Water: The Reality of Demand.
INDEX
Demand depends upon size of population and the activities involving or influencing water.
https://www.worldometers.info/water/
LINK 2: Population by the year, from 5,000 B.C.
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/
LINK 3: World Population: Past, Present, and Future.
https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#milestones
Worldwide, agriculture accounts for 70% of all water consumption, compared to 20% for industry and 10% for domestic use. In industrialized nations, however, industries consume more than half of the water available for human use. Belgium, for example, uses 80% of the water available for industry.
Freshwater withdrawals have tripled over the last 50 years.
Demand for freshwater is increasing by 64 billion cubic meters a year (1 cubic meter = 1,000 liters)
- The world’s population is growing by roughly 80 million people each year.
- Changes in lifestyles and eating habits in recent years are requiring more water consumption per capita.
- The production of biofuels has also increased sharply in recent years, with significant impact on water demand.
Between 1,000 and 4,000 litres of water are needed to produce a single litre of biofuel.
-
Energy demand is also accelerating, with corresponding implications for water demand.
Almost 80% of diseases in so called "developing" countries are associated with water, causing some three million early deaths.
These are conservative, minimal statistics.
For an early time in the presence of humans on the Earth, water was only used for drinking, bathing, laundry.
With the introduction of herding and cattle management, 8000 B.C. water was extended to provide for the needs of controlled and enhanced meat and hide production.
With the introduction of agriculture, 5000 B.C., water use was greatly increased to provide regular and adequate support for industrialized plant and tree growth and production.
With the introduction of metallurgy, 1800 B.C., and the manufacturing of minerals into metals and their fashioning into tools, water became increasingly used for ore washing, safety, hardening, mineral separation and refinement into higher densities, and, the washing away of waste products.
By 500 B.C. human population densities were aggregating into towns and cities and creating ever increasing degradations to the quality of drinking water available. There was, as we can now easily understand, a threshold of human population beyond which available drinking water supplies would be forced out of an ecological balance of cleanliness and safety. This threshold could have been greatly extended if the political leadership of these population groups, and the membership they represented, had held a stewardship attitude of respect towards nature as well as a sense of responsibility towards maintaining their own health.
The historical fact, repeated many times in many locations, that any consideration be given to investing in planning and engineering so that a basic water quality be maintained and a water-soil-waste cycle be understood was seldom acted on, and almost never replicated in other locations ... suggests that humans were never created to experience such population densities not to migrate into areas where water availability would be challenging.
Over the following 2500 years, the following human practices are some of the many which would increasingly contribute to both a draw-down of water tables and fresh water lake levels in addition to increasing pollution of such waters to biologically unsafe levels:
-
Burning of Vegetation:
The burning of vegetation to provide increased cleared land for agricultural use has been an accepted activity since the beginning of farming. It is an almost universal ignorance of humanity that any forested land, cleared by burning or logging, can be utilized as rich farmland. It was a scientific finding reported at a Forestry Conference in the middle 1970's in the Eastern USA, that MOST rainforest soils were largely composed of leaf litter and humus matter with a minimum of soil deposit. Indeed, in some areas, the porous organic material floor had been measured to extend as far as 30 feet deep.
In addition, it was determined that because of the porous nature of the ground cover in the Brazilian Amazonian region, agricultural productivity on cleared rainforest "soils" would quickly degrade to a point of infertility in a period of 2 or 3 YEARS. Without the tree canopy absorbing and deflecting most of the rain before it reached the ground, it now carried any growth nutrients too far beneath the surface to support either crop or tree growth. Re-establishing a rainforest cover was suspected to be lengthy and uncertain due to the loss of the ground fungi through burning which supported much of the tree growth.
When human population numbers become excessive and commercialization and land ownership become established community policies, economic desperation and food survival demands frequently have and continue to lead to forest cover burning in the expectation that the planting of crops will bring both an income and a food source for the family of the farmer. This becomes a political promise which is short-lived. In addition, forest and vegetation clearing also modify global climate patterns and make water management efforts both more complex and less successful.
-
Fertilizers, Organic and chemical:
-
Floods developing from clearing of wetlands and forests:
-
Industrial Wastes being discarded into waterways and the ocean and buried in landfills seeping into aquifers.
-
Municipal untreated sewage displosal overburdening the local geology to contaminate aquifers.
-
Shipping to distant ports, including both cruise and commercial uses, extending for multiple days or weeks andresulting in ocean dumping of garbage.
-
Mining of and processing of ores to produce concentrated and refined mineral compounds for industrial uses.
-
Pharmaceutical waste disposal for experimentation, manufacturing, and excessive possession.
-
Fracking of subsurface geology to release natural gas and other products by way of injected and pressurized heated water combined with chemicals.
