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1862 - Insectoids, originally from the Earth, now determine that they have acquired a population limiting virus which has become endemic. The eventual result will be a steady reduction of the population. They begin searching for a bioengineered solution.

1862 - Peruvian ships land at Rapa Nui (Easter Island), capture 1,000 natives for slaves and kill others.
Later ordered returned, all but 15 of the natives die from smallpox. The men wore large wooden plugs in their earlobes, were bearded, tied up their hair into topknots and tattoed themselves abundantly. Bark-cloth cloaks were worn against the cool winds; otherwise, women might wear grass skirts and men G-strings. Many went naked. The survivors who were returned to the island from Peru spread smallpox to others on the island resulting in the population decreasing to several hundred. Nearly all the priests, nobles and elders died.

1862 - Victor Hugo writes his "Les Miserables" in his efforts to dramatize the need for a greater reality of justice and mercy for the poor and oppressed in France. The privileges of power and authority in a capital-based society continue to result in the abuse of these benefits by the bureaucracies, the wealthy, and the social elite.

1862 - Robert Young, an Edinburgh bookseller, published a literal translation of the Bible which was practically a word-for-word equivalent of the original texts. Young became best known for his "Analytical Concordance" to the Bible.

1863 - Jules Verne, who would have the long-term best record for accurate written predictions writes his "Paris in 1960". He describes motorized vehicles (cars) transporting people about the streets, lighting which is powered by (electrical) underground cables, and the use of telegraphic photography (fax machines). Henry Ford in born this year and would found one of the world's largest car manufacturing and sales corporations. Verne's editor believed that the book was too imaginary and impossible for a common reader to believe, even as science fiction. The book was not published until 1995.

His writings were an extension of the developments of the times.
Paris had already been undergoing renovations to make it the "capital of the world" for 20 years.
Verne had ran away to sea when aged 11. Returned home, he was traumatized by the disgrace and vowed to never travel again, except by his imagination. Verne persisted for many years to have his early works published and received many rejections. He maintained an obsessive interest in new and proposed technologies related to travel as well as the theoretically possible aspects of travel. His novels would become an example of what human fantasy could be capable of in an inspiring way, and, what human intellectualization could both plan, misconstrue, and justify.

During 1863, his "Five Weeks in a Balloon" was published.
It would bring wealth to both him and his publisher and renown.
It earned him a lifelong publishing contract which eased, but did not guarantee, the publication of his other present and future works. The popularity of Verne's adventures with an increasingly literate public would serve to promote interest, enthusiasm, experimentation, involvement and development of hot air balloon, submarine (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea - 1870), aeroplane, aerospace (From the Earth to the Moon - 1865), artificial satellite (The Begum's Fortune), rocket-propelled guided missile (The Barsac Mission), atomic energy (For the Flag), and other technologies.

1863 - A Polish Uprising against their Russian colonizers fails.
After Nicholas I had become Tsar, violations of the constitution increased.
Intentions of the Tsar to use Polish troops against rebelling French and Belgian civilians met with increasing resistance. The Warsaw uprising in 1830 had resulted in Prince Czartoryski fleeing and a national government following. In turn, it ousted the Russian dynasty. This annoyed the Tsar somewhat and he sent forces to put down this insurrection.

While much of Europe sympathized with the Polish, none came to their aid and in 1831, Russian general Diebitsch defeated the nationalist forces several times and then captured Warsaw. Appointed the new governor, the general carried out severe punishment against the insurgents (torture and execution were common), thousands of nationalists fled into exile. Of those, a division into the aristocratic "Whites" and the democratic "Reds" formed.

Now, in 1863, resentment of Russian military taxes on the colonized Polish resulted in a clash in which "Whites" fought against "Reds". While the British, French and Austrians sent notes of disapproval ... Russian and Prussian forces quashed the quarreling Polish and executed the leaders. The remainder were sent to forced labour camps, deported, or, if they had ownership of any land - their estates were confiscated. Impossition of further Russification followed with use of the Polish language being prohibited, 14,000 Polish officials were terminated, new political divisions within the country were made, and land redistribution was carried out.

1864 - During this year, Maurice Joly a political satirist, wrote and published his "A Dialog in Hell" between Montesquieu and Machiavelli (Dialogue aux Enfer entre Montesquieu et Machiavel). Although actually published in Brussels, Belgium, its title page stated that it was published in Geneva, Switzerland.

Joly was from Paris, France.
His Dialog openly criticized Emperor Napoleon III - a criminal offense at the time - by putting the emperor's words under the names of Machiavelli and Montesquieu, two political philosophers whose concepts were out of favour with the administration of the Napoleonic government. The book was attempted to be smuggled into France. It was seized at the border. Joly was arrested, tried, and sentenced, to 15 months in prison on April 25, 1865.

After Joly's work was banned and copies were confiscated, the book became rare. Eventually, this rarity would help disguise the fact that it would be used as the basis for another book which supposedly exposed the truth.

1864 - Pope Pius IX (1846-78) condemns "erroneous liberal teachings" and demands the subordination of the state and science to the authority of the Roman Catholic Christian Church. A history of military abuses against many peoples, a system of bribes, and an authoritarian feudal domination by the papacy resulted in public uprisings against further and centralized domination.

The Roman Catholic Church had initiated a system of remission of sins for a price.
According to the nature of the professed sin, any sin, even murder, could be forgiven, in the name of God, in return for a specified capital "donation" to the Church. This acknowledgement of bribery as part of the status quo of religion and everyday life, including business transactions and government works expenditures - would be shown as late as 1988 to be supported by a majority of Italian priests in the Roman Catholic Church.

"Liberal teachings" began to inform the public of the possibility of political self-determination, private property rather than tenancy from Church or nobility, social programs for the benefit of the majority rather than the privileged few. The empire of the Popes political influence was decreasing; the possibility of local political state domination could mean the continuation or end of the papacy.

1866 - Ernst Haeckel solves the classification of lifeforms dilemma by introducing another kingdom to that of plants and animals: the "Protista". Bacteria, formerly classified as plants, do have rigid cell walls like plants, but some are motile and most use organic foods, as animals do. Algae have chlorophyll, as do plants, but some are motile. Yeasts have a rigid cell wall, but some share with animals the ability to make fats. Some protozoa and bacteria have chlorophyll. Are they plants or animals?

Haeckel proposed that protozoa, molds, yeasts, bacteria and the simplest algae be classified as Protista, a lifeform kingdom with characteristics which straddled those of plants and animals. The authoritarian version of rational interpretation only permits the simplicity, and inaccurate reality, of 2-sided values: yes/no, hot/cold, off/on, up/down, right/wrong, black/white, plant/vegetable. That was the status quo of the time and it would remain so until the end of the 1900s. Protozoa would be assigned to the animal kingdom and bacteria, molds, yeasts and algae would be considered plants. By the 1990s, viruses and rickettsiae (intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria) would also be classified as plant lifeforms.

This inability to accept the reality of a third real lifeform classification demonstrates the addictive acceptance of the authoritarian value system by humans who consider themselves to be scientists and social leaders and would contribute to an excessive waste of intellectual energy and material resources in attempting to examine and understand lifeforms which were viewed through the tainted lens of prejudice. Even within the 2-value system, if applied with integrity, each species of bacteria, molds, ... could have been classified according to whether its major characteristics allied it with other plantforms or other animals. Such an undertaking would have been complex and with the predisposition for intellectualization within human scientific fields, anarchy would have developed.

Indeed, the whole question of classification could have been set aside by simply acknowledging all lifeforms as lifeforms and classifying them from the point according to families and species. That would have been too humbling for humans to accept for the 2-valued plant-animal classification assumes that animals are categorically more complex, more intelligent, and more powerful than plantforms. Without that normative separation, humans would have to acknowledge that somewhere in the on the Earth, or in the universe, a plantform could exist which was superior to humans on the basis of intellect, power, and technology. That is going too far for the human ego.

1868 - During this year, Hermann Goedsche a minor official in the German postal service (who wrote by the name of Sir John Retcliffe), published a novel called "Biarritz". One chapter, called "In the Jewish Cemetery in Prague," described a secret nighttime meeting held in the cemetery during the "Feast of the Tabernacles". There, the leader of the 12 tribes of Israel would meet with the Devil to report on their activities during the century that had past since their last meeting.

In the book, the leaders report that the Jewish people are making great strides toward taking over the world. Thanks to the stock exchange, they have put all the princes and governments of Europe into their debt. They discuss a scheme to put all lands under Jewish control, and outline plans to upset the Christian Church; they also talk about gaining control of the press, and discuss schemes to land high government positions. In short, their quest for world domination is going well, at the expense of the rest of the populace. After renewing their oath, the leaders agree to meet again in 100 years.

A completely fictional work, Biarritz voiced many of the fears that anti-semites had felt for hundreds of years. The Jews, as a cultural law, had shunned occupations which would find them working in agriculture or as labourers. This focussed their livelihood ambitions on enterprise and specialist professionals.

More than any other cultural group they would take the risk of operating a business, as if it were mandated by their God that they do so. Their tendency to outnumber other cultures in their presence in business and their unspoken cultural commitment to buy from each other and to assist each other set them apart as a somewhat unequal sinister group to those businessmen who were inept or unfortunate in their dealings. Excluded from the social and business meetings of Jewish businessmen, non-Jews did not have a comparable informal "university" to learn their business skills and techniques from. While this mutual assistance increased the skill, self-esteem, and self-directedness of the typical Jewish businessman, it exposed the ineptitude, anxiety and lack of market focus too often typified in the failing businessman - Jew, or non-Jew.

The failing Jew would seldom expose his plight publicly with rants about unfairness and despair so the failing Jew had little visibility. The failing non-Jew was much more likely to bemoan his plight, feel sorry for himself and make those around him miserable: be noticed. As proud and ashamed failing non-Jews noticed each other, they also did not notice the humbled yet faithful failing Jew - who was more likely to learn from his mistakes. Hence, practices, attitudes and style of faith encouraged the spiritually weaker (having less faith in their work focus) to victimize (envy) the spiritually stronger (who believed that their choice of work was mandated by their god).

The additional fact that the Jews often dressed differently, spoke amongst themselves in a foreign tongue (to that used by the common population in the country they were in), followed religious rituals which separated them from ALL non-Jews, followed restricted (elitist/odd) nutritional regimes and appeared to hold loyalty to no nation (since they could be found equally in many) both placed them at a distance from the common population and made them appear more threatening during times of political or economic distress.

A greater sharing of and tolerance for the social customs of each other could have decreased this polarization. The dependent relationship between Jewish religion and Jewish social custom and the social stigma against intermarriage made the opportunity for such a form of intercommunication, mutual respect and understanding unlikely. Such a ritualized, ethnocentric, enterprise-focussed culture would always stand as a likely scapegoat for the individually competitive, racial and religious diversity and lifestyle-focussed mass cultures of the industrial age.

1868 - E.E. Hale wrote of the use of Communication Satellites in the future.
He wrote that they would be made of brick (clay > ceramic) and would be powered by a waterfall (hydro-electric energy > electricity). This prediction was treated as an indication of insanity by the people of the day and the fundamental truths behind his prediction were not even commonly acknowledged in 1995.

1868 - The Pultusk Stony Meteorite breaks into 100,000 individual stones as it impacts near Piltusk, Poland.

1869 - Unwanted children were continuing to collect in the English streets.
From Canada, over on the shores of Ontario the cry is heard, 'Come over and we will help you.' ... We are waiting to seek out the worthy, not yet on the parish (welfare) list, but who soon will be; we will see to their being properly started on the Canadian shores if you will give us the power to make a golden bridge across the Atlantic."

During the summer, Annie MacPherson sent 500 youngsters to Montreal, Canada, where they were inspected by immigration officers, and sent to farms in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. In the spring of 1870, Macpherson and 100 boys set off to Canada, with no arrangements for placement of the boys or anyone but immigration officers to meet them. After almost 2 weeks in the stinking, dirty steerage of a rolling ship, they emerged to spend the night in an orphanage. 23 were immediately placed on Quebec farms with the remainder sent to Belleville, Ontario by train.

There, the Warden of Hasting County, A.F. Wood, invited her to establish her distributing home in the town. The use of a house for the purpose was offered to her, rent paid, and she took it. It would be called Marchmont. She left Ellen Agnes Bilborough in charge while she travelled around Ontario for 8 weeks to survey the need and opportunities. Thereafter she encouraged her sister Rachel, in London, to send more boys as soon as possible. Rachel's husband departed with 70 more.

By 1872, Annie Macpherson had returned from England with another party of children and set up another distribution house in Galt, Ontario. By the mid-1930s, they would have transferred 14,000 children from London destitution to Canadian farms.

In 1877, Annie Macpherson convinced her sister, Louisa Birt, to open a distributing home in Knowlton, Quebec.

1869 - In Germany, an Agreement expanding Police Powers is signed between the Ministry of War and the Ministry of the Interior. It provides the police with the powers to deal with spies rather than the "Abwehr" (Military Intelligence). This would later enable the formation of the Gestapo, a police organization.

1869 - On August 7, moving lights on the Moon were reported by American astronomer Swift.
He observed several bright lights cross the dark disc along parallel lines as if moving in formations. French astronomers, Hines and Zentmayer observed the same lights, and formations during the same period. During the year, many other astronomers reported sightings. Many of the lights were seen in the Mare Crisium and many were reported moving above the surface in circular, triangular and rectangular formations, as if obeying a pattern of formation for some intended purpose.

1869 - During the year, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev publishes his periodic table which organizes all known chemical elements by their atomic weights. This table becomes the foundation of modern chemistry and the basis for understanding elemental interrelationships.

1869 - The First Vatican Council is held by the Pope.
It concludes in 1870 with the "Dogma of Papal Infallibility" in matters of faith and morals.
For many Italians, the Church was their only form of education. By proclaiming infallibility, suddenly, after 1600 years of presumed fallibility, the Pope sought to crush the liberal teachings which threatened the political authority and material prosperity of the Church.

1869 - Johann Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895) identifies deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a macromolecule protein. Such large molecules are composed of chains of many different amino acids, and, as the most abundant molecules in Earth-based living cells, they constitute over 50% of the cell's dry weight. These proteins are nucleotide polymer, each of which has a chemical basic nature (nucleobase) bound to a sugar, which itself is attached to a phosphate group of elements.

Replication, the ability to divide into identical separate cells is a characteristic of nucleic acid-protein biological systems. It is commonly assumed by humans to be an indicator of a lifeform. Yet this ability also exists in certain mineral systems including clays, the earliest form of soil deposit known on Earth. Macromolecular structures are the basic unit for replication because all of the "information" or structural forms indicative of the "system" must be contained in the smallest unit. For such a unit to be capable of growth, elements within the protein macromolecule must include some with either catalytic properties, or, some with properties which enable their reaction with other substances to produce catalyts.

Ongoing activity is typically the result of catalytic initiative and sustenance and while such activity of change may be continuous or merely periodic, it is the capacity for such action to be initiated and potentially sustained which defines the human perspective of life when replication is also present. Viruses cannot replicate, until they receive a relevant "key" of catalytic activity from a macromolecule protein which is part of a "proven" active lifeform (cell). Conversely, an activated virus may be de-activated by neutralizing the "catalytic" components which provide it with life. Humans would understand little about viruses for another century. Awareness of the deactivation principle would not arrive until the 1990s!

1870 - On May 13, moving lights on the Moon were reported by astronomers.
They observed several bright lights cross the crater Plato along parallel lines as if moving in formations. The groups of lights, varying from 4 to 28 in number, were moving above the surface. They appeared to rapidly switch on and off suggesting the transmission of a signal, the disappearance of the objects into hangers or shelters and their re-emergence, or of the light being interrupted on a frequent basis by other non-lighted objects passing between the light sources and the Earth.

1870 - Jules Verne has his "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" published.
It becomes another of his science fantasies - an imaginative extension of technological concepts of the time and of idealistic principles. This novel was one of the first widely read works to embrace a concept of a self-sufficient society, minimal economic waste, a perspective of humanity as a part of the ecology of the world, and technology as a means to attaining justice. Verne described a captain and crew who chose to reject the injustices, waste, and enslavement of the world-in-general and construct their own in reaction.

As the times progressed, Verne would become increasingly concerned by the indications of totalitarian government dominating the future. Seeking only to share his imaginative pseudo-adventures and travels, the popularity of Verne's published works actually provided the incentive for desperate and greedy governments to develop the technology Verne envisioned for use in travel and utilize it for totalitarian military use.

In intellectualizing the potential for adventure, exploration, and drama which technology could add to travel, Verne demonstrated the potential for the general population to re-invent his idealistic rationalizations through their more anxious perceptions and fears. While he played with concepts, others would risk their own and the lives of others with them: plot with them. Verne sought to show how technology could assist in one's appreciation of the universe; influential readers would see in his stories the means by which a government could be threatened - theirs or someone elses.

Verne's insecurity about real travel was converted into a confidence about theoretical travel.
Verne's desire for a form of "clean" stimulation led to the stimulation of society to welcome dependence on and addiction to technology - at any cost, for any purpose. Verne rarely left his home.

1870 - The introduction of the gold standard into the USA provides a solid foundation from which government spending and stabilized banking operations could be built.

