Top INDEX
• - Profile : Chemical properties of calcium.
• Research: Health effects of calcium.
• - Report : Environmental effects of calcium.

• Article: Drinking Water and Disease.
• -Notes : Symptoms of Calcium toxicity.
• Article: Calcium Nutrition from Hard Water.
• Article: The Health Dangers of Softening Water.
• Article: Detoxing with Calcium Glucarate.
• -Notes: Demineralization by filtration methods.
• General: How / Why you may become Calcium toxic.
• Article: How to Detox Your Body of Excessive Calcium.

  Product Possibilities, NOT Recommendations.

  Product: Calcium Lactate, Trophic

  Product: Calcium D-Glucarate, Douglas Laboratories.

  Product: Calcium D-Glucarate, Thorne Research.

  Product: Chanca Piedra, Adeeva (StoneFctrs).

  Product: Chanca Piedra -- AOR Chanca Piedra

• -LINKS: from Lenntech, and others.
• -Focus-: Monographs on Toxins and Enhancers.

Profile : Chemical properties of calcium. INDEX
http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Ca-en.htm#Atomic%20number

The chemical element Calcium (Ca), atomic number 20, is the fifth element and the third most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. The metal is trimorphic, harder than sodium, but softer than aluminium. As well as beryllium and aluminium, and unlike the alkaline metals, it doesn’t cause skin-burns. It is less chemically reactive than alkaline metals and than the other alkaline-earth metals.

Calcium ions dissolved in water form deposits in pipes and boilers and when the water is hard, that is, when it contains too much calcium or magnesium. This can be avoided with the water softeners. In the industry, metallic calcium is separated from the melted calcium chloride by electrolysis. This is obtained by treatment of carbonated minerals with chlorhydric acid, or like a sub product of the carbonates Solvay process.

In contact with air, calcium develops an oxide and nitride coating, which protects it from further corrosion.
It burns in the air at a high temperature to produce nitride.

The commercially produced metal reacts easily with water and acids and it produces hydrogen which contains remarkable amounts of ammonia and hydrocarbides as impurities.

Applications
The metal is used in aluminium alloys for bearings,

• as a helper in the bismuth removal form lead, as well as in controlling graphitic carbon in melted iron. ..
• as a deoxidizer in the manufacture of many steels;
• as a reducing agent in the preparation of metals as chromium, thorium, zirconium and uranium, and
• as separating material for gaseous mixtures of nitrogen and argon.

Calcium is an alloy used in the production of aluminium, beryllium, copper, lead and magnesium alloys.
It is also used in making cements and mortar that are used in buildings.

The calcium oxide, CaO, is produced by thermal decomposition of carbonated minerals in furnaces, applying a continuous bed process. The oxide is used in high intensity light arcs (lime light) for its unusual spectral characteristics and as dehydrating industrial agent. The metallurgic industry extensively uses the oxide during the reduction of ferrous alloys.

The calcium oxide, Ca(OH)2, has many applications in which the hydroxyl ion is necessary.
In the process of calcium hydroxide quenching, the volume of blown out lime [Ca(OH)2] expends to double the initial quantity of quick lime (CaO), a fact that makes it useful to break down rocks or wood.

Quick lime is an excellent absorbent of carbon dioxide, because it produces carbonate, which is very insoluble.

The calcium silicate, CaSi, prepared in an electric oven from lime, silica and reducing carbonated agents, is useful as a steel-deoxidizing agent.

Calcium carbide, CaC2, is produced when heating up a mixture of lime and carbon at 3000ºC in an electric oven and it is an acetylate which produces acetylene by hydrolysis. The acetylene is the base material of a great number of important chemicals for the organic industrial chemistry.

The pure calcium carbonate occurs in two crystalline forms: calcite, hexagonal shaped, which possesses birrefringent properties, and aragonite, rhombohedric. The natural carbonates are the most abundant calcium minerals. The Iceland spar and the calcite are essentially pure carbonate forms, whilst the marble is impure and much more compact, reason why it can be polished.

It’s very demanded as construction material.
Although the calcium carbonate is very little soluble in water, it is quite soluble if the water contains dissolved carbon dioxide, for in these solutions it forms bicarbonate when dissolving. This fact explains the cave formation, where the limestone deposits have been in contact with acid waters.

The calcium halogenures include phosphorescent fluoride, which is the calcium compound more abundant and with important applications in spectroscopy. The calcium chloride possesses, in the anhydric form, great deliquescence capacity, which makes it useful as industrial dehydrating agent and as sand whirl control factor on roads. Calcium hypochlorite (whitening powder) is produced in the industry when passing chlorine through a lime solution, and has been used as a whitening agent and as water purifier.

The dehydrated calcium sulphate is the mineral gypsum, constitutes the bigger portion of Portland concrete, and has been used to reduce the alkalinity of soils. Heating gypsum at high temperatures produces a calcium sulphate hemihydrate, which is sold with the commercial name of Parisian stucco.

Calcium in the environment
Calcium is the fifth element and the third most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.
The calcium compounds account for 3.64% of the earth’s crust.
The distribution of calcium is very wide; it is found in almost every terrestrial area in the world.
This element is essential for the life of plants and animals, for it is present in the animal’s skeleton, in tooth, in the egg’s shell, in the coral and in many soils. Seawater contains 0.15% of calcium chloride.