-
Municipal waste dumps to collect, combine, and hide broken, used, and, redundant consumer products, foodstuff preparation discards, and, their paper, plastic, and metal packaging.
Water: Overhydration & Water Intoxication. (Hyponatremia)
INDEX
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-hyponatremia
What Is Hyponatremia?
WebMD Medical Reference
Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD --- November 18, 2018
Link 2: https://www.healthline.com/health/overhydration
Medically reviewed by Judith Marcin, MD on June 28, 2017
Written by Shawn Radcliffe and Stephanie Watson
LINK 3: https://www.thankyourbody.com/drinking-too-much-water/
2019-09-12 --- from multiple other sources noted on the URL
LINK 4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypopituitarism
2019-09-25 --- from multiple other sources noted on the URL
LINK 5: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/
electrolyte-balance/hyponatremia-low-level-of-sodium-in-the-blood
Hyponatremia (Low Level of Sodium in the Blood)
Merck Manual Consumer Version
By James L. Lewis, III, MD, Brookwood Baptist Health and
Saint Vincent’s Ascension Health, Birmingham
Last full review/revision September 2018 by James L. Lewis, III, MD
If the sodium in your blood is too low, you have a condition called hyponatremia.
It can happen because of certain medical conditions, some medicines you might be taking, or if you drink too much water.
Your blood sodium level is (considered) normal if it’s 135 to 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
If it’s below 135 mEq/L, it’s hyponatremia.
There are two main types of overhydration:
Increased water intake
This occurs when you drink more water than your kidneys can remove in your urine.
This can cause too much water to collect in your bloodstream.
Retaining water
This occurs when your body can’t get rid of water properly.
Several medical conditions can cause your body to retain water.
Both of these types are dangerous because they throw off the balance between water and sodium in your blood.
It’s also important to remember that water needs vary with age, sex, weather, activity level, and overall health.
So there is no exact formula on how much to drink. Common situations such as extreme heat, significant activity, and illness with fever will all require more fluid intake than average.
In a healthy person, your urine (can be) a good indicator of your hydration status.
Pale yellow urine that looks like lemonade is a good goal. Darker urine (usually) means you need more water.
Colorless urine (can) mean you are overhydrated.
In healthy people, athletes are at highest risk for overhydration. ...
Some conditions and medicines cause overhydration by making your body hold on to more fluid.
Since older adults are usually more likely to take certain medications or develop chronic diseases, they’re generally more likely to get hyponatremia. But at any age, you’re more likely to get it if you have a condition like kidney disease, SIADH, or heart failure. It can also happen if you take the drugs that make the condition more likely.
If you drink too much water when you do something that’s physically very hard -- like a marathon -- you may be more likely to develop hyponatremia.
Symptoms
You may not have any symptoms if your hyponatremia is very mild.
Symptoms usually appear when your level of sodium suddenly rises or drops.
- nausea with vomiting
- fatigue
- headache
- confusion
- disorientation
- decreased metabolism
- muscle weakness
- cold hands and feet
- cramps or spasms in your muscles
- Irritability and restlessness
- discoloration of skin extremes (hands. feet ...)
- seizures
- unconsciousness
- coma.
Overhydration can result in excessive urination leading to an excessive loss of potassium, a mineral that helps your body contract and relax your muscles; hence, cramps and spasm.
Causes
-
Health problems.
Heart failure and kidney or liver disease can affect the amount of fluids in your body, and in turn, your level of sodium.
-
bouts of chronic, severe diarrhea or vomiting can deplete your body of fluids and sodium.
-
Undiagnosed Diabetes.
Excessive thirst is a cardinal sign of dangerously high blood glucose levels that (would best be addressed).
An undiagnosed diabetic may have a blood sugar level of 600 and not know it, and their body’s way of diluting the sugar is excessive water consumption.
-
Thyroid and/or Pituitary imbalances.
These are usually overlooked by those without personal involvement and experience.
If one's hormonal imbalance forces them to experience a fever-like temperature elevation and sweating they may expel too much water. The opposite can also occur for imbalances in the opposite direction such that the person feels unrealistically cold and is attracted to the use of depressants like cigarettes ... which make them feel even colder, and/or, hot beverages ... most of which encourage dehydration by expelling more water than that taken in.
Low levels of thyroid hormone can cause a low blood-sodium level ... which tends to increase excess water retained in the cells and tissues and this results in edema, headaches, increased stiffness, confusion, and all the other symptoms of hyponatremia. Reflexively drinking more water, out of lifestyle habit, will worsen the situation.
A Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) hormone deficiency leads to adrenal insufficiency, a lack of production of glucocorticoids such as cortisol by the adrenal gland. Symptoms can include fatigue, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels), anemia and hyponatremia (low sodium levels) --- which tends to increase excess water retained in the cells and tissues and this results in edema, headaches, increased stiffness, confusion, and all the other symptoms of hyponatremia. Reflexively drinking more water, out of lifestyle habit, will worsen the situation.
A Pituitary Vasopressin hormone (also called antidiuretic hormone) helps regulate the amount of water in the body by controlling how much water is excreted by the kidneys. Vasopressin decreases water excretion by the kidneys, which retains more water in the body and dilutes the sodium. The pituitary gland produces and releases vasopressin when the blood volume (amount of fluid in the blood vessels) or blood pressure goes down or when levels of electrolytes (such as sodium) become too high. Pain, stress, exercise, a low blood sugar level, and certain disorders of the heart, thyroid gland, kidneys, or adrenal glands can stimulate the release of vasopressin from the pituitary gland. A persistent release of vasopressin, for example because of long-term LOW blood pressure, LOW thyroid hormone levels, and/or adrenal gland weaknesses can overstrain the pituitary to result in inadequate vasopressin release ... and LOW blood sodium levels --- which take us back to excessive water retention.
-
Hormone imbalances.
Some hormones affect your sodium levels.
A condition called SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone) can make you retain water. And a condition called Addison’s disease can affect the hormones that help keep your electrolytes in check. If your thyroid hormone is too low, it can also affect your sodium level.
-
Drinking too much water.
It can dilute the amount of sodium in your blood.
It usually happens when people drink too much during endurance events like marathons or triathlons, and also lose sodium through their sweat.
-
Low Blood Pressure.
A minority of persons have been born with low blood pressure and have continued with it as a constant life long.
This can produce a biochemistry which accentuates a histamine excess in the body and may result in an accentuation of thirst awareness that can lead to overhydration as well as an increased sensitivity to respiratory and sinus allergies, headaches, and, Irritability and restlessness (that can additionally include insomnia).
-
Medications.
Water pills (diuretics) and some antidepressants and pain medications can make you urinate or sweat more.
That can affect your sodium level.
-
Ecstasy.
This illegal amphetamine has been linked to serious cases of hyponatremia.
When your kidneys are working overtime to filter out all the (excessive) water you’re consuming and balance your fluid levels, you might experience adrenal fatigue, as well as a rise in stress hormones. Additionally, adrenal gland insufficiency may arise from low blood sodium.
Sports beverages are often advocated for those who are exercising or active for longer periods than normal for many persons.
These drinks contain sugar, along with electrolytes such as sodium and potassium, which you lose in sweat. Unfortunately, they also INCREASE dehydration, so they carry as many dangers longer term as they carry positives for the shorter term. Healthwise, it may be better for most persons to buildup an exercise stamina gradually and resist over-straining one's body.
In many cases of hyponatremia, people will experience noticeable swelling or discoloration in their hands, lips, and feet. When all of the cells throughout your body swell, your skin will start to visibly swell as well. Those who drink too much water may gain weight suddenly due to swelling and excess water in the bloodstream. If you’re drinking more than 10 cups of water each day and notice swelling or discoloration in your hands, lips, and feet, consider cutting back on your water intake and see if your symptoms subside.
Water: Aquifers and Groundwater.
INDEX
Water: Contaminants & Pollutants.
INDEX
Water: Health degradation through Disease Proliferation.
INDEX
Water: Pathogen enhancement through municipal supply.
INDEX
LINK 2:
LINK 3:
LINK 4:
Water: Sources of and Removal of Aluminum.
INDEX
https://www.waterbenefitshealth.com/aluminum-in-water.html
LINK 2: https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/
SRINIVASAN%201999%20Aluminium%20in
%20Drinking%20Water%20-%20An%20Overview.pdf
P T Srinivasan, T Viraraghavan* and K S Subramanian
Faculty of Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, Canada S4S OA2
Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OL2
Water SA Vol. 25 No. 1 January 1999
LINK 3: https://www.naturalnews.com/
033431_aluminum_personal_care_products.html
August 26, 2011 by: Fleur Hupston
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Chronic exposure data are limited, but indicate that Al likely interferes with phosphorus absorption, and causes weakness, bone pain and anorexia.
Crapper and Boni (1980) observed a relationship between Al and both Alzheimer’s disease and dialysis encephalopathy in humans. Davidson
et al. (1982) found that kidney dialysis patients suffered dementia when their dialysis fluid contained an Al concentration of 80 µg/l. Removal of Al from the fluid prior to dialysis decreased symptoms of dementia in patients.
In nature, Al exists in the trivalent oxidation state, i.e. Al3+.
