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Basics: Medical Microbiology.
INDEX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa
last edited on 2 June 2019
LINK 2:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8325/
Medical Microbiology. 4th edition.
Baron S, editor.
Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996.
Chapter 77 -- Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
by Robert G. Yaeger.
Protozoa are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats.
Most species are free living, but all higher animals are infected with one or more species of protozoa.
Infections range from asymptomatic to life threatening, depending on the species and strain of the parasite and the resistance of the host.
Protozoa are microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that have a relatively complex internal structure and carry out complex metabolic activities. Some protozoa have structures for propulsion or other types of movement.
From the point of view of functional and physiologic complexity, a protozoan is more like an animal than like a single cell.
They usually lack the capability for photosynthesis, although the genus Euglena is renowned for motility as well as photosynthesis (and is therefore considered both an alga and a protozoan).
Protozoa are dangerous parasites.
Once they invade a human body, they are able to multiply easily and cause serious infections and diseases.
Protozoa are single-celled organism, and can only be seen under a microscope.
When they invade a human they are able to multiply easily, which causes them to be at a great advantage and puts humans at a disadvantage. This helps them survive in the human body and causes a serious infection even with the arrival of a single protozoon.
Infections caused by protozoa are contagious.
Those protozoa that have inhabited the human intestine can be transmitted from one human to the other via the fecal-oral route, such as through sharing food the infected person has touched and through direct person to person contact.
Protozoa living in the blood or tissue can be transmitted through a third source such as a mosquito.
Infections are easily transmitted and persons carrying this parasite should avoid interactions with others, especially those with compromised and weakened immune systems.
Protozoa that cause infection in humans have been classed into groups according to how they move:
the sarcodina (ameba),
mastigophora (flagellates),
ciliophora (ciliates) and the
Sporozoa.
All parasitic protozoa require preformed organic substances --- that is, nutrition is holozoic as in higher animals.
Some protozoa have complex life cycles requiring two different host species; others require only a single host to complete the life cycle. A single infective protozoan entering a susceptible host has the potential to produce an immense population. However, reproduction is limited by events such as death of the host or by the host's defense mechanisms, which may either eliminate the parasite or balance parasite reproduction to yield a chronic infection. For example, malaria can result when only a few sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum — perhaps ten or fewer in rare instances — are introduced by a feeding Anopheles mosquito into a person with no immunity. Repeated cycles of schizogony in the bloodstream can result in the infection of 10 percent or more of the erythrocytes (red blood cells) -- about 400 million parasites per milliliter of blood.
Intro: Presence and Pathogenicity.
INDEX
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8325/
Medical Microbiology. 4th edition.
Baron S, editor.
Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996.
Chapter 77 -- Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
by Robert G. Yaeger.
The Protozoa are considered to be a subkingdom of the kingdom Protista, although in the classical system they were placed in the kingdom Animalia. More than 50,000 species have been described, most of which are free-living organisms; protozoa are found in almost every possible habitat. The fossil record in the form of shells in sedimentary rocks shows that protozoa were present in the Pre-cambrian era. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see protozoa, using microscopes he constructed with simple lenses. Between 1674 and 1716, he described, in addition to free-living protozoa, several parasitic species from animals, and Giardia lamblia from his own stools.
Virtually all humans have protozoa living in or on their body at some time, and many persons are infected with one or more species throughout their life. Some species are considered commensals, i.e., normally not harmful, whereas others are pathogens and usually produce disease. Protozoan diseases range from very mild to life-threatening. Individuals whose defenses are able to control but not eliminate a parasitic infection become carriers and constitute a source of infection for others. In geographic areas of high prevalence, well-tolerated infections are often not treated to eradicate the parasite because eradication would lower the individual's immunity to the parasite and result in a high likelihood of reinfection.
Many protozoan infections that are inapparent or mild in normal individuals can be life-threatening in immunosuppressed patients, particularly patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Evidence suggests that many healthy persons harbor low numbers of Pneumocystis carinii in their lungs. However, this parasite produces a frequently fatal pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients such as those with AIDS.
Toxoplasma gondii, a very common protozoan parasite, usually causes a rather mild initial illness followed by a long-lasting latent infection. AIDS patients, however, can develop fatal toxoplasmic encephalitis. Cryptosporidium was described in the 19th century, but widespread human infection has only recently been recognized. Cryptosporidium is another protozoan that can produce serious complications in patients with AIDS. Microsporidiosis in humans was reported in only a few instances prior to the appearance of AIDS. It has now become a more common infection in AIDS patients. As more thorough studies of patients with AIDS are made, it is likely that other rare or unusual protozoan infections will be diagnosed.
