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A new style of human leader, the Megalomaniac, would emerge in this century with greater frequency and more influence on human history than ever before. Such individuals would invariably be male. They would all share a set of similar experiences which would contribute to the formation of their attitudes, expectations, behaviour, charisma and achievements. With the popularization of mass media their "image" could be presented to the masses suitable for their popularity, or, their later diminishment. It would be a combination of the following factors which would invite their expression:

1. The centralization of huge populations into federations & empires;
2. Political anarchy between imperialism, independence, & rebellion;
3. Increasing economic dependency by the masses vs self-sufficiency;
4. Resolution of political conflicts adverse to idealistic justice;
5. Manipulation of the public by the authorities through the media;
6. Increasing economic, social, and political instabilities;
7. Religious materialism encouraging political simplicity;
8. Political humanism & political reversals;
9. Increasing capital dependency.

Populations of individuals simply wishing to carry on their lives in relative peace would find themselves beset by individuals and groups encouraging them to become self-directed politically and to reject abusive, autocratic, and impoverishing governments. A largely passive, ignorant, unaware, confused, and, frustrated populace would become more uniform in their group affiliations as a result of their increasingly non-agricultural employment, their increasing dependency upon a capital-based industrial and consumer economy, and, their adoption of materialistic norms of identity and self-actualization.

This uniformity of dependency (rather than self-sufficiency) would provide the avenue for mass indoctrination by way of the mass media and the educational institutions. Humans, as they have increasingly done in their recorded history, would tend to externalize the origins for their discontent.

Religious indoctrination on a massive scale in support of worship of an absolute human divinity (Pope, Ayatollahs, Emperors, saints, ...), utilization of a system of magical indulgences (forgiveness through incantations, payment, or, the use of material symbols - crosses, rings, figurines, photographs, ...), and, the religious leader's support of various dictatorships and autocracies - would preset public sensibilities for the acceptance of an absolute political leader.

Rage would develop in individuals who came to experience idealistic injustice, defeat, betrayal, and humiliation as a result of their intentions to bring about greater individual justice. That is, repeatedly, expressive and assertive individuals would find themselves championing the causes of the masses, would appear to have the support of the masses, would organize political meetings and groups, would inform and incite the masses, and, would find themselves alone when the status quo authorities either arrested them or otherwise opposed them. This apparent betrayal by those whom they sincerely believed they were trying to help would test the spiritual capabilities of these reactionaries; most often these would be inadequate. A part of the self has been deeply hurt by the abuse, humiliation, and felt injustice to which the idealistic individual has been exposed.

The intensity of this destruction is equal to the intensity of the innocence of the idealism originally in place. Now, a base of rage builds against any identity perceived of as being dangerous or an enemy. The traumatic incidents are brought to the memory repeatedly and serve to obsessively build feelings of hatred and revenge. This is an example of the destructive potential of human memory and imagination. No matter how much ruthlessness and destruction is enacted, sometimes even against those for whom one was originally willing to idealistically sacrifice one's life, no amount of pain, death and torture will be enough to vanquish the pain and insecurity now within the subject.

This sense of rage would be expressed in acts of confident, impulsive, aggressive acts of self-denial against the current political power. These life-endangering acts would be interpreted by the authorities as illegal, juvenile, and/or misguided; others would perceive them as bravery and heroism. For the moment, fear, terror, humiliation, pain, and the challenge of survival has exposed the weakness of these men: they have surrendered their faith, if it had not already been driven away by the abuse of parents or peers. In its place, they now have compulsive insecurities which can only be ameliorated by the assumption, accumulation and exercise of power.

Arrest would mean execution for some persons but not for those who will fulfill this political role. Rather, whether the traumatic incident or incidents involved arrest, armed confrontation, exposure to serious illness, involvement in a serious accident, injuries which would yield chronic pain, or loss of friends and love interest - the experience would be one of a threat-to-life rather than a near death experience. In such circumstances, especially if repeated and if combining several forms of threat experience, the human ego can be encouraged by way of rational spurious reasoning, to gain confidence and pride in one's unexpected survival and enter into denial about the possibility of one's death.

The greater the threat and the more often that it is made without actual fulfilment, the more the human comes to believe that he is indestructible. Part of this perception becomes a reactive death wish in which the individual, having already died on the spiritual level, actively and proudly invites further threats and danger. In response to such possibilities or actual threats, the individual frequently responds with ruthless violence against the would-be or real perpetrator. Such aggression, often fatal to the suspect, often increases the perceived and real security of the subject, and, further increases the individual's confidence in acting independently, and violently.

Changing political climates, the assistance of influential associates, indifference, or escape - would occur on several occasions to "rescue" these individuals from execution or expected long-term imprisonment, abuse, or social anonymity. So reprieved, these rage-directed persons would be compulsively attracted to the destructive options available in politics - which frequently result in a greater accumulation of power.

With the populace already conditioned to accept god-like human leaders to make political decisions for them, an increasing attraction to and acceptance of anything expressed in the mass media, and, with little awareness of more positive coping skills - mass populations would look to confident, aggressive, domineering persons with an image of bravery or heroism to solve their problems and remedy their frustrations.

The coincidental use of the mass media to suggest the luxuriant benefits of capital-based imperialistic economies (capitalist, fascist, and communist) would encourage a generally subservient, envious, proud, and materially desperate population of rising density to surrender their power to such an individual. Emboldened by such acceptance, such a leader would come to believe in his own supernatural power, aggressively exploit it by way of media manipulation and coerciveness against all opposition, and, eventually lead to the deaths of millions of people with no historical reduction in the anxiety and frustration levels of those remaining alive.

By the end of the century, most educated persons would know the names of these saviour-villains.
Mass populations allowed them to direct human history, took their orders, deceived their own people, murdered their own people, fouled the environment, increased general human enmity towards each other, and resulted in massive unnecessary human suffering. God's help was frequently called upon in speeches and prayers - help to carry out the ungodly. Destructiveness followed, not because God did not care.

Rather, humans had lost their faith in God; lost their self-motivation and belief in themselves as individuals; lost their self-respect; lost their ability and self-directedness to humbly ask God for direction; lost their self-control and self-discipline to hear the message; lost their self-awareness of what was truly important to them as individuals; lost their courage to reject the destructiveness chosen by human authorities and the crowd and follow the constructive options available to them. 1902 - Movies: Trip to the Moon;

1902 - During the year,
Pyotr Rachlovsky, head of the foreign branch of the Okhrana and writer of the book "Anarchy and Nihilism", in which he promoted the idea of a Franco-Russian league against Jewish domination, attempts to create such a league. He fails.

1902 - In April,
Josif (Djugashvili) Stalin is arrested for the first time.
He remains in various Georgian prisons until November 1903, when he was deported to Siberia.
Within a month, he escaped from his place of exile, and by the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904 was back in Tiflis.

Earlier, in his fifth year of study at the Tiflis Theological Seminary, he had been expelled for conducting socialist study groups for factory workers and participating in a local Social-Democratic group. For a time he worked as a clerk at the Tiflis Observatory when not unemployed - until the secret police searched his room and found some banned books.

Stalin's young adult life became one of study, poverty, dedication to helping the disadvantaged, living under a succession of aliases subject to the constant threat of arrest, of clandestine meetings and correspondence, of organizing study groups and demonstrations, of composing leaflets and articles for illegal publications. He became a Socialist Party organizer and organized workers into strikes. He established a secret press and was arrested and imprisoned. His political education had started. He had learned that it was possible to organize the people for their own benefit. He had learned that the authorities in power would use that authority to suppress opposition. He learned that if he did not think with greater cunning and deception than the authorities, he would be imprisoned and beaten. He became known as "Koba", the "Indomitable".

1902 - In May,
A volcanic explosion blows the side of Mt. Pelee out on the island of Martinique, in the Caribbean.
Every person is killed in the town of St. Pierre, the capital, except a convict and a mentally ill person who were locked in a prison. A burning gaseous cloud drifted down from Mt. Pelee and killed all those - almost 30,000 - who survived the explosion.

1902 - During the year,
Mount St. Augustine, Alaska produces a major volcanic eruption.

1902 -
Sergey Nilus, in St. Petersburg, Russia, publishes a second edition of his autobiographical and philosophical "The Great and the Small". Since publishing his first edition, he has received a copy of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which he believes to be fact, masquerading as fiction.

He includes the "Protocols" as evidence of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy to dominate the world economy and subjugate all other peoples to the level of slaves or workers - leaving the Jews as managers, owners, lawyers, politicians, judges and other power brokers in the building economic capitalism. His inclusion of the "Protocols" adds credibility to them as truth and Nilus and similar authors become a foundation for economic rebellion.

A rebel doesn't want to fundamentally change a social and political structure.
The rebel seeks for equality within the economics of the status quo.
The typical rebel has held social and economic status, or, been prevented from gaining such through prejudice or other culture-dominated factors. Rebels believe that they should share equally in the wealth and status which others seem to enjoy who appear to have made less effort. The rebel begins to perceive that certain racial groups, social organizations, or political groups are the stopgap which excludes the disadvantaged masses.

The larger the number of disadvantaged, particularly in a time of economic distress, and especially within a political - economic structure which preaches the ethic of opportunity for all -- the greater the number of rebels will grow. Rebels act out their frustration through civil disobedience and through a reaction of prejudice (with hatred) against those forces which they believe are victimizing themselves and others. They are in denial of the personal factors involved in their failure as well as the nature of the usual deceptions spread by any massive human political system.

Reactionaries, on the other hand, recognize that the moral structure of the era is the basic factor which is segregating masses of people into small groups of powerful and/or rich individuals and large groups of dependent and poor individuals. They do not want to be a part of this material-based culture based on inequities. They promote an overthrow of the current political and economic order and a replacement with another one which appears to them and others, usually on a rational theoretical basis, to be more just and beneficial to the masses.

This context of value change is somewhat abstract for most humans for it is an expression of a preference for and a belief in a structure which has not yet been instituted and for which there is no practical example. It is immensely easier, in large populations of disadvantaged humans, to mount a rebellion - which accepts the status quo, and largely seeks to exchange the positions of the advantaged with the disadvantaged. Reactionary change involves a risk: the change may not work out as promoted and one may end up in a worse position than when they started. There are few reactionaries in human history; there are many rebels in human history. These tendencies encourage human history to be repetitive for rebels are like addicts who obsessively repeat the behaviours which maintain their failures.

1902 -
George Millies writes "A Trip To The Moon".
Overall, it is well received by the readers.
He had originally worked as an illusionist and was the first to use "special effects" in stage entertainment.
He portrayed the Moon as having many frightful beings.

1903 -
The Strict Secrecy of the Roman Catholic Conclave (senior bureaucracy) is deployed to stop the Austrian emperor, Franz Joseph I from influencing cardinal voters. As time progresses, the secrecy will be increasingly tightened.

1903 -
A GRAY Exploration Team arrive and position themselves in Wales.
Their purpose is to observe and define the cultural patterns of the dominant lifeforms on the Earth: their potential opposition re: colonization of the planet.

1904 -
Mrs. Mary Jones, a poor woman who lived with her husband on an almost barren farm near the small town of Egryn in northern Wales, after receiving a vision of Jesus Christ, becomes inspired to preach in the local chapel. Strange lights appear over the chapel when she speaks, and accompany her to and from the chapel. Sometimes, the lights would manifest inside of buildings. The incidents are confirmed by thousands of observers including sceptical reporters and scientists.

The lights sometimes appeared suddenly, would flash forth an intense white light which illuminated the surroundings as if in full sunshine. Emitting from its whole circumference were dazzling sparklets like flashing rays from a diamond. Sometimes, as many as 3 lights might appear at once; usually white but the odd one would be red. At times, they appeared to move as if responding to statements made by observers; rushing quickly towards the observer, hovering, disappearing and reappearing. One reporter stated that he saw an oval mass of grey, as the source of the brilliant light.

During the same period, sheep were found slaughtered; sometimes they were drained of blood with the flesh left almost untouched. Tracking dogs refused to track anything from the sight of the mutilations.

This is the first concerted attempt by the GRAYS to communicate with and influence humans: an experiment. The GRAYS are extracting blood-type fluids from various Earth lifeforms to build an experimental resource DNA base for their bioengineering team which will arrive with the main colony much later.

1904 - By this year
Toyama Mitsuru had formed the "Dark Ocean Society" in Japan.
It was an extension of ultranationalist reaction to the Meiji government.
Mitsuru had been jailed earlier for his part in a staged uprising and on his release, he founded the paramilitary "Dark Ocean Society".

Members pledged to revere the emperor, love and respect the nation (Japan), and defend the rights of the people. Through blackmail, extortion, terror and assassination, the Society gained extraordinary influence over the army (which supported their activities in spirit) and the bureaucracy (which was afraid of them). Dark Ocean provided bodyguards for officials, thugs for political bosses, zealots for the armed forces, and spies for foreign subversion. Its members practised the martial arts: the most adept became ninja assassins.

The ultranationalism of the Society became a motivating force behind the expansionist policies of the government: conspiracy was their way of life. They would eventually expand, through financial support from illegal organizations, to occupy the mercenary-style position of supporting gambling, prostitution, protection racket, blackmail, extortion, strike-breaking and labor control activities.

Their success as a "guerilla" group was derived from the financial support they received from anti-establishment (illegal) groups and the respect they received from pro-military and pro-expansionist groups. On the surface they supported an improved material lifestyle for the less advantaged, yet, in denial, they supported the imposition of an abusive authoritarian system over other cultures - which would leave countless other humans in misery, despair and poverty.

1904 -
A market for pornographic (explicit sex) movies existed from this date with Buenos Aires as the principal centre of production. Movies of fully detailed sexual activity were shot and shipped to private buyers, mostly in England and France, but also in such distant lands as Russia and the Balkan countries. The purchasers of the films were either rich aristocrats or houses of prostitution. Before the Second World War in France and other countries the showing of explicit sexual films in brothels was customary and officially permitted. Other accounts indicate that many of the movies were produced in France and Spain and that Buenos Aires was used as a distribution point.

1904 -
The Russo-Japanese War proved to be the first modern war in which a Western nation was beaten by an Asian nation. The Japanese imposed strict censorship on mass media reporting, tending to treat foreign correspondents much like spies.

The Battle of Mukden, a month-long battle of attrition, was won by the Japanese at a cost of 71,000 lives against 85,000 lost by the Russians. The war was an example of the increasing use of sophisticated technology in human warfare. Significant tactical advantages would result from increased fire-power, the expanded use of artillery, and the use of a crude form of poison gas - by the Japanese.

In March, the Russian Naval Ministry had finally ordered the construction of 6 "Holland" submarines at the Nevskiy Works as hostilities with the Japanese had increased. When the Japanese crossed the Yalu River into Russian Siberia in May, the Holland designs now became very important. The Tsarist government decided that it could not wait for the new orders to be completed and it sought to purchase the trials submarine Fulton, which was at the USA plant. Suspecting that the USA government might obstruct the sale of American made war materiel to either Japan or Russia, the Holland Company arranged for a clandestine transfer.

During the night of June 28-29, the English steamer "Menantic", with its crew sworn to secrecy, loaded the "Fulton" on board at New Suffolk, on Long Island Sound. At sea, the name of the submarine was changed to "Madam"; in early July, the steamer arrived at Kronshtadt naval base, was unloaded, and sent for reconditioning. By the end of October, 1904, after successful sea trials, the submarine was renamed Som and shipped by rail to the Pacific port of Vladivostok.

"The Holland Torpedo Boat Company" became a subsidiary of the Electric Boat Company and was subsequently acquired by the massive American armourer, General Dynamics Corporation. During this period, 5 boats of the Holland design were also purchased by the Japanese. In what would begin a long and enduring practice by American entrepreneurs, armaments were sold to both sides of the conflict. The General Dynamics yard became one of two shipyards which would build most American submarines.

Independently, designs by the American inventor, Simon Lake, had been reviewed by the Russians and they made arrangements to purchase the 65-foot (19.8 m) "Protector" prototype which the USA Navy had declined. It had a special lockout compartment to permit divers to enter and leave the craft while submerged. The armament consisted of 3 internal 15-inch (381-mm) torpedo tubes.

Similar to the transport of the "Fulton", the "Protector" was loaded on a steamer off Sandy Hook, New Jersey, covered with canvas, and taken to Kronshtadt, where it arrived on 15 June, 1904. On August 13, sea trials began only to soon have it sunk by the carelessness common amongst the Russians at the time. 21 were drowned. It was refloated, accepted, renamed the Osetr (Sturgeon), and shipped to Vladivostok, where it finally arrived in mid-April, 1905.

Simon Lake and his "Lake Torpedo Boat Company" then contracted with the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in Virginia to construct the 5 follow-on submarines for Russia. In a more discrete manner, the submarines were built in sheds for the first time. The craft were assembled, fitted out, and tested in the Latvian SSR. The Newport Yard would become one of two USA shipyards to build most of the future American submarines.

1905 -
Sergey Nilus publishes his version of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion".
It quickly circulates through all of the right-wing organizations in Russia - as genuine (true).
Czar Nicholas II reads and accepts the Protocols also as true.

Eventually, an investigation will demonstrate that the work is a fraud and Nicholas will then seek to prevent its further use as anti-Semitic propaganda. As the book has been widely distributed and no one is publicly shamed for the fraud nor a widespread disclaimer circulated - most readers will continue to believe that its contents are real: that the Jews have made a pact with the Devil for world economic domination.

1906 - On April 18,
An 8.3 Magnitude Earthquake destroyed much (5 sq mi, 13 sq km) of San Francisco, California.
It occurred along the 270 mile (430 km) San Andreas geological fault and lasted for a duration of 60 seconds. The fault system is believed to be 60 miles wide (96 km) and 800 miles (1280 km) long. The annual shift is approximately equal to 1-1/2 inches (2.5-3 cm) a year. It was felt as far away as Nevada and Oregon states. 2000 people died. Most of the damage was attributable to the post-quake firestorm which swept the city. Afterwards, geologists declared that a serious earthquake could be expected from the San Andreas Fault every 100 years or so.

It would later be discovered by Dr. R. Tomaschek, a German geophysicist, that the position of the planet Uranus in the astrological chart for this date, and for that of 133 other earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 7, correlated significantly. Uranus has long been regarded by astrologers as the planet of "tension, explosion and the unexpected."

1906 - During the year,
Mount Vesuvius, Italy, produces a violent volcanic eruption.