Calcium cannot be found alone in nature.
Calcium is found mostly as limestone, gypsum and fluorite.
Stalagmites and stalactites contain calcium carbonate.

Calcium is always present in every plant, as it is essential for its growth.
It is contained in the soft tissue, in fluids within the tissue and in the structure of every animal’s skeleton.
The vertebrate’s bones contain calcium in the form of calcium fluoride, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate.

Research: Health effects of calcium. INDEX
http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/
Ca-en.htm#Health%20effects%20of%20calcium

LINK 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification#Demineralized_water

Calcium is the most abundant metal in the human body: is the main constituent of bones and teeth and it has keys metabolic functions. Calcium is sometimes referred to as lime. It is most commonly found in milk and milk products, but also in vegetables, nuts and beans. It is an essential component for the preservation of the human skeleton and teeth. It also assists the functions of nerves and muscles. The use of more than 2,5 grams of calcium per day without a medical necessity can lead to the development of kidney stones and sclerosis of kidneys and blood vessels.

A lack of calcium is one of the main causes of osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become extremely porous, are subject to fracture, and heal slowly, occurring especially in women following menopause and often leading to curvature of the spine from vertebral collapse.

Unlike most of the people think, there is an intense biological activity inside our bones.
They are being renewed constantly by new tissue replacing the old one.
During childhood and adolescence, there’s more production of new tissue than destruction of the old one, but at some point, somewhere around the 30 or 35 years of age, the process is inverted and we start to loose more tissue than what we can replace. In women the process is accelerated after the menopause (he period marked by the natural and permanent cessation of menstruation, occurring usually between the ages of 45 and 55); this is because their bodies stop producing the hormone known as estrogen, one of which functions is to preserve the osseous mass.

Evidence suggests that we need a daily intake of 1,000 milligrams of calcium in order to preserve the osseous mass in normal conditions. This is both for man and pre-menopausal women. The recommended daily intake rises to 1,500 for menopausal woman.

The main calcium sources are dairy products, but also nuts, some green vegetables like spinach, and cauliflower, beans, lentils…

Calcium works together with magnesium to create new osseous mass.
Calcium should be taken together with magnesium in a 2:1 rate, that is to say, if you ingest 1000 mg of calcium, you should also ingest 500 mg of magnesium. Some magnesium sources in the diet are seafood, whole-grains, nuts, beans, wheat oats, seeds and green vegetables.

Other important measures to prevent osteoporosis are:
• Doing regular exercise (at least three times a week)
• Taking adequate amounts of manganese, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, omega 3
  ---- (it aids calcium absorption and stimulates new osseous mass production) and
  ------- vitamin D (it aids calcium absorption in the small intestine).
• Not abusing of sugar, saturated grease and animal proteins
• Not abusing of alcohol, caffeine, nor gaseous drinks
• Not smoking

Other triggers for osteoporosis are the hereditary factor and the stress.

Experiments in humans found that demineralized water increased diuresis and the elimination of electrolytes, with decreased blood serum potassium concentration. Magnesium, calcium, and other minerals in water can help to protect against nutritional deficiency. Demineralized water may also increase the risk from toxic metals because it more readily leaches materials from piping like lead and cadmium, which is prevented by dissolved minerals such as calcium and magnesium.

Low-mineral water has been implicated in specific cases of lead poisoning in infants, when lead from pipes leached at especially high rates into the water. Recommendations for magnesium have been put at a minimum of 10 mg/L with 20–30 mg/L optimum; for calcium a 20 mg/L minimum and a 40–80 mg/L optimum, and a total water hardness (adding magnesium and calcium) of 2 to 4 mmol/L. At water hardness above 5 mmol/L, higher incidence of gallstones, kidney stones, urinary stones, arthrosis, and arthropathies have been observed. Additionally, desalination processes can increase the risk of bacterial contamination.

Report : Environmental effects of calcium. INDEX
http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/
Ca-en.htm#Environmental%20effects%20of%20calcium

Calcium phosphide is very toxic to aquatic organisms.

Article: Drinking Water and Disease. INDEX
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/138/2/423S/4665076
Drinking Water Constituents and Disease.
by Ragnar Rylander --- Published: 01 February 2008
The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 138, Issue 2, 1 February 2008,
Pages 423S–425S, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.2.423S

Drinking water plays an important role for health and well-being.
During the course of evolution, cells and later more complex organisms had an internal milieu that was the same as the mineral conditions present in the Cambrian oceans. An adequate homeostasis of iodine, magnesium, calcium, and potassium at concentrations present in these oceans is essential for life. It is maintained by the balance between intake of minerals in food and water and the excretion through the kidneys. An important factor determining the excretion is the acid-base conditions in the body, where an increase in acidity causes an increase in urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium.

A lack of magnesium and calcium may cause severe disease.
These cations regulate muscular contractility, and a lack of magnesium leads to an increase in vascular tension and a lower muscular contraction threshold. This results in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in terms of arrhythmia, muscular contraction, and a decreased fibrillation threshold, which may cause sudden death. Lack of calcium induces a deficiency in the bone reservoirs with consequent brittleness of the bones and an increased risk of fractures (osteoporosis). ...