Acanthamoeba species are free-living amebas that inhabit soil and water.
Cyst stages can be airborne. Serious eye-threatening corneal ulcers due to Acanthamoeba species are being reported in individuals who use contact lenses. The parasites presumably are transmitted in contaminated lens-cleaning solution. Amebas of the genus Naegleria, which inhabit bodies of fresh water, are responsible for almost all cases of the usually fatal disease primary amebic meningoencephalitis. The amebas are thought to enter the body from water that is splashed onto the upper nasal tract during swimming or diving. Human infections of this type were predicted before they were recognized and reported, based on laboratory studies of Acanthamoeba infections in cell cultures and in animals.
The rapid multiplication rate of many parasites increases the chances for mutation; hence, changes in virulence, drug susceptibility, and other characteristics may take place. Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and arsenic resistance in Trypanosoma rhodesiense are two examples.
Some parasites that inhabit the small intestine can significantly interfere with digestion and absorption and affect the nutritional status of the host; Giardia and Cryptosporidium are examples. The destruction of the host's cells and tissues as a result of the parasites' metabolic activities increases the host's nutritional needs. This may be a major factor in the outcome of an infection in a malnourished individual. Finally, extracellular or intracellular parasites that destroy cells while feeding can lead to organ dysfunction and serious or life-threatening consequences. ...
The lack of effective vaccines, the paucity of reliable drugs, and other problems, including difficulties of vector control, prompted the World Health Organization to target six diseases for increased research and training. Three of these were protozoan infections -- malaria, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis. Although new information on these diseases has been gained, most of the problems with control persist.
Inside: Organisms living on and in Protozoa.
INDEX
https://archive.org/stream/protozoainbiolog00calk#page/1008/mode/2up
Protozoa in Biological Research
Columbia University Press,
Chapter XX: Organisms living on and in Protozoa.
Harold Kirby, Jr.
1941
Protozoa as a group may be a host of a great number of other organisms.
Some of these are epibioticand in them the relationship ranges from (occasional) to obligatory and constant association. ...
When the association has an obligatory and constant nature as in the occurrence of bacteria on the body surface of certain protozoa, or of bacteria present in certain areas of the cytoplasm of all or almost all specimens, the error has often been made of interpreting the symbionts as part of the structures of the host. When they are present only occasionally, they have sometimes been mistakenly regarded as representing occasional phases in the life history of the host, that is reproductive phases. ...
A large number of organisms symbiotic with Protozoa are Shizomycetes or Phycomycetes. In the later group, Chytridiales are especially widespread as parasites of both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. There are in all the major groups of Protozoa species that are symbiotic with other Protozoa. ... rod-shaped bacteria, at times ... covered the body and adhered to the flagella of Giardia microti. ... They are evenly spaced, generally occur over the whole body, except the papilla ... (and) they always adhere firmly by the full length. ...
Living nematode worms have occasionally been encountered in Protozoa. ... Schubotz found as many as 3 nematodes in approximately a tenth of Pynothrix monocyctoiddes from Procaria capensis. He stated that for entry into this large ciliate, the worms use openings in the ectosarc or, in undamaged animals, the excretion pore. They are then found wholly or partly in the canal system, whose walls they at times break through. ...
Most of the fungi of the order Chytridiales are parasitic in plants or animals.
In the lower plants they occur mainly on or in algae, and a considerable number have been found in Phytomastigophora. Though most abundant in this group of Protozoa, they attack also other free-living forms, especially Sarodina and cystes of ciliates and many have been encountered in parasitic Protozoa. ...
Useful: Protozoans that provide Benefits.
INDEX
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/biology-notes/
protozoans-useful-and-harmful-protozoans-explained-with-diagram/31509
Article shared by : Puja Modal
Updated: 2014-03-28
‘Protozoa’,... means ‘the first animal’.
Even protozoans like Euglena, which contain chlorophyll and can photosynthesise, lack a cell wall.
1. Protozoans serve as food for many small aquatic organisms.
Zooplankton are tiny protozoans which live in the sea. They form the principal diet of blue whales, who gulp them in with sea water.