1870 - In August, the first decisive engagement of the Franco-Prussian War took place at Gravelotte-Saint-Privat and resulted in the French being put to flight.

German Chancellor Bismark had realized the political value of a friendly press earlier:

"Nothing will be more favourable for our political standing in England and America than the appearance, in the two most influential papers of these countries ... of very detailed accounts of our army in the field."

Archibald Forbes, inspired by the writing of William Russell, a 5-year veteran of the British Royal Dragoons, and a writer - had been retained by the Morning Advertiser as war correspondent - and was on the field that day.

War reporting in the mass media became advanced now by two factors.
Forbes reported observations of the senior commanders at the front, from the winning side, at crucial historical moments. To Forbe's benefit, he carefully planned, with the free use of money, ingenuity, and a great deal of persistence - a communications route before setting out for the battlefield. Also, for the benefit of the industry, George W. Smalley, an American reporter, set up the first "pool" arrangement whereby dispatches telegraphed to one newspaper would be made available to other newspapers in the "pool".

Napoleon III surrendered to Bismark.
Paris surrendered. The Germans entered Paris on March 1, 1871.
During the Bloody Week of May 21 to 28, the troops at Versailles carried out a witch hunt for Communists while civilian mobs, composed of past supporters, now singled out suspected and real Communists for public execution by mob violence in the streets.

1870 - Thomas John Barnardo, son of Jewish German heritage, born, on July 4, 1845, into a Dublin, Ireland home with 7 children before him, to a second wife - the first had died during the birth of her fifth child - became active in the British social movement to "save" destitute street children. His birth had been difficult, sibling conflict was present from the beginning - from him to the others, and he developed an arrogant, aggressive personality.

During the spring of 1862, Barnardo was repeatedly exposed to the tenets of the "Plymouth Brethren", a strict Calvinist sect that had no clergy and stressed the imminent return of Christ to Earth and the terrible urgency of salvation and obedience. At the urging of 2 brothers, Thomas converted to become a religious zealot, as if trading his past guilt of his treatment of others for "free and full salvation".

Barnardo grieved that he was only a teenager and that so many youth in the streets of Dublin were dying for lack of redemption. Working for his father by day, he took up organizing and preaching to others 3 nights each week.

In February, 1866, he met Hudson Taylor, a well-known missionary who inspired him with the desire to go to China where he could "save millions". Barardo went to London to apply for the China Inland Mission. While waiting, and in hopes of influencing his positive selection, he worked as a medical student 6 days each week at the primitive London Hospital. He was arrogant and pious in his religious attitude and held himself aloof from the students who often drank alcoholic beverages, and the patients who laid in filthy surroundings; yet, his intensity enabled him to turn his frustration and anger into an obsession with work.

The Mission turned down his application on the grounds that he was overbearing and difficult to work with. The denial crushed Barardo's expectation of greatness to be achieved through the intense conversion of millions of others and he experienced a sense of depression which would never quite leave him.

As early as 1867, he helped Annie Macpherson at her "Home of Industry", for destitute children in the east London. In June, 1870, Barnardo strolled into east London and, having been denied China, determined his future goal:

"The future, even to our most hopeful lads, is dark and unpromising."

What they needed was not merely a refuge, but a home, a place that would look after their needs, not just for shelter, but for moral upbringing, so that their steps could be set upon the paths of righteousness forever. He resolved to provide one.. Early in September, 1870, he began to search for the children who would become his first resident. On September 17, he and 25 boys, went through a simple ceremony that was the official opening of "Dr. Barnardo's Home".

By December, 1870, he had opened a refuge - 3 small houses - where 33 boys from the streets came to live. He quickly put them to work, so they could realize an income to help pay the cost of rent and food. By May, 1871, he had begun to create for himself an autobiography to support his efforts to gain public support for his plans. His first sponsored boy to enter Canada for life on an Ontario farm had supposedly departed. A background of European nobility, riches and success, and his father's participation in the Canadian Hudson's Bay (Fur) Company would all prove to be wrong when investigated far later.

The mass media loved the story, as did the masses, of a young man of rich and noble heritage, a doctor, turned to care for the destitute of the world. He used the title of "Doctor" even though he was never more than a medical student: a not uncommon practice of the day even though it was fraudulent and not encouraged. With the publicity, he received support and attention. By 1872, articles about his endeavours were entering the newspapers more frequently and he supplied the information and pictures that made them even more dramatic. "What such children need is a new heaven and a new Earth - the fresh conditions of colonial life," he stated.

During the early weeks of his Refuge, Barnardo tried to balance the number of admissions to his home with those who left. A traumatic experience involving a boy named John Somers changed that. Somers, abandoned by his father and used as a scavenger by his mother, an alcoholic, came to the Barnardo Home and asked for admission desperately one night. The Home was filled and Barnardo denied him. Several days later the body of Somers was found in a barrel near London Bridge, his death the result of exhaustion, starvation and exposure. Barnardo would now be more obsessed in his mission than earlier.

He began to use rigged photos in his advertisements promoting his Home and the transfer of children to Canada. A boy would be dressed in torn clothing, made filthy and dishevelled, and photographed. The same day, the boy would be cleaned up, dressed in new clothing, hair trimmed and re-photographed. The pictures were used to show the difference between a street boy before coming to the Barnardo Home, and after he had been sponsored to his new glorious Canadian farm home. The pictures and article became an effective means to an end. During 1872, 7000 pounds were collected to support the extension of the activities of the Barnardo Home. In 1873, the receipts rose to over 15,000 pounds.

In 1873, he both married and extended his activities to include the "Girl's Village Home" of Thomas John Barnardo. "Through the great goodness of God, a Home has been placed at our disposal in which it is our united desire to rescue little female waifs and train them as domestic servants for establishments of the better class." He concluded that girls should be kept in an institution separate from the boys; that they would benefit from smaller groups; that each home would be presided over by a house mother. 14 cottages of 4 bedrooms each were built.

1870 - In September, the Italian Occupation of the Papal States is completed by General Cadorna.
Pope Pius IX will reject the "guarantee of papal independence" and simply retain sovereignty over the Vatican State (with the hope of future expansion once more).

The Vatican State becomes 108 acres of walled enclave within the City of Rome, measuring 1,132 yards in length by 812 yards in width. The Papal States would never rise again; the Italian provinces would never have a unified populace - largely due to subversive factors: the papacy, the mafia, the Russian (and USSR) secret services, the American CIA, and others.

1872 - On July 4, the Jesuits were expelled by law from the German Empire.

1872 - Insectoids, originally from the Earth, have now been searching for 10 years to find a bioengineered remedy to a population limiting virus which has become endemic to their species. They have determined that new genes are required and that these are neither in their own gene pool nor in any other on their planet. They decide that they will return to the Earth as their best known option. In the 293,128 years since they departed, they have developed better interstellar travel craft: more efficient, faster.

Originally, it took them 1,000 years to reach their current planet.
They will return in just 67 years with the use of multiple stage propulsion units capable of eventually reaching the speed of light. At the speed of light, time stands still: one may travel shorter to infinite distances in a moment of time. Most of the flight time will be taken in acceleration and deceleration. Because of the structural natures of their bodies, they can withstand gravitational acceleration forces easily capable of resulting in death to humans.

1872 - On March 26, an 8.5 Magnitude Earthquake occurred in the Owens Valley region of California, USA. The shock waves travelled across most of western America. Around the epicentre of the quake, landscape changes were drastic, with gaping fissures and sunken ground.

1872 - During the year, Mount Vesuvius, Italy, erupts violently and destructively.

1872-1907
Under the reign of Oscar II, lumber and iron ore reserves were utilized with the aid of water power, to mainly supply the German market. Agricultural losses from erosion, over-farming, climate variances, and overpopulation resulted in a trend towards a resurgence of animal husbandry. Mass emigration to the USA helped meet the crisis. Tariffs were added to grains and industrial products to reduce imports.

1873 - During the year, Albrecht von Herzeele published the book, "The Origin of Inorganic Substances" which offered proof that, far from simply absorbing matter from the soil and the air, living plants are continuously creating matter. During his lifetime, Herzeele made hundreds of analyses indicating that, in seeds sprouting in distilled water, the original content of potash, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and sulfur quite inexplicably increased. Not only mineral ash but every one of the plants' components increased, such as the nitrogen which burned off during incineration of the seeds.

Von Herzeele also discovered that plants seemed to be able to transmute phosphorus into sulfur, calcium into phosphorus, magnesium into calcium, carbonic acid into magnesium, and nitrogen into potassium.

1874 - Rising child abuse in the British dominion of Canada was becoming obvious.
Over 1000 destitute or homeless children were being taken yearly from the slums of major British cities and exported to Canada with the intent of giving them an improved lifestyle. Some were "adopted" by kind and considerate families, but many were not. Minimal effort was used to educate or prepare such urban children for a rural life. Frequently the children were taken from their parents on the basis that the parents were destitute, alcoholic, or had mistreated the child - which had run away, or, had abandoned the child.

One boy, a Mr. Payton, later remarked:
"The great flaw was that most of us were denied affection entirely.
There was no such thing. You were the hired boy and you were treated that way.
We weren't supposed to need affection."

Others were emotionally traumatized by the callous treatment of those they were placed with. Some of the well-known examples are these:

 1) Children were separated from relatives and refused further contact;
 2) Children were taken from happy foster homes and placed into abusive ones;
 3) Destitute spiritually broken farmers were impatient and intolerant;
 4) Impatience and intolerance often resulted in physical & emotional abuse;
 5) Girls were too often confronted by sexual abuse and rape;
 6) Children were placed in cold filthy bare surroundings;
 7) Harsh women, and men, were sometimes responsible for the child's death;
 8) Contracted education, allowances, necessities - might not be provided;
 9) Learning of skills was expected to be automatic - training was minimal;
10) Labour expectations for the child could exceed those applied to adults.

With an attitude that accepted that the children being exported form Britain were less than desirable, incident of mistreatment reported to the few inspectors were often themselves the source of more abuse: either because the inspector would confide them to the abusive farmer, or, because the inspector would threaten the child with more abuse rather than cope with the possibility of having to relocate the child, deal with the abuser, or lodge a report that suggested that the system was less than perfect.

1874 - The French astronomer Lamay saw many black spots crossing the Moon in a perfect geometric pattern.

1870s During this period, the Dakota States in the north central USA
experienced a Locust invasion. Drought followed by rains often presents an ideal environment for them. Locusts swarm in dense clouds that darken the sky and strip bare anything edible in their path. A swarm can cover 52 square kilometres (20 square miles) in a matter of days.

1875 - On February 8, the "Report of Andrew Doyle", a lawyer, born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and an inspector with the Poor Law Board for almost 25 years, was made public. The Local Government Board, which had taken over the responsibilities of his former employer, had asked him to go to Canada and investigate the condition of the hundreds of children sent to Canada with the purpose of improving their situation.

Doyle had left for Canada on June 4, 1874, arrived almost a month later there, spoke with the women running the distribution houses and numerous farming families which had accepted one or more children and to a number of children in private. A long-term bureaucrat and child welfare worker, he was appalled by much of what he encountered yet praised highly the general intent of the originators of the major organizations involved in the work. Most of the emigrations to Canada by destitute British children were being handled through less than 6 organizations.

His report concluded, in part:
a) Children from the workhouses were mingled with street children;
b) Workhouse children were destitute; street children were petty criminals;
c) The attitude of the organizers was naive and generally caused difficulties;
d) Farmers complained of receiving children who were insubordinate, 
                       petty thieves, committed falsehoods, and worse;
e) Selection of homes to send the children to was on minor criteria;
f) Most of the children received no supervision after placement;
g) Large numbers of girls "disappeared", ran away, drifted, or otherwise lost;
h) Inspections, when done, were of scant worth and not supportive of the child;
i) Numerous cases of boys and girls who complained of mistreatment existed;
j) Only the adoption of children under aged 5 seemed to be sincere;
k) Children older than 5 years were largely adopted for slave labour;
l) Some of the major organizers were abusive to the children themselves;
m) The children were largely treated with little understanding or compassion.

On March 16, in Ottawa, the two primary organizers, Annie Macpherson and Maria Rye, were called before the Canadian House of Commons Select Committee on Immigration and Colonization to respond to the report. Annie Macpherson confirmed that she had one full-time visitor and a horse, in Belleville, to provide visitations to the 2,000 children she had placed. She reassured the Committee that she was making efforts to improve on many of the points which had been made in the report. Predictably, Maria Rye denied ALL of the findings.

Despite the testimony of witnesses who supported the reports findings against Ms. Rye's operations, not one farmer appeared, or was requested to appear, to give evidence, no children were called as witnesses, and, numerous letters were read into the record supporting the work of Ms. Rye from people who occupied the socially respected positions of politician, judge, merchant or prelates of the Anglican Church. Most of these supporters knew nothing more about the plight of the children than what Ms. Rye had told them. Very quickly Doyle became, for the press as for the politicians, the target of criticism.

The added publicity further revealed the plight of the destitute and street children in Britain and would eventually result in greater support for the deportation (emigration) of such children from Britain to Canada. Meanwhile, the number of children sent in 1876 dwindled to 303 from a previous high of 1,124 sent in 1873.

The real problem was in the social attitude of the British, and Canadian colonizers towards children and sexuality. British religious and political prudery allowed for the major industrialization of the economy, relocation of large populations into relatively small areas, the promotion of dependence by the individual on an income depending on the management success of other people, a determination to remain sexually ignorant and naive of long known birth control methods while hypocritically encouraging the benefit of love with minimal demonstration of it.

At the foundation of the problems was an uncontrollable expansion of population which added increased administrative bureaucracy, and, increased dependency upon technology which diminished, or made uncertain, the job market. Those in power protected the status quo which ensured their power. Those fallen to the bottom of the economic ladder were now victimized by being told that they were responsible for their "weakness". Instead of correcting the problem, human would do what they did best - cover it up, hide it away, give it to someone else - anything but take responsibility for it.

1876 - "The Perfumed Garden" is published anew in France by an enthusiastic group including the original French Army Staff Officer who translated it from the Arabic and some of his fellow officers. With the secret use of the Government mimeographs - and even illustrated with erotic and sexually explicit drawings, the publication became such a covert success that "faked" copies appeared over the next decade.

1876 - The Philadelphia International Exhibition was held to celebrate the centennial of the U.S.A. On May 10, USA President Ulysses S. Grant and Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil turned the levers to start a gigantic 700-ton Carliss steam engine in the Machinery Hall.

Set in motion, an assortment of machines began, pumping water, combing cotton, spinning cotton, tearing hemp, printing newspapers, lithographing wallpaper, sewing cloth, folding envelopes, sawing logs, shaping wood, making shoes - 8,000 machines spread over 13 acres.

While most were greatly impressed by the power of the spectacle, English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley stated:

" I cannot say that I am in the slightest degree impressed by your bigness or your material resources, as such. Size is not grandeur, and territory does not make a nation. The great issue, about which hangs a true sublimity, is what are you going to do with all these things?"

Years later, in 1977, Daniel J. Boorstin would write:
"For most of human history, the norm had been continuity. Change was news. Daily lives were governed by tradition (rather than spiritual direction, intuition or even intellectual justification and planning). The most valued works were the oldest ....

The Republic of Technology is a world of obsolescence. ... Our characteristic printed matter is not a deathless literary work but today's newspaper that makes yesterday's newspaper worthless. ... In this world a great library is apt to seem not so much a treasurehouse as a cemetery. ... Now nations seem to be distinguished not by their heritage or their stock of monuments ... but by their pace of change. ... The supreme law ... is convergence, the tendency for everything to become more like everything else. ...

A person need not be learned, or even literate, to share the fruits of technology. ... Technology dilutes and dissolves ideology. ... In each successive war, the competition in technology becomes more fierce - and more effective ... involuntary collaboration of wartime enemies ... broadcast messages and images go without discrimination into the homes of the rich and the poor, white and black, young and old. More than 99% of American households have at least one television set. ... No questions are asked, no skill is needed.

TECHNOLOGY INVENTS NEEDS AND EXPORTS PROBLEMS. ...
Technology is a means of multiplying the unnecessary.
And advertising is a way of persuading us that we didn't know what we needed. ...

TECHNOLOGY CREATES MOMENTUM AND IS IRREVERSIBLE. ... Driven by "needs" for the unnecessary, we remain impotent to conjure the needs away. ...

TECHNOLOGY ASSIMILATES. ... assimilates times and places and people and things - a faithful colour reproduction ...

TECHNOLOGY INSULATES AND ISOLATES.
While technology seems to bring us together, it does so only by making new ways of separating us from one another. ...

TECHNOLOGY UPROOTS. ... actually uproots and separates us from our own special time and place. ... Instead of enjoying the weather given us ... we worry about the humidifier or the air conditioner.

Humans, in their modern development of technology, have seldom PLANNED how they would use the technology they were developing except for the general fantasies of power, domination, control, laziness.

1876 - Thomas John Barnardo, an east London organizer of street youth for preparation to relocate to Canada, became the subject of scandal. A letter to the editor published in the East London Observer that day would become central to accusations of fraud against him. Several weeks later, a second newspaper, the Tower Hamlets Independent, carried a second letter praising Barardo and his projects.