1906 - During the year,
Badzar Baradjin, a distinguished Russian geographer, sees an almas and attempts to include the sighting in the report of his travels. He is requested by the Imperial Geographical Society not to do so lest the incident cast doubt on some of his more conventional observations. Human authority systems tend to seek to concentrate their power by narrowing the status quo and making it rigid and predictable.

Baradjin does tell his observations to his friend, Zhamtsarano, an eminent Mongolian scholar - who carried out a program of field research into the verification of almas (Wild Man) stories between 1900 and 1927. He plots each find on a special map with the date and a coloured illustration derived from each individual description.

Zhamtsarano's work suggests that between the period 1807-1867 almas inhabited a wide area of the Gobi, but by 1927 they had practically disappeared from the southern part. The nomads said that the almas were once seen in groups but that by 1927 they were rarely encountered, and then, in the area near the mountains of Khovd and Bayan Ulegei provinces. They were still met in pairs, sometimes accompanied by infants, but no longer in large groups.

Zhamtsarano is surprised by the matter-of-fact attitude of the local people to the almas whose recollections ranged throughout their historical folklore. The nomads of the Gobi took the existence of the Almas for granted and looked on them as just another sort of animal, a bit man-like but with no supernatural powers. They reported that almas were sometimes bigger than humans, measured against the nomads, who by European and American standards are somewhat short. Often noted was the mention of their stoop and a characteristic unpleasant smell.

Rinchen's recorded a number of first-hand accounts describing many encounters with almas by wandering herdsmen or travellers; several accounts had multiple witnesses. One such encounter was described to Rinchen by the director of all the pharmacies in Ulan Bator. He had met an almas in the Butkut mountains near the river Delyun in Khovd province, while he was accompanied by 2 local Kazakhs and a Soviet Kazakh named Djoltayev, who taught in a local elementary school.

The almas was over 6 ft in height, powerfully built and with dark hair on his chest, stomach and back which shaded to a grayish colour on the head, where it was longer. They were able to observe him from a distance of about 150 yards, and he appeared interested in their behaviour. The men tried calling to the almas in a medley of languages and Djoltayev eventually decided to wound the animal by shooting him in the soft part of the legs. He missed. As they tried to approach closer, he now retreated.

The first foreign hunters had "fun" shooting almas who did not run away but merely sat there looking curious. This practice was eventually stopped by the local people but not before the establishment of placenames such as Almasin Dobo (Almas burial).

1907 -
Andrei Andreyevich Markov, a Russian mathematician, develops the theory of linked probabilities, called "Markov chains", in which the probability of one event affects that of the next.

Fundamental to this report is the demonstration that, from human historical records, certain structures and occurrences appear to predict future probabilities by virtue of the apparent lack of ability for humanity to change and adjust their present behaviour relative to the past. In other words, history is bound to repeat because the probability that a current response to situations developing out of previous events can be predicted demonstrates that humanity fails to learn from the mistakes of the past.

  Anthropological and sociological conclusions from these patterns might include:
    - humanity is introduced to spiritual concepts on a periodic basis;
    - human capability to understand the concepts is somewhat limited;
    - human culture tends to convey responsibility to leaders;
    - human culture tends to concentrate power in the hands of a few;
    - human sexuality usually incites expansion of inequities expressed;
    - material wealth encourages pride in humans and more inequities;
    - human cultures tend to restrict coping by reinforcing a status quo;
    - unbalanced sexuality expands the population and ever expands needs;
    - human cultures expand in population and increase their concentration of
                             power, wealth and dependency until they collapse.

Unless any of the above trends can be modified to more constructive long-term alternatives, earlier items in the series promote the occurrence of the later trends and predict the conclusion. Humanity will fail to survive because it refuses to maintain as its major focus spiritual maturity based on individual self-directedness arising out of reverence and atonement to the will of a God of the universe.

1907 -
Agnes Clerke, in "The System of the Stars" writes that the Pleiades was "the meeting place in the skies of mythology and science. The vivid and picturesque aspect of these stars riveted, from the earliest ages, the attention of mankind; a peculiar sacredness attached to them, and their concern with human destinies was believed to be intimate and direct."

1907 -
Percival Lowell writes "Mars and its Canals".
A later abstract describes the work as follows:

"The phenomenon of a highly complicated system of lines (channels or canals) on the planet Mars forming a network over its surface was first detected by Schiaparelli in 1877. In this book, Professor Lowell (Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona) presents the interpretation of the phenomena as representing bands of vegetation along primary irrigation canals, appearing thus in the spring, first near the melting ice caps and following the flow of water toward the equator.

The evidence presented is that here is a dry planet, and an intelligence of some kind, that survives only by utilizing the few remaining sources of water supply. The author is certain that Mars is inhabited by some form of beings. The theory of the existence of intelligent life on Mars may be likened to the atomic theory in chemistry; in both we are led to the belief in units which we are similarly unable to define."

1907 -
The American Consumer loses confidence in their banking industry.
Numerous and repeated bankruptcies and instability in the industry in the USA lead to a threat of consumer return to the barter system, indenture, and trade by exchange of gold. To the American government and big business interests this threatens to end their power base.

Big business cannot function efficiently using the old methods and big government cannot collect taxes efficiently and run deficits using the older methods of capital transfer. A new system of banking which guarantees a higher degree of stability to the community must be devised, or, economic anarchy and the end of expansionist capitalism will occur.

A second and very important factor has been the provision and collection of loans by American banks to the community, most of which is composed of farmers and ranchers. The banks have previously taken a position of lending to anyone who had a collateral asset which could be claimed in the event of default. With little consideration for capacity to repay, and, sometimes, an intentional disregard for an inability to repay, loans have been granted. This has led to a large number of foreclosures on farms and businesses following poor crop seasons, outbreaks of disease, personal accidents and war injuries, interruption of supplies, and other factors.

With the lack of the older alternative of indenture, whereby the debtor worked off to the benefit of the creditor the amount owed, the more recent rationalized system allows only for repayment or foreclosure. A few dispossessed farmers and ranchers turn to bank and train robbery in their vengeance against the banking industry. Other consumers, often tend to offer sympathy to the illegal anti-bank reaction and a number of romanticised bandit legends are developed by the media and cherished by the consumer.

Legal and political authorities come to an awareness - after decades of this process - that either banking must be reorganized and regulated on a national scale, or, the United States of America will face lawlessness and a separation of state sovereignty from the nation as a whole. A new direction must be found.

1908 - On June 30
The Tunguska catastrophe took place near Vanovara in Siberia.
It began with a blinding ball of light, brighter than the sun, that appeared, turned into a fiery column rising up into a cloudless sky, to be followed by a loud explosion heard as far away as 750 miles. Four hundred miles away, a train almost derailed under the shock. Men riding their horses 200 miles away were thrown from their horses. Windows were shattered at a distance of 150 miles. Roofs were torn off and fences were uprooted at a distance of 60 miles or so. Within 16 miles of the site, all the trees were uprooted. Within 10 miles, they were burned by luminous radiation. At the very centre, nothing happened: there was no crater, and no trees were uprooted.

The shock wave circled the globe twice.
Seismographs all over the world clearly registered a shock with its epicentre northwest of Lake Baikal. Luminescent clouds were observed and even photographed over Europe and North Africa. Newspapers could be read at night by the light of the clouds in Berlin, Copenhagen, and London.

The Moscow Academy of Sciences sent Professor Kulik to investigate.
He questioned the Evenkis, a nomadic tribe and they stated: "We were eight verst (53 miles) from the Tunguska when we saw the fire. The heat was so strong that we had to lie down on the road. I was afraid my clothes would catch fire. In a village in the Podkamenaya Tunguska district, 1500 reindeer were killed all at once." Even at that distance, the nomads believed the end of the world had come.

The explosion had taken place in the air not on the ground.
In 1959, Professor Piekhanov reported that the area demonstrated intense radioactivity.
Many witnesses who had described the falling object reported that it was the shape of a tube or a log: cylindrical. Fifty-two years after the explosion, grass still had not grown back on the site. Was this a spacecraft which ran into difficulty when its anti-matter or nuclear propulsion technology failed and blew up?

1908 - During this year and next,
Josif (Djugashvili) Stalin was first arrested and imprisoned in Baku, then exiled to northern Russia, where he escaped and returned to continue further political activity in Baku. It was his second imprisonment. He had married his first wife after escaping from prison the first time. Within 3 years she had died, leaving him with a son, Vasili. Stalin had journeyed to Stockholm, Sweden and London, England, to attend Social-Democratic Party Congresses.

Stalin carried an intensity of conviction emanating from internal rage built on suppressed anger against an unloving father who had beaten him simply because he existed. Stalin supported the more aggressive and intolerant political approaches proposed by Lenin. From Stalin's perspective, intellectualizing about change did not produce results; effective action did.

The Russo-Japanese War had ended with a chaos of demonstrations, strikes, mutinies, murders and local uprisings and had been called the 1905 Revolution. Before the end of 1907 socialist and democratic gains had been erased and the socialist deputies arrested. At the height of the 1905 Revolution, Lenin had ordered the secret establishment and arming of Bolshevik combat squads, and in some areas, notably the Caucasus, where Stalin was, these squads continued to be active long after the revolution. Originally acting as guerrilla fighters, they later often degenerated into banditry. Stalin was one of the principal leaders master-minding the organization and exploits of these Mafia-like squads. Josif had learned to distrust political authority unless you are holding it.

At the age of 26, Stalin had moved into the fringes of Lenin's national leadership of the party, moved his activities to the oil producing center of Baku, organized Bolshevik conferences. The secret police again captured him and sent him to northern Russia. After 4 months he escaped. He continued working in the Baku Bolshevik underground until he was again arrested in March, 1910. Escaped again, he moved up in his position of responsibility as older or more powerful members were either arrested or came to quarrel with Lenin.

Stalin learned that direct action against an opponent was often disastrous, especially if you were unaware of whether others would come to your support or theirs in a crisis. People often voiced support but faded away when it was required against an image of power or authority. Stalin was beginning to tire of being captured and sent to jail, or worse. Turning against others directly who had turned you in or failed to help you escape did not gain respect.

Appearing to forgive or to ignore such indiscretions did raise one's public image of strength and gain respect. So Stalin learned to strike back by turning the associates of an "enemy" against them. Deception, disinformation, gossip - broke the ranks of the enemy and weakened them, often permanently or fatally. Stalin learned, from experience also, that advancement came, like the moves of a successful chess player, by cunning, persistence, patience, and aggressiveness, with a ruthless obliviousness about one's associates. It was at this point that Josif assumed the name of Stalin (Man of Steel).

Another arrest in 1913 was followed by deportation to a remote corner of Siberia from which escape was almost impossible. He was only released this time because of the 1917 Revolution.

1908 - On December 19,
The "Kefal", a Lake-design Soviet submarine pioneered the first in what would become a long history of Soviet under-ice operations. Commanded by Lieutenant V.A. Merkushev, in Ussuriy Bay, east of Vladivostok, the Kefal' submerged beneath the ice for one hour and 32 minutes, logged four miles, and punched through the ice exactly on course.

The relatively large variety of submarine projects previously undertaken in Russia and the USSR, and the number of yards and designers involved would provide a substantial base of knowledge for future submarine activities.

1908 - On December 28,
An 7.5 Earthquake on Sicily destroys the city of Messina, Italy, and resulted in the deaths of 83,000 persons.

1909 - On April 6,
Admiral Robert E. Peary, (1856-1920) declared that he was the first person ever to reach the geographic North Pole. In spite of poor documentation, his claim was accepted, and Admiral Peary was hailed as a hero. There was a problem.

On April 1, Dr. Frederick A. Cook who had been a surgeon on Peary's 1891 expedition, had declared that he had reached the north Pole on April 21, 1908 - nearly a year before the Admiral noted his arrival. Mass confusion followed; two believable (by virtue of their social positions) explorers were both declaring themselves to be the first person to reach the northernmost point on the Earth.

Peary's supporters campaigned to discredit Cook's credibility and succeeded in deliberately ruining the surgeon's life. The American National Geographic Society was Peary's strongest supporter. Peary was a link with government institutions and financial support for the Society's programs could be best depended upon from political sources. Eventually, Cook was even discredited and jailed for financial fraud.

Before his death, Peary gave his wife a document, saying that it was important and could destroy Frederick Cook's claim. Unable to understand the document, she placed it in a safe deposit box.

After Peary's death in 1920, Wally Herbert was hired to investigate, and bolster, Peary's claim.
After examining the poorly documented records, Herbert concluded that Peary had never reached the North Pole. Herbert attributed the explorer's failure to one of incompetence rather than malice.

Dennis Rawlins next came forward and stated that he had found the records Peary made on the day he reached the North Pole - records which Peary had said did not exist. By Peary's own calculations, Rawlins showed that on April 6, 1909, Peary was 121 statute miles short of the pole. That was as far north as he had ever ventured.

In 1935, Peary's daughter sent a copy of the document which had been locked in her mother's safe deposit box to Melville Grosvenor, long-term director of the American Geographical Society, which published the National Geographic Magazine.

Harry Raymond, an astronomer, finally interpreted the document, which contained sextant readings.
These were intended to assist the explorer in navigating by measuring the angles between the horizon and heavenly bodies. According to his own calculations, Admiral Peary was 200 nautical miles from the North Pole at the time he later said he had arrived there.

Deciphered, the document left the Society in an embarrassing position: it had fully supported Peary; it had contributed to the discrediting of an innocent man, Cook; most of North America and much of the rest of the world had been taught for decades that Peary was a hero. The document was sealed and its contents were not revealed.

In 1973, Rawlins found the document again and released the information that proved that Peary was either a liar or an incompetent. While the evidence suggests that Peary was inept in the use of his instruments and that he never knew exactly where he was, it is expected that a novice sextant user with some degree of geographic knowledge would know that the Sun does not rise and set in the sky at the North Pole - so readings could not be taken there. Very little notice was given to the findings and until 1988, The Society would continue to support Peary's claim. Today, most encyclopedias and most references to North Pole exploration still declare Peary's success.

Human history has proven to be fragile where the truth is at odds with political forces.
Human weaknesses of pride, greed, envy, power and intolerance - all conspire to equate human history to a line of military successes suggestively based on success according to battlefield prowess. In reality, more lives have been lost through natural catastrophes than through war. The humbling fact is that most of those lives could have been saved if humanity could have concentrated on the development of spiritual skills rather than the irresponsible exercising of its sexual fecundity and the development of its aggressive abilities. The strategies used have most often been deception, manipulation and coercion - under the banner of "intelligence."

1909 -
The USA National Committee for Mental Hygiene is set up with the intent of improving the standards and methods of dealing with mentally ill persons. Encouraged by the work of Dr. Pinel (1792), the publication of The Mind that found Itself, by Clifford Beers, and others, psychiatrists and administrators have sought to work together to better inform the public of the problems and possibilities in the training, assistance and recovery of mentally ill patients. Proper identification, diagnosis, registration and supervision of all "mental" patients has been a goal with the intent of both standardizing the services offered to the patient as well as determining which services could best support them.

Unfortunately, this invitation to bureaucracy, by removing the characteristics of empathy and compassion and substituting practicality and efficiency - would lead to more abuses than when the individual was simply ignored or assaulted. Now, a person can be mislabeled, disbelieved, underestimated, and mistreated according to routine rather than having several assessments, being listened to about their frustrations, being encouraged to improve, and, provided with ineffective and irrelevant treatments.

Mental Hygiene would be considered the "science of adequate self-management."
It was defined as having 3 objectives: (1) the development of the average and exceptional individual to his maximum social efficiency through attention to underlying factors in mental heredity, growth and vigour, (2) the gradual elimination of feeble-mindedness and of mental and nervous diseases with their attendant social evils, and (3) the establishment and improvement of social and public agencies to bring about the realization of these aims.

Like the then wider sciences of public health and eugenics, mental hygiene denoted (a) a field of scientific research and (b) a definitely organized movement within the spheres of medicine, social service and education. By the mid-1920s, new courses in mental hygiene would be taught in universities. Curative and aftercare methods would be planned for activation according to the age of the individual almost from cradle to grave; from school to prison.

Purposefully non-spiritual in approach, the new institution of social power and authority sought to intellectually effect the status quo on society in the hope of gently compelling all to fit into the capital-dependent, human-based authority, social strata producing mind-set of its originators.

The deficiency in the Mental Hygiene approach to social order was that it was a lie.
It professed, and many practitioners truly believed the intent, to be acting on behalf of the patient (or victim) for the regulation and provision of effective treatment rather than simple ostracism and denial. In reality, the mental hygiene approach was the rational extension of a pseudo-medical elite who were both distressed by the failure of institutionalized religions to provide a basis for peace and order, and, a pious and proud group of practitioners whose pragmatism encouraged idealist to presume that the ills of society could be "fixed" by melding the individual to "fit" the society.

The deception was borne out in the denial of such practitioners to acknowledge that low intelligence capabilities and some anti-social syndromes were the result of injury, mutation, or other physical impairment - which no amount of education, motivation, or penalty could change. To truly have the rights and dignity of such persons of concern, one would best acknowledge their abilities, the level of assistance which they require for some degree of self-sufficiency and facilitate the degree to which they can participate in society. Part of that participation would include their presence in public society rather than their institutional exclusion from it.

Difficulties which the public are sheltered from are difficulties forgotten, ignored, and encouraged.
It is a lie to take away the rights, freedoms and life of another person on the justification that you are helping them. It is a lie to say that you care for the well-being of another person yet take away their self-esteem, their self-directedness, and, their positive coping skills.

By 1924, the conditions in many state institutions would still be considered pre-1792.
By the late 1940s, public awareness would remain at nil and a number of asylums would remain with patients imprisoned in holding cells. The failure would be in the assumption of authoritarian values and the teaching of categorization and victimization rather than in the teaching of community, acknowledgement, compassion, assertiveness, self-responsibility, and similar constructive coping skills. Standards of care and limits of behaviour would become defined; they would exchange psychological deception and manipulation for physical abuse.

1910 - By now,
Svante Arrhenius a Swedish physicist, had put forward the "Panspermia theory" regarding the origin of life on the Earth. Based on the discovery of carbon-based elements in meteorites, he considered that living germs could have been carried through interstellar space by cosmic radiation winds. In this way, the Earth could have been "seeded" by "genes" from other parts of the universe. Discounted for decades, some later discovered meteorites were found to contain true viruses.

1910 -
N. Ach, a German introspectionist psychologist, links the conscious task (Aufgabe) to an unconscious set (Einstellung). Organisms have "determining sets" which determine their reactions to instructions. Once the task has been accepted and the set adopted, the actual performance runs off with remarkably little conscious content to be found in the action. These determining tendencies, not present consciously during performance, seemed important in volitional activities (Wurzburgers).