... drinking water contains hydrogen carbonate and thus influences mineral homeostasis, health criteria for a good drinking water (could benefit from including) a sufficient content of hydrogen carbonate.

-Notes: Symptoms of Calcium toxicity. INDEX
Notes from a Urine Element Analysis, Accession Number: 577724, Date: 2017-08-20
Provided by Rocky Mountain Analytical, Calgary, AB T3R 0H9

Urinary calcium is not always reflective of calcium intake or bodily stores of calcium.
It is not the preferred way to assess calcium status. Nevertheless, there are numerous situations in which urine calcium is elevated.

High levels of urine calcium may be seen in association with hypercalcemia.
Situations that fit these criteria include

• hyperparathyroidism,
• excessive supplementation with Vitamin D,
• Sarcoidosis,
• bone metastases,
• Multiple Myeloma,
• corticosteroid/glucoiticold therapy,
• prolonged immobilization/bed rest,
• Paget's Disease,
• hyperthyroidism.

High levels of urine calcium may be seen in association with normal blood calcium levels.
Situations that fit this criteria include:

1. increased calcium intake
   ----- (increased dietary intake or excess supplemental calcium),
2. increased intake of refined sugar,
3. overuse of antacids,
4. idiopathic hypercalciurie,
5. renal tubular acidosis,
6. X-linked Hypercalcluria (Dent's Disease), and
7. use of loop diuretics.

Note that excessive calcium in the urine is not necessarily indicative of osteoporosis.

Article: Calcium Nutrition from Hard Water. INDEX
https://www.diffen.com/difference/Hard_Water_vs_Soft_Water

LINK 2: https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/138/2/423S/4665076
Drinking Water Constituents and Disease.
by Ragnar Rylander --- Published: 01 February 2008
The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 138, Issue 2, 1 February 2008,
Pages 423S–425S, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.2.423S

Calcium and magnesium are the most common sources of hardness in water.
Water usually collects these minerals from the ground as it flows.

Hard water contains a significant quantity of dissolved minerals, such as calcium and magnesium.
In general, hard water is not harmful for health. In fact, it may confer some benefits because it is rich in minerals and reduces the solubility of potentially toxic metal ions such as lead and copper. ...

It is best to make a distinction here between a health benefit, a convenience, a commercial necessity, and, an energy requirement.

A health benefit is a substance which can bring nutrients into a body in a form and in a concentration which can be assimilated and utilized with other nutrients without encouraging or enabling a toxicity. A convenience is a substance which can make our activities easier and simpler and more rewarding whether this applies to an internal or an external dynamic. One form (i.e. "internal") does not necessarily provide the secondary (i.e. "external") in an equal value (benefit, or, disadvantage). A commercial necessity is a feature which enables an automated, manufacturing, or service process to continue with a minimum of maintenance, waste, or, added expense. Toxicity is a health concern which arises when a health diminishing concentration of one or more minerals, chemicals, or biologicals decreases the health enhancing potential of a substance.

Our concern here is with the health enhancing benefits and the potential toxicities associated with various conditions and treatments of the basic nutritional fluid of Water.

Several epidemiological investigations over the last 50 yr have demonstrated a relation between risk for cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness or its content of magnesium and calcium. An additional parameter, first suggested in a study from Japan 50 yr ago, is the acidity of the water. It is known that acid load influences the reabsorption of calcium and magnesium in the renal tubuli. (Also), acid-base conditions influence the homeostasis of minerals. (Calcium uptake from drinking water may be decreased by) urinary excretion of minerals induced by acid conditions in the body. Diet modification amongst human mass cultures, particularly in North America during the past 100 years, have increased acid/pH levels in the body through increased emphasis on meats, sugars, starches, and, processed foods. Calcium deficiencies can be expected.

Hardness of water provides one, previously common, source of calcium to human nutrition.
Removing this source through softening treatments increases the human nutritional deficiency of calcium.
The nutritional addition of calcium through calcium rich foodstuffs and supplements presents a potential for toxicity.
Each person's DAILY requirements will vary according to diet content, hardness of water, supplementation, and, stress.
Destructive stress (anxiety, fear, confusion, anger, rejection, intensity) are known to increase one's internal acid levels.
Much of modern American culture, since 2001 in particular, has increased these stress exposures, and, continued to poorly support and encourage positive coping skills to offset this trend to potentially increased erratic expression of Calcium adequacy. Deficiency has been a popular overall trend for 40 years encouraging circulatory disease frequency increases. Excesses can become a toxicity, easily overlooked and minimized while we obsess on deficiencies.

Hard water reacts with soap to form a film.
Hard water leaves a deposit on many fixtures and in metal pipes called "scale."
Hard water deters the formation of a lather of air entrained soap suds.

The mineral scale that can deposit on metal surfaces exposed to hard water will eventually increase in thickness and act as both an insulator, and, as a deposit. As such, it will impair the flow of water through pipes and water dependent devices such as water heaters, water boilers, and hydronic systems. This can result in a wastage of heating energy as heat added to the water is somewhat retained within the device. In order for the heat serviced area to be maintained at a desired temperature, the thermostat of the heating device will require being raised in accord with the thickness of the internal scale and its increasing insulative properties. At worst, this can lead to the overheating of the device and pipes, more than would be required for cleaner hardware.