2. They are the ultimate decomposers in nature, as they feed on bacteria and fungi, which decompose dead organic matter. They are, thus, useful in the treatment of sewage.
3. Some protozoans live in the body of other organisms and help them.
Termites, for example, have protozoans living in their body.
The protozoans digest the cellulose in the wood eaten by termites and convert it into carbohydrates that the termites can use.
Article: Host Defenses to Protozoa.
INDEX
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/protozoan-infection
Peter C. Melby, ... Sara M. Dann,
in Clinical Immunology (Fifth Edition),
2019
Protozoal infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Protozoan pathogens exact their major toll in the tropics, but infection by these parasites remains a significant problem in developed countries because of travel to and emigration from developing countries, the susceptibility of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to opportunistic protozoans, and episodic transmission within communities. ...
Key Concepts
- Interaction of the parasite with host cells induces an array of cytokines that stimulate the innate and adaptive immune responses to eliminate the pathogen, and/or cytokines that inhibit or downregulate the antiparasitical responses to enable the initiation of tissue parasitism.
- The outcome of infection is determined by the balance between the infection-promoting and the host-protective cytokines and effector cells. Often there is a mixed response, resulting in a persistent infection.
- A persistently infected host may develop clinical disease if there is a waning of the immune mechanisms (e.g., in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]) that are critical to the control of infection.
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
(p 10)
In 1993, hundreds of thousands of people fell ill from the protozoan, Cryptosporidium, that infected the city's water system in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). Many people died.
(p 51)
Protozoa function similarly to bacteria by traveling through the bloodstream to most parts of the human body.
Microscopic parasites do not live off their hosts as such, but can thrive on processed foods. Their excretion can cause serious problems within the human body. They reproduce without laying eggs, but by duplicating themselves. Most protozoan infections run their course without too many complications in a person with a healthy immune system. ...
(p 53-)
Protozoans are a group of single-celled, usually microscopic organisms, that have the ability to reproduce rapidly in the intestinal tract of their host, and migrate to other organs and tissues, or to red blood cells. They are capable of infecting every tissue in the body. When protozoans infect the intestines of humans, they may be the unsuspected cause of chronic illness and fatigue. Most of them are transmitted through fecal contaminated food and impure water. Protozoans are also carried by insects such as mosquitoes that harbor the malaria organism. These parasites may remain active in the body for a person's entire lifetime, causing multiple complications and revisitations, such as with malarial fever.
Contaminated water is a significant problem because when protozoans are in their cyst phase, they are not necessarily killed by the use of chlorine in the drinking water. This is because some protozoans produce a closed sac called a cyst that allows them safe passage through water or food. This cyst phase also allows them to move through the digestive enzymes and through the digestive tract of their host to the small intestine. This would normally kill the adult protozoan. Parasitic protozoans, such as Giardia lamblia, then travel into the large intestine where they feed, grow, and begin to reproduce. The spread of protozoans in our bodies can cause abscesses in the liver, lungs, heart, and brain. Virulent strains can even be dangerous to our health and result in fatal dysentery. ...
Being infected with some type of protozoan is an accepted way of life in many parts of the world.
It is estimated that 1/5th of the world's population (over a billion persons) is infected by protozoans. One of the ways that these organisms move around the world is by troops during wars entering areas where protozoans are commonly found, making it difficult to avoid contamination. The soldiers then carry the parasite back to their homeland, often showing no symptoms unless they have a compromised immune system. It usually takes several months longer to treat protozoan infection, such as giardia and cryptosporidium, than it does to treat an infestation of worms.
Worldwide, Giardia is probably the 4th most prevalent human intestinal parasite following Balstocystis hominis, Entamoeba histoltica, and Cryptosporitium parvum. ...
Some of the better labs request several different ways to collect specimens for the best recovery of organisms.
The lab will find larvae, cysts, or eggs in the stools, but it may require up to 6 different stool specimens to make a positive diagnosis. collection of the stool specimens may need to be done over the course of several days or weeks. Blood (serologic) tests are also done by some labs. A biopsy is definitive with intestinal lesions. If there is a liver abscess, it can possibly be seen on x-ray, radioisotopic liver scan, or an ultrasound scan. Other tests may be necessary.
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Politically and medically sanctioned laboratory testing procedures often vary from state to state, province to province, and nation to nation. They can also vary from week to week and especially from year to year. Hundreds of thousands of people do not become infected in a major American city from a protozoan because effective testing and diagnostic procedures are being followed. A municipal water supply does not become so toxic from protozoan contamination in a Canadian town or an American city that residents die before the source is found because water testing and water treatment procedures are relevant and being followed.