These determining tendencies appear to be factors of great importance in the daily life of humans; they constantly set out on a given course of action. The determining tendency is somewhat similar to that of a post-hypnotic suggestion in which the hypnotized person is told to carry out an act on a given sign being made some time after the subject has been awakened. Once more in his or her normal state, the subject may remember nothing of the instruction, which will be obeyed nevertheless, as though impelled by some unconscious urge with a false rationalization being invented if justification for the act seems necessary.

This concept would be important in later efforts to "educate", manipulate and brainwash humans.
Of crucial importance, and often overlooked by the sources of research funds to those ends, was the fact that a post-hypnotic suggestion will not be accepted by the subject in trance unless that subject believes that the suggestion is acceptable to his or her beliefs and morals. Thus, hypnosis cannot be utilized to force a person to undertake actions which would be aversive to them on a conscious level.

Alternatively, the subtle difference in the use of a conditioned reflex response induced under stress could, with considerable effort and the dangerous use of aversive conditioning, result in actions which would be against the moral basis of the individual. The usual psychiatric confusion within the individual founded in unconscious guilt could well result in a nervous breakdown or compulsion disorders.

While this "knowledge" could have been used for the introduction of constructive coping skills into mass cultures, it would, almost immediately be used to manipulate the citizens of nations by their political and religious authorities. Mass media would be the primary medium: school texts, radio, newspapers, film and movies. Sometimes intentional and sometimes simply chosen as a means known to be efficient in reaching an end, induction and modeling of citizenry would become a major war and economy stimulant for humans for the remainder of this century.

1910 -
The Jesuits are expelled from Portugal after the Revolution.
They were remembered for their abusiveness, defrauding, and impoverishing activities in which they had accumulated numerous properties from indebted owners who were subsequently charged high rents for land use. As was too often the case, an image of pious, ascetic, self-disciplined, spiritual mentors was found to be compromised by authoritarian attitudes and behaviours which tended to emphasize intolerance, impatience, pride, materialism, emotional intensity, ruthlessness, greed, lust and gluttony. Homosexuality, rape of parishoners and the fathering of illegitimate children somewhat compromised a monastic vow of chastity.

1910 -
White Slavery Rings became a media generated issue in the USA.
With little evidence to support the stories printed, it was frequently reported that women were being taken captive and forced to work in bordellos as prostitutes. As there were usually enough financially distressed women in the economy who possessed few other marketable skills and who yearned for a better standard of living, there was not a pressing need to co-opt women against their choice into the industry.

American military forces were relatively small and the need for itinerant work gangs had reduced with the completion of most of the railway lines. These had been the primary ingredients of the customer base for prostitution in the past - men who because of their work requirements were away from their families for long periods and others who by the nature of their occupation tended to be unmarried. The stories were successful in raising political attention to the possibilities of such "kidnappings" and a law was passed making it illegal for anyone to take a woman across state lines (borders) for the purpose of an "immoral act." This was the first legal regulation to target men within the prostitution industry.

1910 -
Tsander, USSR, proposed an electroplane based on magnetic induction.

1910 -
On May 5, Theodore Roosevelt, retired American President, in his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize in Stockholm, Sweden, declared:

"It would be a master stroke if those great Powers honestly bent on peace would form a League of Peace, not only to keep the peace among themselves, but to prevent, by force if necessary, its being broken by others."

He was an intense nationalist, and unwilling in any way to accept commitments limiting the nation's complete freedom of action. Whatever policy he adopted, whatever line of action he took, he was always convinced that it conformed to the highest ideals of righteousness. There was never any doubt in his own mind that he was living up to the moral standards he set for himself and the nation.

This emphasis upon ethics in the determination of (foreign) policy conformed to the missionary spirit of the times. In constantly emphasizing that it was the nation's duty and the fulfillment of a solemn obligation to mankind that accounted both for America's taking up arms against Spain and for her overseas expansion, William McKinley had sounded an idealistic note that continued to characterize most public statements on national policy.

The (acknowledged) heritage of the past, the sense of national mission in promoting liberty, has always to be taken into consideration in formulating policy. Roosevelt's attitude toward foreign policy remained his deep-seated conviction that the United States could not possibly avoid the consequences of its inherent power. Again and again, he told the American people that it was no longer a question of whether the United States would play a great part in the world. The only question, he constantly emphasized, was whether the nation would play that great part for good or for ill.

These "Politics of Pride" in which leaders and citizens were oblivious to errors of the past and enthusiastic for the idealistic probabilities of the future were to be reduced by the practical considerations of the domestic economy throughout the Great Depression, and the realistic considerations imposed my World War I. American mass media and politicians had consistently abused the slaughter and mistreatment of the aboriginal tribes and the imported slaves within their own country, portraying the Indians as violent savages and the Negroes as ignorant workers.

More specifically, political leaders sought to spread the economic expansionism which provided material wealth for themselves, to the rest of the world under the naive expectation that all could benefit from a commercial system which was built on cheap labour and cheap natural resources. They remained in denial of the hardship of their own citizens as well as those in other countries whose hardship was necessary to support the rich lifestyles.

Until Pearl Harbour, American foreign policy would lose the favour of its citizens to follow this politics of pride. Then, self-pity backed by pride would sponsor anger and vengeance. From then on, American foreign policy would, with short exceptions, mirror the Roosevelt attitude.

1910 -
Lionel Giles produces the second English translation of "The Art of War", the Chinese manual on war strategies written in 500 B.C. It becomes published in Shanghai and London and will remain the more popular English version available. The first English translation was by P.F. Calthrop in 1905.

1910 -
During the year, Comet Halley is observed passing through the Earth's solar system.
Humans know virtually nothing about comets at this time.

1910 -
Human Population Expansion is demonstrated by an increase in the town of York, England, percentage of children reaching reproductive age to 80% from 20% several centuries earlier. It would continue to increase in industrially developed countries to the eventual rate of 98%.

Increasing death control had brought with it the responsibility for increasing birth control.
A highly spiritually strong and guided culture easily maintains population balance, and, may even experience minor birth rate declines. Materially-based cultures are need-motivated and obsessively seek to fulfill and surpass a perceived materially deprived childhood, or, to maintain what was a materially extravagant lifestyle. Social acceptance and materialism become daily challenges.

1911 -
Kaialin, USSR, was on the verge of using superconductivity for the storage of electrical energy.

1911 -
William Olcott writes in Star Lore of All Ages the following about the Pleiades:

"No group of stars known to astronomy has excited such universal attention as the little cluster of faint stars we know as 'the Pleiades'. In all ages of the world's history they have been admired and critically observed. Great temples have been reared in their honour. Mighty nations have worshipped them, and people far removed from each other have been guided in their agricultural and commercial affairs by the rising and the setting of these six close-set stars .... This little group, twinkling so timidly in the nights of autumn in the eastern heavens, links the races of mankind in closer relationship than any bond save nature's. No wonder that within this group of suns man sought to find the very centre of the universe."

1911 - During the year,
A major flood of the Chang Jiang River, China, leaves 100,000 humans dead.

1912 - During the year,
Cosmic Rays are discovered by Victor Hess, an Austrian physicist.
Hess had been carrying electrometers with him during a balloon flight from Aussig in the Austro-Hungarian empire. He was attempting to discover why it had proved impossible to eliminate completely a small residual background reading in the electrometers at ground level. Hess found that, after first falling in number, the readings started to increase as the balloon ascended.

He declared that there was a need:
"to have recourse to a new hypothesis; either invoking the assumption of the presence at great altitudes of unknown matter or the assumption of an extraterrestrial source of penetrating radiation."

The extraterrestrial origin proposal eventually would prevail and Hess would win the Nobel prize in 1936.
Initially, his idea was considered ridiculous by his scientific peers: it challenged their assumptions and acquiescence to human-based authority.

1913 -
H.G. Wells writes a book describing the natural radioactivity of uranium, which emits energetic alpha particles very slowly, with a lifetime of several billion years. Wells suggested that if the process could be speeded up somehow, here was a potential source of energy to make electricity and to fight wars.

Wells forecasted the construction and use of nuclear weapons, made from uranium, and used in the middle decades of the century. He warned that their presence and use would get out of hand and that they could be used to such an extent that all life on the Earth could be destroyed. He had also forecasted superhighways, videocassettes, "babble machines" (radios), and, the military use of airplanes to attack civilians as well as troops thereby negating the concept of military fronts. Whole nations would become fronts: targets. Before WWI, Wells had described military tanks he called "land ironclads" and had patented a design.

1913 -
The Federal Reserve System, a centralized banking system in the United States of America, the "Fed," is established by the Federal Reserve Act, this year. It comprises 12 district Federal Reserve Banks and their 24 branch offices, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., the Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Advisory Council, and member banks owning stock in one of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. National banks are required by law to own stock in the Federal Reserve Bank in their region. State chartered banks have the option of becoming member banks, although only 1,100 would have done so over the next 60 years.

The Federal Reserve System is actually a decentralized national central bank with responsibilities shared by the Board of Governors and the 12 regional banks. The Federal Reserve Bank regulates the cost and availability of bank credit through monetary policy decisions made by the Federal Open Market Committee; sets the discount rate banks pay when borrowing from a Federal Reserve Bank; approves interstate banking mergers; supervises bank holding companies, and overseas international banking operations through agreements with the central banks of other nations.

The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) is a 7-member board governing the Federal Reserve System.
Its members are appointed by the USA president, subject to Senate confirmation, and serve 14-year terms. The Board is politically based. It generally follows the policy of the political majority in power. It supervises the banking system by issuing regulations controlling the activities of bank holding companies, and also issues regulations implementing federal laws regulating banking; holds a majority at meetings of the influential Federal Open Market Committee; sets reserve requirement for national banks, and state chartered banks that own stock in the Federal Reserve Banks - the reserve requirement may be the result of international pseudo-political agreements.

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets short-term monetary policy for the Fed.
It is made up from the 7 governors of the Federal Reserve Board, plus the presidents of 6 Federal Reserve Banks. The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is a permanent FOMC member. The Committee instructs the Open Market Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to buy or sell government securities from a special account, called the Open Market Account, at the New York Fed.

When the FOMC purchases securities, it adds reserves to the banking system, expanding the supply of credit and allowing banks to make more loans; when it sells securities, it drains reserves and tightens credit. Open market operations are one of three monetary policy tools of the Federal Reserve; the others are the discount rate and reserve requirements on transaction and time deposit accounts.

The System represents a politically-based, bureaucratically structured regulatory institution which is intended to bring homogeneity of operation, risk, safety, and control to the American banking industry. Politically, its role is to promote capitalism - the expansion of profit within the American society, in a largely orderly manner. As the greatest profits are available largely to persons of privilege - by association, by wealth, by power - the system is constructed upon a hypocracy: increasing the wealth of the privileged while appearing to safeguard the opportunities and rights of the commoner.

The "appearance" is undertaken by the publicity about and restriction of "abuses" in the system which disproportionately allow some persons to benefit greatly over the majority, and, often at the expense of the majority. If these principles had not been the accepted norms in the beginning, they would have been disallowed from the beginning. Instead, the privileged will profit from the use of certain capital appreciation and conservation tactics until such tactics become clearly visible to the majority to the degree that the majority complain.

Then, on the basis of a rising lack of faith in the political system and the banking industry, such a "loophole" will be "plugged" by restrictive legislation; the privileged will continue in their general manner - using either less public "loopholes", or, new avenues for deception and manipulation created by new intellectualized regulations. Several of the many tactics available at this stage are these: monopolization; insider securities trading; leveraged margin trading; money "laundering"; avoidance of taxes; loan "sharking".

Ideally, the capitalist banking system provides a means of continuously producing increased profits in a society. A reserve, or insurance-like fund, must be kept by each bank to cover the losses it will have to cover which arise from unrecoverable loans, defaulted mortgages, unprofitable securities investments, inefficient administration expense, theft, currency exchange losses. Depending upon the policies and management of the bank, the reserve required could vary between 3% ad 30% of the money deposited in the bank.

As an example, if a particular bank routinely lost 3% of its deposited capital to the above-noted expenses, it could safely lend out or otherwise invest the depositor's money safely and make a profit from those investments. As long as depositors continue to increase their savings in the bank, the bank has a continually increasing pool of capital to lend back to undercapitalized entrepreneurs for the purpose of market expansion. Market expansion profits the entrepreneur; production expansion increases job numbers and encourages mechanization and technical services; deposit expansion enables lending expansion and profits the banking institution: everybody becomes richer.

In reality, the capitalist banking-political system must force a society to continue in an illusion so that the privileged continue to gain at the expense of the commoner. Mechanization and technical upgrading requires capitalization which decreases the amount of capitalization for lending to small business and individuals while decreasing jobs. Decreased jobs, other investment opportunities for the depositor and the purchase of more materials or assets for inclusion in one's lifestyle can ALL decrease bank deposits. Unless some other economical form of asset is acquired by a bank, under such circumstances - its deposit level, reserve level and lending capacity and profits would all decrease. This decreases market expansion, which further decreases bank deposits and profits.

A gradual economic collapse is in progress UNLESS Deception and Coercion are used to manipulate the prospective depositor and the market into believing that all is not so bad. Deception is easy for a large powerful government using the educational and mass media institutions to preach the capitalist dogma of consumerism, free markets, and large profits. Coercion is easily applied by redirecting the anger and frustration of the commoner against the symptoms of decay as the source of the difficulty.

In such a manner, Communism, Socialism, trade unions, and other groups critical of the political and banking administration are conveniently made scapegoats for the problem - while the norm of selective capital appreciation continues to be accepted. To the degree that the culture can direct the individual to become obsessive, the individual becomes easily open to manipulation by the authority on whom the individual increasingly becomes dependent and incapable of abstract thought. How else could a culture preach a philosophy that individuals therein have the equal opportunity to become rich compared to their peers? How could everyone become rich compared to their peers?

1914 - During the year,
H.G. Wells envisions the military tank, an armoured gun carriage moving on caterpillar tracks and goes on to write about the possibility of atomic weapons.

1914 - On June 28,
The Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a Bosnian student in Sarajevo, under orders of the secret "Black Hand" organization. It would precipitate events and lead to the start of World War 1. The conflicts of power politics including an armaments race between Germany and France, an English-Germany naval rivalry, regional nationalism, and German colonialism all contributed. Mutual distrust and a willingness to arm and be intolerant were the foundations.

On August 1, 1914, World War I was declared: the Jewish 9th of Av day, the anniversary of the fall of Jerusalem to the Roman armies - and many interim events. As Russia mobilized its Army, persecution and attacks against the Jews in eastern Russia began. Some of these Jews emigrated to the Jerusalem are, purchased land and began to build settlements.

The British government made a desperate call to the public for all the garlic they could provide.
As a result thousands of tons were bought for the purpose of treating wounds of the troops returning from France and the front lines. The garlic helped to prevent infection and healed wounds more rapidly.

The cost of the War would include 55 million dead, 35 million wounded and 3 million missing persons.
Never before had civilian casualties been so high. Mass exterminations and air raids were new factors which accounted for perhaps 6 million of the dead. The USSR lost 13.6 million; China, 6.4 million; Germany 4 million; Japan, 1.2 million; the USA, 259,000; Britain, 326,000 dead. The estimated total cost of the war was $1,500 billion of which the USA spent 20%, Britain, 20%; Germany, 18%; the USSR, 13%.

From the combined armies of the British and the Canadians, 300 soldiers would be executed for cowardice in the face of the enemy. After 5000 years of recorded history and at least 4000 years of mass armed conflict, humans would show no mercy towards those individuals who were emotionally sensitive to others or who were unable to resist the fright of repetitive indefensible threats to their life.

With the increasingly reliance of humans on projectile armaments in gigantic wars, the soldier now battled against enemies against which only chance seemed to be a defence: grenades, bombs, mines, artillery shells, poisonous and searing gas. To this was added a prevalence of a new casualty type: the indefensible victim. One minute a soldier could be standing near a comrade who had become a battlefield source of friendship, empathy, humour, encouragement, protection, and associate; the next, a dying or dead twisted, bloody mass could be in its place.

It was the sudden impact of these deaths that precipitated an avalanche of emotional grief and fear which could result in terror. That terror might be acted out in anger and hatred with suicidal advances towards the enemy: a hero, or a simple and forgotten battlefield casualty would be the result. The terror might also result in the acting out of hiding, running away, withdrawing; such was the spiritual development of human societies as this point that the latter, irrespective of national origin, would be treated as examples of weakness by the nations politically committed to the protection of their families and themselves.

What had these "cowards" become weak from - what broke their "spirit"?
For some, it was the reality of seeing a group of soldiers blasted by an artillery shell explosion: blood everywhere; hands, arms, legs and feet dismembered and shattered; gapping wounds where metal shrapnel pieces - sometimes the size of a football - had torn through a person; persons blinded and wandering with their faces torn to shreds and their clothes in strips; a father, husband, and friend - suddenly laying motionless in a sea of mud near a smoking crater; a head without a body - the eyes open and bulging, the face contorted in shock; severely wounded soldiers screaming endlessly in pain until you wished they would die; persons moaning in agony because they were too weak to scream from the perpetual feeling of burning which mustard gas had inflicted on them; the stench of burning flesh, vomit, faeces, urine, artillery smoke and death filling the air; and more, much more.

This was not a quick death from a fatal bullet or bayonet thrust.
This was not a wound from a bullet or a blade which you could have cleaned and bandaged with a good possibility of recovery within 6 months. This was sudden, unprepared for gore and emotional treachery which threw you against a wall and forced you to see, hear and smell a new REALITY within your range of touch. Even this was not the worst. It was the FACT that you had experienced this scene five minutes earlier, or a hour before, or within the past week - and before that, you had lived through it again ... and again ... and again! But you were a member of an "advanced" species called by themselves, "homo sapiens"; you were representing a "superior" nation which had power. And you were expected to be "strong" and uninfluenced by such events. That's how you would be judged by that strong nation - without empathy, sympathy, forewarning.

As was typical of such destructive international activities, after the politicians had settled their terms to end the war, there would be no follow up with the soldier. Any future problems he might experience from his war reality were for him to cope with. How? Well, he was to forget them, of course - like the political leaders and businessmen who had never witnessed what had been thrust in front of him. If he had died on the battlefield, he would have often more fortunate than the survivors.