Nutritional benefits for humans, and most other animals, are enabled by the presence of some minerals in the water.
Some studies have shown that water hardness up to 170 mg/L can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in men.

Hair washed in hard water can feel sticky and look dull.
Studies also suggest that hard water can cause an increase in eczema in children.
This is because the minerals in hard water can dry out skin and hair.
Hard water will cause treatments such as perms and dyes to fade faster and can cause a flaky scalp and hair breakage.

Soft water, however, can leave hair feeling oily and unclear, and hair washed in soft water has little volume.

Article: The Health Dangers of Softening Water. INDEX
https://www.diffen.com/difference/Hard_Water_vs_Soft_Water

It is best to make a distinction here between a health benefit, a convenience, a commercial necessity, and, an energy requirement.

A health benefit is a substance which can bring nutrients into a body in a form and in a concentration which can be assimilated and utilized with other nutrients without encouraging or enabling a toxicity. A convenience is a substance which can make our activities easier and simpler and more rewarding whether this applies to an internal or an external dynamic. One form (i.e. "internal") does not necessarily provide the secondary (i.e. "external") in an equal value (benefit, or, disadvantage). A commercial necessity is a feature which enables an automated, manufacturing, or service process to continue with a minimum of maintenance, waste, or, added expense. Toxicity is a health concern which arises when a health diminishing concentration of one or more minerals, chemicals, or biologicals decreases the health enhancing potential of a substance.

Our concern here is with the health enhancing benefits and the potential toxicities associated with various conditions and treatments of the basic nutritional fluid of Water.

Rainwater and distilled water are soft.

... there are some industrial applications where hard water may lead to inefficiencies or damage to containers and pipes.
In such instances, water softening methods are used. When water is softened, metal cations are exchanged for sodium ions.

Soft water does not reacts with soap and does not form a film on surfaces.
Soft water does not leave a deposit on many fixtures and in metal pipes and does not decrease water flow over time.
Soft water encourages the formation of a lather of air entrained soap suds through its inclusion of salt content.

Hard water can be “softened” by reducing the concentration of calcium, magnesium and other minerals.
Temporary hardness of water can be treated either by boiling it or by adding lime (calcium hydroxide) to settle out the minerals.
Permanent hardness of water can also be treated with ion-exchange resins in which hardness ions (Ca, Mg and other metallic cations) are exchanged for sodium (Na Cl, Salt) ions. Chemicals such as (chelators) may also be used as water softeners.
Citric acid is sometimes used in soap, shampoo, and laundry detergents to soften water.

In locations where the water source is softened through the addition of salt, and where the "conditioned" water is supplied for the complete water servicing of a residence or other inhabited building, the presence of the salt in the drinking water can INCREASE the blood pressure of those drinking it. For those with High blood pressure, this small, yet continual increase in BP can encourage heart health problems.

Hair washed in hard water can feel sticky and look dull.
Studies also suggest that hard water can cause an increase in eczema in children.
This is because the minerals in hard water can dry out skin and hair.
Hard water will cause treatments such as perms and dyes to fade faster and can cause a flaky scalp and hair breakage.

Soft water, however, can leave hair feeling oily and unclear, and hair washed in soft water has little volume.

Article: Detoxing with Calcium Glucarate. INDEX
https://bodyecology.com/articles/detoxify_calcium_glucarate.php

LINK 2: http://www.cancer.gov/Templates/drugdictionary.aspx?CdrID=41803
"What's Missing from Multi-Vitamin Supplements?"
"Calcium Glucarate," Life Extension Magazine, Nov 2000.

LINK 3: http://www.md-phc.com/nutrition/calcium_d.htm
Lonky, Stewart, "Calcium D-Glucarate," --- MD-PHC.com.

Your body has several methods for detoxification.
During glucuronidation, ... toxins and carcinogens bind with water soluble substances so that your body can get rid of them easily.

Calcium glucarate (also known as calcium d-glucarate and calcium saccharate) is an essential substance for your body's detoxification process.

Calcium glucarate supports the glucuronidation process and helps your body eliminate:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are formed from burning coal, oils, gas, and charbroiling meat.
Mutated sex steroid hormones that can cause certain kinds of cancer.
Nitrosamines found in beer, fish, fried food, and in foods preserved with nitrites.

Fungal toxins are also eliminated in this glucuronidation process. ...

Another important function of calcium glucarate is its ability to inhibit cancer formation and tumor growth.

Calcium glucarate helps lower levels of beta-glucuronidase, a dangerous enzyme that prevents detoxification in your body and instead allows pollutants to re-enter your bloodstream and damage your cells. Higher levels of beta-glucuronidase are linked with increased risk for breast, prostate, and colon cancers.

Researchers believe that the calcium glucarate may be one of the reasons that a diet with 5 to 10 servings a day of certain (calcium rich) fruits and vegetables decreases cancer risk.

Many people have difficulty eating raw vegetables, and raw cruciferous vegetables (like broccoli, cabbage, and kale) should not be eaten unless they are cooked or fermented. They will actually suppress your thyroid function. ... in our cultured vegetables the fermentation process encourages the growth of healthy bacteria that eliminate this thyroid-suppressing effect and makes the raw vegetables very easy to digest even for toddlers and the elderly.