In the past 30 years (1990 to 2018) I have acquired a number of significant health difficulties.
Some of these have been intestinally focused. Some of these HIGHLY suggested some form of intestinal infection or infections. Twice, in the province of Ontario, at different times and for different symptoms, I requested or had stool samples tested. In one case, I took a stool sample to the "parasite" specialist I was referred to. The sample was rejected because it wasn't in a "regulation" container. Parasitic worms could be seen moving around in the fluid. The doctor stated that Canadians didn't get parasites. In another situation when I was experiencing all of the symptoms of colon cancer, my doctor took tests, then disappeared for 2 weeks on holiday leaving no one to share the results and follow up even though the symptoms were SEVERE. I resolved the situation by taking an herbal-supplement concoction received through Prayer. Two weeks later, I passed 8 white rubbery almond shaped and sized cysts and ALL of the symptoms immediately stopped and have never returned.
In the province of British Columbia, I had stool samples taken at different times for different sets of intestinal symptoms. In one case, it again seemed possible that I had a common intestinal worm. The tests came back negative. I phoned the laboratory and spoke respectfully with one of the technicians in an effort to find out more about what they did. He informed me that they were only ever AUTHORIZED to check for any of 16 possibilities. I knew from earlier research that there are at more than 50 well-known HUMAN intestinal parasites, as of 2004. If you had any of the 34 never tested for, your results would ALWAYS be negative ... and your doctor would send you home with a conclusion of "healthy" and a possibility of psychological problems! Two separate biopsies were sent to the provincial lab (often, in Canada, there may only be ONE lab per province, and ALL tests must be screened through that lab. Some labs may accept privately submitted samples for testing. Most are regulated NOT to. The lab conclusions were that one test had been "contaminated" suggesting that something had been found but the lab was not allowed to report it, and, the second test was mysteriously "lost". Again, I followed Prayer received directions, and the outcome was positive as I am still here.
More recently (2017-2018) in the province of Alberta, even smaller volume and more individualized stool tests were taken in an effort to diagnose a significant intestinal problem. They yielded the unfortunate expectation of the medical institutions of negation. With nothing to proceed on, that was the end of the medical community options and willingness to diagnose anything and resolve something. Again following the personalized directions offered by Prayer, I have regained normal bowel habits without the almost immediate disappearance of any obvious forms of parasites and lack of bowel function for the first time in 4 YEARS.
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Article: The Relationship Between Magnesium Deficiencies and Parasites.
INDEX
https://www.nourishingplot.com/2018/02/27/
relationship-magnesium-deficiencies-parasites/
By Becky Plotner --- February 27, 2018
becky.nourishingplot@hotmail.com
... The earliest signs of a magnesium deficiency are low appetite, nausea or vomiting, fatigue, and muscle weakness.
Severe magnesium deficiency signs can be low potassium levels or low calcium levels. ...
In those with a damaged microbiome (Gut and Psychology Syndrome), magnesium deficiencies are often present.
Nutrients says, “Magnesium is an essential electrolyte for living organisms. Magnesium intoxication is rare. Neurological symptoms are strengthened in magnesium deficient patients. Magnesium supplementation in those patients can be of benefit in most cases.” ...
The Dental Research Journal reported,
“The systemic factors of bruxism include intestinal parasites, subclinical nutritional deficiencies such as calcium and magnesium deficiencies, allergies, and endocrine disturbance.”
... Candida is connected to parasites, keeping their balance in a declined microbiome ecosystem.
The Journal of Parasitology Research says pathogens, parasites, worms, viruses and yeasts keep this declined balance. If yeasts are present with worms, bacteria and viruses, and the body grows a stronger ecosystem due to the introduction of beneficial strains, as the journal stated, the evacuation of them will deplete Magnesium stores.
Those with a decline in the microbiome have high levels of Candida, which produces ethanol, says PLOS, Pathogens.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207824/
As stated, Candida is (often) present with parasites. Candida offgasses ethanol, a form of alcohol. Magnesium reduces the ethanol. Symptoms of ethanol in the body are drunken type behaviors, such as laughter, clinginess, bumping into walls, anger and tantrums, as well as others.
... When a damaged microbiome is present, the magnesium is clearly depleted.