His obsession with new ventures and his vain attitude had aggravated too many persons for too long. He had opened an evening club for factory women, an infirmary for the street children taken in by his Home, a hostel for cabmen, even a reading-room near his headquarters where the Londoners could read dramatic accounts of his rescue work on the streets of their city. He had planned to open coffee-houses in other districts to extend his ministry where other evangelicals, including Frederick Charrington and George Reynolds, had focussed their efforts.

As early as the spring of 1874, rumours had begun to circulate about him having lodged with a prostitute. Still, Barnardo refused to follow the advice of associates and put an end to the gossip by launching a suit: he said he believed the Word of God forbade such rebuttals. Now, some of the methods he had used to further the cause of his homes were exposed as either outright fakes or somewhat suspicious. A former employee signed an affidavit declaring that Barnardo had written the two letters himself, under a pseudonym, to be published in the newspapers. Others called for his homes to be turned over to a board of trustees, with a treasurer and an auditor.

To avoid formal charges being laid before a court of law, Barnardo had the offer presented to Charrington, Reynolds and the Charity Society - his detractors - , that if they presented their charges before a committee of independent arbiters, Christian leaders, approved by each side, he would pay all of the costs involved excepting those of Reynold's lawyer and witnesses. Reynolds, being quite poor, and self-assured, accepted, and a formal hearing was called.

The hearing began on June 11, 1877, and continued, through suffocating heat, until the middle of September. The decision came on October 15: "We are of the opinion that these Homes for Destitute Boys and Girls, called the Barardo Institutions, are real and valuable charities, and worthy of public confidence and support." They dismissed the claims that he abused children or profited from their misery. They took a soft attitude toward his use of the title "Doctor". and disbelieved the rumours about him. With the decision published in the newspapers, evangelicals in general in the London area felt vindicated, for the scandal involving Barnardo had suggested to the general population that all evangelicals were frauds.

Redeemed, his transfer of destitute children from the London slums through his "rescue home" into Canada began. In 1882, he called the superintendent of his boy's home and told him to choose a group of youngsters - "the flower of the flock", and accompany them to a children's home in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 59 boys were chosen and, in August they set out.

1877 - On April 29, 1877, Russia began hostilities against Turkey for reported atrocities in southern Bulgaria by the Turkish forces against the Christian civil population. Beginning in 1876, reports began to reach Constantinople, and through the mass media, the world - of the atrocities.

Between July 28 and August 16, reports that over 12,000 men, women and children had been killed by the Kurds and bashibazouks, sanctioned by the Turks, stirred international sympathies. Graphic descriptions by Januarius Aloysius MacGahan, an Irish-American journalist were highly emotional as the articles told of the finding of thousands of civilians found massacred in churchyards and of a suggested common practice of women and girls having been stripped to their underwear and raped by all who wished with the last participant being responsible for murdering the victim.

80 correspondents turned up to cover the Russian activities, without restriction.
After a war of less than a year's duration, 4 remained alive. There was little attempt to provide a background understanding to the events leading to the unrest nor was there any attempt by the political leaders involved to try and control, negotiate or otherwise diminish the clashes before they begun. Afterwards, participation and interest by other human groups in the proceedings was more a quick "clean-up" reaction by political leaders motivated by the public outcry of their citizens, or by personal pride and autocracy. Over a hundred years later, the same festering wounds would lead to a much larger, longer, disastrous outbreak of hostilities.

The war proved, as is often the case in human history, to be a stimulus for the development of technology - especially devices which had the power to kill other humans. Russian inventions in the area of propulsion, mines, and torpedoes allowed for more effective submarines to be designed and built.

In 1877, Stefan Karloviy Dzhevetskiy built and tested a submarine at the Black Sea port of Odessa. A single-person, small submersible, it was propelled by a single propeller driven by pedals. A second and larger model enclosing 4 persons peddling 2 propellers, for horizontal and vertical movement, was completed in 1879. Since Russia lacked the tooling required to build a spherical joint designed by Frenchman Claude Goubet, those parts were made in France. Goubet proposed construction of a similar craft for the French Navy, but no interest was shown.

1879 was a turning point for Dzhevetskiy.
Trials conducted on Lake Gatchina near St. Petersberg, in the presence of the future Tsar Alexandr III were so successful that the government ordered 50 units constructed for a coastal defense role. All were completed by 1881. In 1885, the Russian government was reorganized and the new bureaucracy discontinued the use and maintenance of submarines.

The authoritarian nature of most human political systems encourages a submergence of ethnic, religious, or political intolerance rather than a resolution of them. Submerged, they will rise again, with greater force and destruction. Humans have a difficulty acknowledging that one cannot just wish, hope, or legislate problems away. In reality, problems have to be resolved, or they will worsen, or, you will not have used the opportunity to learn a new awareness and a new option for more positive future experiences.

1877 - On March 18, Edgar Cayce was born on a farm near Hopkinsville, Kentucky, USA.
He would become one of the most renown American psychics.
An open membership research society, the Association for Research and Enlightenment (A.R.E.) would be organized in 1932 at P.O. Box 595, Virginia Beach, Virginia 23451.

Its major purpose would be to index and catalogue the extensive listing of reading completed by Cayce, initiate investigation and experiments, promote conferences, seminars and lectures related to those readings and related material. Edgar Cayce would die on January 3, 1945, leaving a record of over 14,000 documented stenographic records of the telepathic-clairvoyant statements he had given to more than 8,000 different people over a period of 43 years.

He went to the woods often and as a boy he saw a vision in the sky of a woman.
He is said to have communicated with his dead grandfather. After the vision, he found that if he laid his head on a pillow with a book under it during his sleep that when he awoke he could recall all that was in the book. He studied Egyptology.

He lost his voice for 1-1/2 years and tried hypnosis to recover from it.
He then helped his son and wife to get well and began counselling others. Doctors began to write to him with the cases of their patients. He would go into a hypnotic state and his wife would offer a question; Cayce would dictate all the symptoms and direct as to where the problems were and state the best solution. Cayce also became a mind reader and an aura reader.

His predictions included the stock market crash of 1929.

1877 - In May, Maria Rye's rebuttle letter to the Local Government Board, in Britain, was made public. In support of Andrew Doyle's report, it was both self-pitying and imperious in tone and revealed the very faults she sought to deny. Her lack of human compassion, even human understanding, were displayed. She drew around herself a pious spirit which she felt to be the shield of religion; it was merely arrogance and disdain in the guise of humility.

She drew a picture of ALL Canadians as "substantial, orderly, comfortable, and well-established class of people who are the custodians of these children in Canada ...." Indeed, she said later that the gravest danger the children faced was in homes where they were treated too gently and too generously.

An attitude ran through the letter that the children were less than appealing and that clearly it was on their shoulders that the blame for failure must come to rest when it occurred. She further pointed out that a girl might have to be moved to two, possibly three homes, into neither of which they fitted comfortably because of their strongly marked characters, their violent temper, laziness, insubordination, and tendencies to immorality. Ms. Rye was quite authoritarian herself and was not below placing a girl in her Home on bread and water for 10 days because of a minor infraction of the rules.

Maria Rye's letter brought a response from Mr. Doyle wherein he stated in greater detail, from his notes, the specifics of the situations he had found. They confirmed Ms. Rye to be a liar. More than a few, over 290 girls had been moved around many times; some as many as 10 times. More careful inspection of placed youth was made in England, Scotland, Ireland and France - and such situations never arose there.

One, a girl named Mary Ford, had left Britain as "a girl of character and promise."
She passed from family to family, rejected by almost everyone, then became a drifter, eventually to disappear without any further trace. Yet Ms. Rye would seem, in the exposure she received in the media, to be supported in her work by almost everyone except Mr. Doyle.

1877 - Thomas Alva Edison, who had set up a laboratory in his father's house when he was 10 years old, buying materials for it with profits from his newspaper and candy sales on trains, invented the phonograph. His travel on the trains had interested him in telegraphy. He had become aware of its workings enough that he fixed the machine at the Gold Exchange several times when it had broken down and was causing a panic at crucial market moments. He was made supervisor of the indicator machines. He began to manufacture stock tickers, and then sold the business to set up a larger laboratory, where he invented the phonograph.

In 1878, he began work on the light bulb.
He demonstrated his carbon filament lamp the following year after over 5,000 experimental failures.
Candles had lighted the homes of the rich for years. Smelly whale oil and kerosene were used more commonly. The poor had often to be content with the dark or the light from a fireplace. Evenings were long, especially through the cold of winter, and, housefires involving the use of lighting or heating equipment were not uncommon. Electricity suggested the possibility of providing heat and light in a safer and cleaner manner than known before.

1877-78 - A Famine in India claims the lives of 5 million people despite the most strenuous efforts of the government. While the southern part of the country is tropical and subject to high temperatures, the central area is largely arid plain, cleared of virtually all trees by the requirements of centuries of dense population. Cultural beliefs promote large families on the understanding that one's children will care for one who is aged: that is, one's pension is equal to the number of one's children.

In addition, free-ranging cattle and a taboo against killing them and eating meat serves to encourage overgrazing, the spread of disease, and, contributes to soil erosion and famine. Due to population density, agriculture is a mandatory mass necessity and with it cooking fuel is required by everyone. Dung from the cattle is frequently processed and used for such fuel which reduces the requirement for firewood but cannot eliminate it. Thus population density necessitates agriculture which requires deforestation which encourages a drier and more harsh climate facilitating soil erosion - all of which makes periodic famine a reality.

From 1868, the viceroy (colonial governor) the Earl of Mayo, had done much to facilitate the exploitation of the resources of the country and more effectively introduce capital-based colonial economics. He had removed trading restrictions between the provinces, and constructed roads, canals and railways. Products of interest for colonial markets included cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, coffee, tea, teak, and opium. Britain sell opium to China to balance the trade in tea from China and to assist in building war department revenues. Not everyone favoured this "Christian" invasion and domination.

On February 8, 1872, a Moslem had assassinated the viceroy.
Lord Northbrook became the next viceroy. During his administration, a famine in the Lower Bengal had been successfully alleviated by a vast organization of state relief in 1874. In 1876, Lord Lytton was appointed viceroy, and on January 1, 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India at Delhi. Britain was extending and consolidating its empire. Afghanistan and Russia would militarily oppose such expansion.

1879 - Russian torpedo technology improved in several ways.
First, Aleksandrovskiy completed work on a torpedo that achieved a speed of 18 knots - faster than most ships. A.I. Shpakovskiy proposed the use of a gyroscope to control the movement of his "jet" torpedo along its track.

By 1895, P.P. Arshaulov, an armourer in the Baltic Works at St. Petersburg, invented a device for controlling a torpedo over a curved trajectory. This would enable undetected (non line-of-fire) attack, launching from around a shore projection and targeting from behind another ship or obstruction. Surprise and concealment were elements of effectiveness and security for submarines. If you were not discovered, your quarry would not take evasive actions. If you missed and your location was known, you could become the quarry - with many advantages on the side of your attacker.

1880 - A Female Almas (Mongolian for "Wild Man") named Zana was buried in the village of Tekhina in the Caucasus Mountains. She had been captured, while young, in the forests of Mt. Zaadan and was first kept in a stone enclosure. She made herself a sleeping hollow there and after 3 years her human captor placed her in a wooden cage.

She was made into a slave and learned to understand simple orders given by either voice or gesture. Eventually she was allowed full freedom within the house. She remained unable to speak although she communicated with various cries. She could run very fast and learned to defend herself against the house dogs by wielding a branch.

Zana was described as having grayish-black skin covered with reddish hair, longer on her head than on her body. She had a large face with big cheek bones, muzzle-like protruding jaw, and large eyebrows. She gave birth to 3 surviving children, fathered by her human captor. These half-breeds all had exceptionally powerful bodies with a rather dark skin. All were fully human in other ways and were able to speak.

The youngest son, Kvit, lived to an age of between 65 and 70.
Eyewitness reports, the presence of living descendants and skeletal remains leave no doubt that Zana existed. Increasingly, researchers would come to believe that the Almas were remaining Neanderthals, a close hominoid race to humans, whose archaeological record all but disappeared 35,000 years ago.

1880 - During the decade, new marketing campaigns promoting Tobacco Smoking result in an increase in tobacco consumption of 600% by 1900.

1880 - The Jesuits are expelled from their conventional establishments (universities and monasteries) in France. A considerable number of them would go to Britain.

1881 - During the year, the Revised Version of the King James Bible "set forth A.D. 1611" is first published. It is not a new translation; it is a revision only. The Church of England had authorized a revision in 1870 and entrusted the work to 50 scholars most of whom were Anglicans, by professed belief.

Of the 8 rules given to guide the work, the first was that changes were to be made only if required by the need to be faithful to the original text. American scholars were invited to participate by correspondence with the agreement that an American edition not be published for 14 years after the publication of the British edition.

In May, 1881, The New Testament was published.
About 30,000 changes had been made from the King James Version with over 5,000 of them on the basis of a better Greek text. In 1885, the complete Revised Version was published. In 1895, the Apocrypha was published, largely reduced to the "Book of Revelations". The American Standard Edition would follow in 1901. The latter removed many archaisms, replaced a large number of obsolescent words, and substituted American English terminology for words and expressions peculiarly British.

In other words, intellectuals and indoctrinated Church officials interpreted the original texts for the public. This is NEVER an accurate process for there is often no direct word-for-word accurate translation of concepts and metaphors and similies from a culture with a different economic and political system active in a different climate and ecology and having a different history thatn the culture receiving the new text.

At no time, has the Judao-Christian Bible been reproduced in ANY language together with an accurate and empathetic outline of the prevailing culture of the writers including a relevant portrayal of the idioms of the time. This conflict between literal rational accuracy and spiritual relevancy would continue to be aggravated by emotional prejudices and result in a multitude of variations during the next century. The multiplicity of such works would serve well to confuse and misdirect the public who would look to each for authority. Spiritually, the authority rests between the individual and the Holy Spirit, the medium of communication with God.

1881 - R. G. Haliburton writes in "Nature Magazine" of the universal reverence for the Pleiades star cluster. He notes that the Samoans of the South Pacific called their sacred bird the Bird of the Pleiades, and that the Berbers of Morocco claimed that paradise lay in the heavens circumscribed by this cluster. He concluded:

"Even if the theory of prehistoric astronomers and of some modern men of science, that the Pleiades are the centre of the universe, should prove to be unfounded, I am persuaded that the day is coming when the learned will admit that those stars are the 'central sun' of the religions, calendars, myths, traditions, and symbolism of early ages."

1881 - The Invention of the Cigarette-Rolling Machine followed by the development of Safety Matches contributed to the convenience and expansion of the smoking of tobacco. Average use of cigarettes by a smoker in 1880 was 40 per month.

1882 - By now, Thomas Edison has set up the first central generating station in the USA, at Pearl Street in New York City. It produces low-voltage direct current electric power for lights; transmission is limited in distance due to losses which occur in the wires; about 1/6th of a square mile of downtown Manhattan is served by the Pearl Street station.

1882 - Leo Pinsker, as a result of the pogroms (local genocides) of Jews in Russia, demanded a home for oppressed Jewry, in his book, "Autoemancipation". The Associations of "Hoveve Zion" (Friends of Zion) would be formed soon afterwards and would aspire to the colonization of Palestine by the Jews.

1882 - In March, the S.S. Jesmond, a British merchant ship of 1495 tons bound for New Orleans with a cargo of dried fruits from Messina, Sicily, and captained by David Robson, encountered land in the middle of the North Atlantic.

When the ship reached 31 degrees, 25' N, 28 degrees 40' W, about 200 miles west of Madeira and about the same distance south of the Azores, it was noted that the ocean had become unusually muddy and that the vessel was passing through enormous shoals of dead fish, as if some sudden disease or underwater explosion had killed them by the millions. Just before evening on the first day of encountering the fish, Captain Robson noticed smoke on the horizon which he presumed came from another ship.

On the following day the fish shoals were even thicker and the smoke which had been on the horizon the day before now appeared to be becoming from mountains on an island directly to the west, where according to the charts, there was no land for thousands of miles. As the Jesmond approached the vicinity of the island, Captain Robson had an anchor thrown out at about 12 miles offshore to find whether or not this uncharted island was surrounded by reefs. Even though the charts indicated an area depth of several thousand fathoms, the anchor hit bottom at only 7 fathoms.

When Robson went ashore with a landing party they found themselves to be on a large island with no vegetation, no trees, no sandy beeches, bare of all life as if it had just risen from the ocean. The shore they landed on was covered with volcanic debris. As there were no trees,, the party could clearly see a plateau beginning several miles away and smoking mountains beyond that.

The landing party cautiously headed toward the interior in the direction of the mountains, but they found that their progress was limited by a series of deep chasms. To get to the interior would have taken days. They returned to their landing point and examined a broken cliff, part of which seemed to have been split into a mass of loose gravel as if it had recently been subjected to great force. One of the sailors found an unusual arrowhead in the broken rock, a discovery that prompted the captain to send for picks and shovels from the ship so the crew could dig into the gravel.

The captain and crew uncovered "crumbling remains" of "massive walls" and a variety of artifacts including "bronze swords, rings, mallets, carvings of heads, figures of birds and animals, and 2 vases or jars with fragments of bone, and one cranium almost entire ..." and "what appeared to be a mummy enclosed in a stone case ... encrusted with volcanic deposit so as to be scarcely distinguished from the rock itself." At the end of the following day, and with the weather worsening, the captain decided to abandon his exploration of the island and resume his course.