-Notes: Demineralization by filtration methods. INDEX
A number of water filtration methods remove minerals from the water.
https://www.lenntech.com/applications/process/
demineralised/deionised-demineralised-water.htm

LINK 2: https://www.lenntech.com/applications/drinking/faq/drinking-water-faq.htm
LINK 3: http://hardsoftwater.com/demineralization-of-water-dm-water/

Water filtration methods are employed to exchange turbid, contaminated, polluted, or unpalatable source water into more healthful and pleasant "safe" drinking water. The intent may be to remove sand and grit, heavy metals, sticky hydrogen sulfide gas, rust-colored iron oxide bacteria, septic contaminants, uranium deposits, radon gas, organics, nitrates, ammonium, viruses, destructive-to-humans bacteria, yeasts, or, other unwanted substance or additive.

Demineralization of water is a process that removes minerals from water and produces demineralized water.
(Also) called dm water or demi water. ...This water is not free from some uncharged molecules like viruses or bacteria and organic contaminants. The transportation of demi water is very significant as it is highly aggressive for metals and other plumbing materials. Comparably, plastic materials are safe for transportation and storage of it. ... demi water is used in boiler feed water, textiles, pharmaceuticals, breweries, swimming pools, potable water, hospitals, automobile, lead-acid batteries, fertilizers, cooling systems (where mineral scale accumulation would impose maintenance problems or contaminate products).

Distilled Water.
Distilled water is water that has been boiled in an apparatus called a "still" and then recondensed in a cooling unit ("condenser") to return the water to the liquid state. ... Dissolved contaminants like salts are left behind in the boiling pot as the water vapour rises away. It might not work if the contaminants are volatile so that they also boil and recondense, such as having some dissolved alcohol. Very elegant stills can selectively condense (liquefy) water from other volatile substances, but most distillation processes allow carry-over of at least some volatile substances, and a very little of the non-volatile material that was carried into the water vapour stream as bubbles burst at the surface of the boiling water. Maximum purity from such stills is usually 1.0 MC.cm) dissolving into the distillate the pH is generally 4.5-5.0. Additionally, you have to be careful not to re-contaminate the water after distilling it.

Pure water by definition is slightly acidic and distilled water will test out around pH 5.8.
The reason is that distilled water dissolves carbon dioxide from the air. It dissolves carbon dioxide until it is in dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere. That means that the amount being dissolved balances the amount coming out of solution. The total amount in the water is determined by the concentration in the atmosphere. The dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with the water and finally forms carbonic acid.

Only recently produced distilled water has a pH-value of approximately 7, but affected by the presence of carbon dioxide it will reach a slightly acidic pH-value within a couple of hours. (Also) the pH of ultra-pure water is difficult to measure. Not only does high-purity water rapidly pick up contaminants - such as carbon dioxide (CO2) - that affect its pH, but it also has a low conductivity that can affect the accuracy of pH meters. For instance, absorption of just a few ppm of CO2 can cause the pH of ultra-pure water to drop to 4.5, although the water is still of essentially high quality.

Reverse Osmosis Water Filtration.
Reverse osmosis ... will allow the removal of particles as small as ions from a solution.
Reverse osmosis is used to purify water and remove salts and other impurities in order to improve the color, taste or properties of the fluid. Reverse osmosis is capable of rejecting bacteria, salts, sugars, proteins, particles, dyes, and other constituents that have a molecular weight of greater than 150-250 Daltons. RO can meet most water standards with a single-pass system and the highest standards with a double-pass system.

This process achieves rejections of 99.9+% of viruses, bacteria and pyrogens.
Pressure in the range of 50 to 1000 psig (3.4 to 69 bar) is the driving force of the RO purification process.
It is much more energy-efficient compared to phase change processes (distillation) and more efficient than the strong chemicals required for ion exchange regeneration. The separation of ions with reverse osmosis is aided by charged particles. This means that dissolved ions that carry a charge, such as salts, are more likely to be rejected by the membrane than those that are not charged, such as organics. The larger the charge and the larger the particle, the more likely it will be rejected.

Ammonium concentrations in groundwater aquifers have increased over the years due to several reasons with the most important the intensive use of (chemical) fertilizers in agriculture. In many areas, these concentrations are impressively high (and) could be harmful for humans and animals due to the conversion of ammonium to nitrate which is toxic (cancer promoting) for organisms.

... reverse osmosis desalination membranes can be applied to achieve surprisingly high ammonium removal from drinking water. This rejection can reach even 97%, depending on the membrane that is used, the operational characteristics of the system as well as the quality of feed water. ...

ZeroWater Technology 5-stage filters.
ZeroWater's first layer of filtration, activated carbon and oxidation reduction alloy removes the chlorine taste you are accustom to with tap water.

The Ion Exchange stage removes virtually all dissolved solids that may be left over from public water systems or even leached into your water from piping such as Aluminum, Lead, Zinc, Nitrate and more.

Three additional stages are included to remove other impurities and to ensure your water receives the appropriate amount of treatment time to deliver 000 dissolved solids.

