill the image set with a greater sense of reality, the
listener was introduced to new characters with almost a small character assessment and
biography, rather than just by name and title.
Like much of real life, this imaginary existence was
given complexity: subplots, descriptions of what was happening simultaneously in different
locations or to different people. Concentration on detail delayed the arrival of bad news and crisis
providing a model for coping to the listener: denial, procrastination, expect the worst. Soaps
never had to reach a sense of reality for the listener was usually in trance; in a trance, images are
more powerful than words.
Audience Ratings were used to judge the "successfulness" of certain images in the plot lines. If a
method of deception, a style of villain, a topic of concern were determined to be attracting more
listeners - it became a "technique" and many others copied it. The only motivation was the
"SELL". No one cared that the price of the advertised product was exaggerated compared to the
production cost, or that many companies made essentially the same product placed in boxes of
different colour and given a different name. Later, the same company would market the same
product under many names, each with its own design targeted to a specific type of market group.
Later in the afternoon, when the children came home from school, the Cereal-serials would be
broadcast. This allowed children to become part of the new conditioned society given a post-hypnotic suggestion to buy, buy, buy. The response formed one of two major bases of the
American capitalist economy. Children love good stories and story telling between parent and
child or relative and child has long been known to augment bonding and trust between the humans
involved.
Now the mother, hypnotized into a pseudo anti-social state of voyeurism could "allow"
her children the same benefits of radio as she had earlier in the day. It was easily rationalized by
her having to spend the time to prepare the supper, an activity which may have suffered from the
time she devoted earlier to her soaps.
Often the afternoon "serials" would encourage children to
motivate their parents to buy cereals, toys, or drink mixes. They would be triggered into the
reverent mode of focused listening by their serial's opening theme, followed quickly by some short
statement of the focus of the story. Ads would be interspersed between descriptions which
evoked fear, mystery, imagination, adventure, and usually carried a subtle morality play.
Radio serials and soaps created a tension which could only be satisfied by action based on the
modeling or acting out - immature responses of anger, manipulation, shyness, intellectualization
or humour. Modeling only took two forms. First, the wife could "play" her life with her husband
and friends with the same morality as she heard daily on the radio. What humans hear or see on a
daily basis and what comes to them without censure or placement into relevance is accepted as
"normal".
It would become "natural", a little bit at a time, for the woman to use the skills of envy,
greed, pride, sloth, criticism, and manipulation to extend the real world around her with the
complications of actions designed to fail - to provide the excitement in life of being challenged -
the surprise, the uncertainty, the intrigue, the mystery, the hope, the despair, the frustrations of
discovery, the successes of concealment, the joys of gossip - anything but contentment.
A spiritual basis was required before an individual could acknowledge the superiority of
contentment and harmony. They would always be sought; the conditioned addiction to
"excitement" would increasingly take authority. As communication patterns became more
complex, by the inclusion of negative coping skills, addiction to cigarettes and alcohol, emotional,
physical and sexual abuse rates would rise, divorces would rise. A society conditioned to hate, to
kill, to destroy - cannot teach spiritual values. It doesn't translate into a spiritual act to shoot
someone and then hand them a Bible.
When the father came home from his day at the factory production line or the white collar harvest
of information and processing he wanted relaxation from the boredom or intellectual grind of the
day. He wanted to share with his family, yet his wife, an addict, could not share her addiction, yet - the soaps. An addict can not "explain" their apparent infantile fascination, dependency, and
reward to another person who is not addicted.
If it needs explanation then you are just not in
their world, their (fantasy) reality. So now you have a mother and children who can hardly keep
from telling their father about their fantasy experiences of the day, who know that their father,
who has been working with the non-fantasy world for his day, will likely neither be interested in
their experience, or, respectful or tolerant of it.
To the addict, the rest of the day pales.
The
father is physically or mentally tired from his activities, which are the excitement or despair of his
day. If it was boring or frustrating, he does not want to repeat it. If it was successful and
achieving, his wife and children cannot identify with his experience. We have a family with
apparently nothing to share.
Evening radio programming came to the rescue.
The big band sound soothed while humour
relaxed. Singers and musicians brought an evening fantasy to a troubled world. They spoke of
romance, more romance, and disappointments. They covered up the news. They distracted the
listener from the reality of their real lives. They encouraged the listener to concentrate on their
own lives and forget about the rest of the world.