During the same period, Captain James Newdick of the steam schooner Westbourne, sailing from Marseilles, France, to New York reported seeing a large island at 25 degrees 30' N, 24 degrees W. Newdick's report appeared in the New York Post, April 1, 1882. If the coordinates given by both captains were correct, the island would have measured 20 X 30 miles in area. The volcanic activity that brought an island of this size to the surface would have killed, probably through heating the oceanic water, an enormous quantity of fish. The British Institute of Oceanography estimated that the quantity of dead fish covered 7500 square miles of the Atlantic and comprised at least 500,000 tons.

Crew members of various ships which passed through the floating fish identified them as tilefish, cod, red snapper, shad and many others. Some sampled a number of fish without any ill effects. They stated that the fish were "hard and proved excellent food." The fish had been pre-cooked by the volcanically heated waters and this delayed their rotting.

The island has not been seen since.
Aircraft pilots who have flown over the region in their scheduled flights have reported seeing walls, recognizable features of buildings, roads, and other structures, but were not permitted to deviate from their flight plan to confirm or photograph such particulars. Other structures have been reported being seen beneath the waters at 1 degree N, 30 degrees W, and, 6 degrees N, 20 degrees W.

1883 - On August 27, the Indonesian island of Krakatoa was largely destroyed in a volcanic eruptionduring which two-thirds of it sank 900 feet below sea level. Before the eruption and explosion, the island had a peak of 2,600 feet in altitude. The eruption threw so much dust and debris into the air that for two years afterwards, sunsets around the world were orange-red as the dust refracted the rays from the sun. The explosion was heard for a distance of 3,000 miles, a shock wave circled the Earth three times, there was a 100-foot tidal wave, and over 36,000 people died. Global temperatures dropped, significantly for many months, and for several years after due to the dust circulating in the atmosphere up to an altitude of 50 miles. Space is considered to be beyond 90 miles.

1883 - The Waterman Refillable Pen is invented and is developed for the market.
It is a major advancement in enabling and encouraging mass written expression, institutionalized education, and efficient postal services.

Quill-based writing was slower and thus restricted the aforementioned because of the sacrifice required. Now, a rubber bladder within the pen could be activated by means of a lever and slide, which depressed the bladder, to suction ink from an ink-well into the bladder which would then act as a reservoir for the nib. Metal nib assemblies were developed in a range of styles which became increasingly effective in supplying the optimum amount of ink to the point, often according to the downward pressure exerted by the writer against the paper.

Style would develop which would each be appropriate to whether the writer desired a broad or narrow stroke and whether they sought an ornate or simple printing. As the decades passed, the external barrel and cap of the refillable pen would offered with a wide range of colours, designs and ornamentation - enabling it to be an expression of convenience, practicality, prestige, and, luxury.

With frequent and longer measures of writing now enabled to be more popular, more individuals began to put their thoughts on paper and communicate more frequently over distances and with individuals who were less intimate to them than had been considered practical earlier. Institutionalized rote learning could now be more easily extended to encourage the development of personal rationalization and theoretical expression - which would be popularized as "science". Novels, poems, theses, plays - would all become more numerous. As writing-by-ink would continue to be used as the major resource for small scale duplicating, it would now encourage the expansion of such self-publications. What had previously been the tool of an elite could now become a tool of the masses.

1883 - During the year, St. Augustine Volcano, Alaska, has a violent eruption.

1884-1914
This is Pluto's transit through the Zodiac sign of Gemini in its current cycle.
The significance will not be identified for almost another century.
In astrological terms, the influence of the energy of the planet, interacting with the energies of the other astral bodies in the solar system, will provide tendencies in the ways in which humans are challenged, motivated and respond to each other and their environment.

Since Pluto's cycle spans 247.7 years, the potential for humans to learn from the cycles and use them constructively and advantageously is nil. With average generation periods lasting 40 years, the propensity for humans to retain and mythologize only the dramatic negative experiences and the wondrousness of misunderstood events (miracles), and, the literacy of humans being less than 20% at this point - the possibility for constructive reflection and true spiritual progress is poor.

The influence of Pluto will be found to signify the worst and best expressions of the characteristics of the Zodiac sign through which it is travelling. Influencing the masses over long time periods in specific ways, it will provide a very subtle and invisible direction to political events. The dark, distant planet itself will not be discovered by astronomers until 1930. Its significance to a potential contribution to the spiritual progress of humanity is that the trends which it predicts will be proven to be completely accurate according to recorded history.

When Pluto is in Gemini, family ties are of great importance.
Inventiveness and ingenuity are likely to produce new discoveries and inventions which will change the nature of the goals, options, capabilities of the world in which humans live. The Air qualities of Gemini will suggest possibilities for the development of technologies involving the air or sky plus a growing aspect of impersonality and greater spectatorship directions. Choice will always be there for humans and their leaders at to whether to use these new directions constructively or destructively.

Until humanity accepts and promotes a spiritually-based lifestyle it will always first utilize such inventions destructively - against the environment which supports its existence, or, against each other. Frequently, both will suffer.

To be expected during this transit are the following:

a) a strengthening of family ties as economic challenges, lack of birth control
   knowledge and the loneliness of relocated homes add to the formation of
   larger families which have greater co-dependency;

b) inventions will attempt to diminish the above aspects of loneliness by 
   providing new means of transportation and communication; political leaders
   will utilize the growing economic concerns and the increasing confusion
   of the masses to use crowd psychologies and mass communication in an 
   attempt to reach profitable conclusions.

Overall, the increasing concerns and confusion of the masses will be directed by leaders who propose dramatic improvements through a process of deception. Both leaders and their followers will be deceived IF they focus on short-term options which are the extension of reactions to their personal weaknesses.

A drive for power is an ego reaction to felt powerlessness; an obsession with material benefits is an ego reaction to material poverty faced with images of wealth; a compulsion for security can be a reaction to an environment of great uncertainty, change, and abuse. Pluto's transit signifies a period of critical choice within specific areas of human endeavour and concern. What will be the outcome: an intensification of the same or a revolution ?

1884 - John Keely demonstrated a model aircraft weighing 8 pounds which he caused to ascend, hover, and descend through the transmission of etheric vibrations conducted over silver and platinum wires.

1884 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, born in Maine, USA, went to London, England to set up a laboratory and fulfill his father's dream of inventing the first fully automatic machine gun. He had left his interest in developing the electric lightbulb for the more profitable project of making smaller armies more equal on the battlefield with those of larger foes.

Within months, he had invented the first truly automatic machine gun, which employed the recoil of the barrel to eject the spent cartridge and chamber another. The bullets were fed into the weapon, which was water-cooled to keep the barrel from expanding and bending, by a belt that could contain thousands of rounds.

Maxim's gun could fire 11 rounds a second, but he was not satisfied.
He wanted a smokeless powder to assure the steady and progressive burning of the propellant thereby ensuring a smoother performance, more accuracy in targeting, and less chance of jamming or misfiring. He soon invented cordite; his brother, Hudson, would invent even better smokeless powders, which would be used in cannon projectiles and torpedoes.

Maxim merged his company with the Vickers company to supply Maxim guns to all the leading nations of the world. By the beginning of World War 1, every army was equipped with machine guns of various makes: Maxim, Hotchkiss, Lewis, Browning, Mauser, and others. The legacy would be millions of corpses left rotting on the fields of France.

Once again, the leaders of humanity had been rewarded with a lucrative market, the development of technology, not for the peaceful coexistence of human cultures but for the annihilation of them. It was a given by desperate, greedy, and vengeful leaders - either self-chosen as representatives, elected or appointed to guide the future of millions of people. What is the result of such cultural determinations and rational "intelligence"?

1885 - In July, 9-year-old Joseph Meister, a French boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog, was taken by his mother to Louis Pasteur, in Paris for treatment. By now, Pasteur was renown for his work culminating in the pasteurization of milk, the discovery and eradication of a tiny parasite infecting French industry silkworms, the discovery of the germs which caused cholera in chickens and anthrax in sheep, and, had made vaccines for the latter. Mrs. Meister was desperate, most anyone so bitten would die.

Fortunately, Pasteur had been working on a vaccine for rabies for two years and had made an experimental vaccine which had been effective for dogs. Still, Pasteur had yet to see the rabies "germ" - it was too small for his microscope. There was no way of knowing if his vaccine would be too weak or too strong or just right. Mrs. Meister was desperate; Joseph's wounds were deep. Beginning with a very weak vaccine and increasing its strength each time, Pasteur injected him each day for 14 days. On the last day, the vaccine was full strength. Joseph Meister became the first recorded survivor of rabies.

For several hundred years before this time and for at least 60 years after, superstitious remedies for rabies resulted in torture, and, at best, death was delayed only if the virus dormant stage happened to be longer than average. Among the cures advocated with some popularity from time to time included the eating of the liver of a rabid dog, eating a paste of crayfish eyes, drenching the wounds with acid, cauterizing the wound with red-hot steel, and covering the wound with gunpowder and lighting it. Widespread vaccinations of dogs and cats would not begin until the 1970s. Popular awareness and use of a 16-needle vaccine for humans would not arrive until the 1960s.

1885 - On November 30, the Public Executioner of Great Britain, Mr. James Berry, in attempting to scientifically extend his "Ready Reckoner" table of lengths of drop for various weights of prisoners in order to have a status quo hanging, miscalculated by simply extrapolating the figures which he already had from experience. He was to hang a murderer named Robert Goodale, who weighed 15 stone, that is, heavier than any of his former subjects, and Mr. Berry extended his table of successful figures accordingly.

Since taking the job in 1884, Mr. Berry had performed his job with a sensitivity to the appearance of the job unmatched by any who had preceded him. The challenge in his work was to eliminate the errors in his profession, which frequent in earlier days, would either result in such a drop as to severe the head of the criminal from its body, or, would be insufficient and result in injury, delay, and re-hanging of the criminal.

Ideally, a professional hanging would result in the prisoner falling just far enough to gain the momentum adequate to dislocate the neck and result in near instantaneous death. Many hangings before this time, and some to follow, had received little attention in this manner for they had been a form of public spectacle and entertainment. No one had complained of the drama presented by a body flying in two pieces in separate directions, or, of a murderer twisting and turning and gasping at the end of a rope for perhaps 10 or 12 minutes, or, of a criminal having to be lowered down - because he just seemingly would not die, and having to be repositioned for a second, and, in a few cases, a third hanging!

In the worst of situation, the individual might drop and receive a neck strain which could be interpreted as leaving him or her unfit for hanging. The individual would then have to be nursed back to better health before another attempt at hanging would take place. All of these "errors" seemed both barbarous, within an "advanced" society" and disrespectful and harsh to the prisoner. Mr. Berry, as a professional, humanitarian, technological innovator, social scientist, economist, compassionate, and intuitive person - determined to improve the performance of his trade by the addition of structure and predictability.

Mr. Berry intuitively knew that the length of the drop, from the rest position to the hanging position, was the important consideration. From an analytical record of his experiences in hangings, he was able to quickly determine that there was no one particular length of drop which would prove satisfactory for all heights and weights of bodies. What he did discern, from "good" hangings was a pattern of readings which could be used to develop a scale of preferred lengths of drop relative to the weight of the subject. While his intuitive guesses, necessary in the early stages, were often correct, failures did occur.

Yet many of his failures were as a result of other "authorities" pressuring him to (usually) change the drop because of their emotional considerations about the sentenced. Beginning with the data from his first two hangings, which had proved successful, Berry reasoned suggested hanging drop lengths for an assortment of other weights.

Berry was quick to modify his table and formula according to subsequent experience: the sign of both a humble and sensitive person. He found corollary positions such as:

"in the case of persons of very fleshy build, who often have weak bones and muscles about the neck, I have reduced the drop by a quarter or half the distance indicated by the table ...."

Such "modifications" were fundamental to the overall success of Mr. Berry's intentions.
Even these sometimes failed as was the case on this day. Having calculated the drop in accord to Mr. Goodale's weight and having allowed for the muscles of Mr. Goodall's neck which "did not appear well developed and strong," the jerk of the fall severed the murderer's head entirely from his body - each falling separately into the pit below. To Mr. Berry's relief, the prison doctor affirmed to him that the prisoner had died instantaneously. The status quo inquest held afterwards expressed the now normal Piscean disgust and concern over the fact that this hanging had not been as "clean" and proper as was expected. Of course, they were assuming that such an undertaking was a matter of simplicity.

In an effort to improve on his already considerably improved execution planning, Berry consulted the latest findings in physics. He compiled a table showing the striking force of falling bodies of various weights falling through different distances. This table was a major innovation to his profession and Berry was delighted with the results. He found that by calculating the drop required to arrive at a striking weight of 24 cwt (hundred weight), success could be achieved with each variation in weight. In the case of Goodale, this would have reduced his drop from the already modified and shortened length of 5 ft. 9 in. to just 3 feet. With even better scientific data, accuracy and success in the future were now available.

On August 20, 1891, Mr. Berry was to be prevailed upon by an Arian-Dionysian influence which held greater power. While preparing to execute one John Conway at Kirkdale Gaol, Liverpool, Mr. Berry had decided upon a drop of 4 ft. 6 in. The prison doctor, "acting under authority" told Berry that he must lengthen the drop to 6 ft. 9 in. Mr. Barry warned Mr. Barr, the doctor of the consequences - the doctor allowed for a reduction of 12 inches shorter. The victim's head did not come off completely, but nearly did. Consternation at the inquest which followed resulted in Mr. Berry being vindicated and greater acceptance and authority being transferred to the new science of hanging.

Most sciences would develop, succeed, fail, and be modified in a manner quite similar to the efforts of Mr. Berry. ALL sciences begin with an individual, who seeks to improve the result of an activity with the intent of a more constructive and predictable outcome. Their success is relative to their persistence in their search, their humility to adopt modifications when necessary, their belief in themselves, and, their ability to work within a status quo which often seems contradictory, frequently ignores them, often misuses the results, and usually opposes them. The process does not have to proceed in this manner. This is the way of the Piscean Age.

1886 - On February 23, Charles Martin Hall began the Aluminum Industry with his discovery of an electrolytic process for producing aluminum from natural ore. A young graduate student of Oberlin College, his discovery would gain him much wealth before his death in 1914. Twenty-five years before, the metal was so rare that it was classed with silver and even platinum in value. It then, and for years following, cost upwards of $500 per pound.

By 1936, it was in use in 27 major industries, from aircraft to textiles with predictions of future major uses in the construction of aeroplanes and rockets (mainly military). The massive production of aluminum would require huge amounts of electricity. Nations wishing to utilize large quantities would thus have to have large quantities of ore (native, or imported from colonies or the world market) and electrical power (dedicated hydroelectric, coal electric or nuclear generation substations), or, huge supplies of capital.

1886 - On March 27, an 880-pound Meteorite fell into a farmer's field near Paragould, Arkansas.
It is one of the largest meteorites actually seen falling by a human.

1886 - On July 3, the First Linotype Machines, designed by Ottman Mergenthaler, were installed in the composing-room of the New York Tribune newspaper. A form of typesetting machine, they would be known as the second most important invention in printing.

1886 - During the year, Sir Richard Burton saw a copy of "The Perfumed Garden" a treatist on sexual practices and aphrodisiacs, written in the period 1394-1433 in Tunisia, found and translated into French by a French Army officer in 1850, and published earlier in this year by Isidore Liseux who had brought out a corrected version. Burton immediately translated the work into English as an example of cultural history.

Burton discovered that a lengthy portion of one of the chapters had been omitted from the original translation. He obtained a copy of the original Arabic work and translated it directly from the Arabic. The missing section treated in considerable detail such topics as Lesbianism, male homosexuality, and other matters. When the second translation was ready for the printer, Burton died. Lady Burton, acting on her institutionally religious training and intolerant attitudes, grief at the loss of her husband, and vengeful for this and similar works having frequently taken him from her presence for months at a time - she threw Burton's huge annotated manuscript into their fireplace and ensured that every page was destroyed. She did this in spite of the offer of 6000 pounds advance for the book (possibly worth 1996 US $100,000.) - money which she needed desperately.

Charles Carrington, the Paris publisher, highly annoyed by the actions of Lady Burton, sought and found a complete Arabic copy of the book. He labouriously translated it and added footnotes and published the first part of three projected volumes in 1907. There were 21 chapters in the work of which a lengthy introduction and the first 3 chapters were published in the first volume made available by Carrington.

1887 - During the year, a major flood of the Huang He River, China, results in the death of 900,000 humans. Such disasters can be avoided with sufficient warning and evacuation from the areas to be influenced. Humans have the capacity to develop spiritual abilities through meditation, prayer and the expression of reverence for God and life. Those few who do, have the capacity to foretell disasters such as this one, in an advance an adequate time to permit evacuation.

Rather than follow such a direction, all human political cultures with a recorded history have persistently promoted reverence for human authority, worship of materialistic idols and disdain for spiritual skills. This loss of life associated with this and similar disasters is the result of such a choice.