Treating water to make it suitable to drink is much like wastewater treatment.
In areas that depend on surface water it is usually stored in a reservoir for several days, in order to improve clarity and taste by allowing more oxygen from the air to dissolve in it and allowing suspended matter to settle out. The water is then pumped to a purification plant through pipelines, where it is treated, so that is will meet government treatment standards. Usually the water runs through sand filters first and sometimes through activated charcoal, before it is disinfected. Disinfection can be done by bacteria or by means of adding substances to remove contaminants from the water. The number of purification steps that are taken depend on the quality of the water that enters the purification plant. In areas with very pure sources of groundwater little treatment is needed. Treating water does NOT usually decalcify it.

Other systems are available yet are much more costly and complicated and are usually utilized for massive water provision requirements such as municipal, commercial, and industrial applications.

General: How / Why you may become Calcium toxic. INDEX
https://www.earthclinic.com/cures/calcium-deposits.html
It may not be only what you expect.

1. Excessive use of Calcium supplements.
2. Excessive intake of Magnesium.
3. Diet focused on high Calcium.
4. Heavy metal detoxing.
5. Bone cancer.

If you’ve recently received a diagnosis for calcium deposits, you are likely wondering how you developed the condition, especially since you are not one to overindulge in dairy products. While dairy is to blame in some cases, such as with kidney stones, a number of other factors are more common causes. In some cases, calcification is simply a normal part of aging, yet other factors include injury, infection, disorders with calcium metabolism, and genetics or autoimmune disease.

Article: How to Detox Your Body of Excessive Calcium. INDEX
https://www.earthclinic.com/cures/calcium-deposits.html
LINK 2: https://www.earthclinic.com/chanca-piedra-for-calcium-deposits.html
Jul 18, 2018

LINK 3: http://www.herbosophy.com.au/chanca-piedra/

Natural treatments for calcium deposits can break down deposits, reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
Apple cider vinegar, magnesium and chanca piedra are three of our most successful home remedies.

Calcium is necessary for the structure and functioning of the body, but excess calcium can lead to a number of problems, including calcium deposits. While treatments vary depending on the location and cause of deposits, natural remedies for the condition help balance the level of calcium in the body.

Treatments such as apple cider vinegar and herbs help the body to use calcium more effectively and dissolve calcium deposits.

1. Apple Cider Vinegar
One of our stand-by treatments, apple cider vinegar is an effective option for treating calcium deposits as well. The vinegar dissolves the misplaced calcium and even restores the natural balance of nutrients in the body. Drink at least 1 tablespoon of ACV diluted in 8 ounces of water daily.

2. Magnesium
Healthy cells contain high levels of magnesium and lower levels of calcium, so your calcium deposits are likely a result of an imbalance. Boosting the magnesium in your system will help breakdown the calcium deposits and restore the natural mineral levels in your body.

3. Chanca Piedra
Chanca piedra is a medicinal herb. The herb helps reduce inflammation and treat pain, but it also helps breakdown the buildup of calcium in the body. This option is so effective, you’ll likely experience immediate relief.

Product: Calcium Lactate, Trophic INDEX
http://well.ca/products/trophic-calcium-lactate_106240.html
Regular: $16.79 --- Special: $12.59
600 mg -- 180 Caplets

Trophic Calcium Lactate helps in the maintenance of bones and teeth.

About Calcium:

• Essential nutrient and is associated with the acid/base system, bone and tooth formation, function of the muscles, heart, skin, blood and nerves

• Up to 99% of the calcium in the body is found in the hard tissues (tooth and bone)
  The remainder is distributed widely throughout the soft tissues and organs, performing a variety of important functions

• Essential in blood clotting and in nerve transmission and in the passage of nutrients through cell walls

• Calcium Deficiency symptoms:
  Poor bone and tooth formation, slow blood clotting, excessive and painful menstruation, osteoporosis, nervousness, irritability, insomnia and heart palpitations.

Directions: Adults, take 3 caplets daily or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner.

Recommended Use:
Helps in the maintenance of bones and teeth.

Each caplet contains:
• Calcium Lactate.......................................................... 600 mg
  Providing elemental Calcium........................................ 78 mg

  Non-Medicinal Ingredients:
  Microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate.

No added yeast, wheat, soy, gluten, corn, dairy, artificial colors, presevatives or animal products.

Product: Calcium D-Glucarate, Douglas Laboratories. INDEX
https://well.ca/products/douglas-laboratories-calcium_136163.html
Ca $75.89 --- 500 mg --- 90 Capsules

Douglas Laboratories Calcium-D-glucarate is a scientifically researched source of calcium that helps to maintain good health.

It is the calcium salt of D-glucaric acid, which is produced in low levels by humans.
The adult human body contains approximately 1,200 g of calcium, about 99% of which is present in the skeleton.
Bone is constantly turning over in a continuous process of formation and resorption.
In children and adolescents, the rate of formation of bone mineral predominates over the rate of resorption.
In later life, resorption predominates over formation.
Therefore, in normal aging, there is a gradual loss of bone.
Adequate calcium throughout life as part of a healthy diet may help prevent bone loss later in life.

Ingredients:
Calcium (from 500 mg Calcium D-Glucarate) --- 63 mg

Product: Calcium D-Glucarate, Thorne Research. INDEX
https://www.nationalnutrition.ca/detail.aspx?ID=7642
Code: THR0065 --- Ca $51.75 -- 90 vcaps

ENHANCED LIVER DETOXIFICATION
Calcium D-glucarate is a substance produced naturally in small amounts by humans.
Supplementation of calcium D-glucarate has been shown to prevent recycling of hormones and environmental toxins, promoting liver detoxification and excretion of these potentially detrimental substances. Calcium D-glucarate helps maintain already normal cholesterol levels and support healthy hormone metabolism.