Replenishing these stores can support a depletion.
When the body is depleted of nutrition, it will first use up its magnesium reserves.
The depletion progresses to the next stage where it depletes nutrients from the body tissues.
The next step of depletion is the presence of biochemical changes.
The next stage of depletion includes functional changes in bodily processes.
The last stage of nutrient depletion is anatomical changes, which means the body loses structure.
For magnesium depletion levels Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride, MD, neurologist, neurosurgeon and author of GAPS, recommends a person,
“May need magnesium (Mg). If yes, then give her a good Mg supplement to take daily, such as Nutri Advanced MegaMag Muscleze, 1 teaspoon a day.” (Campbell-McBride, Natasha.
“Re: Questions” Message to Becky Plotner 30 November 2017. E-mail.).
There are two flavoring ingredients in the product which can cause some people to say it’s not GAPS approved, however, Dr. Natasha recommends it because the benefits far, far, far outweigh any negatives. The balance of different forms of magnesium, as well as other cofactors is advanced and deeply nourishing. For the nutritional breakdown of MegaMag Muscleze, LINK.
https://www.nutriadvanced.co.uk/megamag-muscleze-162g.html
Dr. Natasha also recommends this product for those who are pregnant or nursing.
Those with even more severe magnesium deficiencies feel best while adding more, magnesium, especially in the forms which saturate the cells with magnesium, such as magnesium glycinate, ... this is the most saturating form of magnesium, along with the Muscleze. Another GAPS approved from of magnesium is ... magnesium malate.
To read about Magnesium Stearate, a form which is not beneficial, LINK.
http://www.nourishingplot.com/2016/07/13/magnesium-stearate-what-it-really-does-to-your-body/
....
*Nourishing Plot is written by Becky Plotner, ND, traditional naturopath, CGP, D.PSc. who sees clients in Rossville, Georgia. She works as a Certified GAPS Practitioner who sees clients in her office, Skype and phone.
She has been published in Wise Traditions, spoken at two Weston A. Price Conferences, Certified GAPS Practitioner Trainings, has been on many radio shows, television shows and writes for Nourishing Plot. Since her son was delivered from the effects of autism (Asperger’s syndrome), ADHD, bipolar disorder/manic depression, hypoglycemia and dyslexia, through food, she continued her education specializing in Leaky Gut and parasitology through Duke University, finishing with distinction.
She is a Chapter Leader for The Weston A. Price Foundation.
becky.nourishingplot@hotmail.com
“GAPS™ and Gut and Psychology Syndrome™ are the trademark and copyright of Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride.
The right of Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Patent and Designs Act 1988.
Slides: Parasites in Liver & Biliary tree.
INDEX
http://louisville.edu/medicine/departments/medicine/divisions/gimedicine/
physician-resources/lectures/biliary-tree-diseases/parasites-in-liver-and-biliary-tree
Parasites in Liver & Biliary tree.
Luis S. Marsano, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
University of Louisville & Louisville VAMC
2011 --- 131 slide presentation in a pdf format.
Entamoeba histolytica
• Complications:
– Rupture in chest:
– most common with large lesions on right lobe, very close to diaphragm.
– May give empyema, consolidation, abscess, or hepatobronchial fistula.
– May cause pleuritic pain, cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and/or dark - chocolate sputum.
– Rupture in pericardium:
– most common with left lobe abscess.
Ominous complication.
– May cause pericarditis with effusion, CHF, or tamponade with shock.
– May give chest pain, left shoulder pain and pericardial rub.
– Liver abscess may be inconspicuous.
– Tamponade is often fatal.
Echinococcosis (Hydatid & Alveolar)
(E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli)
• Radiology: MRI is better than CT scan at differentiating wall of hydatid cyst from that of ephitelial cyst.
• Ultrasound is the most common modality. There are 6 categories:
– CL = cystic lesion of undetermined origin.
Unilocular, uniformely a nechoic, without hyperechoic rim; (if CE by other test, will be active but not fertile).
– CE1 = Echinococcal cyst-1 is unilocular, unechogenic, uniform, with visible wall.
May have “snow flake” effect due to hydatidsand; round or oval; (usually active and fertile).
– CE2 = multivescicular, multiseptated, with vissible wall.
Daughter cyst may partially or completely fill unilocular “mother cyst”; round or oval; (usually active and fertile).