Its electric charge and the small ionic radius (0.51Å) give Al3+ a strong polarising effect on adjacent atoms; therefore the element
is too reactive to be found free in nature.
... according to a report “Aluminum in Drinking Water” by the World Health Organization, a high-dosage intake of aluminum will accumulate primarily in bone but is also found in most organs within the body. This includes the brain, since aluminum passes the blood-brain barrier and is also distributed to the fetus in pregnant women. (WHO, 1997)
According to the same study, aluminum salts are used in water treatment as coagulants to reduce turbidity, microorganism levels, and other organic matter.
The treatment process usually involves adding aluminum sulfate at "optimum pH and dosage, followed by flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration.' (Health Canada, 1993)
I don’t know if this process is fully regulated in the U.S. However, in one U.S. survey, the average aluminum concentration in treated water at facilities using aluminum sulfate coagulation ranged from 0.01 to 1.3 mg/litre, with an overall average of 0.16 mg/litre. (Letterman & Driscoll, 1988; ATSDR, 1992).
The use of alum as a coagulant for water treatment often leads to higher concentrations of aluminium in the treated water than in the raw water itself. Typically, a portion of the alum added to the raw water is not removed during treatment and remains as residual aluminium in the treated water.
Water supply problems associated with increased Al concentration in treated water include the formation of a hydrous Al precipitate in the distribution system which may increase turbidity and the number of complaints about clarity (Costello, 1984). Hoff (1974) reported that Al floc in the system may interfere with the disinfection process by enmeshing and protecting micro-organisms. Another problem attributed to increased Al concentration is deposition of Al hydrolysis products on pipe walls, which decreases carrying capacity. Hudson (1966) noted that even thin coatings may result in a significant pressure drop and Costello (1984) reported that deposition of hydrous Al on pipes was a serious and widespread problem.
Al in drinking water can exist in a mononuclear form as free Al (Al 3+) or can be complexed by other dissolved inorganic constituents (such as OH-, F-, SO42 -). It was also recognised that Al can be chemically bound to organic ligands or inorganic colloids. Al fractions, however, are quite different in raw water than in Al2(SO4)3 - treated and filtered water. Much of the Al in raw water is associated with inorganic colloids or is bound to large organic molecules; the water contains only a small mononuclear fraction.
Temperature, pH and turbidity of the water are important factors in determining Al solubility and consequently residual Al. Al being an amphoteric element, is soluble at extremely acidic (pH < 6) and alkaline (pH > 8.5) conditions, but is insoluble at near neutral pH values (7.0 to 7.5).
The organic fraction of Al is mostly associated with naturally occurring organic matter and is negatively charged.
The inorganic or labile fraction of Al is positively charged. It can easily pass through a cell membrane and is also toxic.
According to the WHO report: "Aluminum intake from foods, particularly those containing aluminum compounds used as food additives, represents the major route of aluminum exposure for the general public, excluding persons who regularly ingest aluminum-containing antacids and buffered analgesics, for whom intakes may be as high as 5 grams/day (WHO, 1997)."
Acidic beverages packaged in aluminum cans have a tendency to leach some aluminum from the can surface.
ALL carbonated drinks are acidic in context.
Sources of Aluminum
Aluminum cookware and utensils: Boiling water in aluminum pots produces toxic hydro-oxides, boiling meat produces chlorides and frying bacon in an aluminum pan increases nitrates. Aluminum teapots should be avoided because the tannic acid in the tea tends to allow aluminum to leak into the tea.
Food Additives:
The following food additives contain aluminum compounds: E173, E520, E521, E523 E541, E545, E554, E555 E556, E559.
Aluminum is a common food additive found in foods such as processed cheeses, table salt, baking powders, pickles, bleached flour, prepared dough, cake mixes, non-dairy creamers, vanilla powders and some donuts and waffles. Milk formulas for babies can contain up to four hundred times more aluminum than breast milk.
Medications:
Antacids quite often contain aluminum trisilicate as does buffered aspirin.
Antacids can contain 200 milligrams or more of elemental aluminum in a single tablet. Certain popular antacids contain aluminum hydroxide. Aluminum is present in popular over-the-counter and prescription medicines such as certain pain-killers and anti-diarrhea medicines.
Other products containing aluminum:
Aluminum can be found in toothpastes, nasal sprays, anti-antiperspirants, dental amalgams, cigarette filters and pesticides. Some metal cleaners contain aluminum oxide.
Aluminum can be removed from water by several methods, including
- reverse osmosis,
- distillation,
- ion exchange,
- chemical precipitation,
- electrodialysis,
- cation exchange.