HIGHLIGHTS:
• Support glucuronidation, an important liver detoxification pathway
• Prevents recycling of toxins back into the liver
• Supports healthy hormone metabolism
• Maintenance of normal cholesterol levels.

500 mg --- Calcium D-Glucarate*

Neutralize harmful chemicals and metabolic byproducts...

Glucaric acid is naturally produced by the body and can be taken in by eating fruits and vegetables.
Supplemental glucaric acid is formed by adding calcium to produce calcium D-glucarate.
It is a detoxifying agent that works to increase liver processes that neutralize harmful chemicals and metabolic byproducts. ...

Calcium D-glucarate has been shown to decrease enzymes that are thought to stimulate cancer growth.
It also helps with hormonally related cancers by decreasing the resorption of estrogen from the gastrointestinal tract.
Calcium D-glucarate may also be of benefit for individuals with high cholesterol by decreasing the resorption of cholesterol from the bile, as it travels through the intestines.

Interestingly animal models have shown that calcium D-glucarate can decrease kidney damage that is caused by antibiotic use.
Calcium D-glucarate may be a beneficial treatment for cancer, high cholesterol and drug induced kidney damage.

Glucaric acid is a nutrient found in many fruits and vegetables.
Supplemental glucaric acid is bound to calcium for stability. It is available in capsule or tablet form.

Calcium D-glucarate may interact with drugs such as diflunisal, ketoprofen, lorazepam, and morphine that are processed by the same set of enzymes in the liver. Alcohol may decrease the effectiveness of this supplement.

OPTIMUM DOSAGE
· 200-400 mg daily. (Clinical doses may be higher as recommended by your practitioner).

WORKS WELL WITH --- · Antioxidants, citrus pectin, lipotropic factors.

Product: Chanca Piedra, Adeeva (StoneFctrs). INDEX
https://well.ca/products/adeeva-chanca-piedra-stonefctrs_153760.html
Ca $38.97 --- 60 caps --- 1 or 2 caps, twice daily --- 950 mg/cap
Take on an empty stomach

Features:
• Prevention of kidney and gallbladder stones in previous sufferers and high-risk individuals
• Complementary treatment of kidney and gallbladder stones
• Gout - Chanca Piedra is shown to increase uric acid excretion in animal studies

Active Ingredients:
• 950 mg --- Chanca Piedra (Phyllanthus niruri)
• 150 mg --- Magnesium (from Magnesium Hydroxide)
• --10 mg --- Vitamin B6
• Other Ingredients: Organic Brown Rice Flour, Stearic Acid

Requires approval from specialist/physician

Product: Chanca Piedra -- AOR Chanca Piedra INDEX
http://www.healthpalace.ca/aor-chanca-piedra-90-veg-capsules/
Retail Price: Ca $32.81 -- Sale Price: $26.25 -- (You save $6.56) -- Feb 08, 2018
90 Veg Capsules

Supports kidney, liver and gall bladder health.

    Helps eliminate gallstones and kidney stones
    Protects the liver from toxins
    Helps with urogenital conditions and is anti-viral

Chanca Piedra contains Phyllanthus niruri which is traditionally used in Ayurveda as a diuretic (Mutrala) to help relieve mild urinary tract infections.

Chanca Piedra is the Spanish name given to the herb Phyllanthus niruri that is native to the Amazonian region of South America. The term “Chanca Piedra” literally means “to break stone” which reflects its traditional use in treating kidney stones. It has also been used to support the health of the liver and gall bladder. Modern clinical trials have suggested that it deals with these painful conditions extremely effectively by helping to dissolve both kidney and gallstones. It allows stones to pass more easily, reduces calcium levels in the urine and inhibits the formation of calcium oxalate crystals that make up kidney stones. It has also been studied in clinical trials for supporting liver health and combating certain viruses that affect the liver. AOR’s Chanca Piedra provides a clinically tested formula and dose to optimize the health of the liver, kidneys and gall bladder and is a natural alternative for those who suffer from chronic kidney or gallstones.

Ingredients:
Phyllanthus niruri 10:1 plant extract
Equivalent to 5,000 mg crude Phyllanthus niruri -- 500mg

Note: Product appearance, odor and taste may vary from lot to lot due to the use of natural ingredients

Suggested Use:
Take 1 capsule per day, or as directed by a qualified health practitioner.

Caution:
Consult a health care practitioner prior to use if you have diabetes, or if symptoms persist or worsen.

Source
The plant is a small shrub.

Phyllantus niruri (PN)
Chanca Piedra is the Spanish common name for the herb Phyllantus niruri.
PN is a perennial herb common in hot central and southern areas of the Indian Subcontinent.
It also grows in China, and numerous tropical locations including the Phillipines, Cuba, and the Amazon rainforest.
This plant has been used for over 2000 years to treat a wide variety of conditions.