Perhaps as many as 30% of those who survived such "brushes with death" would experience flashbacks.
While walking down a street, relaxing at home or awakened from their sleep - they would relive the battlefield reality as a vision from the past. It would tear at their emotions, and, in fear of being ostracised as insane, they would suppress their emotional reaction and expressiveness. Such fear of being "discovered", such coercive denial of emotions - produced chronic depression and encouraged reclusiveness, acting out, and the development of addictions.

With positive coping skills neither mentored nor taught by the social authorities, these "survivors" grew emotionally cold, manipulatively rational, and came to rely upon alcohol, cigarettes, excitement, money, power - as means by which their troubles could be "concealed" from the judgements of others. Marriages and relationships, for these survivors, became superficial and codependent. Sudden changes in emotional expression, lowered self-esteem, a decreased level of trust and sharing, and a more intensely authoritarian personality would lead to greater self-abuse (addictions), spousal abuse, child abuse.

What behaviours were now being mentored as "normal" for the next generation?
Human leaders have a persistency of sweeping the problems under the carpet which have developed because of decisions which they have made on behalf of many others. In a predictively authoritarian pattern, the individual now left with the problem is blamed for creating it. Human leaders like human individuals, have choices. The most fundamental is whether to make your decisions based on spiritual direction, or ....

German imperialism had been a major contributor.
As a consequence, colonial questions gained a new importance after the war.

The French colonies had sent 700,000 infantrymen and workers as well as 5 million tons of merchandise to the Fronts. Before the War, France had invested its money abroad (1/3rd of its 113 billion francs in gold). After the War, it was faced by the task of rebuilding 20 departments, while reimbursing very large debts. Worn out by the expenses and the efforts of the war, France clung to the concept that colonies were possessions. Forgotten were the "moral" motivations of evangelization, antislavery, a thirst for knowledge, and a love of freedom.

After the war, there were few concerns beyond career opportunities, a thirst for adventure, a greed for personal wealth - material progress. As long as geographical explorations and military expeditions had been carried out, the mother country kept abreast of the events in the colonies; now there would be more of a concern about the redistribution of territories and populations among competitive imperialist powers.

The War had begun when Germany had tried to follow the materialistic political approaches of the French and British, built on the history of Portuguese and Spanish and Roman empires. In these modern times, more groups of people had become dense political entities, each looking for a material heaven on Earth, with the full expectation that such would be built on the backs of others.

It began with the promise of splendour, honour, and glory.
It ended as a genocidal conflict on an unparalleled scale, a meaningless act of slaughter that continued until a state of exhaustion set in because no one knew how to stop it. To enable the war to continue, the common people had to be prepared for further sacrifices, and this could NOT be done if the full story of what was happening on the Western Front was known. More deliberate lies were told than at any other previous period of history, and the whole apparatus of the state went into action to suppress the truth. In Britain, the Defense of the Realm Act, enabled complete censorship while requiring the support of newspapers in the dissemination of propaganda advantageous to the reigning politicians.

AFTER Britain declared war, on August 4, the public demanded a "moral" reason for the fighting.
There wasn't one. So the government appealed to purely nationalistic interests through an organization it created to produce propaganda - that would become the model on which Goebbels based the propaganda machine of the German Third Reich. The British portrayed the Germans as the aggressors and the Germans never recovered. The Germans without a propaganda or press feed system of their own, became victimized in the media for the same types of activities for which the French were sanctioned. Sweeping generalizations were used in political speeches to enlarge on the atrocities of the war.

The Allies' editors were counselled never to tire of insisting that they were the victims of a deliberate aggression. A British government committee of lawyers and historians produced a report citing German atrocities, which were all hearsay, and after the war were shown to be false. The war, for the British, was made into a modern crusade.

Once again, news of a war was recognized as good for the mass media business.
An officer was reported to have said: "It is not so much the accuracy of news as its effect that matters." Censorship was imposed in Britain on August 2, 1914, 2 days before Britain declared war! The military appointed an information officer, Colonel Sir Ernest Swinton, to the commander-in-chief to write reports for release to the press marked with the by-line: "Eye-witness."

The British army was defeated in its first encounter with the Germans, and the Press Bureau's attempts to hide this made the shock doubly great when the truth eventually came out. Arthur Moore of The Times, and Hamilton Fyfe of the Daily Mail were shocked by what had happened, and, Moore's story, by chance, did get printed:

To me, knowing some portion of the truth, it seemed incredible that a great people should be so kept in ignorance of the situation which it had to face .... It is important that the nation should know and realize certain things. Bitter truths, but we can face them. We have to cut our losses, to take stock of the situation, to set our teeth."

The defeat at Mons had been manipulated; the "Battle of the Frontiers" remained completely unreported in Britain until after the war. Between August 14 and 25, 1914, a German victory that wiped out about 300,000 French soldiers, or nearly 25% of the combatants - a rate of wastage never equalled in the rest of the fighting on any front. Instead, rumours appeared optimistic. Equally, nothing appeared in British or French newspapers about the annihilation of three Russian army corps at the Battle of Tanneburg, between August 26 and 31, 1914.

German newspaper readers fared little better.
A propaganda campaign, the theme of which was that Russia had mobilized first, the French had invaded German territory, and the envious English had seized the opportunity to crush a competitor whose commercial and naval superiority had to be forestalled, made the war generally acceptable. The high command fed the media stories about German advances, captured soldiers, captured guns, captured flags.

In sum, what it came down to was that in the eyes of the military and political command, the ideal war correspondent would be one who wrote what he had been told was true, or even what he thought to be true, but never what he knew to true. The real aims of reporting were to provide colourful stories of heroism and glory calculated to sustain enthusiasm for the war and ensure a supply of recruits for the front end, second, to cover any mistakes the high command might make, preserve it from criticism in its conduct of the war, and safeguard the reputations of the generals.

On the whole, reporters in all countries went along with the system.
They felt their task was to sustain morale of the nation in mortal combat; therefore they praised victories; in stalemates they found elements of advantage; and defeats they minimized, excused, or ignored. They also had been manipulated into sacrificing their moral spirit through subservient loyalty to the state.

1915 -
Death camps are set up in Armenia by the Turks and almost 2 million Armenians are killed out of a population of 3-1/2 million. Many of the remainder are driven into southern U.S.S.R., included in the Turkish population, rejected by the Azerbejani or go to Iran or Iraq. The British had been fighting against the Turks and the Ottoman Empire (Egypt to Austria-Hungary to southern Russia). Turkey had sided with Germany and used the Armenians as scapegoats for their failure. Additionally envious of the Armenian's intellectual, artistic and marketing expertise, the Turks imprisoned and massacred them in this Islamic versus Christian conflict.

Humanity often uses significant features representative of other peoples to rationalize why some groups seem to survive better than others. Significant features include colour of skin, shape of face and eyes, religion, language, livelihood. It is a feature of humanity that when political groups form, by necessity of size of population, such groups tend to consolidate their power by voluntary submission of the participants to authorities under fear of reprisal or subjugation by another political group.

Sometimes the threat is a reality; often, spurious or superstitious reasoning specifies an enemy which is simply succeeding better by virtue of increased spirituality and a more humble, balanced and self responsible lifestyle. Human fear and pride are easily manipulated into hatred with which any degree of destruction against others can be easily justified. Envy, greed and lust are easily transformed into passion which likewise contributes to obsessions from which abuse of others, vice, sloth and gluttony frequently result and yield destructiveness and loss of will to spiritual weakness. Such cycles ensure that humanity will never live in spiritual peace and harmony.

1915 - On April 22,
The first reported poison-gas attack by the Germans was launched at Ypres on the Western Front.
They had tried gas earlier against the Russians, but the Russians had failed to report it to their allies. American reporter, William G. Shepherd, only needed to report the truth of the conditions after the attack to receive the sanction of the censors. It was horrifying enough to engender fear and loathing in the American and British reader's heart

1915 - On April 25,
The Gallipoli offensive by the British and French forces against the Germans and the Turks, failed.
Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the British Admiralty, had organized the amphibious assault to drive Turkey from the war and to open a southern route for the supply of war materiel to the USSR. Extensive British and French warship activities and that of British submarines were demanding. High currents, narrow passages, shallow depths and defense by the Turkish naval forces resulted in the loss of 8 submarines.

One submarine was caught in the "Nagara net" on September 4, bombed with depth charges for 16 hours. Having tried to fall through the bottom of the net by sinking to the excessive depth of 40 fathoms (240 feet/73 m), the Commander ordered it to the surface, had his crew jump overboard, and sank the vessel himself to prevent its capture. The British submarines sank one of the older Turkish battleships, 6 lesser warships, 55 merchant ships, and 148 sailing vessels. German submarines began arriving in June, 1915. Russian submarines had their impact on Turkish shipping during August and September, 1915.

An important lesson which the Soviets learned from the Baltic campaign was that more attention should be given to submarine operations. This was reinforced by the success in bringing Turkish coastal trade practically to a standstill.

1915 - During the year,
Frederick Twort, a British bacteriologist, would find an organism which could kill bacteria, could not be seen by microscope, could not be grown in the laboratory, and could cause disease in plants, animals, humans, and bacteria. It could pass through the finest filter of the day. It was a VIRUS.

1915 - During the year,
"Volkhov", a Soviet submarine rescue ship, based on a German design, was completed at the Putilov Works in St. Petersburg. Owing to a number of submarine accidents in 1909, 1910, and 1913, this 800-ton twin-hull catamaran-like lifting ship was launched in 1913 and completed in 1915. Heavy lift-cranes, salvage pumps, repair shops, and medical facilities were fitted in the ship.

1915 - On September 8,
The first Zeppelin raid on London, England, by the Germans occurred.
British censors forbade media accounts of the attack, so reporters, like William G. Shepherd, reported on the heroic acts and the destruction which followed.

Humans cannot cope with a traumatic event about which they have little awareness or great confusion.
Censored reporting is quite effective at manipulating human masses. First, it traumatizes them into reacting negatively to anything associated with the incident in the future. Here, the Germans were associated with the destruction but the nature of the attack was unknown. In the future the image of destruction would be an immediate response by many to any reference to German. The actions of heroism and the human loss, as a result of the attack, would be identified with future references to the English.

Whether the attack was justified, well-prepared for, well defended against - is removed from the minds and responsibilities of the citizen and media user: those considerations remain solely with "the Authorities" - whose negligence, responsibility, or success - are unavailable to the public whose power they depend upon. Hence, in many situation, humans have a readiness to surrender their free will and both economic and political power to persons who are adverse to earning the trust they have been given by fully informing their "employers" of their strategies, activities and results.

Propaganda and censorship usually have the same results with humans: increased dependency; increased ignorance; increased manipulation by those you trust; increased opportunities to take actions which are independent of and adverse to the moral basis of the society.

1916 -
Dr. Albert Abrams: the son of a successful San Francisco, California merchant, from whom he inherited a vast fortune, travels to Heidelberg, Germany, to study advanced medicine. He met a Professor de Sauer, who was working with plants at the time. Abrams noticed that onion roots appeared to emit some form of radiation for roots positioned at right angles to the stem of other plants profoundly affected the health of the planted group.

Returning to the U.S.A. to teach pathology at Stamford University, he was noted as a superb diagnostician for his ability to use taping of the patient's body and a translation of the resonating sounds produced as clues to defining the illness. Abrams noticed, one day, that when an X-ray apparatus was turned on in the room, the tone of the resonant sounds was dulled. Turning the patient, Abrams found that the strange dulling occurred only when the man faced east and west, yet when the patient was aligned north and south, the percussion note was continuously resonant. There seemed to be a relationship with the geomagnetic field. Further, cancer and other diseases seemed to be indicated by anomalies in the reactions.

Abrams discovered that cells responded the same when either cancer was present in the patient or the patient was exposed to X-rays. Nerve fibers contracted in response to the X-rays, if the patient was oriented in an east-west position; nerves were permanently contracted in the case of a patient having cancer. From further experiments, Abrams concluded that disease occurred because the molecular constituents of cells undergo a structural alteration, specifically a change in the number and arrangement of their electrons. Characteristics developed which only later would become visible at the microscope. Radiation from pathological specimens could be transmitted, like electricity, over a 6-foot wire.

Abrams built a device much like a rheostat (a continuously variable electrical resistor) which he called a "reflexophone". With this he was able to determine all the diseases present in the body under study. Different diseases could now be read from a dial: 55 for a syphilitic specimen, 58 for sarcomatous tissue, and so on. Abrams found he could diagnose the ills of the body by analysis of just one drop of blood from the patient. With further fine tuning, Abrams could detect to what stage the disease had advance. He further showed that antidotes to diseases produced the same resonant sound and apparently cancelled the disease vibration attending the disease.

In 1922, Abrams reported that for the first time he had effected over telephone wires the diagnosis of a patient miles away from his office, using nothing more than a drop of blood from the patient and analysis of its vibratory rates by his instruments. These claims aroused the opposition of the American Medical Association which published fear and pride-backed tirades against Abrams. The British Medical Association parroted the unscientific and unprofessional journalism encouraging its past president, Sir James Barr, who had been successfully using Abrams methods in his own practice, to chastise the journal.

Abrams died in 1924, yet the vilification against him continued for some time with "Scientific American" denouncing him in 18 separate and consecutive issues. Few doctors had the strength of will and commitment to their field, to continue to acknowledge and use the principles which Abrams had developed, in opposition to the power of the media and large institutions, which by lack of political leadership, were allowed to hold back the treatment of disease in stone age practices compared to what could have been used. This is just one example of why chronic illnesses would continue to grow in frequency and debilitating influence for the rest of the century.

1916 - In July,
The Battle of the Somme led to Britain's greatest military defeat ever and a momentous German victory.
While it raged on from late June to November, the result was known before the end of July. The British-French attempt to break through German battle lines failed. Entire military divisions of men (ie 1000) had been destroyed. The system of recruiting battalions from one locality meant that heavy casualties were often sustained by particular areas, and town after town went into mourning.

Inflation was climbing and big business continued to make huge profits.
As the war progressed mutinies occurred in 68 out of 112 divisions in the French army.
A complete breakdown of morale was averted only by suspending offensives, condemning 629 men, and sending to the firing squad at least 50 innocent, brave, and inexperienced soldiers. A dreadful suspicion of the truth, of sacrifice unequally shared, began to spread throughout Britain and France.

Yet in Britain and the United States only bland, indecisive reports indicated no great happenings on either side of the conflict. Some reporters even suggested that the day was a good one for the British. From this battle the British and the French had air superiority, although such contributed little beyond the media drama of the pilots' adventures. For the war to continue, it became necessary "to make the English hate the Germans as they had never hated anyone before." Propaganda was intensified.

In large part, the reports which were sent from the field correspondents to the media were provided to them by the British Intelligence which was more concerned with keeping morale high than in depressing the troops to a possible point of surrender by telling them how badly the reality of it all was. Such deception kept the war going, kept people dying and promoted and heightened the spread of disease and misery. Very little territory was advanced over during the war, considering the time and resources expended.

Members of both sides of the conflict faked their figures beginning in 1916 to such an extent that by the end of the war, the truth could not be distinguished from the lies. It was reported that 500,000 Frenchmen died in the first 4 months of the war; 1 million lost by the end of 1915; 5 million by 1918. The British were reported to have lost more officers in the first few months than in all wars of the previous 100 years combined. The war was more a effort of political and military commanders continually sending their troops against each other in a test of attrition, will, and pride.

In just one case, Brigadier-General Charteris, head of British military intelligence, had received 2 photographs from German sources. One depicted the Germans hauling their dead away for burial behind the fighting front. Another shows a dead horse being taken to a soap factory. Knowing the Chinese reverence for ancestors and believing that they had not yet chosen to support any side, Charteris altered the captions on the pictures and forged the diary of a German soldier to suggest that the Germans were boiling down the corpses of their fallen, near the front, and distilling the glycerine thus obtained for use in manufacturing munitions. The story was not proven false until 1925. By then, the image was set in the minds of millions.

A second instance, from the German side, was a story carried in the German press which related how hospitalized German prisoners-of-war had their eyes gouged out, and how one reporter had seen a 10-year-old boy carrying "a whole bucketful of soldier's eyes."

A third example from early in the war, was manufactured by the French Intelligence.
Eventually, hearsay and exaggeration was graphically published in French newspapers concerning the story of German soldiers who had chopped off the hands of a baby which had clung to its mother during the invasion of Belgium. A fabricated photo showed the baby with hands hacked off. Another photo showed German soldiers eating the hands. These and many other stories were later admitted, sometimes long after the war ended, to be fakes.

It was deceptions like these, added to the real atrocities, and to the real terror of the war - which would break any spiritual bases left in either culture by traumatizing the reader or listener. Thereafter, the emotionally deadening shock supplemented by the anger and fear -relived countless times in the human imagination and memory - would produce humans truly capable of ethnic and national hatred and vengefully capable of perpetrating the atrocities themselves.

1916 -
In describing the automobile, James Doolittle in his "The Romance of the Automobile Industry" referred to it as:

"elegant in lines, powerful in action, wide in service ... represents the incarnation of the transportation art - the silent, always-ready servant that has more strength than Aladdin's genie, and that already has accomplished vaster works for mankind's betterment than anything that has gone before."

This and similar statements would appear both absurd and mentally deficient to representatives of the BLONDs, GRAYs, REDs and Pleiadians. Most of these visiting spacebeings would immediately conclude that the use of a transportation vehicle that depended upon roads paved with tar compounds and requiring the clearing and destruction of vast amounts of fertile ground was senseless. Further, any vehicle which gave off its own weight in carbon each year by burning a concentrated hydrocarbon fuel source was both environmentally contaminating and wasteful.

Of course, they had alternatives - ones that produced little or no pollution and did not require roads.
By 1990, more than 400 million vehicles would clog the streets of the human world, and the production of fossil fuels for those automobiles would account for an estimated 17% of all carbon dioxide released from fossil fuel use.

1916 -
The McMahon-Hussein Agreement between the British High Commissioner McMahon and Sherif Hussein of Mecca, traded the alliance of Hussein with Britain for the British promise of Arabian independence following the War.

1916 -
The Sykes-Picot Note formed a secret agreement, written by a French civil servant and a British civil servant, to partition formerly Turkish areas after the War between Britain and France. Britain was to receive authority over the areas of Mesopotamia, Palestine and Jordon; France would take control of Syria. Much discord would arise later between what had been agreed to by bureaucrats and what had been negotiated between political leaders and military officers.

1916 - During the summer,
The first Poliomyelitis Epidemic in the USA occurred.
It left 27,000 children paralysed and 6,000 dead. Polio is caused by a virus that enters the body through the mouth. It infects and multiplies in cells of the stomach and intestines, and produces flu-like symptoms in the first week. If the body's immune system doesn't effectively counter the virus, it progresses to the central nervous system. If it attacks the spinal cord, the virus injures nerves that send messages to the muscles. When the muscles do not get messages, they cannot move. They are paralysed.