1887 - During the summer, Dr. Thomas John Barnardo began his plan to build "Dr. Barnardo's Industrial Farm" for destitute and abandoned or runaway boys. 40 husky-framed boys arrived at Russell, Manitoba to begin construction of the complex under the supervision of Edmund A. Struthers, a CPR land inspector. Barnardo's dream was to build a work farm for older street boys that would cover 14 square miles. There, the boys would raise tons of grain and graze huge herds of cattle. Never having worked on a farm himself, much of the idea, though well-intentioned, was impractical and imaginative.

A huge 2-storey house was built and would eventually hold 200 boys. The second level of the huge bunkhouse was row after row of double bunks and lockers with a separate room with bars on the windows - a jail. After supper, a hymn and a prayer, and then to sleep. It was a spartan existence. The bitter cold of the Manitoban winter was harsh for all who were there. They quickly built a creamery, put up fences and cleared land. Barns were built for the cattle. The farm grew, 250 acres newly opened each year.

Regularly, most summers and falls, the older boys went out - placed on the farms of westerners - and making room for new boys to go west. The regime did not allow for any individuality or self-direction. Some trifling point of obstinacy might see one confined to the narrow confinement of one of the dark dungeons in the basement for 2 or 3 days. A visiting reporter once declined to experience it for longer than a minute. Barnardo did provide them with a standard of behaviour by which to live in harmony with others and through which they could have a stable existence.

Impressed on one of his visits by the gentleness and kindness the obedient boys shared with the animals, as visitors to the farm often noted, Barnardo remarked: "Many of these lads have in their early lives, lacked love and kindly care; but now, with human hearts that yearn for something to love, they have lavished their sympathy upon the first loving creature that was able to appreciate and return kindly care." Still, when local crimes were committed, the Barnardo boys were the first suspects because of their origin.

Like many of the 80,000 destitute or abandoned juveniles brought to Canada between 1869 and the 1930s, many of these would receive mistreatment from their Canadian farmer employers. Barnardo would be responsible for relocating at least half of that number, and while he did care for their future, he also, like all of the other "organizers" could not acknowledge or accept the responsibility for the preparation and spiritual foundation of the home they would be placed into. Unless a human grows to become spiritual in nature, their decisions will largely result in misery to themselves and others, sooner, or later. You cannot hope for something for others if you do not know of it for yourself.

1887 - Pyotr Rachkovsky, head of the foreign branch (espionage) of the Russian Okhrana (secret police) between 1884 to 1902, planted a forged letter in the French press during this year. Managing the activities of the Okhrana in Paris, France, Switzerland, London, England and Berlin ... Rachkovsky was charged with the task of trying to stimulate the formation of a Franco-Russian league - a subtle extension of Russian political power without the necessity of battle and physical conquest.

Russian politicians were certainly quite familiar with the ancient book, "The Art of War", and could empathize with the concept that conquest without force meant winning the labour of healthy persons and the produce of intact crops and factories rather than losing the lives of many potential workers on both sides of a conflict, losing political unity through vengeful resistance, gaining burned cropland and ruined factories.

Rachkovsky had recognized the cultural distinctiveness that existed between the Jew and non-Jew.
He had recognized the human weakness to blame other persons, especially if those others had some distinguishing feature, for the losses that arose from one's own pride and unwillingness to change. Finally, the goal of the Franco-Russian political accord could only be as strong as the degree to which both cultures were unified in intent, goal, desires, fears and terrors. Schooled in The Art of War, Rachkovsky and the Russian Tzar suspected that the practical example of human history would hold true: it is easier to motivate humans to commit to political unity if such a group fear, or are made to fear, a common, apparent or real, enemy.

Rachkovsky's letter declared that the majority of terrorists active in France at the time were Jewish. Over the next 5 years, Rachkovsky wrote a book entitled "Anarchy and Nihilism" (Anarchie et Nihilisme) which was published in 1892. In it he stated that the French Revolution had made the Jew:

"the absolute master of the situation of Europe ... governing by discreet means both monarchies and republics."

Accordingly, he reasoned, only one thing - the Jewish domination of Russia - was yet to be accomplished. He argued that this was already underway. The book encouraged its readers to form a Franco-Russian league to combat the powers of the Jewish people.

1888 - George Eastman introduced the box camera, with its handy roll of negative film and with the promise of cheap and widely available film processing.

1889 - D. Apostolov, a Russian engineer, proposed the design of a double-hull "fish", whose outer hull rotated around the inner hull, both serving as and driving a propeller. The inventor declared that his craft could cover the distance between Le Havre and New York cities in 28 hours - a speed of almost 100 knots (184 km/hr). The submarine was never built, but the feasibility of the design was tested successfully in a scale model.

Humans, in general, have proven to have a poor capability for abstract reasoning; they are biologically suited to replicate what is shown them; most human political cultures are authoritarian in attitude and power centred, and, discourage and do not reward individuals who challenge the status quo.

Apostolov's design could have had immense commercial possibilities, but capitalization rested with the military of the human world. The mental "block" in the minds of most humans would not allow them to acknowledge what could be seen to be real in a model because their minds could not make the principle "fit" comfortably into what they saw around them. How positive would you have been ?

1889 - France stops building the Panama Canal after Yellow Fever and Malaria kill 20,000 labourers.
Dr. Carlos Finlay, a doctor in Cuba, had published the results of his experiments which showed that the illness was spread by mosquitoes - 3 years earlier. No one took his research seriously for 15 years - leaving tens of thousands more to die. Recognition of bacteria as a possible cause of disease was now becoming acceptable; the concept of a "germ" being spread by direct contact with a mosquito was considered ridiculous.

While the truth waited for the status quo to catch up, yellow fever travelled through Central America into the southern USA and up the coast to Baltimore, New York City, and Boston. In one year, an epidemic in the Mississippi valley would kill over 13,000 people. Since it was a common superstition that clothes, blankets and bedding from the contaminated were capable of carrying the infection to others (they were not) it was sometimes common to find the sky clouded with smoke from the burning of such items.

1890 -

1891 - On October 28, an 7.9 Magnitude Earthquake devastated both Mino and Owari provinces in Japan.
In an area of 330,000 sq. mi. (850,000 sq. km.) stretching as far as 4,176 miles (6,700 km.) from the epicentre, 130,000 houses were destroyed. 7,000 persons were reported killed and extensive earth movement occurred along a 70 mile long fault line which ran through the island of Honshu.

1892 - The Dutch astronomer Muller saw many black spots crossing the Moon in a perfect geometric pattern, similar to those seen earlier by Lamay.

1892 - Holmes' Comet is observed, and recorded for the first time by humans.
The coma (head) has a diameter of 1.4 million miles.
Comet comas seem to consist mainly of a great quantity of micro-meteorites, some ice, frozen gases such as methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide and molecular hydrocarbons, concentrated in the nucleus, held together loosely by gravitational attraction.

The tail usually has a similar composition and spectrum analysis indicates that they are NOT similar to planetary molecules. They consist of carbon, cyanogen, nitrogen hydride, methylidyne and hydroxl. The more common molecules of carbon monoxide and nitrogen are ionized; that is, they have lost one electron. These are called free radicals, and exist in conditions where the atoms are too widely dispersed to capture free electrons (vacuum conditions). In this way they resemble ionized gas clouds, which exist in interstellar space.

When a comet is far from the sun, it is actually a loose ball of molecules of frozen gases. As it approaches the sun, both the coma and the tail grow in size. The stream of particles comprising the solar wind, and the solar radiation itself, cause the change in size. Gases are given off by the warming comet. They emit their own light and are driven away from the sun by radiation (light) pressure from the sun. This is why the tail of the comet always faces away from the Sun, regardless of the position of the comet in relation to the primary.

1892 - Dr. Bokai, a Budapest paediatrician, proposes that the origin of Varicella (chicken pox) and shingles illnesses is the same. It would be 1953 before laboratory proof would show that both were the result of the same virus: Herpes 3, varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Different symptoms were being expressed according to the patient.

1894 - Nikola Tesla, who developed and invented the alternating current electric system, has Tesla generators at Niagara Falls supplying the city of Buffalo with electric power. The AC system is vastly superior to Edison's DC system for allowing the transmission of electrical energy over long distances.

1894-1906 The Dreyfus Affair divided the French nation in protest against/tolerance for the Jew.
Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), an army officer, was sentenced, for treason, by a military tribunal to exile and imprisonment in the French Guiana penal colony of Devil's Island for the forgery of National Defence Bonds. In 1898, after the Bloc Republicain had been formed, Socialist Jean Jaures demanded the resumption of the trial. At the same time, Charles Maurras preached 'integral nationalism' against the Germans, Protestants, Jews, human rights and the Republic.

1894 - Near November, the planet Chiron, would be in perihelion (closest to the Sun) in the Earth's solar system. Its unusual path brings it close to the Earth every 50.68 years. One of two largely overlooked planets in the Earth's solar system, Chiron approaches close to Saturn and then orbits out almost to Uranus.

Astrologically, its influence on the Earth and its lifeforms may be expected to be subtle. The presence of Chiron in an individual's natale chart will influence that of those areas with characteristics described as discipline, severity, coldness, and, responsibility.

Mythologically, Chiron was given the responsibility of guiding the young to maturity; awakening humanity in time to cope with challenging realities. Chiron was one of the more civilized and well-mannered beasts of mythology. Friendly towards humans, Chiron was a protector who taught morals, music, and medicine.

The former near approach to the Earth would have been March 1843.
Humanity had challenges at that time, the decisions to which would set the trend for the next 50 years. Some of those would include the challenge of how to manage mass production agriculture and industry; how to resolve theological differences between groups; how to find relevant and constructive ways of decision-making; how to constructively use the capital profits of an expanded market; how to constructively use new technologies; how to maintain/recover the worker's sense of self-worth; how to resolve differences between a worker's degree of labour and the resulting level of lifestyle.

Some of these challenges are the result of the following:

1830-48: England: 1st Railway and network > other nations would follow example;
1831-46: Catholic Church: Pope Gregory XVI> rejection of liberalism compromise;
1832-46: Poland: Russian colonization > resistance > rebellion > suppression;
1832-62: Positivism: fact and projection to define decisions > pragmatism;
1834-67: England/Germany: electric motor> industrialization> market expansion;
1835-83: USA/England: repeating weapons > desperation offence> wars > crime;
1836-40: Germany: religious unrest > political catholicism > intolerance rises;
1837-61: Telegraph-Telephone: electrical-based long-distance communications;
1838-48: Switzerland: confederation-federation unrest > republic > peace;
1839-56: Crimea: Russian expansion/colonization > religion-inspired intnl war;
1841: Germany: Agricultural chemistry > chemical solutions > synthetics;
1841: Germany: B.Bauer - disputed historical existence of Christ > doubt;
1842: Germany: Frederick William IV: religious unrest > built national symbols;
1842: England: industrial workers > attempt at 1st general strike > strikes;
1842-65 Europe: Genetics > fertilization > heredity > mutation > racial purity;
1843: Germany: provincial unrest > 1000 yr Empire celebrated > revolution;
1843: France: conquest of Algeria > continued colony creation & subjugation;
1844: Arthur Schopenhauer: blindness of will > pointlessness of history;
1845: France: agricultural overproduction > crop losses, unstable workforce;
1845: Ireland: agricultural overproduction > blight > starvation > emigration;
1846: England: ether anaethesia > surgery to the exclusion of herbs & pain;
..... 

The actions taken had led to the following:
mismanagement of mass production agriculture and industry resulting in unemployment, worker poverty, crop losses, strikes, malnutrition, socialist and communist ideologies; theological differences between groups were growing into attitudes of greater intolerance and scapegoating; decision-making had graduated to an anarchy of rational justification of idiosyncratic individual egos and group prejudices and paranoia; capital profits in the expanded market were used to justify greater imperialism and the subjugation of other groups of humans, in addition to the promotion of technical science which dependably introduced more devices to replace labour and provide a sense of added security and power; research to develop new technologies was exceedingly expensive in time and capital - war uses proved to be most dependable in justifying the risks; nothing was done by the political or religious leaders to raise the worker's sense of self-worth and disatisfaction festered; the differences between a worker's degree of labour and the resulting level of lifestyle afforded continued to be aggravated by the degree of failure in colonial frontiers, the degree of unemployment and harsh working conditions, the increasing cost of living and the increasing competitiveness of the marketplace.

Major challenges had been met poorly, even aggravated further; humanity would now have another opportunity to make substantial constructive changes which could take its history from one of declining satisfaction and sense of community to one of peace and self-sufficiency. Would it be successful ?

1895 - On January 1, J. Edgar Hoover was born in Washington, D.C., USA.
The 4th child in the family of a 3rd generation civil servant, Hoover would become one of the most powerful bureaucrats of all time. Highly influenced by his mother, he would live with her until age 43. Stuttering as a child, he stood in front of a mirror and rehearsed until his self-confidence and will strengthened to surpass it. One of his first jobs would be as a junior messenger at the Library of Congress.

1895 - Physicist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsilkovsky is among the first to work out the theoretical problems of rocket travel in space and proposes liquid fuel for propulsion.

1895 - Sir Robert Anderson, head of the British Scotland Yard investigation bureau and a biblical researcher, advanced an interpretation of the prophesy of Daniel, Chapter 9, as contained in the Christian Old Testament. By taking into consideration that the Jewish, pre-Christian calendar was structured according to twelve 30-day lunar months equalling 360 days per year, he recognized that for intercalculation into either Julian or Gregorian modern calendars would necessitate recalculations.

Thus, for a relevant understanding of the scriptural prophesies, one must interpolate between calendars. By doing this, Anderson discovered that the predicted duration of time between the decree to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem and the arrival of Jesus Messiah (Christ) in Jerusalem was exactly 483 biblical years, that is, 476 Julian years: A.D. 32. This method further confirmed the accuracy of the prophesy that Jerusalem would fall in A.D. 70.

1895 - On November 11, the murder trial of Helen Finlay began in the Ontario, Canada town of Owen Sound.
A 15-year-old boy, George Green, had been sent to her by a Toronto, Ontario agency involved in importing street-boys and destitute or abandoned children from British cities with the intent of providing them with a better life. Ms. Finlay was 41-years-old, had lived on the farm since they had arrived as a family from Scotland 25 years earlier; her parents had died and her brother had died in an accident the previous year.

Since George's arrival, more than a dozen neighbours had noticed her physical abuse of him.
Several testified that they had seen her kick him with her boots, strike him with an axe handle, and prod him with a pitchfork. Mary Brown, a girl who had worked in the house at the same time, said that Green was a good boy but that "Findlay struck him with the prongs of the fork and said if he didn't hurry up she'd run the pitchfork through him." A Mrs. Horne, who had spoken with Findlay on several occasions remembered remarking that she enjoyed beating the boy: "She told me about striking him and he said 'oh please stop', and she told me that was great fun."

Findlay, a tall, strong woman, had told others that Green was a sickly boy that caused her a lot of extra work, and, testified one of her neighbours, she had said: "I wish the brute would die or get better." Still she had kept him past the initial trial period of several weeks and signed him on for a further 3 years, in return for food, lodging, washing and $75.00.

When George was found, three physicians testified that the room he stayed in was filthy with excrement - he had diarrhea during his last hours because of the dreadful diet of bran she fed him; his body was covered with welts, scabs, direct violence abrasions and flea-bites. The straw mattress was in a corner with a large hole in the middle suggesting that Green had made it in an attempt to keep warm. His body was severely emaciated and the reason for his death was given as starvation. The boy's internal organs appeared normal.

The newspapers made much drama of the trial and its particulars, noting with imagination and superstitious reasoning the "regular" and "strong" features which Ms. Findlay had, together with other signs which they speculated meant that she was of strong character and not given to bad temper. They sympathized with her description of Green as a kind of primitive, partial being gathered from the gutters of a London street. She described him as cross-eyed, left-handed, humpbacked, without feelings and useless - none of which were verified by testimony - but all worthy of disdain to "civilized" humans.

Toward the end of the trial, two other physicians ordered the body exhumed from its water-filled grave: they concurred that the body was one of a degenerate, even though no-one so obviously difficult-to-place would have been imported to begin with. In mid-December, the jury was locked in indecision and could render no verdict. The case against Findlay simply dissolved. Certainly few of the 80,000 children brought to Canada during 1869 to the mid-1930s were treated this badly, but such an attitude towards them was not unknown.

1896 - Henri Becquerel, of France, discovered nuclear energy.
Largely by accident, he found that ores containing uranium emitted a form of radiation that could penetrate several layers of opaque paper and fog a photographic emulsion. It was soon realized that enormous amounts of energy were locked up in the nuclei of atoms, amounts of energy exceeding those released in ordinary chemical processes by a millionfold.

1896 - The American astronomer Brooks saw many black spots crossing the Moon in geometric pattern, similar to those seen earlier by Lamay and Muller. Many other astronomers would continue to see such lights in the years ahead.

1896 - The Philippine mestizos plotted a revolution against their abusive and domineering Spanish administrators. The Spanish arrested and barbarically publicly executed an innocent man, novelist Jose Rizal, as a demonstration of authority to the people. Incensed, the whole country fell into rebellion under General Emilio Aguinaldo.

The Spanish tried to bribe the General to leave the area for 800,000 pesos.
The General took the first third instalment, intending to buy armaments with whatever he could get and return. He went to Hong Kong, spent all the money to buy armaments from a Japanese arms merchant, Toyama Mitsuru, founder of the ultra-nationalist Black Ocean Society, who took the money and later claimed that the shipload of weapons from Japan had sunk.