... treatment by cation exchange resin, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis would remove 90 to 100% of Al present in water. Treatment methods namely aeration/stripping, chemical oxidation/disinfection and ion exchange (anion) are ineffective for Al removal. Processes such as coagulation, sedimentation and filtration (combined) as well as lime softening are moderately effective in Al removal.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Arsenic.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Bacteria.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Chemicals.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Chlorine.
INDEX
LINK 2:
LINK 3:
LINK 4:
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Copper.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Dust.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Fertilizers.
INDEX
https://www.naturalnews.com/053573_nitrogen_fertilizer_contamination_water.html
Chemical fertilizers applied to crops will contaminate drinking water for decades
Thursday, April 07, 2016 by: S. Johnson
LINK 2: https://www.uvm.edu/~vlrs/doc/lawnfert.htm
Compiled by Sara Davies, Matthew Reed, and Sarah O’Brien
February 22, 2001
LINK 3: http://blog.watertech.com/nitrate-in-drinking-water/
October 15, 2014 --- Bryce Linton, CWS
LINK 4: https://www.merleswater.com/blog/
bid/234656/removing-nitrates-from-drinking-water
Removing Nitrates from Drinking Water
Posted by Justin Regnier on Thu, Oct 18, 2012
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration
from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
The two primary fertilizer nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus.
Fertilizers used in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings contain essentially the same ingredients.
Phosphorus and nitrogen compounds are needed by all plants for vigorous growth.
Even if farmers stopped using nitrogen fertilizers today, dangerous nitrate levels in drinking water would persist for decades, report researchers at the University of Waterloo.
Nitrogen.
Nitrogen fertilizers are used to prevent nitrogen from becoming depleted from the soil.
Unfortunately, the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers isn't without its long-term consequences.
According to a new study published in the journal Environmental Research Letters, nitrogen fertilizers are causing nitrates to build up in the Mississippi Basin, polluting ground and surface water.
Nitrate is highly soluble and readily leaches into groundwater.
Once nitrates are taken into the body (animal or human) via our water or food, nitrates are converted to nitrites.
Because nitrates are tasteless, colorless, and odorless, the only way to determine if the concentration of nitrates in your water is above the maximum contaminant level is by having your water tested. Water with over 10 parts per million nitrate-nitrogen can cause methemoglobinemia, an inability to use oxygen in infants.
Shallow wells account for some of the nitrate poisoning in the United State, but nitrogen fertilizers bear some responsibility too:
... The Canadian researchers estimate that it will take 30 years for nitrate levels to return to normal – and that's assuming farmers quit using nitrogen fertilizers today. ... The highest levels of nitrogen were consistently found in deep soil samples rather than in shallow samples.
Nitrates increase the risk of blue baby syndrome, according to the recent study.
The illness replaces a child's hemoglobin with methemoglobin, which minimizes the ability of blood to carry oxygen throughout the body. Infants are most often affected by the malady, which is marked by a blueness around the mouth.
Other symptoms include difficulties breathing, vomiting and diarrhea. In extreme cases, blue baby syndrome can be fatal.
Phosphorus.
The nutrient phosphorus harms clear, free water by creating algal blooms.
This process, known as eutrophication, turns the water green, clouds the water, causes odor problems, and depletes the oxygen for fish and other species, effectively suffocating them.
Agriculture has been identified as a contributor to surface and ground water pollution in Vermont.
In 1986, the St. Albans Bay Rural Clean Water Program Annual Report estimated that agriculture is responsible for 48 percent of the total phosphorus load entering the St. Albans Bay. Of this, they estimated 41.6 percent comes from cropland erosion, 16.9 percent from barnyards, 3.4 percent from stacked manure, 7.6 percent from milkhouse wastes, 27.1 percent from spread manure and 3.5 percent from other sources.
Phosphorus comes from both point and non-point sources.
Point sources ... include municipal wastewater treatment plants, and industrial discharges.
Non-point sources ... include lawn and garden fertilizers, dairy manure and other agricultural wastes, pet wastes, exposed or disturbed soil, localized malfunctioning septic systems and stream bank erosion.
... removing nitrates in water:
1. Reverse Osmosis is often a point of use application that is known to successfully remove 83-92 percent of nitrates in water ...
Along with nitrate/nitrite removal, reverse osmosis technology can remove a variety of other impurities in your water including organics, inorganics, bacteria, and particulates. ...
2. Ion Exchange: ...
(can) effectively reduces and removes nitrates while simultaneously reducing water hardness and preventing scale buildup throughout the home.
Ion Exchange, which is the same technology water softeners are based on. Ion-Exchange Whole House Nitrate Systems will utilize an Anion or Nitrate Selective Media and will exchange sodium for nitrates.