If the nerves are only damaged, they often recover in 6 to 12 months and paralysis is usually avoided. If the virus kills the nerves, the paralysis is permanent. If the nerves activating the chest and diaphragm are affected, the capability to breathe ends and the person must be sustained by an "iron lung" or other breathing assistive device. Children are most often more severely influenced. There is no cure. Prevention was not yet possible at this point other than by a lifestyle of reduced social exposure.

1916 - During the year,
Albert Einstein published his paper entitled General Theory of Relativity.
It would not be recognized until near the end of the century that much of his work was a collaborative effort with his wife. Born in the city of Ulm in Germany in 1879, he had experienced a form of environmental hypersensitivity not understood until the latter part of the century. Difficulty with remembering forced him to develop good organizational and recording skills. He did so poorly in the institutional learning systems that he left school with poor grades at the age of 15. Harbouring a desire to solve the riddle of the world, he continued studying while working as a clerk in a bureaucratic government department. In 1900, he graduated with a mathematics degree and five years later published 4 scientific papers.

His first paper explained the motion of small particles suspended in a liquid;
the second, proposed that light was composed of photons which sometimes exhibit wavelike characteristics and other times act like particles; the third, assumed that if the speed of light was always the same, and, that the laws of nature were constant - then, both time and motion were relative to the observer; the fourth, that the energy contained in a quantity of matter was equal to the product of the mass and the square of the velocity of light.

Einstein was not a political person.
He disliked the War that had been waged from 1914-18 and when Adolf Hitler took leadership of Germany in 1933, he renounced German citizenship and fled to the USA. When other scientists became concerned that Germany would develop an atomic bomb, they wrote a letter for him to send to the American President urging American development of the bomb. Unaware of the magnitude of the political influence of his name and naive and concerned over the potential German development, he signed the letter. Two billion dollars would be spent to build the ultimate weapon; most of it would be spent after 1943, in vengeance against the Japanese.

1916 -
"Curly Top", a sugar beet virus, began a global plant epidemic this year.
It would decimate sugar beet crops for the next 15 years. Sugar beets were the prime source of sugar at this time. A resistant strain of sugar beet would be found just in time to save the industry. The virus still survives and periodically damages crops of tomatoes and beans.

Like all other viruses, a plant virus must get into a cell before it can "come-to-life" feeding on the cell's nutrition. Plants do not have killer cells or antibodies. More primitive in structure, their cells are surrounded by thick, tough walls. When insects form into a pestilence, plants become bitten and chewed upon and their tissues and cells become pierced and torn. Aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs, grasshoppers, mites, whiteflies, and beetles become the main attackers above ground. Underground, tiny worms called nematodes chew on the plant roots - leaving cuts and cracks. Viruses gain easy entry through any of these breaks in the plant cell wall.

Even as humans may spread "genetic" diseases and a strengthened immunity from one generation to another, so, plants can transfer viruses from one generation to another. Some viruses can become part of an infected plant's seeds and thus grow with the new plant. Other viruses may infect pollen and be spread from plant to plant by otherwise helpful pollinating insects.

So little is understood about plant viruses by humans that humans routinely assist in spreading and protecting such viruses. Pruning shears and saw blades may carry a virus from one plant to another much as an infected syringe can carry disease from one person's arm to that of another. Unless the blades are dipped into a disinfectant, the same damage may be carried out against healthy plants.

In a similar fashion, a product made for human consumption from a plant with a virus may result in the human spreading the virus without awareness. The tobacco mosaic virus has been shown to remain potent in tobacco leaves for over 50 years. Remember, viruses don't die, they hibernate in suspended animation. Once infected by a virus, a plant is infected for life. Even with the death, and processing, of the plant, the virus is not destroyed. Dried, infected tobacco leaves packaged into cigarettes and cigars and handled by tobacco farm workers - will simply lead to the worker transferring the virus from the cigarette to new plants by way of his or her hand. Burning the crop may best reduce the possibility of human distribution of the disease.

Planting alternating crops can also lessen the extent of the damage resulting from simple plant-to-plant transfer. Almost any plant cropped by humans has developed a species-specific virus, including cassava, cotton, cucumbers, melon, papaya, pine trees, pumpkin, squash. Alternatively, these plants and others may be protected against insect pests by viruses which are specific to them. Plant and insect viruses which are injected into animals may result in the animal developing antibodies to the virus. What might happen if a human acquired too many antibodies to too many diseases?

1916 - During the year,
An underwater acoustic detector was developed by Russian K.V. Shilovskiy and French scientist Paul Langevin as a "device to direct underwater signals for the locating of underwater objects (submarines) at a distance. It expanded on the "ekholot" acoustic depth finder, developed earlier by Shilovskiy. Both had developed it to detect German submarines. Shilovskiy was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution.

1916 -
The USA government "Jones Act" was passed, promising independence to the Philippines as soon as "a stable government" was established. No date was set and every effort was made thereafter to have the media and the politicians convey to the public that the country was always in danger. Manuel Quezon, a flamboyant politician and co-leader of the pro-American Nationalista Party had been resident commissioner in Washington since 1909, networking with American politicians; he now returned to the Philippines.

The act also created a Philippines Senate, but every law passed could still be vetoed by the governor general or the USA Congress. Quezon claimed sole credit for any perceived advantages as he sought to gain party leadership by plotting to displace Osmena, the current leader. USA President Harding would appoint Leonard Wood as governor general in 1921, and, unlike previous governor generals, he would exercise his veto 126 times during his 6 years in office. At one point the entire Philippine cabinet walked out of their chambers and Quezon seized the opportunity to become autocratic ruler until World War II, unfairly blaming Osmena for the anarchy.

Democracy became mere theatre with the politicians incessantly criticizing, intellectualizing and justifying every issue. Votes were bought for 5 pesos from the workers in the fields. Local political "organizers" bartered for favours. Landlords on large estates maintained passivity and order amongst the tenant farmers by employing gangs of thugs to beat up or kill those who refused to do as they were told.

1916 - During the year,
Robert Delavignette was drafted by the French government and sent to the War Front, where he was wounded.
He noted the mixture of heroism, folly and cowardice that drove the War. What he found most despicable was the callous manner in which officers ordered men to their death merely to gain an advance of a few yards and thus win honours or promotion. This war experience made him suspicious of the official mind which is so often blind to the needs of real people. After the War he was appointed as colonial clerk to French West Africa. Annoyed by the petty tasks, he trained to become a colonial administrator.

1917 - In January,
Laventi Pavlovich Beria, a Georgian who had become a leader of the local Social Democratic Party, is conscripted into the Tsarist Imperial Army. With the Revolution, he will be demobilized and returned to the university at Baku to study architecture. Beria wanted to enter an occupation which would hold prestige and pay well and an architect in this era and culture was precious to both government and private enterprise.

Beria would become increasingly politicly involved as the daring, risk, social reactionism and potential popularity attracted him along with the intent to improve the life of the peasant. He joined the Caucasian Tscheka, the secret police against counter-revolutionaries and was transferred to Georgia.

1917 - On February 1,
Germany declared unlimited submarine warfare against its opposition.
Previously it had sunk 3 British battle cruisers in September of 1914, by February 15, Germany declared the waters of the North Sea and those around Britain as a war zone and began unannounced submarine attacks against all shipping in the area. The sinking of the liners "Lusitania" (May 7, 1915) and "Arabic" (August 19, 1915) resulted in American protests followed by assurances on May 4, 1916 that the rules of international law would be governed.

Earlier in the year, on January 19, the Germans had encouraged Mexico to enter the war on their side. This angered the USA government. The declaration, and history above, angered them more and promoted America's entry into the War.

World War I was in large part a submarine war.
It became clear that submarines, not major gunnery ships, represented the main threat both for navies and for the economies of the belligerents. A relatively new weapon at the beginning of the war, submarine warfare by the Germans almost brought Britain to surrender in 1917; it was only the sinking of huge passenger liners, and the media treatment of the events which brought the USA into the War. A new status would be accorded to submariners from this point onward.

1917 - In February,
The Russian Revolution against the Tsarist regime resulted in the government becoming a Provisional Government headed by middle-class liberals. The soviets (councils) of the revolutionary workers and soldiers were formed.

The revolution was largely spontaneous and unplanned.
Of the revolutionary parties only Lenin had a organizational outline of a proposed government.
Confusion reigned until he arrived at Petrograd. For over a decade, Lenin had been talking of a Bolshevik-led alliance of workers and peasants for the overthrow of Tsarism and the introduction of a democratic capitalist order. Lenin now called for the replacement of the "parliamentary republic" by a Bolshevik-led "republic of soviets" which would go on to initiate a socialist program.

The Bolshevik slogans of immediate peace and distribution of land to the peasants and the successful establishment of Red Guard detachments in the factories and their effectiveness at seizing power won the Bolsheviks the support of the masses.

Lenin did not believe in democracy at this point.
Both he and Stalin, as intellectuals, had thought and debated and persuaded for over a decade to initiate what was originally believed to be commonsense ideals which would overthrow a grossly unjust economic system. They had both been in favour of a democratic capitalism. What they both "learned" was that most humans simply want to be left alone to live out their lives.

Most humans, they learned, would verbally support idealistic theories - but would not commit their own and their family's safety and freedom to those ideals. Most liked the idea of change; they did not like the responsibility, sacrifice, and action of change. To the intellectual idealistic theorist, the thinking style used, changed to one of pragmatism or realism, or, you were doomed to the frustration of failure. Both of these men demonstrated that this awareness had changed their approach to solving the "social" problem.

Human political change required leaders who would take the risks, the responsibility and the action required.
A government of "supporters" exclusive of the masses who might be indifferent or adversarial was, it seemed, the only practical alternative. There was too much negative cultural patterning (history), too many people, too little time - for idealistic approaches now.

Stalin took a while to take a position in support of Lenin: it was emotionally the reverse of what he had dedicated his life to. Painfully, he had to acknowledge the failures of the past - the slow rise of political support, the agony of always living in fear of arrest, the guilt of the death of his first wife - whether justified or not -, the arrests and imprisonments he had undergone. He would have to change his approach, he thought he understood, or, the approach would see him packed off to oblivion in a Siberian death camp. Once he made his decision, he would never waver.

In April, he was elected a member of the 9-man Central Committee and given the post of Commissar for Nationalities. In 1919, Stalin would enter the inner leadership as one of 5 officers in the Political Bureau.

The Civil War of 1918-1921 would result in sharp limitations on freedom of expression and organization, virtual 0ne-party rule, harsh repression of real and suspected opponents, subordination of the government bureaus to the party organization. The Soviet Republic would come under the authority of the Politburo. In 1921, Stalin would progress to the "Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee"; in 1922, he was designated "Secretary-General" of the party. In the same year, Lenin would have the first of a series of strokes; he would die in January, 1924.

1917 - On April 6,
The USA entered World War I on the side of the Allies.
Their major concern was the protection of their shores from German U-boats and the protection of their economic and political system which required unrestricted use of the transport lanes at sea. Further, it had become evident that Britain and France were losing their war and that if all of Europe came under the control of Germany, it would become more certain that eventually the USA would become a target for further conquest. Emotional and patriotic speeches were made in the Senate and Congress and much was mentioned in the media about "freedom", "honour", and "loyalty".

On April 14, USA President Wilson set up a "Committee on Public Information", with journalist George Creel, as chairman. It was financed with $5 million from the President's personal annual $100 million defence of the country fund. Only 73,000 Americans had volunteered for the war and conscription was neither welcome nor were conscripts inspired to fight. 500 officials and 10,000 assistants would soon be working in the USA under the direction of Lord Northcliffe and the British Bureau of Information. These two organizations would be charged with inciting hatred in Americans for the Germans.

All of the successful propaganda stories spewed out before in Europe were now revived, like new, for the Americans. The Creel Committee sponsored 75,000 speakers, who, in some 750,000 four-minute speeches in 5,000 American cities and towns, aroused the "righteous wrath" of the people against Anything German in name.

The tactics were so successful that war historian J.F.C. Fuller writes of a "propaganda-demented people" and said flatly that (without the propaganda) ... President Wilson would have remained neutral." Raymond B. Fosdick describing himself and the Americans around him, wrote: "We hated with a common hate that was exhilarating ... the entire audience hysterical ... (with a) kind of madness that had seized us."

1917 - On April 8,
Lenin announced the following:

"... We are not pacifists.
We are opposed to imperialist wars for the division of spoils among the capitalists, but we have always declared it to be absurd for the revolutionary proletariat to renounce revolutionary wars that may prove necessary in the interests of socialism."

1917 - During May,
Andre Simoneton, a French engineer in the French Army during WW1, lay facing death on a hospital train stretcher.
He had undergone 5 operations and was now so severely tubercular that the medics were whispering nearby that there was no chance of his recovery. A forced diet of rich food had ruined his liver and given him unpleasant side effects. Simoneton discovered Bovis' system of selecting fresh and vital foods by means of pendulum testing and by using it managed to rid himself not only of the TB, in a short time, but to give himself robust health for the rest of his life. For an outline of his findings on foods see the file on "emanations".

1917 - On May 13,
Near Fatima, 3 children witness an apparition of an angel which identified itself as the Virgin Mary and reappeared to them many times. They reportedly saw the rise of Communism and other predictions. Two fell ill later and died of the Spanish "influenza". The third became a nun in Lucia in 1948 and has only told Pope John Paul 2 of the predictions. He has kept them secret.

On Sunday, May 13, Maria Rosa (later known as Sister Lucy), Jacinta, and Francisco, had gone to the chapel of Boleiros to assist at the "Mass of the souls," celebrated for the souls in Purgatory, a treasured devotion in the piety of the Portuguese. After returning home, the children went to feed their flocks and at a property called Cova da Iria, they saw a flash in the sky which they took to be lightning. Half way down the slope on their return home, they saw another flash at the level of the top of a holm-oak tree; walked a few more steps and saw another flash of light. They then saw an apparition.

Above a small holm-oak, a hologram, projected from an invisible GRAY spacecraft, gave an image of a woman, dressed in white, more brilliant than the Sun, and radiating a light "clearer and more intense than a crystal glass filled with water pierced by the most burning rays of the Sun." Surprised, the children stopped and found themselves "so close that we found ourselves in the light ... or rather ... perhaps a metre and a half away." The image appeared to speak to them and noted that:

1. Not to be afraid for no harm was intended;
2. It was from heaven (space);
3. They were asked to return 6 times at the same time of the month;
4. All would go to heaven;
5. One girl who had died recently was in heaven;
6. Another girl was in Purgatory until the end of the world;
7. Were they willing to offer themselves to God to save others?;
8. They would have to suffer much, but hope would comfort them;
9. They were to recite the Rosary every day to obtain world peace.

Toward the end of the communication, a light seemed to emanate from the hologram image to the children and to envelop them and disorient them ("penetrating our heart and even to the depths of our soul"). Then, a projected communication to their nervous systems ("moved by an interior impulse") caused them to relax and fall to their knees, where they prayed in astonishment. After the final statements, the image receded back into the sky and "disappeared in the immensity of the sky."

Attempting to rationalise the process, the children later surmised that
"The light which surrounded Her seemed to open a path for Her among the stars, and for this reason we said sometimes that we had seen Heaven opening." Such technical capabilities to project images and sound, induce hypnotic behaviour, and to make their craft invisible would be reported of the GRAY extraterrestrials by abductees during 1980s.

Maria Rosa, the eldest child of the trio, had been imprinted by her mother from infancy with the Ave Maria and other ritual sayings of the Roman Catholic Church. With the hypnotic qualities of trance inducing ritual, Maria grew to express attentiveness (reverence to her mentors), reflectiveness (trance), and profound piety (indoctrination) as a young child.

A contrast with a spiritually skilled individual would find the later to be inquisitive, experimental to the point of gaining faith through experience rather than by conditioning, and humble and open-minded in acknowledgement of one's ignorance. This balance of aggressiveness, assertiveness and passivity is intentionally skewed within an authoritarian culture to acknowledge the superiority of human-based authorities. The fact that Maria Rosa's parents and sisters were close in an emotional context would only have served to more deeply imprint her behaviour and prepare her as an excellent subject for hypnosis and self-immersion in perceived-to-be religious experiences.

The younger of 3 sisters, Maria Rosa was psychologically positioned in the family to develop a greater intensity of emotional expression. Imprinted with superstitions, her father taught her from the earliest of age that thunder was a sign that God was angry with men for their commission of sins. Prayer was to be said ceremoniously and with idolatry before the image of a crucifix. Very young children never question the truths , lies, or misconceptions which their parents confidently express to them.

By the age of 6, her zealous parents had already taught her all of the Catholic ritual phrasings.
In contravention of Pope Pius X decrees against allowing persons under the age of 10 to receive communion, Maria Rosa had begun to receive communion at the age of 6. At the equally early age, the receptive and patterned child had been impressed by the priest, Father Cruz, to accept worship of the Holy Mother above that of anything else and to pray to her statue.

Expectation was heightened within her by her mother's sincere request that she "'Above all, ask Our Lord to make you a Saint!' These words engraved themselves indelibly in my heart ..." With such psychological and emotional preparation, the young girl experienced conversion hysteria - an intense emotional experience contrived from expectation and circumstance - at her first communion ceremony.

The second chosen child was named Jacinta, a cousin of Maria Rosa and a younger girl, but equally emotionally expressive and imprinted child. Likewise, she had been taught from infancy to worship the crucifix as a symbol of the person of Jesus Christ - a simple act of idolatry. Emotionally sensitive, she sympathized deeply with the sufferings of Christ which were related to her, and, like most human children before they are taught differently, she grieved for the justice which had been denied.

Drama and sensitivity impelled her towards an idealistic and intolerant perception of truth.
Jacinta had experienced the anxiety, and apparent untruth, of the reality of abstract religious concepts. prompted to believe that she would see Christ as a baby at a religious sacrament, she was humbled and confused that, in fact, the Baby Christ would not appear - because he was invisible! Further, she was led to believe that when she became old enough to receive communion herself, or, had fully learned the catechisms beforehand and might then qualify, she would be able to "talk" to Jesus when she took communion. In such a circumstance, and with the encouragement of peers and parents, a small child will "convert" to the new reality with an even greater sense of expectation and a willingness to sacrifice to earn the privileges set out by their human authorities. Jacinta became known for her willingness to sacrifice her own needs for all other living things.