Humour takes the social fumbles and improprieties of others and holds them up to the acceptance
of public ridicule. It can take our own insecurities, prejudices, injustices, and success and allow
us to be less serious about them, relax our commitment or obsession to them. Humour is a great
leveller of anxieties; laughing physically relaxes the human body. A common saying is that
"Humour breaks the ice". Humour draws people together with a sort of crowd response. In the
evenings, humour programming received high ratings: it brought the family together.
Jack Benny became the favorite.
His use of the ridiculous (a screeching violin solo), anticipation
and anxiety (the affronted pause), exaggeration (the length of time and number of locks which had
to be opened to reach Jack's small savings) and his stingy use of money - served to provide self-identification with the audience. The audience unconsciously wanted social acceptance, wanted
certainty, wanted the capacity to be generous. Most had been traumatized by their youthful
experience of the Depression, and later, World War II. They wanted secretly to act like Jack
portrayed himself, but they knew that such behaviour was wrong. So they could accept and
enjoy, and, for the sake of their own acceptance, laugh at it. They could joyfully embrace the
behaviours for the moment in the safety of the knowledge that it was all a play in fantasy.
If a human is not motivated to start an addictive behaviour, they will not. Anxiety, denial and fear
traumas are the basis of human addictive behaviours. Clear the trauma based energy blocks and
the addiction leaves. But North Americans would not know how to effectively perform that feat
until the late 1980s; it would then face many obstacles. What soaps, serial, music and humour did
not teach were the coping skills to be aware, involved and responsible for the way in which the
political decisions of THEIR representatives using THEIR money would influence the rest of the
world, and, ultimately, their own lives.
Too many people and too much government expenditure
relative to the resources at hand produced an overworked population too tired to rest, reflect,
assert. It was not necessarily that the music or humour were negative in and of themselves.
Rather it was the way in which they were used. They were used to dull, de-activate, refocus on
oneself after focusing on others for the whole day, either by direct activity or by fantasy
involvement. Spiritual strength and balance was NOT a theme; physical and emotion rest and
rejuvenation from overstrain was. The North American was learning how to tune in (to mass
media programming) and tune out (the world).
1933
- During the year, Professor Li Chung Yun dies at the age of 256 years. His longevity is confirmed by the investigations of Professor Wu Chung Chich, head of the Chang-Tu
University in China. He had outlived 23 wives and was living with the 24th at the time of his
death. He had been born in 1677.
At an age over 200 years, he gave a course of 28 3-hour long lectures on longevity at a Chinese
university. Those who saw him declared that he did not appear older than a man of 52; that he
stood straight and strong, and had his own natural hair and teeth.
Early in life - either about 1690 or 1750, he developed a penchant for collecting herbs. Li advised
that it was the part of wisdom to "keep a quiet heart, sit like a tortoise, walk sprightly like a
pigeon, and sleep like a dog." This would be impossible for many unless they were fortunate to
be able to both cleanse their system periodically of toxins, and, cleanse their system of energy
blocks which tend to promote an accumulation of destructive habits.
Li's diet was that of a strict vegetarian and he regularly used 2 herbs: Foo-tie-Teng and Ginseng.
His calm and serene (reverent) attitude toward life protected his endocrine glands and other
organs from overexertion and chronic exhaustion - the major influences leading to the "aging" of
glands and the weakening of organs.
Li Chung Yun had run away from home at the age of 11, in 1688, with 3 travellers. The 3
merchants were in the herbal trade and together, he and they travelled throughout China, Tibet,
and Southeast Asia. Many dangerous situations were encountered. All were met constructively
with the mentoring of his three companions.
As Li Chung Yun had grown older, he became an experienced herbalist, and became well known
for his excellence of health and amazing vigour. Long daily walks, an abundance of fresh air and
a meagre diet maintained a strong and lean body. Even so, one day, when he was about 50 years
old, he met an old Tibetan herbalist who could outwalk him. This impressed him greatly because
he believed that brisk walking was both a way to health and longevity and a sign of inner health.
When Li inquired after the ways of the old Tibetan, the reply given him was that the old man took
daily doses of Ginseng and Foo-tie-Teng. The old man told Li that if he also followed such a
regime, his health would improve. Li did so until his death. The old Master also taught Li the
Tibetan ancient secrets of herbology and the art of longevity known as "Nei Gung" (The Inner
Alchemy). Li became the leading authority in China of this art.
Both at the age of 150 years and 200 years, the Chinese government of the day had formally
congratulated him on his achievement of longevity. Even at the age of 200, his sight was keen
and his legs strong. He continued to take his daily vigorous walks. Li's style of herbalism was
simpler than many for it avoided complex formulations and exotic and rare (to the Chinese)
substances.