The American officials in Hong Kong found out the details of the situation and intervened against the Spanish masters in Cuba and the Philippines as a political diversion from domestic dissatisfactions with set borders and a depressed economy. USA President McKinley sent Admiral George Dewey and the Pacific Fleet into Philippine waters, followed by a convoy with 10,000 Yankee soldiers.

On May 1, 1898, Dewey defeated the weak Spanish fleet in Manila Bay without the death of a single man. Onshore, Aguinaldo's rebel forces gained control of all the countryside excepting Manila, and he declared independence on June 12, 1898.

The Americans persuaded Aguinaldo to let them, with their superior forces, capture Manila, and he did. Subsequently, they claimed it for the USA! After much discussion as to how much of the Philippines the USA should keep for itself.

In a flash of materialist rationalization, President McKinley reached his decision:

"I got down on my knees and prayed to Almighty God for guidance. And one night late it came to me: we could not give [the Philippines] back to Spain - that would be cowardly and dishonourable (to American pride); we could not turn them over to France or Germany ... that would be bad business (USA business would lose out); we could not leave them to themselves - they were unfit for self-government (even as the British had earlier believed that the American had been "unfit"). There was nothing left for us to do but to take them all ... then I went to bed and slept soundly."

God is often evoked by pious, proud humans as a justification for greed and acts of pride with the intent of raising the support of passive, dependent supporters of the system of authority deciding their future. McKinley, and most of the other politicians involved never considered the desires and rights of the rebelling native population, and, could not envision such a population becoming their international political equals. The USA would be seen increasingly, by other countries, from this point on, as opportunistic, undependable, hypocritical, authoritarian, and, treacherous.

The Treaty of Paris ceded the entire archipelago of the Philippines to the USA, with the Americans declaring a conquest, although paying $20 million to Spain as part of the Paris settlement. Now the U.S. Army had to fight Philippine rebels!

By 1900, 2/3rds of the entire U.S. army was involved in fighting Philippine nationals. President McKinley was assassinated; the U.S. troops on Samar Island were holding a memorial service. Guerillas, disguised as women, entered the church, attacked the troops with bolo knives and killed 59, leaving 23 wounded.

General Jacob Smith, in vengeance, admonished his troops:

"I want no prisoners, I wish you to kill and burn: the more you kill and burn the better you will please me ... kill everyone over the age of 10."

Whole towns were burned.
Unarmed men, women and children were tortured, raped and murdered. Dum dum bullets (illegal under international law because of their massive crippling effect) were used, and, age limitations were not followed. Reporters were advised not to be sentimental about the death of a few "Goo-Goos." War is war; none happen without atrocities; no side is innocent of such.

1896 - Henry Ford, a young engineer, rolls out his quadricycle from a shed behind his Detroit, Michigan home, and with a push start, tests gasoline power. Ford would go on to become the most well known early auto manufacturer.

Charles and Frank Duryea, of Massachusetts would produce their Duryea Motor Wagon this year and become credited with the first production run of North American cars; few would remember them. Charles Brady King's car had been driven in Detroit on March 6, 1896 - but few would remember him either.

1896 - X-Rays are discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
They have the ability to penetrate different substances according to density. Dense materials such as bones with their calcium content, absorb much more of the short wavelength invisible electromagnetic energy. Placing a photographic negative behind an object so irradiated will provide a negative in which the less dense parts are more exposed to the radiation, more developed, and darker. Parts of the body or material so examined which are of higher density will prevent a greater amount of the radiation from reaching the negative and produce areas of lesser exposure.

X-Ray radiation is also naturally found in nature, arriving through the air from interstellar space. Much of that radiation is shielded from the Earth's surface by the Ionosphere which absorbs and deflects them. Higher intensities have the potential to damage rapidly dividing cells, such as those of a foetus and those produced in the reproductive system. Many forms of cancer also have rapidly dividing cells and X-rays may be used to kill them. X-rays are of a shorter wavelength than ultra-violet light radiation - which results in sunburns and skin cancer when exposure intensities or duration are too lengthy.

The shorter the wavelength of a form of electromagnetic radiation, the more destructive it is to Earth-based lifeforms and the more penetrating it is to matter. The shorter the wavelength of the radiation the closer it becomes to a stream of particles, such as Cosmic rays. Wavelength energies progress from particle "puncture" streams, to "cutting" x-rays, to "burning" U-V radiation, to visible "diffusing" light, to "warming" infra-red , to "agitating" microwave, to "reflecting" long-wave radio waves.

A sufficient intensity of any form of energy can kill. Shorter wavelengths are more efficient in this manner at lower intensities. It is as if more intense packets of energy are carried within the shorter wavelengths. Remember this.

1896 - On June 15, a 7.5 Magnitude Earthquake occurred along the Sanriku coast of Japan.
A huge tsunamis, generating waves up to 115 ft (35 m.) high, added to the devastation of the village of Kamaisi and neighbouring villages and resulted in 6,000 houses being swept away. Changes in sea level were recorded as far away as 5,000 miles (8,000 km). 27,000 people were reported dead.

1896 - An Epidemic of Hoof and Mouth Disease in Germany enables Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch to the first discovered animal virus. They collected pus from the sores on the infected cattle, passed it through a filter, and, found none of the bacteria they expected and were looking for. They injected healthy cattle with the filtered material and found that these too became infected. They then categorized the substance as a filterable virus.

1896 - During the year, Stefan Karloviy Dzhevetsiy, Russian submarine designer, proposed to the French Naval Ministry a variant of a design he had presented to the Russian Naval Ministry in 1892. Capable of a surface speed of 15 knots and able to submerge to the upper casing and proceed for a period of 3 hours at a speed of 12 knots, surface propulsion was from a 300-hp steam engine and partially submerged propulsion was from a 100-hp electric motor connected to electric storage batteries.

Armament was to consist of a torpedo launch system, also developed by Dzhevetsiy. The launch system was adopted for the French Navy submarine, NARVAL. A still larger semi-submersible was designed and a partial model built, before interest waned.

One human pattern should have been noticed by the reader by this point.
Inventors of technology are sufficiently committed to the pride attached to the development of a powerful device and their fantasy of its reality that allegiance to political boundaries is relative to capitalization of their research and recognition of their abilities. Particularly in the area of military design, the inventor becomes - must become, a mercenary in order to succeed in the goal of bringing to birth the operation of a mechanism stimulated by the fantasy of the human mind.

Almost always, some energy block provides the obsessive motivation behind the effort: personal acceptance, official glory and recognition, appointment of control, considerable financial gain, immature intellectualization, hatred, vengeance, rage. More constructive and balanced human motivations usually provide the motivation for the design and construction of devices only applicable to the peaceful welfare of humanity.

1896 - Rudolf Mewes, a physicist and little known predictor, noted the potential for a conflict between Eurasian and Asiatic countries beginning in 1904. The Russo-Japanese war began in 1904. The sophisticated system which Mewes had designed for determining his predictions was based on meteorological fluctuations.

In particular, he observed fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field, sunspot activity and intensity of the aurora - and developed a cycle of 111.3 years. Each cycle, he deduced, would be further divided into periods of 27.8 years, based on his investigations of events scanning the period 2400 B.C. to A.D. 2100. The 4 periods would result in 2 periods of war and two periods of advances in the sciences and arts. While Mewes' system ultimately proved too rational and too incorrect, it did provide an example to encourage others to find a rational reasoned predictive system.

Other similar systems have proven the lack of dependability in the use of rational style decision making. Such systems almost exclusively depend upon the egotistical selection of perceived-as-important events with an expectation of perceived-as-important future events occurring in a linear sequence. This rational pride does not acknowledge the usually hidden factors which form the foundation of cyclical events. Essentially, a rational perspective is one which states: "If I do not see it or recognize it, it doesn't exist, or, it is not important."

1896 - Theodore Herzl writes "Der Judenstaat" (The Jewish State) which together with the Jewish concerns in Eastern Europe will lead to the Zionist movement. It becomes a strong and focussed movement after the Ist Zionist World Congress at Basle in 1897. The Basle programme defined as the aim of Zionism:

"... the establishment for the Jewish people a home in Palestine, to be secured by international law."

At the time, Palestine is little more than a sparsely populated piece of desert with no particular natural resources.

1896 - In November, large numbers of Piloted Aircraft carrying brilliant searchlights and human-like passengers, capable of flying against the wind, landing and then taking off when approached, first were sighted in California. They reappeared all over the western and midwestern United States in March, 1897. A wave of UFO sightings occurred over Texas during the year and was recorded also.

1897 - By now, the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" had been written, probably by Pyotr Rachkovsky, head of the foreign branch of the Okhrana (Russian secret police), or, under his direction. They contained a direct copy of numerous sections from A Dialog in Hell ..., written earlier as a fictional satire by Maurice Joy. Excerpts from Biarritz written by Hermann Goedsche were also integrated into the final work.

The Protocols stated that a Jewish conspiracy was at work with the intent of the domination of the economy of the world by the Jews, leaving the rest of humanity to eventually exist as poor, helpless slaves and dependent workers. The Protocols were largely accepted as true although they were written on two biassed, fictional sources.

1897 - W. Zaleski, remarking on the conclusions of his experiments notes that:
"Leaves can form proteins even in the darkness, and proteogenesis requires only the presence of high quantities of soluble carbohydrates."

Light facilitates proteogenesis, not only because of carbohydrate enrichment by photosynthesis, but also because photosynthesis is accompanied by O2 at the level of the protoplasm. Darkness favors loss of protein because it causes the O2 pressure to diminish.

When exposed to light the leaf rejects oxygen by chlorophylian action.
The oxygen pressure is thus stronger in the leaf than in the air, and that is why the oxygen leaves.
In the dark it is the opposite: the leaf absorbs oxygen; there is only respiration.

1897 - Early in the year, Dr. Ernst Mach, former professor of physics in the University of Prague, and now Professor of the History and Theory of Inductive Science in the University of Vienna. published his
"Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations".
It was translated from the German by C.M. Williams. In part he observed:

"The apparent permanency of the ego consists chiefly in the fact of its continuity and in the slowness of its changes. The many thoughts and plans of yesterday that are continued to-day, and of which our environment in waking hours incessantly reminds us and the little habits that are unconsciously and involuntarily kept up for long periods of time, constitute the groundwork of the ego. There can hardly be greater differences in the egos of different people than occur in the course of years of one person. When I recall to-day my early youth, I should take the boy I then was, with the exception of a few individual features, for a different person, .... Personally, people know themselves very poorly. ...

The ego is as little absolutely permanent as our bodies. That which we so dread in death, the annihilation of our permanency, actually occurs in life in abundant measure. ...

The physiology of the senses, however, demonstrates, that spaces and times may just as appropriately be called sensations as colours and sounds. ... All that can be truly said of the sense-organs is, that, under different circumstances they produce different sensations and perceptions. ...

The preservation of the species is only one, though an actual and very valuable, point of departure for inquiry, but it is by no means the last and the highest. Species have certainly been destroyed, and new ones have as certainly arisen. The pleasure-seeking and pain-avoiding will, therefore, is directed perforce beyond the preservation of the species. It preserves the species when it is advantageous to do so; transforms it when it is advantageous; and destroys it when its continuance would not be advantageous. ...

During severe effort of attention, time is long to us, during easy employment short.
In phlegmatic conditions, when we scarcely notice our surroundings the hours pass rapidly away. When our attention is completely exhausted, we sleep. In dreamless sleep, the sensation of time is lacking. When profound sleep intervenes, yesterday is connected with to-day only by an intellectual bond. ...

There is no rift between the psychical and the physical, no within and without, no sensation to which an outward, different thing corresponds. There is but one kind of elements, out of which this suppositious within and without is formed - elements which are themselves within and without according to the light in which, for the time being, they are viewed. ...

Our body, like every other, is part of the world of sense; the boundary-line between the physical and the psychical is solely practical and conventional. If, for the higher purposes of science, we erase this dividing-line, and consider all connexions as equivalent, new paths of investigation cannot fail to be opened up. ...

A considerable portion of mental adaptation takes place unconsciously and involuntarily, under the natural guidance of the facts presented to the senses. If this adaptation has become sufficiently comprehensive to embrace the vast majority of the occurring facts, and subsequently we come upon a fact which runs violently counter to the customary course of our thought without our being able to discover at once the determinative factor likely to lead to a new differentiation, then a problem arises. The new, unusual, and marvellous acts as a stimulus, which irresistibly attracts the attention. Practical considerations, or even bare intellectual discomfort, may engender a volitional frame of mind requiring the removal of the contradiction, or a consequent new mental adaptation. Thus arises purposive thought-adaptation, investigation.

A concept is never a finished percept.
In using a word denoting a concept, there is nothing involved in the word but a simple impulse to perform some familiar sensory operation, as the result of which a definite sensuous element (the mark of the concept) is obtained."

1897 - On April 17, in Aurora, Texas, USA, the crash of an airship is reported.
It is said to have crashed into Judge Proctor's windmill and disgorged the mangled body of a little man believed, for unspecified reasons, to hail from the planet Mars. The report was revealed to be a publicity stunt for the town, whose population and economy were on the decline.

1898 - Edgar Cayce, at the age of 21 becomes a salesman for a wholesale stationery company.
He develops a gradual paralysis of his throat muscles and began to lose his voice. Doctors failed to find any physical cause for the ailment and when hypnotic suggestion was employed the results were only temporary. Asking a friend to help him, Cayce had his friend assist him in entering a self-induced hypnotic trance. At that point, he recommended medication and manipulative (chiropractic) therapy which successfully restored his voice and cured his throat problem.

A group of physicians from Hopkinsville and Bowling Green, Kentucky, took advantage of his unique talent to diagnose their patients. They soon discovered that Cayce only needed to be given the name and address of the patient, and was able to "tune in" telepathically on that individual's mind and body, wherever he was, as easily as if they were both in the same room.

One of the young physicians using Cayce's services, Dr. Wesley Ketchum, would submit a report on the procedure to a clinical research society in Boston and in 1910, The New York Times would provide the first major publicity to the public of Cayce's abilities.

While Cayce's work would eventually bring him fame, it never brought him wealth, or even a middle-class income. This worried Cayce and his family sometimes for they lived in a capital-dependent material-based society. In the process of helping others, it seemed relevant that he should ask why he couldn't help himself materially. He asked of this in his readings several times and received the following answers:

"Live closer to Him Who giveth all good and perfect gifts, and ask and ye shall receive; knock and it shall be opened unto you. Give and it shall be returned fourfold. Give, give, give, if you would receive. There has never been a lack of necessities, neither will there be, so long as adhering to the Lord's Way is kept first and foremost.

... most of us think we need a great deal more than we do."

Anyone, in a modern (1900s) mass society who takes the challenge of a more spiritual lifestyle also takes the challenge of rebelling against a material-biased society. Rebellion is not reaction. It is not doing the opposite just to be different. It is chosing a different and more perfect path on which to travel towards the same goals espoused by the alternative. A material-based society promotes and rewards attitudes and actions which are anti-spiritual: material rewards are gained most often by materialistic oriented persons. What a person who has chosen to live a spiritually-based lifestyle must keep in focus in order to remain spiritually strong are the benefits of such a choice. These include -

1. being able to facilitate the healing of oneself and others;
2. being the most effective and constructive which one can be;
3. knowing that one can obtain the best answer to any question;
4. being content, balanced, self-directed, free, secure, optimistic.

No participant in a material-based society shares a constancy of these benefits: they are all seeking a shortcut to the reality which the spiritually-based person knows can only be attained by faith derived from challenge, hope derived from knowledge, and the self-sacrifice required to humble oneself to the will of God. Few humans have the courage, wilfullness, and stamina to follow such a lifestyle; all humans have the capability, opportunity, and choice.

1898 - The Spanish-American War begins after the explosion of the American battleship "Maine" in Havana Harbour, Cuba, was attributed, without any proof or witness, to "an enemy's secret infernal machine" suggesting that it had been an act by the Spaniards. The Spaniards insisted that the explosion had been an accident and suggested a court of enquiry. Theodore Roosevelt and a group of naive, adventure-seeking, proud, pious Americans invaded Cuba, occupied it, and obtained the Peace of Paris: America was granted Guam and Puerto Rico.

Beginning in 1895, Cuban nationals had rebelled against Spain with the help of American volunteers. In the interim, William Randolph Hearst (The New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (World) were engaged in a circulation-building business war. From past human history, Hearst expected that a war would increase newspaper circulation. Hearst hired Richard Harding Davis to write emotion-building stories about the rebels. Then he sent artist Frederic Remington to convey visually the events. Remington complained that "Everything is Quiet. There is no trouble here. There will be no war. I wish to return."

Hearst replied: "Please remain. You furnish pictures. I will furnish war."
Shortly afterwards the Maine exploded. Hearst then justified the War with bravado and patriotism in his newspaper. 200 reporters covered the "war"; 25 from the Hearst publication. The circulation of the Hearst's newspapers rose dizzily forcing others to compete with ever enlarging, ever dramatic headlines. Gross exaggerations occurred in a war almost without opposition. The mass media had become a tool capable of manipulating commoners and political systems into participating in wars - so that others could profit monetarily. What price ego-material power?