Francisco, the third and middle-aged of the trio, was brother to Jacinta.
He was meek, distracted, rebellious, and sad. His passion was music for it soothed him and made him happier. From the first vision which the trio saw, he was dominated by one thought: The Virgin Mary and God Himself are infinitely sad (and) it is up to us to console them! When a desire becomes an obsession, one's spirit is made subservient to that purpose.

If strict obedience and reverence are demanded, it is given without consideration.
If another appears to require consoling, then one consoles endlessly until word is received that the grief of the other has abated. Yet such a reply never came for Francisco. Following the series of apparitions, he would make his life goal ... "I want to die and go to Heaven ... and then I can always see (Jesus) and console Him. What happiness!" At least in the presence of Jesus, Francisco believed that his attempts to console would be constructive and successful - and he would receive that ego-boosting feedback which every idealist seeks. If Jesus was "hidden" and silent while one was alive, then death was the entry to the reality where Jesus resided.

The image presented as an apparition was that of an accumulation of the characteristics which any observer to the Portuguese Roman Catholic rites would have noted as inspiring idolatrous reverence, particularly within imaginative, open-minded, emotionally sensitive children. The image had been one of a young woman, with a serene yet grave and sorrow-filled face, clothed in brilliant white, with her head covered with a white veil embroidered with gold. She was carrying a Rosary of white brilliant beads which terminated with a crucifix. "Her whole person, surrounded by a splendor more brilliant than the Sun, radiated clusters of light, ...."

Such characteristics meld the qualities of the regional pagan Heavenly Mother worship, with the sentiments of the church ceremonies reverently performed earlier in the day, and with the qualities of holographic projections which would be possible by humans in the 1990s. Humans, at this point, have been in a stage of rapid technical development for less than 100 years; GRAYS now have a rapid technical development history of 100,000 years!

Is there spiritual deception here?
When God appears in the form of a physical image, why would it be necessary to present an image which was so hypnotic (bright, attention-demanding, indistinct)? Spiritually, an all-powerful God does not need to use images and dramatic presentations. Why approach easily impressed children rather than interested adults?

Spiritually, an avoidance of reverent and spiritually-guided adults is a cop-out: it avoids confirmation of one's truth or deception by the independent use of the spiritual skills of meditation and prayer. Why cloak the question of how long the war will continue in mystery when asked?

An all powerful God, and any messenger involved, would be more direct and assertive than that.
Why refuse to tell the children, who did ask, what you want? Spiritually, the withholding of information when the opportunity to present it and there is sincere interest - is manipulation.

1917 - Between February and May,
During the successful German naval offensive in the Baltic Sea, the Soviets scuttled 4 submarines and the British scuttled 7 to prevent their fall into German control. The largely ineffective Russian fleet was withdrawn under the ice to Kronshadt.

1917 - On Wednesday, June 13,
The Second Apparition near Fatima was seen by the 3 young shepherders, Maria Rosa, Jacinta and Francisco.
On returning to the location where they had seen the first apparition and (superstitiously) reciting the Rosary, a "reflection of the light which was approaching (what we would call lightning)" was seen, and the image of the young radiant woman appeared above the holm-oak again. Other persons were present this time, as observers. In response to questions, the following was conveyed to Maria Rosa:

1. The children were reminded to return on the 13 of the next month;
2. They were told to recite the Rosary daily;
3. They were instructed to learn to read;
4. The purpose of the visitation was again denied;
5. The cure of a person was set at "within the year;"
6. Jacinta and Francisco were to go to heaven soon;
7. Salvation was promised to the worshippers of "My Immaculate Heart";
8. The purpose was stated as establishing such devotion in the world;
9. Maria Rosa was to put her faith and hope in the devotion.

The image appeared to open its hands and a shaft of light from it was such that "Jacinta and Francisco appeared to be part of that light which elevated itself to Heaven, and I in the part which spread itself on the earth." The vision continued to evolve such that in the palm of the woman there appeared an image of a heart surrounded by thorns which seemed to pierce it. The thought was telecommunicated into the minds of the children that this represented "the Immaculate Heart of Mary, outraged by the sins of humanity, which demanded reparation."

Is there spiritual deception here?
In addition to the earlier questions, why would the 13th of the month be chosen rather than the day of the week or some other factor? The number 13 held considerable superstitious significance amongst many Europeans of the time, particularly those who professed to be Christians. The purpose of the visitation is denied, and then revealed. Is God unsure of his agenda - inconsistent? Why vaguely note the answer to a sincere question and defer the act for so long a period?

There are many instances of immediate and spontaneous cures being enacted by the Jewish-Christian-Mormon God in the past. The response now appears to be one of little concern, not a very spiritual context. Yet to Maria Rosa's expression of insecurity at the possibility of being left alone to face the world without her two friends, the advice given to her is to place her faith and hope in an image - idolatry. The emphasis is growing in a materialistic direction, away from the ultimate spiritual concern of the teachings of Christ: living the "WAY."

1917 -
Dr. L., a Spaniard, discovered the "Sapo (Toad) Formula" in Peru.
It was part of the famous Inca pharmacopoeia whose 6 basic medicines form the "Cascarilla formula", which was said to cure all diseases. "Quinine", a most important medicine against malaria, originated in Peru and is an important ingredient of the Cascarilla formula. The Sapo formula was extremely hazardous because it produced mutations by means of a catalytic agent: the enzymes of toad blood. It can become uncontrolled bioengineering.

Aware of the dangers, Dr. L. returned to Spain, withdrew to the laboratory on his Andalusian estate in the province of Malaga, began developing cultures and inoculating a pig with them. In the course of his experiments, one of the cultures mutated and gave rise to a virulent strain that killed the animal. If Dr. L. had then burned the corpse, many lives would have been saved. Instead, he autopsied the pig and continued his studies. His wife and son fell ill but he did not notice that they showed symptoms of the disease he was analysing. They died, the first victims of what would become known as the Great Influenza Epidemic. Soon it spread through the village, then the province of Malaga, then Andalusia and all of Spain.

In 1918, it spread all over the world.
It killed three million people in western Europe, 15 million in the Far East, and 10 million elsewhere. Some estimates state that 50% of the human population was exposed to it. Even in 1996, few people know the true origin of the virus and many references continue to refer to it as the Spanish flu. The term influenza was simply a catch-all term for a set of symptoms when it was applied to the disease in 1918.

The disease was a mutated VIRUS; flu viruses do tend to change their genetic code often, defeating previous defences. This virus was so fatal and so quick acting that rumours arose that if 4 people were playing cards together one evening, three of them would be dead the next morning. One report stated that a person felt well enough to go to work one morning yet after leaving home, he died 15 minutes later on a streetcar. The virus quickly weakened the person's system and bacterial pneumonia often finished the job. The more scientists work to bioengineer lifeforms, the greater the likelihood that a fatal strain will be released, unintentionally or even intentionally. Some speculate that this is how the AIDS virus began.

1917 - On Friday, July 13, near Fatima
The Third Apparition appeared before a great crowd of people together with the chosen child trio.
The vision appeared again soon after they saw a flash in the sky. Again the children asked for the purpose of the visitations. They were told to continue reciting the Rosary daily in order to end the war. When asked who the vision was, the children were told that in October they would find out. When asked to perform a miracle so that everyone present could be influenced, it was communicated that this would also be done in the future. Other requests were made of the female vision and the children were told that such would only be possible if they said the Rosary and that by so doing their wishes would be granted throughout the year. A prayer was given for the children to say often, especially when they made a sacrifice for others:

"Oh Jesus, it is for love of Thee, for the conversion of sinners, and in reparation for the sins committed against the Immaculate Heart of Mary."

Then, for the children, the vision and rays of light appeared to penetrate the earth and reveal a sea of fire. In this sea, there appeared what were assumed to be demons and souls in human form, which appeared to be both transparent and bronzed, at times floating about, and, at times ascending into the air with great clouds of smoke, as if billowed up by the flames. The sounds of shrieks and groans of pain and despair accompanied the vision. Yet this complete vision only lasted a moment. Maria Rosa was informed that they had seen

"... hell where the souls of poor sinners go.
To save them, God wishes to establish in the world devotion to My Immaculate Heart.
If what I say to you is done, many souls will be saved and there will be peace.
The war is going to end; but if people do not stop offending God, a worse one will break out during the reign of Pius XI. When you see a night illumined by an unknown light, know that this is the great sign given you by God that He is about to punish the world for its crimes, by means of war, famine, and persecutions of the Church and of the Holy Father.

To prevent this, I shall come to ask for the consecration of Russia to My Immaculate Heart, and the Communion of Reparation on the First Saturdays. If My requests are heeded, Russia will be converted, and there will be peace; if not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, causing wars and persecution of the Church. The good will be martyred, the Holy Father will have much to suffer, various nations will be annihilated. In the end, My Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate Russia to Me, and she will be converted, and a period of peace will be granted to the world. In Portugal, the dogma of the Faith will always be preserved; ... Do not tell this to anyone. Francisco, yes, you may tell him.

When you pray the Rosary, say after each mystery:
O my Jesus, forgive us, save us from the fire of hell.
Lead all souls to heaven, especially those who are most in need."

Then the hologram was removed and the image of the young woman rose into the sky, from whence it had been projected, and disappeared in the distance.

From a religious context, one can again determine the difference between a truly spiritual experience and the one which was indicative of manipulation by the GRAY extraterrestrials. In addition to the earlier questions, consider these:

1. Didn't Jesus die for the sins of humanity ?  
2. Wasn't His admonition that if one repented of one's sins, and, took up His WAY of life,
                                                        he or she would be saved;
3. Short complex images are difficult to cope with & encourage hysteria;
4. Wasn't the teaching of Christ to cure one's own spiritual ills first?;
5. Didn't God know that humanity was incapable of this request?
6. Why try to do the impossible if Her Heart was going to succeed anyway?
7. Wasn't Maria Rosa told not to tell anyone, yet she defied this;

In other words, in opposition to Christianity, the advice presented through the use of the visions calls for a substitution of reverence for the Virgin Mother rather than for Christ or His WAY of life. In accord with modern (1996) knowledge of hologram projections, the integrity of complex visuals is best maintained for short periods of time. By concentrating on curing the ills of Russia before a good example was present in one's own country could only be understood by the Communists as outright imperialism, and, lead to a stronger, paranoically defensive, anti-religious Russian administration.

A spiritual awareness of humanity would be able to acknowledge that with the changes made to humanity over the past 200,000 years, the likelihood of an almost immediate reversal of cultural trends would be impossible. The suggestion that the "Heart" will win in the end and change reality provide a lack of motivation for many humans: taking responsibility or not is made to seem urgent yet unnecessary, promoting confusion and apathy.

Finally, if Maria Rosa was told not to tell anyone by a representative of God, doesn't her sharing of this information become an act of sin. On the other hand, if you warn a child not to tell, don't you frequently create a sense of anxiety which many children cope with by telling of their concerns, and the information, to someone else?

1917 - On Monday August 13,
The Fourth Fatima Apparition was scheduled to happen.
The District Administrator, concerned that the 3 children involved were encouraging the development of a Christian heresy or satanic cult, went to Aljustrel, and while pretending to give the children a ride to the selected site, instead drove them in the opposite direction, to Vila Nova de Ourem. There, he detained them in the city hall, then at his home, then in the prison. He threatened and promised them in many ways, including the possibility of boiling them in oil, for them to tell him the secret of the magic act of the visions, or, the content of the secrets which they had purportedly received. Without success, he returned the children to Fatima on the 15th and released them.

Meanwhile, on the 13th, at the expected location and time, attended by many people in expectation, a thunderous sound was heard followed by a flash in the sky. Then, a small cloud appeared to form above the favoured holm-oak. Light reflected from, or emitted from, the concealed object projected pink, red, blue, and other colours from the faces and clothing of those present in addition to the branches and leaves of the trees and bushes. The ground was covered with squares of different colours. Metallic objects appeared to glow in gold. Then, the "cloud" rose into the sky and disappeared.

It is noteworthy that the sound was heard BEFORE the flash of light was seen: the opposite sequence to that of real thunder and lightning. The appearance of a cloud as an "acceptable" illusion to humans to conceal the true shape of an extraterrestrial craft has been reported in common and religious accounts for thousands of years.

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, many UFO observers would report such cloud illusions accompanied by abduction experiences or other extraterrestrial related activity. Both the patterns and the range of colours and their intensity of reflection from all of the surrounding materials at the location would also parallel observations made on numerous occasions during the 1950s and 1960s when UFO craft which were not concealed in shape were observed. The number of such reported incidents at that time would range into the hundreds.

1917 - On Sunday, August 19,
A Fourth Apparition before the selected trio of children from Fatima took place.
After assisting in the local mass ceremonies, Maria Rosa, Francisco and his brother John took the road to Valinhos to feed their flocks. Maria came to expect that something supernatural would happen. Wanting Jacinta, the other member of the original trio, to be present, she asked John to return home and get her. When he hesitated, Maria bribed him with money to have him leave to bring Jacinta.

On his departure, the two remaining saw a flash in the sky.
An instant later, the image of a young woman appeared over a nearby holm-oak.
Maria asked what was now wanted of them, what to do with the monies which were being left by spectators at the Cova da Iria location each time now, and whether more sick persons could be cured. She was answered as follows:

"I want you to continue going to the Cova da Iria on the 13th, that you continue praying the Rosary every day. On the last month, I will perform a miracle so that all may believe. If they had not taken you to the city, the miracle would have been greater. Saint Joseph will come with the Child Jesus, to give peace to the World. Our Lord will come to bless the people. Our Lady of the Rosary and Our Lady of Sorrows will come also. ...

(For the money) Have 2 litters made.
You will carry one with Jacinta and two other girls dressed in white; the other one Francisco is to carry, with three boys, like him, dressed in white. It will be for the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary. What is left over will help towards the construction of a chapel that is to be built ....

(For the sick persons) .. I will cure some of them during the year.

(And lastly,) Pray, pray very much, and make sacrifices for sinners, for many souls go to Hell because they have no one to make sacrifices and pray for them."

The vision was then withdrawn into the sky and disappeared.

Is there spiritual deception here?
Maria Rosa and the others were not adequately prepared such that all three would be present.
A Supreme God has the power to communicate to multiple parties such that they arrive at a singular location, perhaps from multiple directions, at a pre-selected time. This incident appears to be poorly planned, rather than spiritually directed. It encourages Maria Rosa to bribe John into going to get his sister, Jacinta - a truly unspiritual approach. Would a highly spiritual representative of God make it necessary or encourage those whom were being mentored to commit sins?

Specific arrangements are made for the collection of the monies with a part of it going towards the expense of a new and exclusive chapel. While supportive of a materialistic approach to religion with the construction of and dedication of idolatrous articles and buildings, the consideration of self-worship as more important than service to the needy is definitely non-Christian. If the purpose of these visions was to stimulate a worldwide devotion to "Her Immaculate Heart" why not utilize the already constructed Christian churches and the Church institution to relay this purpose efficiently?

A small chapel would be an absurd solution to this task, unless, the task was to promote the idolatrous reverence of a human-made structure and focus idolatrous reverence on a location according to its superstitious relevance. God can appear anywhere at any time, thus the repetitive selection of the 13th day of the month and the Cova da Iria location suggest that the motive is more fundamentally one of the creation of idolatrous worship.

Again, vague statements such as curing some over a time frame of a year present a response familiar from charlatans who want an easy rational way in which to have unsuccessful cures justified. Over 60% of chronic illness symptoms in humans can be cured within a years duration by the power of suggestion: placebo use, positive affirmations, visualizations, prayer, forgiveness, activities which promote feelings of happiness and joy, and positive judgements and expectations offered by acknowledged authorities or mentors - hope.

The majority of the remainder who try and fail, either die and provide no later report of failure, or, shrink into anti-social and non-communicative behaviours from feelings of despair or the prospect of shame at having been "not good enough" to be worthy of a cure. The 2% who are vocal about the failure of their expected recovery are quickly socially shunned with the perception that their negativity, defensiveness, and presumed lack of faith - has left them deservedly ill.

Becoming a sacrifice for others was a "divine" choice for the Messiah; it was never suggested that his followers should seek to martyr themselves for the sake of others. Rather, if Jesus died for the sins of past humanity, and, provided an option to all who followed to receive the grace and forgiveness of God IF they repented AND sincerely took up the WAY of life which He and His disciples described and mentored - the responsibility for each individual's salvation remains with the individual.

The promotion of intervention by some human authority or self-appointed representative destroys the choice and responsibility of the individual - and supports the idolatrous reverence of the "saints" who deceive the follower into denying their own salvation by the misdirection of their intentions and their acts of reverence. By what is the purpose of these visits then?

1917 - On September 11,
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos was born, in the town of Ilocanos, located in the northwest corner of Luzon, Philippines.
The first European to arrive, in 1571, was Juan de Salcedo, a Spanish conquistador.
The Ilocanos had been a quiet and peaceful people who were humble and well-disposed, until, abuse of them would lead to a torrent of rage in backlash - leading to the origin of the word "amok". They had grown rice, garlic, onions, vegetables, harvested fish, salt, coconut, and wove their own cloth.

Under Spanish influence they added cigar tobacco crops and the smuggling of goods to Hong Kong and Taiwan. Further Spanish colonial (brutal) influence led to the acquisition of materialism, emphasis (pride) on appearances, sexual irresponsibility, and vengeance in the form of long-standing feuds. The Roman Catholic influence encouraged all of these facets with materialism, intolerance, and redirected abuse. Acts of spectacular cruelty and slow ritual murders, both by individuals and assassination gangs grew out of an appreciation for the example shown by, and remembered in story with hatred, the conquistadors of centuries previous.

The longer a human culture savours hatred, the larger and more brutal the memories become. Without spiritual release, the usual alternative is to try and expel the pain of the memory by acting it out on other innocent persons. Yet no matter how much pain, suffering and verbal abuse is forced on others, only spiritual release will banish the memory. This is not the lesson learned by the Ilocanos.

Josefa Edralin Marcos, mother of Ferdinand, was a doubly employed tough part-Chinese woman who tried to support her son and daughters, largely in poverty, while the father, Mariano Marcos, was largely absentee. Josefa's Chinese heredity came from her mother's family, the Quetulios, wealthy Chinese mestizo merchants who owned tobacco plantations and big houses. Consequently, Josefa's father, Fructuoso Edralin, had been able to borrow money at good rates and build his investments. They had lived above their general store. They had no sons. They had seven daughters; one stillborn, four died of dysentery; two survived including Josefa.