His ancient formulas were designed only for one purpose: to generate radiant health
and to aid one in the search and achievement of "immortality." These formulations were based on
the highest levels of understanding of Chinese Taoist philosophy, or, the philosophy supported his
findings. Beyond the mere use of herbs was to be found disciplines of mental and emotional
control.
The history and achievements of Li Chung Yun were little known to Europeans and North
Americans until the 1990s! Pharmaceutical companies and medical institutions have little
regard for forms of medicine and disease prevention which provide self-management of one's
health. Such a direction diminishes the need for such industries and the profits and employment
they provide.
Nor do most religious institutions promote the possibility of such benefits to their
congregations - about whose physical, emotional, mental and spiritual health they profess to
have a concern and be capable of a mentoring relationship. All institutionalized human
religions seek to enslave the adherent with beliefs in talismans, images, symbols, and stories of
magical relics - a basis for hypnotic patterning of an authority structure. Consider how much
anguish could have been avoided by how many people, IF, the findings and teachings of Li
Chung Yun and similar teachers had been promoted by the "leaders" of various human
"civilizations."
1933
- On July 14, the Euthanasia Program was introduced by the German Government "to prevent coming generations from suffering from hereditary diseases" by way of the sterilization of
carriers of certain diseases. By October, 1939, it "made merciful death possible for those
suffering from incurable disease." Increasingly, this measure was used arbitrarily. By August,
1941, 70,000 people would be selected for euthanasia - some by criteria of "capacity to work"
and others by "race". Jews and others, kept in concentration camps, would purposely be starved
until they fit the criteria.
1933
- During the year, Thomas Townsend Brown, joined the US Navy Reserve. Since his graduation from Denison University in 1926, he had worked for 4 years at the Swazey
Observatory, followed by two or more years with Naval Research, ending with the position of
physicist on the Johnson-Smithsonian Deep Sea Expedition in earlier 1933. Brown wanted to do
research and that took money. With the economic depression well underway, private companies
were suspending research and the government was having to cut research budgets to provide
social support in the form of attempts to guide an economic recovery. Military budgets were
seldom trimmed and they always had research departments.
From 1930 to 1932, Brown had taken a job with the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in
Washington, D.C. as a specialist in radiation, field physics and spectroscopy. In 1932, he had
been a member of the US Navy Department International Gravity Expedition to the West Indies.
He knew what to expect in the Navy; they knew his work; he had dependable employment. It
might not involve much research for awhile because of the government cutbacks, yet, any upturn
in Naval research would be a plus for him, especially if he were an officer.
1933
- During the year, H.G. Wells writes The Shape of Things to Come. In it, he would describe how:
a) there would be an apocalyptic world war;
b) all cities and social-political infrastructures would be destroyed;
c) small groups of people would survive and form tribe-like societies;
d) humanity would be led by a visionary elite after the war;
e) the elite would pacify the people and lead them to new marvels;
f) a world state would be formed;
g) peace would evolve by the mid-21st century.
Wells extended Einstein's theory of relativity to introduce the concept of a "time machine." In
his book, The Time Machine , Wells described travelling 800,000 years into the future and
finding a human elite which husbanded a subterranean human workforce and used them for
food. The utopia had become a nightmare. A further 30 million years onward, he envisioned
humanity breathing its last breath under a red dying Sun.
Wells was NOT a prophet; rather, he was an intellectual scientific predictor. He took the time
and used his energies to be among the best informed individuals of his time, as Jules Verne had
been in his. He did not view disaster as inevitable but rather he reasoned that humanity could
use its collective reason to change and improve its behaviours and responses. His novels were
intended to change historical patterns by motivating individuals to become concerned,
interested, aware, and, active.
His predictions were a projection of patterns which he had
defined by study and correlations. To the extent that they have proven to be correct, humanity
has proven its obsessive and compulsive behaviours. After the end of WWII, when asked what
he would like his epitaph to read, Wells stated "damn you all, I told you so!" Wells' life had
been an example of how one can rationalize and project presumed constructive options and
assert cautionary warnings - yet fail to understand human capabilities as a factor of political
performance, the success of which depends not on rational decisionmaking but rather on
spiritual guidance. The latter was totally missing from his writings either as a guiding influence
or as a decisionmaking option. In this regard, he mirrored the shortsightedness of the cultures
he participated in.