3. Distillation will not remove all the chemicals but removes soluble minerals (i.e., calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous) and dangerous heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and mercury. Some of the chemicals of concern produce hazardous compounds during the heating process. The vaporization process strips salt, metals, and biological threats. Stripping of minerals will not be harmful to the human body system as ... the human body (usually) obtains vast majority of minerals from food or supplements, not from drinking water.
4. Caution: Nitrates cannot be removed with filters such as Britas, PUR, fridge filters or any other carbon based technology.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Fluoride.
INDEX
LINK 2:
LINK 3:
LINK 4: https://www.waterbenefitshealth.com/aluminum-in-water.html
by Nancy Hearn --- 2000 to 2019
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
The biggest advantage of a multi-stage system that also includes reverse osmosis is that RO removes about 95% fluoride.
Water:
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water:
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water:
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water:
INDEX
LINK 2:
LINK 3:
LINK 4:
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Mercury.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Organic Chemicals.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Parasites.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Protozoa.
INDEX
LINK 2:
http://free-water-test.com/contaminants.htm
LINK 3:
LINK 4:
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite which exists as a round oocyst about 4 to 6 microns in diameter.
Oocysts pass through the stomach into the small intestine where it\'s sporozoites invade the cell lining of the gastrointestinal tract. >BR>
Symptoms of infection include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and low-grade fever.
Treatment-
Filtration is the most effective treatment for protozoan cysts.
Cartridge POU filters rated at 0.5 micron are designed for this purpose.
Giardia is a protozoan which can exist as a trophozoite, usually 9 to 21 um long, or as an ovoid cyst, approximately 10 um long and 6 um wide. Protozoans are unicellular and colorless organisms that lack a cell wall. When Giardia is ingested in humans, symptoms include diarrhea, fatigue, and cramps.
Treatment-
Slow sand filtration or a diatomaceous earth filter can remove up to 99% of the cysts when proper pretreatment is utilized. Chemical oxidation - disinfection, ultra filtration, and reverse osmosis all effectively remove Giardia cysts. Ozone appears to be very effective against the cysts when utilized in the chemical oxidation - disinfection process instead of chlorine.
The most economical and widely used method of removing Giardia is mechanical filtration.
Because of the size of the parasite, it can easily be removed with pre coat, solid block carbon, ceramic, pleated membrane, and spun wrapped filter cartridges.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Uranium.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Viruses.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Water: Sources of and Removal of Worms & Eggs.
INDEX
NOTE: Contaminants will vary in presence and concentration from location to location, and, from earlier to later periods.
Product: WaterSafe Well Water Test Kit.
INDEX
https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00028PDO8/ref=ca_xb_dp_go_web_gl_kitchen
- for Drinking Water in Home Tap and Well Water
Simple Testing Strips for Lead, Copper, Bacteria, Nitrate, Chlorine, and more
Made in the USA to EPA Standards
by Watersafe
CDN$ 39.99 & FREE Shipping --- 2019-10-01
This kit lets you test your well water supply for (10) potentially harmful contaminants:
E. Coli Bacteria, Iron, Copper, Lead, Pesticides, Nitrates, Nitrites, Chlorine, Hardness and pH.
... Does NOT check for Giardia, Arsenic, Phosphorus, Fluorine, Phosphorus, or other parasites.
REVIEWS:
This test is not shipped under controlled conditions.
The packaging specifies it must be stored at a temperature range of 60-86F.
Since my test was shipped by post in mid-winter, it was thoroughly frozen.
I called the manufacturer and they confirmed the test will not be reliable now.
This kit provides a good starting basis for testing one's water.
Pros: The instructions are very clear and the number of different things one can test for is very good, covering the basic areas of concern.
Cons: The kit should really come with two of every test strip for backup.
One could make a mistake, or rip something accidentally, or even get an unreadable result, which renders that part of the test useless. Having a backup could also confirm the initial result. The other downside is that some of the colors are really hard to distinguish when trying to read your results, and so it is pretty much impossible to get an exact result. This test will provide you only with a general range that your water is in. This is why it is a good, basic, starting point, and if it shows you areas of concern, then it is best to follow up with a professional test.
the test was really precise for everything exept Lead
other test tell you how much of that thing you find in the water with a color match thing ...
for Lead basically you have 2 choice. You have no lead or you have lead and will die
would have been nice to know the amount of lead in the water instead of you might have lead close to the dangerous but i'm not sure
I received the package and I thought that all tests were inside the seal aluminum pouch.
Later, when I tested my tap water, 5 tests were not inside the pouch (bacteria, nitrate, nitrite, copper and iron).
Furthermore, I needed to search on web the user guide in order to be able to understand the values measured.
But, the 5 other tests seems to give good results after comparing them with other tests and meters.