The father of Ferdinand, Mariano Marcos, was a distant relative of a local hero, Bishop Aglipay, and the illegitimate grandson of a Spanish provincial judge. The Thomasites arrived in his town when he was four-years-old and he was fortunate to be given an early start in the new school system. By age 14, he dressed expensively and fashionably, attracting the girls in his neighbourhood and school.

A short time later, Josefa, who had fallen in love with Ferdinand Chua, son of a wealthy family, became pregnant. The Chuas prevented a marriage and Josefa, to escape social alienation married of convenience to Mariano Marcos. Ferdinand Chua went on to become a wealthy and powerful lawyer, who married a Chinese wife, and became godfather to Ferdinand Marcos. Out of this poverty-based, shame-driven proud family located in an area of spiritual famine grew Ferdinand Marcos.

1917 - On Thursday, September 13,
The Fifth Fatima Apparition took place.
This time there were differences which were major.
The assembled spectators answered as Maria Rosa recited the Catholic Rosary aloud.
Then, unlike the flashes of light seen on other locations, an unconcealed UFO came into view:

"A luminous globe, travelling from east to west, gliding slowly and majestically in space ... It floated in fact towards the holm-oak of the apparition. Then, the light of the Sun dimmed, the atmosphere became a yellow-gold, like the previous times. The day so darkened that some reported having seen the stars of the sky. It was then that (Maria Rosa) questioned ...."

Again the question was asked as to what the entity wanted of Maria and the others.
The cure of a deaf-mute girl was requested. More discussion followed as to how to spend the monies being left by the visitors. Gifts which Maria Rosa had personally received were offered to the vision.

The replies received included:

"Continue to pray the Rosary in order to obtain the end of the war.
In October, Our Lord will come as well as Our Lady of Sorrows and Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and Saint Joseph will appear with the Child Jesus in order to bless the world. ...

God is satisfied with your sacrifices, but He does not want you to sleep with the rope.
Wear it only during the day. ..
(The child asked after was to be better in a year's time.
Of the other requests, ...) I shall cure some, but others no, because Our Lord does not trust them.

(Of the monies collected) With half of the money received so far, they should make litters and carry them on the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary; the other half can be used to build the chapel. (Personal gifts of thanks were rejected as "unsuitable for Heaven.")

At the end of the communication the trio perceived three successive "pictures".
The last was believed to be Our Lady of Mount Carmel calling to mind the "Mysteries" of the Rosary.
Memory of some of the other visions would not return to Maria Rosa (later, Sister Maria-Lucia of the Immaculate Heart - known as Sister Lucy) until the late 1940s.

In addition to some of the earlier criticisms, the following may be considered:

1. Luminous globe UFOs would be popular between 1965 to 1996;
2. Saint Joseph, the Child Jesus, and Our Lord did not come as promised;
3. Half of the monies were to be spent for more efficient collection.

1917 - On Saturday, October 13,
The Sixth Fatima Apparition appeared.
At least 50,000 spectators had arrived to see the expected miracle.
As the time of expectation arrived, Maria Rosa announced that she had seen the flash in the sky and appeared to fall into a trance of ecstasy, from which Jacinta nudged her. This time, the following is recorded to have been received from the apparition:

"I want to tell you that a chapel is to be built here in My honor.
I am The Lady of the Rosary. May you continue always to pray the Rosary every day.
The war is going to end and the soldiers will soon return to their homes. ...

(To cure some sick people?) Some yes, others no.
They must amend their lives and ask pardon for their sins. ...
Do not offend the Lord Our God any more, for He is already too much offended!"

Of note: 
    A. The special guests did not arrive as promised;
    B. No immediate miracle was performed which all could witness;
    C. Now the Christian principle of salvation through change and repentance
                            is acknowledged, contradicting earlier suggestions.

Avelino de Almeida, the chief editor of "O Seculo", a large circulation masonic daily of Lisbon, and an observer described the scene as follows:

"It must have been 1:30 pm when there arose at the exact spot where the children were, a column of smoke, thin, fine, and bluish, which extended up to perhaps two meters above their heads, and evaporated at that height. This phenomenon, perfectly visible to the naked eye, lasted for a few seconds. ... more or less than a minute. The smoke dissipated abruptly, and after some time, it came back to occur a second time, then a third time ... ... the huge crowd turn toward the sun which appeared at its zenith, clear of the clouds.
It resembled a flat plate of silver, and it was possible to stare at it without the least discomfort.
It did not burn the eyes. It did not blind. We could see that it produced an eclipse.
Then a tremendous cry rang out, and the crowd nearest us were heard to shout: 'Miracle! Miracle!
...' the sun trembled, it made strange and abrupt movements, outside of all cosmic laws, 'the sun danced'...."

A heavy rain had fallen from about 10:00 am; it was windy; the sky had been darkened by heavy low clouds. Dr. Almeida Garrett reported that

"during the time of the apparition, the rain stopped totally.
Abruptly the sky cleared: The sun triumphantly pierced the thick bed of clouds hiding it until then, and shone intensely. ..

... I could see the sun, like a very clear disc, with its sharp edge, which gleamed without hurting the sight ... It could not be confused with the sun seen through a fog, for it was neither veiled nor dim. At Fatima, it kept its light and heat, and stood out clearly in the sky, with a sharp edge, like a large gaming table. The most astonishing thing was to be able to stare at the solar disc for a long time, brilliant with light and heat, without hurting the eyes, or damaging the retina. ...

It turned on itself with impetuous speed. ... keeping its rapid movement of rotation, (it) seemed to free itself from the firmament (sky) and blood-red, to plunge towards the earth, threatening to crush us with its fiery mass. Those were some terrifying seconds."

Another observer, Maria do Carmo, reported in similarity:

"Suddenly, the heavenly body began to tremble, to shake with abrupt movements, and finally to turn on itself at a dizzying speed while throwing out rays of light, all colours of the rainbow: The sun turned like a fire wheel, taking on all the colours of the rainbow. Everything assumed those same colours: our faces, our clothes, the earth itself. ... I saw it perfectly descending as if it came to crash on the earth. It seemed to detach itself from the sky and rush toward us. It maintained itself at a short distance above our heads ... It seemed very near the people and it continued to turn in the opposite direction."

This description mirrors those of UFOs seen increasingly common from the late 1940s through the 1960s.
Some considered the "dance of the sun" to be the expected miracle. All those people in attendance, who were for the most part soaked by the rain, later verified with joy and amazement how they had been dried by the heat of the silvery sun which had descended over them. The anti-clockwise rotation, the rapid changes in colour - from a stable state of silver to blood red to a changing rainbow of colours, the heat radiated, the abrupt movements, the sharp edge, and the elliptical form - all are indicative of the GRAY saucer spacecraft and its propulsion system during the periods noted above.

Overview consideration of the Fatima Apparitions and Promises:

The GRAY Advance Force had arrived on the Earth 14 months before the first apparition and had set up a permanent base in the Pyrenees Mountains which occupy the border region between France and both Spain and Portugal. For the remainder of the century, this would be known as a region for UFO sightings. The intent of the GRAYs was to test their ability to control mass human behaviour and to use that control to destroy or enslave humanity. By observation of the Portuguese customs, the GRAYs drew the following conclusions:

1. Humans are taught to revere and become dependent on authority;
2. Humans are taught to distrust spiritual & intuitive decisionmaking;
3. Humans are taught to rationalize their fears and anxieties;
4. Humans tend to replace ignorance with superstitious reasoning;
5. Religion tends to unify and centralize human belief systems;
6. The older the human, the more suspicious and fixed mind they are;
7. Construct a religious reality and you can manipulate humanity.

The GRAYs set out to act on these culture and area generalizations with a 6 month plan during which they expected that World War I would be ended, and, they could take religious credit for that. Beginning in January, 1917, both Germany and Britain proposed and offered peace; requests actually had begun in December, 1916. Other developments in Russia in March seemed to encourage peace further. The USA entered the War on April 6, 1917, before the first apparition. The pattern indicated that an end to the war should be imminent.

In March, the GRAYs noticed the abdication of the Tsar Nicholas II from Russia and the return of Lenin there from Switzerland. They understood that Lenin had modified his early political stance of idealistic socialism to realist communism and easily surmised that any perceived (belief) opposition would be responded to with paranoia, reacted to ruthlessly, and could become an ongoing source of human conflict. To this end, they began advising the aggressive "consecration" of Russia in mid-July, after Lenin was empowered in Russia. Had the request been spiritually oriented, it would have been more constructive to make the request earlier. God does know the importance of timing. The GRAYs were playing the game on the run.

Whatever the outcome, the GRAYs could see a widespread political pattern of national and international abuses. The pattern indicated to them that it would only be a matter of time before the capital-based economic structure adopted by all the European nations (including Russia) would precipitate either international cross-imperialistic conflicts, or, intranational civil wars, or, both. With this prediction in mind, they were safe in stating that another, and worse war, would break out during the reign of Pope Pius XI (1922-1939) - a 17 year period.

Such a war would begin, just before the end of Pope Pius' reign.
The judgement was a safe prediction. Humanity wasn't becoming more spiritual in its orientation; it had forgotten what spirituality meant! The possibility of a reorganization of human civilization, from an insectoid perspective, into one of creative harmony and unified strength was proven less likely with every day of delayed peace throughout the period of the apparitions.

More peace resolutions followed in July, 1917.
Information on purpose during the visitations from May-June-July-August-September suggested that by the 3 children and others saying the Rosary daily, peace would be granted. But to the dissatisfaction and disbelief of the GRAYs, the human political discussions of peace seemed to go nowhere fast: each side of the conflict blamed the other for starting the War and demanded that the other accept full economic and moral responsibility for same.

To the insectoid GRAYs, this was both destructive and wasteful behaviour in addition, from their perspective, to being "stupid." How could humanity survive with such massive disorder of their civilization? With such individualized and self-serving and self-denial actions, an insect civilization would self-destruct in a matter of days!

The GRAYs discovered relatively quickly that by institutionalized teachings, these Christians expected God to perform acts which they could perceive of as miracles - dramatic, believable, unusual events which were not understood. Curing people of illnesses seemed to be a highlight. The GRAYs were still not that familiar with human physiology to effect same on an immediate basis so they stipulated the longest possible time for such cures to take place, and remain dramatic - a year.

As time passed, they perceived that numerous humans who were sick, harboured guilt and did not feel worthy, spiritually, of becoming well. They immediately exploited this "loophole" in their qualification of cure times. And as previously noted, the human capability for self-healing under positive conditions of hope are substantial and would work to the surprise and favour of the GRAYs. Even the negative social attitudes toward the sick and vocal held by many humans would work in favour of the GRAYs.

When September arrived and peace was still not declared, the GRAYs were dumbfounded and annoyed and they expressed this uncertainty with their vague indications of when the War would end. Sooner or later, all wars have to end, if only temporarily. To assert their frustration, they conveyed to the innocent children that God was "already too much offended." They had made their play, an initial one. More would follow. The Series approach had proven limiting and had revealed critical weaknesses in their approach. They had time to observe and plan. The main colonizing force would not be arriving for some time yet.

Technically, the end of the war never arrived.
During October and November, 1918, numerous countries would offer and sign armistice agreements. Some treaties would be signed both before and after this date. A peace conference would open in January, 1919. On June 28, 1919, representatives of the German government would sign the Versailles Treaty; it would later be disputed as having been signed by traitors. Other peace treaties would follow through late 1919 and throughout 1920.

God is never off the mark. If some entity or vision declares to be God, miracles can be performed instantaneously, promises are kept, there is no deception or manipulation involved, Guidance is given directly, predictions are exact, and activities promoting idolatrous behaviour are never requested. Will you remember this?

1917 - On November 2,
"The Balfour Declaration" was presented by Lord Balfour in England endorsing the setting up of a national homeland for the Jews. This was partly in response to the tremendous scientific contribution to England's war effort made by Chaim Weizmann, who later became Israel's first President. At the end of the War, Britain would have political power over 25% of the Earth's territory.

T.E. Lawrence, a British officer who had been instrumental in co-ordinating the Arab defense against Germany and Turkey, was promising the Arabs that England would give them the lands that were being occupied by the Turkish Empire in return for their help in defeating the Germans and Turks. In these negotiations, the area of Israel was never conceded or demanded by the Arabs. Since its devastation by the Romans after 70 A.D. and with the climatic changes throughout the area from millennia of deforestation, the region had been barren desert for many years. Few Arabs were living in the region at this time.

Over the next several decades, British promises to the Jews would be reversed several times.
Ultimately, the Jews would receive 17.5% of the territory promised to them by England and the League of Nations British Mandate. The 8000 square miles provided to them would represent 1/5th of 1% of that given over to 21 Arab nations, 5 million square miles.

1917 - During November,
Roman Catholic Bishop de Lima Vidal, director of the diocese of Lisbon, near Fatima, requested an official church investigation into the Fatima incidents. The parish priest of Fatima led this investigation and questioned few witnesses, transcribing only 4 depositions. Progress through the Church bureaucracy would be slow and arduous.

1917 - On December 9,
British General Allenby and the Allied Expeditionary Force, which he commanded, approached Jerusalem, which the Turks had held for 400 years. Allenby, a Christian was concerned that the huge walls of Jerusalem would be destroyed by artillery fire unless the Turks surrendered early.

He decided to use propaganda as a persuasion tool and had a few planes fly over the city and drop thousands of leaflets. These told the Turks to flee the city and were signed by Lord Allenby. The Turks had an old prophecy that they would never lose the Holy City until a "man of Allah" came to deliver it. The name Allenby, reminded the Turks of this prophecy, 'Allen - Allah, Beh - man' and this encouraged them to flee. The Turks gave up the city without a shot being fired.

1918 -
V. I. Lenin writes: "While the revolution in Germany is slow in 'coming forth', our task is to study the state capitalism of the Germans, to spare no effort in copying it and not shrink from adopting dictatorial methods to hasten the copying of it. Our task is to do this even more thoroughly than Peter [the Great] hastened the copying of Western culture by barbarian Russia, and he did not hesitate to use barbarous methods in fighting against barbarianism."

The cultural heredity of Russia carried with it many examples of ruthless domination by other cultural identities. Russians had been dominated with near genocide, at times, by Swedish Vikings (800 A.D.), the Mongols (1245), the Tsars, the Cossacks (1581), the Romanovs Peter the Great (1689), the French (1812), the Japanese (1904), Civil War (1918), and others. Brutality, vengeance, deception, ruthlessness, domination - these were all norms for Russian governance.

1918 -
Laventi Pavlovich Beria becomes a ruthless secret agent in his desperate drive for power and control.
A young man of 18 years, he has already learned from his political companions and the history of the USSR that strategy, deception, manipulation and obsession could advance you into the favour of the political leaders. Beria wanted the position held by Redens, the brother-in-law of Josef Stalin.

Beria uses a strategy which will become his favorite.
He conducts surveillance on Redens until he has discovered and confirmed his weakness: pretty women. He then arranges for Redens to meet a certain attractive married woman. At the same time he alerts the husband to the meeting between Redens and his wife. The husband arrives in time to find Redens having sex with the wife. She protests that Redens is raping her, which he is after being initially encouraged by her. Beria had prompted her earlier to make advances to Redens and that at the right time, he would enter the scene and arrest Redens before anything went too far.

Beria arrives with the secret police moments after the husband.
Redens is sent to Moscow. Beria gets the political post he wanted. Stalin hears of his exploits and sees only that Beria has acted in the best interest of the state irrespective of the "connections" of the accused. Such a misinterpretation will encourage Stalin to view all of Beria's future achievements in the same manner. Ruthlessness and greed for power become confused with courage and loyalty.

1918 -
Nikolai Zhukhovsky, a professor at Moscow's Technical College, founds Russia's first aerodynamic research institute in Moscow.

1918 - On September 5,
The "Sovnarkom (Council of People's Commissars) Decree" on Red Terror merely gave legal sanction to what had been going on in the U.S.S.R. for 6 months. The Cheka (the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counterrevolution and Sabotage) had received the power to arrest on December 29, 1917. Uprisings, the assassination of Propaganda Commissar V. Volodarskiy in June, of Petrograd Cheka Chief M.S. Uritskiy on August 30, and the shooting and wounding of Lenin in Moscow on the same day resulted in the decree which gave sanction to state-directed homicide.

Lenin's solution to the spreading famine generated by Bolshevik policies was brutal enforcement: "We can't expect to get anywhere unless we resort to terrorism: speculators must be shot on the spot". Lenin acknowledged that it should be renamed the "Commissariat for Social Extermination" but it would be impolitic to say it.

The following month, on February 21, the "Sovnarkom" issued the decree, "The Socialist Fatherland Is In Danger," in response to the resumption of the German offensive. Point 8 of the decree stated: "Enemy agents, profiteers, marauders, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators and German spies are to be shot on the spot." Immediately thereafter a supplement was issued that declared death by shooting for possession of arms without government permission and for concealing food.

There were approximately 1,000 "torture centres" set up by the Cheka, Tribunals and Military Tribunals with an average execution rate of 5 persons per centre per day in 1920. This amounts to 2,500,000 per year and probably represents a peak number during the 1917 to 1924 period. Other figures are much lower; unfortunately, such statistics are difficult to appraise as they were often adjusted to present a political image. A breakdown of the composition of the murders, from a second source reads as follows:

"Bishops, 28; ecclesiastics, 1,219; professors and teachers, 6,000; medical men, 9,000; naval and military officers, 54,000; naval and military men of all ranks, 260,000; police officials, 70,000; intellectuals and members of the professional classes, 355,250; industrial workers, 193, 290; peasants, 815,000."

The Cheka grew from 23 men in December 1917 to a minimum of 37,000 in January, 1919.
By mid-1921, the Cheka accounted for approximately 262,400 effectives organized as follows: 31,000 "civilian" staff (quasi-military); 137,106 Internal Troops; 94,288 Frontier Troops.

It is significant that the organization was the armed vanguard of the Communist Party, "in the struggle against counter-revolution, sabotage and speculation". Often, the Party would stand not just senior to the Cheka, and later the KGB, but above the very law of the land. "If for example, the KGB or the militia are carrying out an investigation and it turns out that a professional Party official, or a member of his family, is involved in the affair, then standing orders lay down that the investigation ceases instantly and the case is handed over to the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party. As a rule, Party officials are never arraigned in a court of law."

These and other special privileges gave an air of organized crime, or Mafia, to the workings of the state security forces. All the leading Cheka posts were occupied by foreigners and non-Russian Soviet citizens, originally, including Czechs, Austrians, Poles, Hungarians, Jews, Latvians, Finns and others. There were hardly any Russians. Many international communists came to the Union at the time of the founding. Ironically, the armed workers' guard of Petrograd who were protecting Lenin's government after the coup were replaced by a regiment of Latvian riflemen because the guard was mainly of Russians. The Latvian riflemen began to guard the entire State apparatus.