1933
- By October, Morris Ketchum Jessup had completed and published his doctoral dissertation in the field of astrophysics. While a doctoral student at the University of Michigan in
Ann Arbor during the late 1920s, he had travelled to South Africa with a research team assigned
to the University of Michigan's Lamont-Hussey Observatory in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State.
While working there with what was then the largest refracting telescope in the Southern
Hemisphere, Jessup perfected a research program which resulted in the discovery of a number of
physical double stars now catalogued by the Royal Astronomical Society of London, England.
Now, in the midst of the American economic depression, like many other academicians, Jessup
would find it necessary to broaden his scope of activities and interests.
Jessup would be assigned by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as part of a team of scientists to
go to Brazil to "study the sources of crude rubber in the headwaters of the Amazon." The North
American automobile industry and the world armaments industries were acquiring insatiable
appetites for rubber.
Following his return from Brazil, later a focal point of UFO sightings, Jessup took a job as a
photographer with the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D.C. An archaeological expedition was
organized to study Mayan ruins in Central America. From there, his work took him to the Inca
and pre-Inca ruins in Peru. He would observe the massive size of some of the stone ruins and the
intricacy, exactness, and finesse of the construction techniques employed and consider the virtual
impossibility that such work could have been accomplished by hand without the aid of draft
animals.
He speculated that one possible explanation for these huge stone constructions was that,
rather than having been constructed by the Inca, they were built in antediluvian times with the aid
of levitating devices operated from sky ships of some sort. This, was a heretical consideration to
be voiced by a scientist during this era. To protect his academic career and reputation, Jessup
found it necessary to remain quiet on the subject until he was prepared to continue independent of
funding institutions and employers.
1933
- During the year, an Earthquake in southern California destroyed downtown Long Beach, an urban area located 21 miles south of downtown Los Angeles. 115 people were killed.
There were no building codes at the time to standardize and regulate building strength and safety
minimums. The San Andreas Fault , a Strike-Slip Fault , is located 60 miles away and is at least
800 miles in length. Seismologists of the time downplayed the possibility of future earthquakes in
the region.
1934
- Movies : Judge Priest; She Loves Me Not; The Cat's Paw; Treasure Island; The Count of Monte Cristo
1934
- Soviet Biologist G.F. Gause is the first to state that 2 similar species cannot long occupy similar ecological niches.
1934
- During the year, the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) was passed by the U.S.A. Congress. During the previous 150 years, native Americans had been subject to genocide,
chronically abused by failure to uphold treaties made with them by European-American settlers,
and repeatedly relocated against their rights to less desirable locations.
The Act stopped the
further breakdown of tribal land into individual allotments and recommended that the dictatorial
control of Indian life by superintendents appointed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) be
limited. The tribes were to obtain the right of self-government through the development of tribal
councils. In 1944, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) would be formed.
1934
- By this year, Edward Bach develops 38 flower essence remedies for use in the treatment of human disease states. At the age of 43, in 1930, Dr. Bach, a highly successful
bacteriologist and homeopathic physician, gave up his practice to search for a simpler, more
natural method of treatment than others in use.
"The action of these remedies is to raise our vibrations and open up our channels for the
reception of the Spiritual Self; to flood our natures with the particular virtue we need, and
wash out from us the fault that is causing the harm. They are able ... to raise our very
natures, and bring us nearer to our souls and by that very act to bring us peace and relieve
our sufferings. They cure, not by attacking the disease, but by flooding our bodies with the
beautiful vibrations of our Higher Nature, in the presence of which, disease melts away as
snow in the sunshine.
There is no true healing unless there is a change in outlook, peace of mind, and inner
happiness."
He described the "virtues of our Higher Self" as gentleness, firmness, courage, constancy,
wisdom, joyfulness, purposefulness. He noted two basic errors of disease. The first occurred
when the personality was not acting in accord with its Soul, but persists in the illusion of being
separate from it. The second error happened when the personality acted against the intentions of
the Higher Self and Soul.
The source of the errors or energy blocks was trauma, experienced by our own life system or a
hereditary antecedent: parent, grandparent, etc. Traumatic experiences occur whenever our life
system encounters an event or substance or relationship which is or is perceived to be life
threatening - physically, emotionally, or spiritually. If we, or those around us, have the life skills
to be able to cope with the event constructively, trauma may be avoided.
Trauma generates the
formation of a neurological pattern of reaction in the form of physiological, emotional or
interactional defense patterns. The more governed you are by these "genetic" patterns, the less
control you have over the direction of your life. Most incidents of physical, sexual or spiritual
abuse together with all chronic illnesses and most relationship problems are the result of energy
"blocks" imposing errors of response on the personality.