The extract of the leaves of PN contains various biologically active chemicals that have been associated with a wide variety of effects. Many different classes of organic compounds of medicinal interest have been reported, including alkaloids, flavonoids, lactones, steroids, terpenoids, lignans, tannins, with lignans, triterpenes, alkaloids, and tannins generally being the most abundant. Although this sounds very complicated, it is this diverse mix of chemicals that gives PN the ability to treat a wide range of problems.

Antiviral Properties
One of the most impressive applications of PN is in the treatment of certain viruses, particularly hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a virus that affects the liver, causing inflammation and jaundice, possibly leading to liver cirrhosis, cancer, or even death. Many people will clear the infection on their own after a few weeks, but others, especially children, will be unable to eliminate the virus, and will suffer from chronic hepatitis. The chronic form of the virus may manifest as an asymptomatic "carrier state" or may be associated with constant liver inflammation. Infection with hepatitis B is always associated with the presence of a certain surface antigen on the liver cells called Hep B Surface Antigen or HBsAg. Both In-vitro and In-vivo studies have reported that PN exhibits marked anti-HBsAg activity on the surface of liver cells. In another study, 37 patients with chronic viral hepatitis B were treated with a daily dose of 600mg of PN for 30 days. 59% of the patients showed a complete loss of HBsAg two weeks after the end of the treatment. Furthermore, none of the cases followed for up to 9 months had any symptoms of HBsAg. The authors postulated that PN may inhibit proliferation of the virus by inhibiting replication of the genetic material of the virus.

The extremely impressive anit-viral properties of PN are demonstrated in another clinical trial involving 160 children (age 1-12 years) with infective hepatitis. The authors reported that the virus was "cured" in 101 of the children, with the other 59 being dropouts. Normal appetite was seen in 7 days, while jaundice, hepatic tenderness, and other symptoms of hepatitis B all disappeared completely within 5 weeks.

Hepatitis B is not the only virus that can potentially be treated by PN.
Recent studies have indicated that PN may also be beneficial in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Studies have shown that PN extract is able to inhibit replication of the HIV virus by inhibiting certain enzymes (such as HIV type-1 reverse transcriptase) essential for replication of the virus. Other evidence suggests that the HIV inhibiting ability of PN extract is related to its alkaloid components.

Liver Protection
In addition to protecting the liver from viruses like hepatitis B, PN has also been documented to protect the liver from damage by a variety of chemical liver toxins. Furthermore, a protein component of PN has been shown to protect liver tissues from oxidative stress in mice.

Kidney stones and Gallstones
Another well documented application of PN extract is for the treatment of kidney and gall stones.
Kidney stones are one of the most painful and common urinary tract problems, and it is reported that over 600, 000 patients are treated for gallstones in the U.S. alone each year. In South America, PN is commonly known as "Chanca Piedre" which in the local dialect of Spanish means, "to break stone". The ability of PN extract to inhibit the growth of kidney stones has been clearly demonstrated in both animals and humans. PN has been used to treat gall bladder infections in South America, and is often taken in the form of tea. PN has also been used in Germany and France to treat gall bladder and kidney stones with over a 95% success rate within 1-2 weeks of treatment. A study examining calcium excretion in 69 individuals with past incidences of kidney stones has shown that PN extract significantly decreases calcium levels in the urine. Furthermore, PN has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit the internalization of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the building blocks of kidney stones. Yet another study found that treatment with PN following shock wave therapy for kidney stones improved the outcome of the treatment. A greater proportion of patients taking PN were found to be stone free following treatment, and were less likely to require additional shock wave therapy.

In addition to its ability to inhibit crystal internalization, PN's ability to treat kidney stones may be further enhanced by the powerful spasmolytic, or muscle relaxant, activity of one of the constituents of PN, phyllanthin. Relaxation of the smooth muscle of the kidney tubules and ureter may help to expel stones.

Malaria
Although it has yet to be tested in humans, in vitro and in vivo studies with mice have indicated that PN shows potential as an anti-malaria agent. In vitro studies have shown that PN extracts are capable of inhibiting growth of the parasite causing malaria by 50-100%. Furthermore, when mice were given doses of 500mg/kg of PN extracts over the course of 4 days the incidence of parasitic infection was suppressed by up to 73%.

In Conclusion
Extracts of PN have a wide variety of therapeutic applications.
Results of animal studies and human clinical trials have provided compelling evidence of PN's effectiveness in the treatment of hepatitis B and kidney stones. Other beneficial effects of PN are still being investigated.

LINKS from Lenntech, and others. INDEX
http://www.lenntech.com/

LINK 2: http://rmalab.com/sites/default/files/tests/instructions/20140107_CI_UrineElement.pdf
Rocky Mountain Labs Clinical Info report for Professionals, 2014-01-07
An assessment of the benefits and limitations of various test protocols.

Phone: +31 152 610 900 --- info@lenntech.com

• Processes
  1. LINK: Home
  2. LINK: Sea water desalination
  3. LINK: Surface water treatment
  4. LINK: Water softening systems
  5. LINK: Disinfection
  6. LINK: Remineralisation
  7. LINK: Waste water treatment
  8. LINK: Pesticide treatment
  9. LINK: Iron and manganese
  10. LINK: Heavy metal removal
  11. LINK: Nitrates treatment
  12. LINK: Degasser calculation sheet
  13. LINK: Ion exchange - demi plants

INDEX