The October, 1917 coup was a revolution unlike that of February, 1917.
From 1917 onwards, not one of the Soviet leaders was Russian, until Mikhail Gorbachev, elected in 1984 as the new Party leader. The "foreign" staff of the Foreign Department of the Cheka were couriers of Moscow's Marxist ideology to the local parties worldwide. They were largely extremist idealists who, having experienced or empathized hardship under capitalist or autocratic systems were committed to vengeance.

Under such circumstances, intellectuals could rationalize the cruelty and abuse they placed on others as necessary to the formation of a benevolent order in the future. The other, too often human weakness, was for major Soviet ethnic groups to expect that the foreigner somehow held the answer to the future, while the local person was nothing special "just like ourselves". This then represented the background which enabled persons of different ethnic background than their victims, to distance themselves enough to permit the execution, beating, or imprisonment of millions. They could feel righteous behind their ideology believing that the loss of life was justified by the loftiness of the goal: the ends justified the means.

Every human nation that has gone to war has used this rationale.
Every political system which has used lies, manipulation, deception, torture, and civilian "collateral damage" to extend or maintain its power has used this rationale. Fundamentally, it is devoid of spirituality: it assumes that life is not precious and that and that quality is never a consideration - survival is condoned by devotion to inequities: anger, envy, gluttony, greed, lust, pride, sloth, weakness, fear, vengeance.

1918 - By October,
Emir Feisal is proclaimed the King of Syria by the National Congress.
He was expelled after the revelation of the Sykes-Picot Note in which Syria was mandated to France.
Bloody uprisings followed in 1919. By 1925, Syria would be organized in the largely autonomous districts of Damascus, Aleppo, the Alawite and Druze regions.

Between November 1917 and November 1919
The mass media reported the fall of the Soviet Bolsheviks on no fewer than 91 occasions.
And when, despite the reservations of USA President Wilson, the Allies went ahead with intervention - at first to stop the Germans walking through Russia and then, after the WWI ended, to stop the Red peril of Communism - the news correspondents reported either grossly exaggerated successes or nothing at all.

300,000 Allied soldiers marched into Russia to fight the Germans and stayed to fight the Red Army. There were Frenchmen, Britons, Americans, Balts, Poles, Greeks, Finns, Czechs, Slovaks, Estonians, and Latvians. They drew a ring around Moscow and Petrograd that threatened to strangle the Russian Revolution, and their actions, coupled with the Allied economic blockade, increased Russian casualties from famine, disease, and civil war was to almost 14 million. Then the war with Germany ended.

Russian casualties were unbelievable.
The garrison regiment of Kiev, the 165th, consisting of about 4,000 men, had such a high casualty rate that 36,000 replacements passed through it in one year. Hindenberg, the German commander, estimated total Russian battlefield casualties at 5 to 8 million. He complained of a new problem: how to use machine guns when the field of fire was blocked by mounds of Russian corpses. By late 1916, when 15 million Russians had been mobilized, the army was staggering before the German 1,000-mile front and the Turks in the Caucasus.

The Allied landing at Gallipoli, intended to open a Black Sea route for supplies, had miserably failed. After the early successes, war correspondents were not allowed at the front by the Soviets. Those who did observe were shocked by the casualty rate, reality was too controversial - few wrote anything until after the war. Of those courageous enough to write the stories, English and American editors usually ignored them, preferring to report more positive news. The March, 1917 Revolution was an act of desperation by the commoners in Petrograd to end the horror by changing the autocratic government of the Tsar to the democracy promised by the Communists.

For America, the March Revolution was seen as the triumph of democracy over imperialism and for the first time they now felt supportive, even enthusiastic, about Russia. The Revolution was unplanned. Initially, there was a political vacuum. The Allies began to fear that Russia would withdraw its offence against Germany simply due to exhaustion and lack of supplies. If that happened, Germany might have free hand to capture Russia, and then, confidently regroup against the Allies. Yet the campaign of the Bolshevik workers was so unimaginable to Western reporters that their rise to power virtually went unnoticed to the rest of the world.

Lenin returned from hiding in Finland.
During the 2 day interim, the Bolsheviks took control of most of the strategic locations with little opposition: railway stations, the state bank, the power station, the bridges across the river, and the telephone exchange. The government had sent for reinforcements. They failed to arrive. The Winter Palace was stormed and when the Kremlin surrendered, the Revolution was almost complete.

The Russian release of all the secret treaties negotiated between the Czarist regime and the Allies, and the subsequent publicity of them by reporter Philips Price, who gained access to them through Trotsky - shocked most commoners. For the first time, to any great extent, the deception afforded politics by behind the scenes treacheries was demonstrated to the common citizen of so-called democracies. Nations had bargained with other nations as to how they would carve up the world after they had jointly taken possession of it.

France was to have a free hand in western Europe on condition that Russia had a free hand in Poland; if Rumania would enter the War, it would receive the Banat with its Yugoslav population, the Bukovina with its Ukrainian population, and Transylvania with its Magyars; Persia (Iran/Iraq) would be split between Britain and Russia; the French-British Sykos-Picot agreement divided much of the Arab world between the Allies.

The politicians and bureaucrats had told half-lies.
They had entered the War primarily to carve up the world - exactly what they accused the Germans and their allies of intending to do; the "moral" reasons sold to the citizens of most of the participants by propaganda were simple conveniences to persuade millions of individuals to murder each other. Germany, Britain, France and America - ALL called earnestly for support from GOD to help them win in the conflict.

The spiritual dimension of humanity was repressed by authoritarian intolerance and possessiveness in the highest offices of most human institutions - political, religious and social. On February 12, 1918, the Soviet government announced that as far as it was concerned the war was over.

In righteous indignation, the Allies prepared their public for intervention by a new round of disinformation. Unlike propaganda, which may be totally untrue, disinformation, like professional fraud, is 80% correct; the rest is included to inspire - confidence, emotion, action. The British decried the "treachery" of the Russian surrender of 89% of its coal mines, 34% of its population and 54% of its industry. But the Allies had never come to the aid of the Russian people!

While disclaiming any interest in the success or failure of Lenin's socialist decrees, British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) sent its first agents into the USSR, to overthrow Bolshevism. They were involved in an abortive attempt to assassinate Lenin on August 31, 1918, when Lenin was shot twice by a British spy and almost died. At times, the Allies believed that the Bolsheviks were agents working for the Germans. Again, misinformation, and propaganda, kept even Allied leaders from the awareness of the huge Russian losses earlier in the War. Had they known, it would have been easier for them to empathize with the exhaustion of the Soviets to continue fighting.

Allied censorship and a dearth of reporters resulted in no Western awareness of the February, 1918 reforms of the Bolsheviks. Nothing was reported of the socialization reforms, nothing of the nationalization of the land, nothing of the reform of the calendar (which ended the confusion of Old Style and New Style dating).

Western intervention, against the new Soviet government, began in April, 1918, with the landing of British and Japanese troops at Vladivostok, on the Pacific Ocean. All the while hysterical anti-Bolshevist propaganda was being printed in Britain while the truth, reported by journalist Philips Price, was being censored or ignored. When the unrest finally had come to an end, the Western nations would remember it as a "Civil War" between "Whites" who opposed the Bolshevists and the "Red" Communists who supported bolshevism. The considerable international involvement would largely become a matter of national denial where proud victory had not been attained.

1918 - On November 23,
Laventi Beria is given a senior post in the reorganized "Tscheka", which had been changed to the GPU and is now to be known as the "Obevdeinnove Gosudarstvennov" (OGPU). A young and very ambitious man thrust into the harsh brutal reality of the secret service during a combined political reorganization and multiple nation invasion, Beria becomes notorious for his methods used to murder numerous opponents of Stalin.

Receiving more gratitude and respect from Stalin with each spy and traitor executed, Beria begins to enjoy the torture of his victims - whom he despises for their "weaknesses" : greed, lust, pride, alcoholism, friendship, compassion, sloth, honesty, and others. Before his own execution in 1953, Beria would have 35,000 members of his own Red Army executed for "cowardice" or "desertion" and 525 members of the secret services tortured and executed for treason.

1918 - On November 30,
The Soviet Union Council of Labor and Defense was established.
Chaired by Lenin, other members included Leon Trotsky and Josif Stalin.
It had complete authority and responsibility for defence matters.
This ended a period of turmoil for the Army and Navy.

1918 - By the end of the year,
Carlo "Charles" Ponzi, an Italian immigrant to the USA, and a persistent criminal (bad cheques and then smuggling illegal aliens) had opened his Securities Exchange Company. Various post offices in different nations offered International Reply Coupons, which could be used to purchase postage stamps between countries. Rates of inflation had been widely diverse between some countries.

An intellectual concept, it appeared possible that one could make a profit, even large profits, by purchasing these certificates in one country, where the inflation rate was high, and redeeming them in another, where the inflation rate was low. Ponzi began issuing promissory notes with a face value of $150.00, for which the investor would pay a discounted $100.00. These were to capitalize the trading of the certificates. At first, the investor would receive the full value of the note back in 90 days. With bank rates of return being 3% to 4% per year, Ponzi's 200% (50% x 4 quarters) was extra-attractive.

Many prospects were dubious at the beginning and risked only small amounts like $10 or $20.
After earning 50% interest on their money several times, many felt more secure and increased their investment to thousands of dollars. Referral prospects rose considerably in number also as investors confided the opportunity to their friends, relatives and associates. Trust had appeared to have been earned by Ponzi who produced the "profits". And the trust which friends, relatives, and associates had in their investor contact persuaded them to get involved.

Soon, the crowd psychology of humanity overtook the operation and investments were flowing in so quickly that Ponzi was paying off the promissory notes in just 45 days. One million dollars of investment was being invested per day at one point, and a US dollar in 1920 had the purchasing power of at least US $10.

Ponzi's empire grew and he was publicly hailed in the media and financial groups as a financial genius. He came to own the Hanover Trust Company, a local bank. He lived in the expensive suburb of Lexington, Massachusetts. He became known as "The Great Ponzi". There was a fundamental problem that eventually led to Ponzi's downfall. Over time Ponzi never purchased more than $100 worth of the International Reply Coupons, the trading of which was to have produced the profits. (see 1920)

1919 - On June 6,
The Allies give the Germans an ultimatum to sign a peace treaty which they had begun to assemble January 18 in the Foreign Ministry of France in Paris, at which 70 delegates from the 27 victorious powers attended. On May 7, they had presented the peace conditions to the German delegation headed by the German Foreign Minister, Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau. The German plea for verbal negotiation had been totally denied. The treaty required the Germans to accept full responsibility for the war which they believed they had not started or wanted. On June 16, under threat of invasion, the German National Assembly agreed to the signing, 237 to 138 votes.

The end of the war came as a complete shock to most Germans who had been convinced by their media stories that they were winning: casualty numbers had been concealed; the influence of American intervention was minimized; the extent of Germany's resources had been exaggerated; Germany's defeats had been avoided. Surrender was difficult; the shame of being forced to accept all the blame was traumatic. They felt betrayed. The Communists and the Jews had sold them out, they came to believe.

In May, when the Count had received the peace conditions, he was so shocked and enraged that he was overheard to say: "Clemenceau, that senile old man, hurling insults at our people, we are not so to be treated. The only way for me to articulate my feelings was deliberately to remain seated ... The Fatherland has been dealt a heavy blow. There is work to be done. We are Germans. We will rise from this shame."

1919 - During August,
J. Edgar Hoover, a junior Federal bureaucrat, would be appointed chief of the General Intelligence (antiradical) division of the Justice Department. The labour militancy after the end of World War I menaced the status quo of established privilege. Hoover laboured to portray the 1919 steel strike as a "Red conspiracy."

Murray B. Levin would later reveal that the "Red Scare" "was promoted, in large part, by major business groups which feared their power was threatened by a leftward trend in the labour movement"; and they had "reason to rejoice" at its substantial success, namely, "to weaken and conservatize the labor movement, to dismantle radical parties, and to intimidate liberals."

It "was an attempt - largely successful - to reaffirm the legitimacy of the power elites of capitalism and to further weaken workers' class consciousness." The Red Scare was strongly backed by the press and the American elites until they came to see that their own interests would be harmed as the right-wing frenzy got out of hand - in particular, the anti-immigrant hysteria, which threatened the best reserve of cheap labor.

Foster Rhea Dulles would later observe that

"Government agencies made most of these fears and kept up a barrage of anti-Bolshevik propaganda throughout 1919 which was at least partially inspired by the need to justify the policy of intervention (by the USA) in both Archangel and Siberia."

Attorney General Palmer justified his actions "to clean up the country almost unaided by any virile legislation" on grounds of the failure of Congress "to stamp out these seditious societies in their open defiance of law by various forms of propaganda":

"Upon these two basic certainties, first that the 'Reds' were criminal aliens, and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws ...."

Palmer's "information showed that communism in the USA was an organization of thousands of aliens, who were direct allies of Trotsky." Thus "the Government is now sweeping the nation clean of this alien filth," with the overwhelming support of the press, until they perceived that their own interests were threatened." Palmer's intent was to safeguard the status quo: keep society static. That way, he and the other elite of the society would continue to lead predictable, stable, materially advantaged lifestyles. That was the American Dream of the American bureaucrat: now that you have something, keep it, and protect it.

The "Palmer Raids" of January 2, 1920, would raise Hoover to national awareness.
Then, 4,000 alleged "radicals" would be rounded up in 33 cities in 23 states (over 200 "aliens" were subsequently deported), while the Washington Post editorialized that "there is no time to waste on hairsplitting over infringement of liberty" in the face of the Bolshevik menace, and lauded the House of Representatives for its expulsion of socialist congressman Victor Berger on grounds that it could not have given a "finer or more impressive demonstration of Americanism"; the New York Times meanwhile described the expulsion of socialist assemblymen as "an American vote altogether, a patriotic and conservative vote" which "an immense majority of the American people will approve and sanction," whatever the benighted electorate may believe.

Hoover would never forget this period; it would become a centrepoint of all his later endeavours. The primary ingredients were:

1. Threat of political opposition would bring him power;
2. Those who appeared unpatriotic didn't have any rights;
3. Authoritarian unilateral action may be acceptable & lauded;
4. Portray oneself as patriotic and politicians will support you;
5. With the backing of the media, you can become an overnight hero;
6. It is not justice which is important but the appearance of justice;
7. Satisfy those with power - the others can't do any benefit to you.

1919 - During the year,
A.S. Eddington, Plumian Professor of Astronomy in the University of Cambridge, wrote "Space, Time and Gravitation: A Outline of the General Relativity Theory". First published in 1920, this volume relates Albert Einstein's theory of relativity to a number of significant subjects including these: Geometry; Relativity; the World of Four Dimensions; Fields of Force; Kinds of Space; Laws of Gravitation; Weighing Light; Momentum and Energy; Infinity; Electricity and Gravitation. Amongst his explanations and descriptions are these:

"... we must get rid of the idea that there is anything inevitable about these (Euclidean geometry) laws, and that it would be impossible to find other parts of the universe space-fields where these laws do not apply ... Surely it is contrary to scientific principles to lay down arbitrary laws for nature to obey; we must find out her laws by experiment. ... Non-Euclidean space ... is not contrary to reason, but contrary to common experience, which is a very different thing, since experience is very limited.

The division into the past and future (a feature of time-order has no analogy in space-order) is closely associated with our ideas of causation and free-will. In a perfectly determinate scheme the past and future may be regarded as lying mapped out - as much available to present exploration as the distant parts of space. Events do not happen; they are just there, and we come across them.

'The formality of taking place' is merely an indication that the observer has on his voyage of exploration passed into the absolute future of the event in question; and it has no important significance. We can be aware of an eclipse in the year 1999, .... Our knowledge of things where we are not, and of things when we are not, is essentially the same - an inference (sometimes a mistaken inference) from brain impressions, including memory, here and now.

So, if events are determinate, there is nothing to prevent a person from being aware of an event before it happens; and an event may cause other events previous to it. Thus the eclipse of the Sun in May 1919 caused observers to embark in March.

One of the most important consequences of the relativity theory is the unification of inertia and gravitation. ... Every body tends to move in the track in which it actually does move, except in so far as it is compelled by material impacts to follow some other track than that in which it would otherwise move. ... Action is the curvature of the world. ... Wherever there is matter there is action and therefore curvature; ....

History never repeats itself.
But in the space dimensions we should, if we went on, ultimately come back to the starting point. ... Owing to curvature in the time dimension, as we examine the condition of things further and further from our starting point, our time begins to run faster and faster, or to put it another way natural phenomena and natural clocks slow down. ... When we reach half-way to the antipodal point, time stands still. ... There is no possibility of getting any further, because everything including light has come to rest here. All that lies beyond is for ever cut off from us by this barrier of time [unless we change to a fifth dimension] ....

... the lesson is that a vast number of appearances may be combined into one consistent whole - perhaps all appearances that are directly perceived by terrestrial observers - and yet the result may still be only an appearance. Reality is only obtained when all conceivable points of view have been combined.

1919 -
During the year, William Friese-Green, a now near destitute English inventor of the cinema some 40 years earlier, wrote:

"... the expense and enthusiasm of the Inception and for proving the possibilities of
Cinematography, ended my business career.  One man cannot compete against the prejudice
and jealousy of an Invention which is not believed at the time.  So the Invention goes through
the stages:
     1st: Rubbish, impossible!
     2nd: Impossible!
     3rd: Possible and probable.
     4th: Yes, possible, but is there any money in it?
     5th: Yes there is money in it (that is the stage of worry).
     6th: Plenty of money in it.
     7th: Oh.  I have heard of this Invention long ago!
  
So the ebb and flow of Invention, like the ebb and flow of Reason, will always flow from
generation to generation ...."

Within a capital-based marketing system the primary question regarding motivation for learning, exploring, developing or producing is always one of material profit. Pattern-based motivations are primarily obsessive or compulsive addictive responses which support these activities. Emotion-based motivations often underlie either material gain or control gain orientations.

Spiritually-based motivations are seldom expressed in the modern human market structures.
Mutual respect and honesty as well as self-awareness and a desire to be guided by spiritual communication from a source beyond ourselves and our comprehension, inherent in spiritually-based motivations - demands courage, risk, self-direction, self-esteem, humility, strength of spirit, and earned and expressed faith. What human culture places these attributes high within its institutions ?