I have personally seen the following conditions exchanged for their positive balanced alternatives:
addiction, abuse, depression, suicidal inclination, hate, insecurity, environmental hypersensitivities,
repetitive skeletal problems, cancer, digestive problems, procrastination, self-pity, failure on a
repetitive basis of personal relationships, business endeavours or career goals. The effective use
of Bach flower remedies, in the 1990's would remain minimal despite billions of dollars spent
ineffectually on high tech and pharmaceutical options. Why?
Intellectual use of the remedies, in which conscious perceptions of the behaviours and actions of
other people are interpreted by the consultant are usually incorrect. Only a minute number of
the population would ever develop either of the skills of deep meditation, dowsing, or muscle
testing - which are the most effective tools to detecting the needs of the individual requiring a
remedy. Manipulation of the environment by force would become humanity's major form of
interaction in the 1900's. Scientists, pharmaceutical and medical supply companies, most
doctors, marketing and sales organizations and media revenue builders would all promote the
use of drug remedies for profit.
There is little profit in methods that truly cure with inexpensive
remedies; nor is there a need for huge expenditures on large hospital and government
institutions. Few argue politically against expanding a medical industry when disease and
unrest is expanding. An expanding, technologically based, material oriented society also
demands an ever increasing amount of sophisticated high income prestigious jobs to keep its
populace tranquil. The art of healing was lost to the proud science of delegated and allocated
power diseases against the human spirit. Humanity made its choice, or left the choice to its
leaders.
1934
- Beginning in the Spring, Andre Bovis, experimented with pyramids shapes built to the dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Cheops. He found that such forms would mysteriously
dehydrate and mummify dead animals without decomposing them, especially if they were
positioned at the relative height of the King's Chamber, that is, 1/3rd of the way from the base to
the summit. Clearly, there were energies at work which humanity had no understanding of.
1934
- During the year, Joseph Goebels, media minister for the NAZI party, undertook to have all references made to the prophesies attributed to a Bavarian cowherder, named
Stornberger, outlined almost 2 centuries earlier - be destroyed. Goebels was both angered and
disgusted by their inference that Hitler would lead Germany into the doom of a second world war
which Germany and its allies would lose.
1934
- During the year, the USA abandoned the Gold Standard domestically with the passage of the Gold Reserve Act . This made the use of gold coins and gold bullion as legal tender
in the domestic market illegal in the USA. By doing this, privately held gold bullion and gold
currencies were effectively eliminated from common transactions and concentrated in the
government coffers.
This move effectively eliminates a domestic market for gold trading and allows for the
monopolization of the gold market by the federal government within the USA. This protects the
value of the gold bullion reserve held by the Federal Reserve System from both inflation and
deflation while also protecting the government from the influence of speculators in an open gold
trading market.
It also limits gold exploration, mining and production. In addition, it strengthens
the American banking system and stabilizes the American market system by making both
dependent upon one form of exchange: government issued currencies and banknotes. Stability
and order, necessary for capital growth, is made possible by monopolization and standardization.
1934
- Leo Szilard conceived and patented the idea that a chain reaction using neutrons could liberate nuclear energy in economic amounts. He got the idea after reading a book by H.G.
Wells, written in 1913. In order to keep it secret, Szilard assigned the patent to the British
Admiralty. By analogy, chain reactions which occur in chemical explosions such as with TNT and
in mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen act on a similar principle. What was needed was an element
that emitted two neutrons after absorbing one.
1934
- During the year, the Communications Act was passed by the USA Congress. Section 606 provided the president with the authority to take control of any communications facilities that
he or she believed "essential to the national defense." The intent was to place within the
President's command the capability of contacting and reassuring, unifying and directing the
populace during times of environmental disaster, economic collapse, or some as yet unforeseen
challenge to national integrity.
In the decades to follow, the declaration of emergency would carry vague meaning as different
presidents invoked it for different reasons to the extent that what was a nuisance for one
administration might qualify as an explosive crisis for another. The qualification of such a
judgement remained in the mind of the president in power.
1934
- On December 1, Sergei Kirov, a USSR Central Committee Secretary and party leader in Leningrad, was assassinated under the direction of Stalin's secret police. He had been leading
an effort by the higher officials to have Stalin replaced as Secretary-General by himself, Kirov. In
his typical chess move deception, Stalin blamed the killing on a conspiracy of former
oppositionists, and the hunt for the plotters began, as did the fabrication of evidence and the
interrogations by torture.
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