1898 - Josif Stalin, born in 1879, in Gori, Georgia, son of the shoemaker Vissarion Djugashvili, joins the clandestine Social-Democratic group Messame Dassy. The beginnings of industrialization in Russia had accelerated rapidly from the 1880s, creating a proletariat identifiable with the classic Communist Manifesto formulae of Marx and Engels, living and working in appalling conditions. Stalin had studied at the Gori Ecclesiastical School until 1894 when, with high grades, he entered the Tiflis Theological Seminary, regarded as the major educational establishment of the Caucasus.

An intellectual, and the son of a loving and encouraging mother and an alcoholic and physically and emotionally and spiritually abusive father, Stalin was sympathetic to the abuses of the industrial worker and the tenant peasant, and, to the rebellious theories of Marxism-Leninism. The Seminary had much hidden nationalistic and radical study groups which the administration met with harsh punishments. In his third year of study, Stalin was being punished for reading forbidden books. In his fourth year he joined the Messame Dassy group and began conducting socialist study groups for factory workers.

In later years, Stalin would reflect on the authoritarian orthodoxy of the Jesuits and how it influenced him into a rebellious attitude:

"Yes, they are systematic and persevering in working to achieve sordid ends. But their principal method is spying, prying, worming their way into people's souls and outraging their feelings. What good can there be in that? For instance, the spying in the hostel. At nine o'clock the bell rings for morning tea, we go to the dining-room, and when we return to our rooms we find that meantime a search has been made and all our chests have been ransacked .... What good point can there be in that?"

The distrust and hatred that Stalin developed of religion and religious leaders was taught to him by religious representatives who spoke of spiritual grace but had forgotten what the word "spiritual" meant. They had replaced it with intolerance, fear, violence, pride, weakness for power. While Stalin disliked the experience, he learned that his society respected this harsh spirit-destroying approach.

Most of the distinctive elements of Tsarist Russia - autocratic government and lack of representative institutions; the sharp distinction of society into "estates"; the persistence of serfdom; the omnipresent bureaucracy; censorship, the political police - were much more resistant to change than in Europe. Tsarist Russia had continually expanded its borders from the 1500s on until it contained as many non-Russians as Russians; illegal nationalist movements emerged and were crushed.

Stalin's father had been an ex-serf who tried to establish himself, in vain, as a shoemaker in the village of Gori. Shoemakers were the local distributor of alcohol, used in cleaning and dying leathers, as well as for drinking. Stalin's father, surrounded by alcohol and chronically depressed at his failing attempts to succeed, became an abusive alcoholic. His wife, forced to work as a washerwoman to supplement his meagre earnings, and subject to harsh his beatings, bore and lost 3 babies before giving birth to Josif. Now the harsh beatings fell on Josif unless he was at school and until his father died when Josif was aged 11.

1899 - In February, March and April, Joseph Conrad, had his "Heart of Darkness" first published in a 3-part magazine serialized version. It was the outcome of a seafarer-author who for much of the previous 9 years had been involved in the Belgian Congo. It was a semi-biographical record of his experiences and those of the persons he encountered in his travels while trying to get command of a river boat on the Congo. His perception and awareness outlined to the reader the commonly held attitudes and commonly-taken actions of colonist settlers, explorers, and exploiters. Amongst his observations were these:

"What saves us is efficiency - the devotion to efficiency.
But these chaps were not much account, really. They were no colonists; their administration was merely a squeeze, and nothings more, I suspect. They were conquerors and for that you want only brute force - nothing to boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident arising from the weakness of others. They grabbed what they could get for the sake of what was to be got.

It was just robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as is very proper for those who tackle a darkness. The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much. What redeems it is the idea only. An idea at the back of it; not a sentimental pretence but an idea; and an unselfish belief in the idea - something you can set up, and bow down before, and offer a sacrifice to ....

It's queer how out of touch with truth women are.
They live in a world of their own, and there had never been anything like it, and never can be. It is too beautiful altogether, and if they were to set it up it would go to pieces before the first sunset. Some confounded fact we men have been living contentedly with ever since the day of creation would start up and knock the whole thing over. ...

This devoted band called itself the Eldorado Exploring Expedition, and I believe they were sworn to secrecy. Their talk, however, was talk of the sordid buccaneers; it was reckless without hardihood, greedy without audacity, and cruel without courage; there was not an atom of foresight or of serious intention in the whole batch of them, and they did not seem aware these things are wanted for the work of the world. To tear treasure out of the bowels of the land was their desire, with no more moral purpose at the back of it than there is in burglars breaking into a safe. ...

I had no time.
I had to keep guessing at the channel; I had to discern, mostly by inspiration, the signs of hidden banks; I watched for sunken stones; ... I had to keep a look-out for the signs of dead wood we could cut up in the night for next day's steaming. When you have to attend to things of that sort ( and be totally occupied in your thinking), to the mere incidents of the surface, the reality - the reality, I tell you - fades. The inner truth is hidden - luckily, luckily. ...

We were wanderers on a prehistoric earth, on an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet. We fancied ourselves the first of men taking possession of an accursed inheritance, to be subdued at the cost of profound anguish and of excessive toil. ...

The mind of man is capable of anything - because everything is in it, all the past as well as all the future. What was there after all? Joy, fear, sorrow, devotion, valour, rage - who can tell? - but truth - truth stripped of its cloak of time. ...

Restraint! What possible restraint?
Was it superstition, disgust, patience, fear - or some kind of primitive honour? No fear can stand up to hunger, nor patience can wear it out, disgust simply does not exist where hunger is; and as to superstition, beliefs, and what you may call principles, they are less than chaff in a breeze. Don't you know the devilry of lingering starvation, its exasperating torment, its black thoughts, its sombre and brooding ferocity? Well, I do. It takes a man all his inborn strength to fight hunger properly. It's really easier to face bereavement, dishonour, and the perdition of one's soul - than this kind of prolonged hunger. Sad, but true. And these chaps too had no earthly reason for any kind of scruple. Restraint! ...

The man presented himself as a voice. .... Hadn't I been told in all, the tones of jealousy and admiration that he had collected, bartered, swindled, or stolen more ivory than all the other agents together? That was not the point. The point was in his being a gifted creature, and that of all his gifts the one that stood out pre-eminently, that carried with it a sense of real experience, was his ability to talk, his words - the gift of expression, the bewildering, the illuminating, the most exalted and the most contemptible, the pulsating stream of light, or the deceitful flow from the heart of an impenetrable darkness. ...

These (norms of society) make all the great difference.
When they are gone you must fall back upon your own innate strength, upon your own capacity for faithfulness. Of course you may be too much of a fool to go wrong - too dull even to know you are being assaulted by the powers of darkness. I take it, no fool ever made a bargain for his soul with the devil: the fool is too much of a fool, or the devil too much of a devil - I don't know which.

Or you may be such a thunderingly exalted creature as to be altogether deaf and blind to anything but heavenly sights and sounds. The earth for you is only a standing place - and whether to be like this is your loss or your gain I won't pretend to say. But most of us are neither one nor the other. The earth for us is a place to live in, where we must put up with sights, with sounds, with smells, too, by Jove! - breathe dead hippo, so to speak, and not be contaminated. And there, don't you see? your strength comes in, the faith in your ability for the digging of unostentatious holes to bury the stuff in - your power of devotion, not to yourself, but to an obscure, (ideal, - tradition). ...

He began (his note) with the argument that we whites, from the point of development we had arrived at, 'must necessarily appear to them [savages] in the nature of supernatural beings - we approach them with the might as of a deity,' and so on, and so on. 'By the simple exercise of our own will we can exert a power for good practically unbounded.' ... It gave me the notion of an exotic Immensity ruled by an august Benevolence.

It made me tingle with enthusiasm. This was the unbounded power of eloquence - of words - of burning noble words. There were no practical hints to interrupt the magic current of the phrases, unless a kind of note at the foot of the last page, scrawled evidently much later .... It was a simple, and at the end of that moving appeal to every altruistic sentiment it blazed at you, luminous and terrifying, like a flash of lightning in the serene sky: 'Exterminate all the brutes!' ..."

In the year before "Heart of Darkness" was published, King Leopold II, of Belgium set out the following:

"The mission which the agents of the State have to accomplish on the Congo is a noble one. They have to continue the development of civilization in the centre of Equatorial Africa, receiving their inspiration directly from Berlin and Brussels. Placed face to face with primitive barbarism, grappling with sanguinary customs that date back thousands of years, they are obliged to reduce these gradually. They must accustom the population to general laws, of which the most needful and the most salutary is assuredly that of work."

The bitterness and hatred generated by such abuses only served to confirm to the abusers that the ruthlessness of their cruelty was justified. For those whose spirit was broken by an awareness of the deeper meaning of the situation or by the shock of the brutality or of their own actions - their inspiration now arose from addictions - to alcohol, to cigarettes, to coffee and teas, to work, to control, to power, to violence.

1899 - F. J. Gould defines Rationalism:

"Rationalism may be defined as the mental attitude which unreservedly accepts the supremacy of reason and aims at establishing a system of philosophy and ethics verifiable by experience and independent of all arbitrary assumptions or authority."

1899 - 1904
In February, 1899, the Manifesto of Russian Tsar Nicholas II effectively eliminated Finnish independence efforts and resulted in the disbandment of the recently conscripted and organized army. Governed as a province of Russia for almost a century, a weak legislative structure had been formed but never utilized after Nicholas I came to his office (1825). Social unrest had grown slowly into a nationalistic movement, now highlighted by the formation of an army. Governor-General Bobrijov, dissolved the army (to prevent revolt and bloodshed) and introduced Russian as the official language. Passive resistance continued.

1899 - On September 10, an 8.5 Magnitude Earthquake occurred at Yakutat Bay, Alaska.
A low density of population contributed to a low number of fatalities even though geological movement was substantial. The arc of crustal movement totalled 300,000 square miles (775,000 sq km). Avalanches crashed down mountainsides, the coast was uplifted in areas by as much as 40 ft (12 m) and the bay was temporarily drained of water by a sudden subsidence. Such a massive crustal movement could explain the loss of several "mythical" continents and the civilizations on them.

1899 - In October, The Boer War broke out in South Africa when the Dutch settlers (Boers) of the then South African Republic (the Transvaal) and Orange Free State warned the British in the Cape Colony that they would not accept English rule.

The commando tactics of the Boer guerillas succeeded over the five times larger English forces until 1902, when a war of attrition and the use of more effective weaponry by the British (ie machine guns) forced the Boers to concur with the English demands. Lord Kitchener, leading the English troops had also used a "scorched earth" policy of burning the farms of Boers and Africans alike and collected as many as 100,000 women and children in carelessly run and unhygienic concentration camps. More than 20,000 of these died, fully reported in the media of the time, and despite protests and marches in the English streets by concerned citizenry.

Colonel Robert Baden-Powell, when ordered to raise two regiments in Bechuanaland and Rhodesia to harass the enemy's rear and flank, marched his force, instead, into a small, dusty, tin-roofed town, only 8 miles from the Transvaal border, and allowed the Boers to surround him, afterwards saying he was prepared to "sit tight". Communications, including the mail and the telegraph remained open during the 217-day "siege", while Baden-Powell sent out frequent dispatches identifying the almost mundane. The Boer's shells were either duds or ineffective.

He maintained morale by organizing cricket games on Sunday to irritate the devout Boers. He sent out fake signals for the Boers to capture and continually invited them to surrender. Through a megaphone he shouted orders to non-existent troops about non-existent attacks on the enemy lines, and squads of men were made to walk around the perimeter pretending to get through imaginary wire fences. While the officers, troops and correspondents dined in luxury, the residents of the town starved, some dying. Stories printed about the British exploits were often inaccurate or simply lies written to incite and authorize pride in the empire. The only militarily useful conclusion to be drawn from the war would not be realized for many decades: trenches too long to be outflanked would lead to stalemate.

As a result of the poor sanitation and primitive hospital facilities, of the 22,000 men in the British forces lost in the war, 14,000 died of sickness, rather than from enemy actions.

The War represented an example to Turkey, the USSR, Germany, Poland, the USA, France, Cambodia, Japan, Brazil, Yugoslavia, Italy, Ethiopia, China and other states, that military force, regardless of purpose or degree of human misery involved - could always be rationalized by a nation and carried out under the direction of the leaders of such countries without the support of the population which paid the bills to commit the slaughter.

Human history provided an example to spaceperson visiting cultures of how a spiritually capable, yet biologically compromised species, could create disharmony in the universe and desecrate the environmental beauty which the Earth had before human history began.

1899 - The abuse of British children placed in rural Canada between 1869 and the 1930s would provide a basis for ever-widening family abuse. By the early 1990s, the Canadian federal Health and Welfare Department would announce that spousal abuse had risen to a frequency of as high as 50% of families. While there would be many sources, this was one.

For every disadvantaged child imported into Canada and placed with an abusive parent, the pattern of abuse would be learned - and modelled to their children. The prospect of a human child repeating the abusive behaviour as an adult which they have received as a child is higher than 50%. Such behaviour becomes "traditionalized" in the human. Unlike some other primates who learn primarily by intuition and trial-an-error, humans learn most easily by patterning, that is, by repeating what they have seen other humans do.

The adoption of language and writing, as "traditional" behaviours is an important outcome of this capacity. It is also this capacity which makes it difficult for humans to usually adopt and constructively use elements of change. This obsession with traditionalized or reptilian forms of learning has only entered human society as human political and social organizations have restricted the human emotional awareness and expressiveness, emphasized authority structures, and overlaid spiritual capabilities with a compulsiveness to rationalize all human insecurities.

That which humans are most proud of is what will ultimately lead to their extinction unless they can raise their self-awareness sufficiently to take control of their future. The following are several of the typical examples of abuse which numerous of the 80,000 British disadvantaged juveniles experienced after their placement onto Canadian farms:

A. A small boy, Fred, got off the train at a small town in central southern Ontario to meet his new farmer-employer. He had travelled from the town of Stony Stratford, near London, Ontario, where the J.W.C. Fegan placement organization had imported him from Britain to locate into Canada. His father had been very poor and when he had become sick, all of the children had been sent to orphanages except for Fred and his brother who were sent to Fegan. After several months at Fegan's Home, Bert had been shipped out.

When the farmer arrived to pick up Fred with his horse and buggy, he was cold and abrupt in communication. The farm was a long way off and after they arrived there no one asked where he came from or what he wanted in his future. He would be given his meals in the kitchen while the rest of the family ate in the dining room. The room for his lodging was cold such that on winter mornings he would find his moccasins frozen. His work began before dawn and finished after dark.

Fred had never worked on a farm before and the farmer grew impatient when Fred did not pick up skills after having been shown once briefly. After several days of trying, with the farmer growing ever more angry in silence, the farmer took out a black snake whip and beat Fred without mercy, all the while yelling spiritually deadening insults at him, while the wife blocked Fred's escape.

Fred lived in terror and loneliness and when he asked about the schooling agreed to in his contract, the farmer said there would be no school that term for he needed him for work. Fred was also to receive a small allowance for clothing but the farmer said he did not have it just then. On some Sundays he walked to the local church, which his contract also stipulated that he attend, only to be rebuked or whipped on returning home. When a neighbour heard of the beatings Fred was getting, he advised Fred to "run the pitchfork through him" the next time his employer tried to beat him. Fred began to protest his mistreatment openly.

Later, an inspector visited and asked how Fred's tenure was progressing. When Fred complained of the mistreatment, the inspector spent 30 minutes scolding him for his conduct and his personality, concluding that "If I had my way, I'd take you right now and give you my own beating!" There followed threats that he would be sent back to England as unfit, a failure, a disgrace. Fred, emotionally broken, cried. The inspector coldly got up and left without another word.

The following spring Fred received a letter from Mr. Fegan's Home in England stating that Fred's brother Bert could be placed with him. Fred went to a neighbour whom he knew treated his boys well and entreated that the neighbour take his brother. The neighbour agreed, Bert arrived, and the brothers enjoyed summer evenings together. Then, in the fall, Fred was going to visit his brother when he discovered that Bert had drowned beneath a raft that floated on the neighbour's pond. During the winter Fred ran away.

B. Harold was a boy in Dr. Barnardo's Homes.
Traumatic was his witnessing the beatings of boys for minor misdemeanours in a large room in Barnardo's. The boys would assemble, the victim would then be paraded in, stripped naked, held down at the head and foot by two men, and beaten with a rod by a third.

Later, Harold was sent to a farm near Perth, Ontario, Canada, where he went without shoes for a whole year. Once, he was beaten because he didn't walk fast enough to school. Harold immersed himself in reading and studying as an emotional defence against the fear of more beatings and the loneliness of exclusion.

C. Lilian had been put into the Home of an organizer of children for export when she was barely a year of age. The Home placed her with English foster parents who never had a word of impatience or anger with her, sent her to school, and eventually asked to adopt her. To their collective dismay, the letter which arrived removed her from the family at the age of 12 and sent her immediately, because it was the wish of her legal father, whom she had never seen - to the opportunities in Canada. She arrived in St Mary's, Ontario to be placed with a family who were only capable of treating her as a maid and labourer.