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Service: Bacteria Testing.
http://www.e-watertest.com/bacteria-test.html
33 Third Street, Suite 102
Bordentown, NJ 08505
Please e-mail your questions or feedback to:
customer_service@e-watertest.com
or you can call us at 609.291.9072 or 800.715.0454
Comparison Link for Bacteria tests of water.
https://www.nextag.com/bacteria-water-test-kit/compare-html
$169 -- Priority Water Test kit, w/Bacteria self-test
$189 --- Comprehensive Lab Testing .. Our lab tests for bacteria and everything else
You receive all of this for only $189, including shipping and handling (within the USA) to your door.
Turnaround is approximately 15 to 20 business days from receipt of the sample at our lab.
If you want to have your drinking water analyzed for the presence of bacteria, along with other potential contaminants,all mail-order labs require you to do the following:
Place a cold pack in your freezer for at least one day prior to return shipment.
Fill the sample vials with your drinking water.
Remove the frozen cold pack from the freezer.
Pack the Styrofoam shipping box with your water samples and the frozen cold pack.
Rush the box to the return delivery service -- The Same Day You Collect The Samples.
Return the shipping box using Overnight Delivery.
Why are all of these steps necessary?
The recommended holding time for testing water for the presence of bacteria is very short, generally no more than 48 hours. That means you need to ship the water sample to the lab the same day you draw it. Also, the temperature of the water sample must be kept cool during transit.
The other potential contaminants have a much longer holding time and aren't affected by temperature.
We used to do it this way until we stepped back and asked ourselves if we really need to put our customers through these steps...the answer is, No!
Why? Because we discovered very reliable and simple wayfor our customers to analyze their water for the presence of bacteria themselves...
..without having to adhere to acceptable temperature and holding times normally involved in shipping samples back to the lab by mail.
"This test zeros in on the pathogens that indicate the presence of 'bad' bacteria. The vast majority of bacteria are harmless, or beneficial to humans. The is the only test we have found that 'looks for' the 'bad' bacteria and therefore the ones that you need to treat for to remove."
Here is the list of bacteria this test screen for:
- Total Coliform
- E-coli
- Fecal
- Citrobacter
- Edwardsiella
- Klebsiella
- Proteus
- Salmonella
Here are the simple steps to testing your drinking water for bacteria using our new method:
Fill a small sterilized vial we provide in your test kit with water from your tap.
Pour the contents of the provided foil envelope into the vial, recap and shake.
Place the vial in a location where the temperature will remain between 70 and 90 degrees, Fahrenheit, for 24-48 hours.
Check the sample during the first 24 hours to see if the water has changed color. If it has changed from the original clear yellow color to grey or black, then bacteria is most likely present and the water should be treated.
If there was no color change within the first 24 hours, check the sample for another 24 hours. If it has changed from the original yellow color to grey or black, then bacteria is most likely present and the water should be treated.
If there has been no color change after 48 hours, the sample does not contain bacteria at or above the limit (or, threshold) deemed harmful by the EPA and local health departments.
NOTE: Bacteria are normally present at some level in well water, but what's important is the amount of the bacteria in the water. This test has been developed to change color within the first 48 hours only if bacteria is at or above the limits.
Please remember that testing for bacteria in drinking water is only considered to be an indicator of a potential health threat that may require treatment. However, the presence of bacteria in drinking water does not necessarily indicate that it will cause illness.
That's it! No gel packs to freeze and pack. No need to rush your water samples back to the lab the same day you collect the sample. No use of landfill unfriendly Styrofoam shippers and gel packs. No need to pay for overnight shipping.
The other vials provided with the kit can now be shipped back to the lab using standard non-expedited shipping methods, such as first-class postage through the US Post Office.
Try Our New Method.
It is easier, much more cost effective and your results are obtained far quicker than conventional methods ... All this without sacrificing quality!!
Note: If it is found that there is a presence of bacteria, you can correct the problem the same way you would if we had tested the water at the lab, by chlorinating the system.
..Priority Water Test kit with the self-test for the bacteria.
Not only is it a better and more accurate way to test your drinking water for bacteria, you will also save some money.If you haven't already read about this 'better way', click on the button below.
You receive all of this for only $169, including shipping and handling1 to your door.
Turnaround is approximately 15 to 20 business days from receipt of the sample at our lab.
Service: Pharmaceuticals Testing.
Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water
http://www.freeh2otesting.com/toxic%20chemicals.htm
by Baruch Gorovenko
Chemical Contaminants Database
http://www.ewg.org/tap-water/chemical-contaminants/
...