D. A boy named Charles was sent to a farmer who lived near Belleville, Ontario, at the age of 13. On arriving he was told to go to the stony ground beyond the farm where a cow had died 4 days before, and laid bloated and stinking in the hot summer sun. He was given a crowbar and a shovel and told to bury the animal. After digging and vomiting for most of the day, the hole seemed large enough and Charles levered the carcass into it, inch by inch. He proceeded to cover it only to find that the animal's legs stuck out. He went to the house to explain what had happened. The farmer handed Charles an axe to chop the legs off. Think about it. Would such an experience have bothered you at that age?

1899 - The American Campaign to suppress revolt in the Philippines urged on by the American media, dragged on until 1902. Wholesale and indiscriminate killing by American troops had depopulated large sections of the country. There were complaints that the troops had on occasion been ordered to "kill everything over 10 years old," and that the "Twentieth Kansas" had swept through a town of 17,000 inhabitants leaving not one native alive.

Hearst's New York Journal would state:
"The weak must go to the wall and stay there .... We'll rule in Asia as we rule at home. We shall establish in Asia a branch agent of the true American movement towards liberty."

1899 - Laventi Pavlovich Beria is born in Merkheuli, Georgia.
The son of peasants, he grows up in crushing poverty and with the attention of an only son. Like a few other peasants, his parents did their best to advance him as far through school as possible. Georgia was an area of increasing social discontent under the suppression of the Russian Tsar.

1900 - Prophecy based on the "Book of Psalms" in the Jewish-Christian Old Testament begin this year, according to authors J.R. Church and Gary Stearman, each writing separately in the 1980s and 1990s. The translator(s) who converted the original script to chapters (Psalms) and verses would have had to be spiritually guided to define a prophesy, one for each year between 1900 and 2050: there are 150 Psalms. As prophesies are usually styled, the Psalms are widely idiosyncratic if they are prophesies. For example:

A.  Psalms convey rejoicing & affirmation; prophesies are "visions";
B.  Many Psalms encourage current changes - prophesies relate future;
C.  Many Psalms retell historical events - prophesies do not;
D.  Retold history would suggest direct pattern repetition;
E.  Words and phrases interpreted from the Psalms as predictive are spurious in nature: 
                                                      could be given a host of meanings.

Common examples of such parallels being chosen include 
 Psalms 39-45 for the plight of the Jews during WWII; 
   Psalm 48 for the origin of the State of Israel; 
   Psalm 91 for the Gulf War and Israel's non-involvement; 
   Psalm 93 and the worldwide increased incidence of flooding in 1993.  

If these were not coincidental, 1977 would have to be a time of great floods, launchings of intercontinental ballistic missiles, tremendous earthquakes, and, a way to safety for the Jews across an ocean or sea (Psalm 77). Only by a factor of superstition would one relate Psalm 1 to 1901.

If the Psalms applied to the century, why would Psalm 1 not relate to 1900?
Also, it is presumed that the ancient writer would have made the calendar adjustments to acknowledge the 4 years lost by the error of miscalculating the reign of one of the Roman emperors, and of adjusting for changes between the length of year of the ancient Jewish calendar and the modern calendar year.

Then, there is a question of whether the "prophesy" structure accounts for A.D. 1 as the birth of Jesus Christ, his age 1, or a close assumption. None of these considerations would have been known by the author of the Psalms. Is prophesy according to the timetable of a small political group of humans, or according to a divine timetable?

Prophesy is vision.
The original author may have written the Psalms without recognizing their prophetic significance. Yet prophesies have always been given by individuals who "knew" that their descriptions were prophetic. Prophesies are almost always given on a near future timetable; the Psalms would have predated their "reality" by over 2500 years.

1900 - On March 20, Morris Ketchum Jessup was born in Rockville, Indiana.
He was named after a rich uncle who had become a railroad baron, financier, and philanthropist.

1900 - Sergey Nilus,a former Russian landowner, publishes a book called
"The Great and the Small".
Nilus had lost his entire fortune while living in France.
After wandering in Russia from one monastery to another, he wrote his book explaining how he had converted from an atheist to an Orthodox Christian. He believed that the world was in the throes of financial collapse and consolidation.

1900 - During the year, Joe Kennedy, son of an Irish immigrant to Boston, Massachusetts, at the age of 12, took a job, arranged by his ambitious and attentive widowed mother, as a delivery boy. He delivered hats to high class women in a horse-drawn carriage with a liveried driver, taking the hats inside the grand houses and waiting to ensure that they fit. His mother's influence was to perceive making money as a way of exercising one's God-given talents, through self-discipline. He was always on the lookout for opportunities and calculating their marginal returns. When not making money, Joe was exploring ways to shape his world.

Joe organized and directed plays in the back yard, charging admission.
He became an accomplished athlete, recognizing that sports was one of the few places ruled by an aristocracy of talent. He organized a neighbourhood baseball team. He worked at a newspaper job. He was aggressive and popular in his classes, becoming president of the class and colonel of the drill team. He went on to Harvard University, where he continued to face discrimination and prejudice relative to his humble background. Joe learned that networking and connections were valuable to opportunity and worked to cultivate these. When many of his classmates graduated into bank clerk positions, Joe used his connections to get a state bank examiner's position.

Joe used this opportunity to look at bank records and books, learning how the banks made their money and how they were connected to other businesses. In a takeover bid by First National on Columbia Trust, Joe borrowed all he could and bluffed his way against First National until it withdrew. The grateful Columbia directors made him the youngest bank president in the U.S.A. at the age of 25 (1913). The following year he married Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald and the Boston newspapers began to spread his image as a practical, ambitious hard-working executive.

In 1917, Bethlehem Steel chairman, Charles Schwab, asked Joe Kennedy to become general manager of the company's huge Fore River shipyards in Quincy. Now bustling with the war effort, Fore production records were smashed under the direction of Joe with 37 destroyers being completed before the end of the War. His refusal to deliver two of the ships to Argentina, pending payment, resulted in antagonism between himself and then Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1900 - During the year, Major Walter Reed discovers that Yellow Fever is caused by a virus.
Sent to Cuba to study the disease, he believed that it was caused by a bacteria. Although he could not see, with the microscopes of the day, what caused the disease, he determined that it was a filterable virus in the "Aedes" mosquitoes which carried it. It would be the first human disease determined to be caused by a virus. It would be many decades before viruses would be somewhat understood.

1900 - Augustus C. Buell published "Paul Jones, Founder of the American Navy", a 2-volume history.
He also wrote biographies of Sir William Johnson, William Penn, and Andrew Jackson.

Buell frequently stated that he had ancestors who had worked for, or who had known, all the men he wrote about. The letters, journal entries and books he referenced (usually described as quite rare) and for which he thanked the Library of Congress for making the materials available to him, were never found by librarians and archivists. Some scholars praised his new "discoveries" and because Buell had stated that one of his ancestors had known the subject, those romanticists also argued that the documents must have come from the libraries of his relatives.

Buell's first publication, a book of memoirs on the American Civil War, declared that he had been a cannoneer at Gettysburg and elsewhere. His vivid recollections would be quoted in anthologies of Civil War writings. Official records told a different story. Buell did not enter the service until 6 weeks AFTER the Battle of Gettysburg. He was never a cannoneer, and he was not present at the battles he described as experiencing.

In 1906, author Anna De Koven stated that Buell's biography of John Paul Jones was:

"based upon a bare framework of truth ... but is padded with inventions of clever construction and unparalleled audacity. It contains reports of imaginary committees in Congress, invented letters from Washington, Franklin and Hewes, false entries in the diaries of well-known persons such as Gouverneur Morris and Duchesse D'Orleans, and quotations from others which existed only in Colonel Buell's imagination ... The bibliography ... is a masterpiece of invention, and so shortsighted in its careless untruthfulness as to raise suspicion of the author's mental responsibility."

In reality, the references and archives of which Buell spoke never existed.
Yet Buell acquired a high reputation. He wrote adventuresome, imaginative descriptions and supported them with references to mythical references and fictitious books. To the scholar, his format made his works look authentic. Scholars too often judge a book by its references to apparent authority without regard to content or practical experience - aspects they are too proud to admit ignorance in. The general public, and those who stood to benefit by the reflection cast on their social position by his description - were attracted by his revelation of heroics, adventure, intrigue, danger and survival: he wrote a good story.

Buell represented one of a line of American writers who wrote more for profit than for posterity.
Many of the stories and books written about thieves, murderers and soldiers from the end of the American Civil War until now were largely adventure-drama fiction which made heroes of socially frustrated persons with poor coping skills. They survived for the same reason that Buell did. It is a juvenile culture which cannot accept the truth; it is a weak culture which encourages its citizens to twist the truth; it is a capitalist culture which relegates all values second to material gain and self-centeredness.

1900 - The Boxer ("The Righteous Harmony Fists" secret Chinese society) Rebellion enlarged to include foreign political entities during this year. The earlier intrusion of the western industrialized capitalism of cheap imports together with worsening rural conditions had encouraged a nationalist movement which had an academic-worker resistance in the ports desire an exclusion of foreign presence with an expectation of national unity and strength thereafter.

Luigi Barzini, an Italian war correspondent, wrote faithfully, and truthfully, one of the few accounts of the clashes between the mounted, rifle and sword armed Westerner soldiers who massacred charging sword and lance-equipped Chinese. Barzini did not pretty the clashes. He wrote of the fleeing, gashed, and shot combatants and of the frenzy of the pursuer to run the pursued like "hounds chasing stags." But most of the war was looking elsewhere and reading of the glories of noble battle and righteous causes full of adventure, medals, and, killing.

1900 - During October, Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose, drew the question that if he could obtain recordable responses from metals and animals demonstrating changes, why would he not be able to detect and record changes in plant life? So began his experimentation with plants.

His father had seen the slavish and monotonous imitation indicative of the British educational system and had sent him instead to a simple village teacher. Bose saw the hypocracy of society by its rejection of a reformed criminal of gentle and kindly nature who was hired to transport him to school from age 4. Graduating with an impressive aptitude in physics from St. Xavier's College, his teacher advised him to go to England to read for the Civil Service exams.

Bose's father, who had personally experienced the deadening nature of bureaucratic administration, advised his son to become a scholar instead. Bose graduated from Christ College, the London University, and was appointed professor of physics at Calcutta's Presidency College. The appointment was protested by members of the status quo who maintained the view that no Indian was competent to teach science. His salary was cut to half that of the English-born teachers where it stayed for 3 years.

Bose was brilliant as a teacher; his classroom was always full.
He began work in 1894 to see if he could improve the instruments recently devised to transmit "Hertzian" radio waves and, ahead of Marconi, he succeeded in transmitting electrical waves and demonstrating it to many others. Marconi was the first to patent the process. Bose never supported the idea of patenting any of his discoveries holding that all people should benefit from new findings rather than such findings only being made available to those who could afford to purchase it and make a few persons rich.

Bose now received some government financial support for his research and was awarded a doctorate of science by London University. Status-quo, jealous bureaucrats, back in India, were effective in tying up a government grant financed proposed research centre for Bose to continue his work. The poet Rabindranath Tagore, encouraged Bose.

By 1899, Bose had found that the metal antennae he used to receive radio waves by experienced a form of exhaustion or desensitization which left when the metal was given a period of rest. He began to compare the molecular reactions of such metals to that of animal tissues and found that the recorded wavelines produced by slightly warmed magnetic oxide of iron closely resembled those of muscles.

In 1900, Bose stressed the "fundamental unity among the apparent diversity of nature" at the International Congress of Physics stunning some with the suggestion that the boundary between inanimate and animate things might not be as wide as previously assumed. Later in the year, Bose found that he could demonstrate that plants also demonstrated changes in electrical potential in response to various "blows". Until now, the rest of the so-called scientific community had believed that plants had no nervous system and could not be responsive.

On May 10, 1901, Bose would quote a Hindu verse considered 3000 years old as indicative of the importance of his finding:

"They who see but one, in all the changing manifoldness of this universe, unto them belongs Eternal Truth - unto none else, unto none else!"

1900 - In October, the USS Holland (later designated SS 1) became the first USA Navy commissioned submarine. It was designed by John P. Holland, an Irish immigrant schoolteacher, who initially designed submarines for secret organizations for the purpose of striking at the British. He began submitting designs to the USA Navy in 1875. After 25 years of proposals, and on his 6th submitted design, his plans were adopted.

By 1901, a visiting Japanese naval attache in Washington, Lieutenant Kenji Ide, examined Holland's boats: he would later supervise construction of Holland designs in Japan. At the same time, the Russian naval attache in Washington, Baron Fersen, had taken several trial runs in a Holland design and his recommendations led to Lieutenant Beklemishev, a member of the Russian submarine technical committee, travelling to the USA to report on the design. He was negative about the relative merits of the Holland design to current Russian models and despite aggressive marketing by Holland no contracts were negotiated.

1900 - By the end of this year, Chain Stores were growing in numbers to standardize the American consumer economy. 700 chains would operate some 4,500 stores this year marketing groceries, meat, gas and oil, tobacco, drugs and varieties. By 1920, nearly 10,000 chains would sponsor 50,000 stores. During 1935, the number would climb to between 125,000 and 150,000 chain stores controlling 25% of the retail business of the United States ($30 billion).

1901 - Van Dyke, 1901, describes the Legacy of Colonialism and Capitalism in "The Desert":

"Yes; and not unfamiliar the knowledge that with the coming of civilization the grasses and the wild flowers perish, the forest falls and its place is taken by brambles, the mountains are blasted in the search for minerals, the plains are broken by the plow and the soil gradually washed into the rivers. Last of all, when the forests have gone and the rains cease falling, the streams dry up, the ground parches and yields no life, and the artificial desert - the desert made by the tramp of human feet - begins to show itself."

Many such regions now exist, including The Kalahari Desert, The Gobi Desert, at least half of the extended size of the Sahara, the great sand desert of Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and Colorado, and, numerous other locations made and in the making.

1901 - The Red Letter Bible is first published.
Dr. Louis Klopsch issued the Red Letter New Testament in 1899.
In these versions, the words attributed to Jesus (Messiah) Christ were printed in red ink to differentiate them from the general text, which was printed with black ink.

1901 - H.G. Wells writes in "The First Men In The Moon":

"It isn't as though we were confined to the moon.
 You mean-?
 There's Mars - clear atmosphere, novel surroundings, exhilarating
 sense of lightness.  It might be pleasant to go there.
 Is there air on Mars?
 Oh, yes!
 Seems as though you might run it as a sanatorium ..."

1901 - Biologist Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov of Russia introduces the first practical application of a technique developed in 1785 and founds a center for artificially inseminating cattle.

1901 - A famine strikes the Philippines following several years of rebellion of the natives against the Spanish and the Americans. Wealthy landowners abandoned the struggle for independence in favour of stability, hoped for, under the domination of the USA. When the USA passed a law that any colonial would be ineligible for a job in the civil service, the dependent middle class, no longer capable of supporting themselves, gave up the fight. One million Filipinos had died: 16,000 guerillas, 984,000 civilians - what would become a usual ratio for guerilla warfare, 1:61+ In comparison, 883 Americans died in battle using highly superior technology; 3,349 more died of disease.

William Howard Taft was sent to head the first colonial administration.
Declarations of ideals were issued, to be believed in illusion by the people while the American administration made a hypocracy of them. Just correction of land abuses stopped at the doors of the Catholic Church, because Catholic voters in the USA might be influenced by a disgruntled pope. As a compromise, Filipino priests were to replace hated abusive Spanish ones, by rotation.

Further, the USA, instead of imposing penalties or expropriation for land thievery, paid the Roman Catholic church (the Vatican) over $7 million to purchase 17 of the 21 huge haciendas in the Manila region. In a deceptive manipulative use of the media, assisted by American pride and business greed, the haciendas were sold in tiny "land reform" plots to the former tenants. The 8% rate of interest, far above the international market of 3%, and disastrous for destitute farmers, resulted in the new owners having to borrow increasingly from the Chinese Loan sharks, aggravated by a corrupt bureaucracy.

By 1946, under the "enlightened" democratic freedom-espousing USA administration, there was a high percentage of tenant farmers than ever existed under Spanish rule.

While Dewey's fleet had still been in Manila Bay, President McKinley was cabling the Admiral to ask for more information on the natural resources of the country. An emissary of the USA secretary of state was sent to prepare a catalogue of opportunities for the exploitation of the colony. A subsidiary of Del Monte Company, limited by law to no more than 1,024 hectares, appealed privately to the governor-general. He converted public lands into a U.S. Navy preserve and then had the Navy sublease 20,000 hectares to Del Monte. This was done discretely, as always.

In Hawaii, Sanford Dole of Dole Pineapple led a businessman's coup that toppled Queen Liliuokalani, appealed to President McKinley for USA annexation, and had received it. In both cases, American lawyers then took advantage of American law to gain control of local industries. One, John Hausermann from Ohio, and some law partners, took over the struggling Benguet gold mine in the Philippines, and used it to build one of the great fortunes on the planet - later shared selectively with political players including General Douglas MacArthur.

1901 - During the year, ownership of the Benguet Mines in the Philippines is transferred to a group of American lawyers who use their trade to manipulate the owners into a position of bankruptcy and compromise. This enables considerable profits from the gold ore to go to Americans rather than Filipinos making the new owner multi-millionaires. The example will not be lost from the sight of a law student and future lawyer, Ferdinand Marcos.