There is a whole new class of toxic chemicals showing up in drinking water, the pharmaceuticals that are plied to humans, pets, beef, dairy, chicken, pork, fish etc are finding their way into our drinking water. The growing list includes antibiotics, hormones, pain killers, tranquilizers, chemotherapy chemicals etc that show up in surface water, groundwater and drinking water at the tap. Large quantities of drugs excreted by humans and domestic animals find their way into the ground water through by spreading manure and sewage sludge onto soil. German scientists report that a typical water sample will produce anywhere from 30 to 60 drugs, concentrations are generally found in the low parts per billion (PPB), the same levels as pesticides.
Yes of course science and governments reassure the taxpayer that PPB quantities "pose little threat to public health" so most citizens feel reassured their water is safe. But, there is one question that science will never answer, it's not in their best interest: What are the effects of drinking a cocktail of pesticides, antibiotics, pain killers, tranquilizers, and chemotherapy chemicals each day of your life? There is only one right answer, and one right solution. Drinking toxic chemicals is going to shorten life and/or decrease quality of life.
The solution is prevention
Some people seem to think that toxic chemicals in our water supplies is a new problem, but the fact is that industry has been dumping toxic waste in the water since the beginning of the chemical evolution. Back in 1976 Kansas City researchers found drugs in the sewage at the treatment plant, but the issue was rapidly swept under the carpet for nearly 15 years. In 1992 while German scientists were researching the amount of herbicides in water they discovered a drug in the water that was prescribed by doctors to reduce cholesterol. The drug was clofibric acid (CA) that is a close chemical cousin of 2, 4-D which was a very popular weed killer. Since that first discovery German, Danish and Swedish researchers have been measuring CA in rivers, lakes, and in the North Sea. Here in Canada we have the same concerns as the Europeans, according to Chris Metcalf of Environment Canada's National Water Research in Burlington, Ont.,
It has also been reported that even in the northern most parts of Canada, our water is doing drugs.
According to our "best science", nearly 80 percent of drugs are excreted out of the human body either unchanged or broken down into metabolites, some claim that metabolites are more dangerous than the drug itself. About 15% of prescription drugs go unused by the patient, the drugs sit in the cabinet and usually either get flushed down the toilet or end up in the garbage, either way the drugs find their way in our water supply.
The University of Alberta's David Schindler first heard of drugs in the water from scientist John Isaacs in the 1970's.
According to Mr. Schindler, "He expressed concern about these endocrine substances from birth control pills and things at a scientific meeting and everyone pooh-poohed it because there was no evidence." Some have suggested that the antibiotics found in Canadian water supplies are very likely partly responsible for Canadians developing a resistance to antibiotics. The City of Edmonton established a bylaw which bans dumping drugs into the sewer system, but of course it is impossible to enforce.
Maybe you're not interested in taking other peoples prescriptions when you drink water?
If so, the solution is to mechanically purify your water and remove as many contaminants as possible. If you're not entirely confident in the water you are drinking, don't play Russian roulette with your health, have it analyzed. Every home should be equipped with a water filtration system, it's really your best life insurance. From the looks of things, it will be a long while before governments, pharmaceutical/chemical industries care more about people than they do about profits. For a free test click here, fill in the form provided and one of our technicians will contact you to confirm the best time to drop by.
FOR A FREE TEST (in Alberta) CALL:
Robert Gorovenko
403 506 4260
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Articles on the Internet are transitory.
The publishers may remove them, change sites, change URLs, or change titles.
For the purpose of maintaining an availability of these articles for myself and you, I have reprinted parts in the relevant monographs with authorship maintained, coding simplified for error-free loading and minimal file size, and a LINK to the original document. Identity trackers and advertising bots have been removed from the original bloated and manipulative coding. NOTHING in writing is absolute; don't treat human opinion, projection, and observation as an Idol. Doing so can kill you, or worse, have you impose abuse on others.
I gathered and researched this data, mediated with the Grace of God through prayer as a benefit in my integrating discovered available digital information which would acquaint me with the overall content related to the health issues. I have found that God is ALWAYS available when we are Reverent in our Asking, open-minded in our Listening, and, Assertive in our Choice of Action. Doctors did not expect me to survive birth. In the past 25 years, medical and health "experts" have cautioned or directed me, more than 14 times, that I had little time left to live, or would die ... because THEY did not understand my challenges, were not motivated to professionally diagnose, or, chose to superstitiously recall as absolute previously flawed training. I am still alive beyond age 70. With the assistance of God, my Personality, the research and a lack of dismissiveness of a number of persons ... I have found resolution to numerous health challenges. This has enabled me to assist many others who had been abandoned, brainwashed, or traumatized. May my experience and successes also empower you. This is one document which you may find helpful as a BASIC introduction to maintaining and improving YOUR health.
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