– CE3 = anechogenic, with laminates membrane detachment from cyst wall (water - lily sign), or daughter cysts with echogenic
and anechogenic areas, looking as complex mass. Cyst may be less rounded (transitional in degenerating process).
– CE4 = heterogeneous hypoechoic or dyshomogeneous.
No daughter cysts; may have “ball of wool sign”. (Inactive and usually infertile).
– CE5 = thick, arch shaped calcified wall with cone - shaped shadow; (inactive, usually infertile).
•
Treatment:
– Surgery indicated with:
• cyst > 10 cm with multiple daughter cysts,
• superficial at risk of rupture,
• causing compression or obstruction, or
• infected cyst.
– PAIR is done by Puncturing andAspirating 30% of cyst volume, then Injecting 95% alcohol or hypertonic saline, and 15 minutes later Re - aspirating the cyst.
• Should not be done if there is cyst communication with biliary tree;
• MRCP or ERCP should be done before PAIR (risk of causing sclerosing cholangitis).
– When surgery (including liver transplant) and PAIR are not possible, albendazole can be continued for > 10 years.
South American Trypanosomiasis
(Chagas Disease; T. cruzi)
•
Treatment:
– Current therapy for persons infected with T. cruzi is unsatisfactory.
– Two drugs are currently being used: nifurtimox and benznidazole.
Both have meaningful side effects, require prolonged therapy, and are at best only 70% effective.
...
•
Megacolon: (indications)
– Patients in the early stages of colonic dysfunction can be managed with a high - fiber diet and occasional laxatives and enemas.
– Fecal impaction necessitating manual disimpaction may occur, as can toxic megacolon, which requires surgical treatment.
–
Volvulus usually occurs when the lengthened and enlarged sigmoid colon twists and folds on itself, causing a constellation of symptoms resulting from the obstruction. Endoscopic emptying can be performed initially in patients without radiographic, clinical, or endoscopic signs of ischemia in the affected area. Complicated cases should be treated with surgical decompression.
–
Surgical treatment of the megacolon is eventually necessary because of the probability of recurrence of the volvulus. A number of surgical procedures have been used to treat advanced chagasic megacolon, and all include resection of the sigmoid colon as well as removal of part of the rectum. The latter is performed to avoid recurrence of megacolon in the segment of the colon that is anastomosed to the rectum.
Toxoplasma Hepatitis (T. gondii)
• Organism: Toxoplasma is a Protozoa Apicomplexa (coccidia).
In USA infection rate is 2% per year of life.
(Suggesting that at age 74, I have a 144% chance of infection !!)
• Life Cycle:
– Cats shed oocysts after they ingest any of the 3 forms of the parasite, at which time an enteroepithelial cycle begins.
– Sexual reproduction begins when the parasites penetrate the epithelial cells of the small intestine and initiate development of asexual and sexual (gametogony) forms of the parasite.
– Oocyst wall formation begins around the fertilized gamete, and when still immature, oocysts are discharged into the intestinal lumen by rupture of intestinal epithelial cells. Unsporulated oocysts are subspherical to spherical and measure 10 to 12 mcm in diameter.
– Oocysts are formed in the small intestine only in felids and excreted in the feces for periods varying from 7 to 20 days.
As many as 10 million oocysts may be shed in the feces in a single day.
– Sporulation, required for oocysts to become infectious, occurs outside the cat within 1 to 5 days, depending on temperature and the
availability of oxygen. Sporulated oocysts contain two sporocysts, each of which contains four sporozoites. Maturation is more rapid at warm
temperatures (2 to 3 days at 240 C compared with 14 to 21 days at 110 C).
– Oocysts may remain viable for as long as 18 months in moist soil; this results in an environmental reservoir from which incidental hosts may be infected.
• Life Cycle: (continuation)
– Humans are infected by contact with cat feces, or by eating uncooked meat or milk from infected animals.
Oocyst changes in the intestine into trophozoites. There are 2 types of trophozoites: bradyzoites that form cysts that will be eliminated in stool, and tachyzoites that invade tissue.
– The tachyzoite form is oval to crescentic in shape and measures 2 to 3 mcm wide and 5 to 7 mcm long; it requires an intracellular
habitat to multiply despite having all the usual eukaryotic machinery necessary for reproduction.
– Tachyzoites are seen in both primary and reactivated infection; their presence is the hallmark of active infection.
– They reside and multiply within vacuoles in their host's cells, can infect virtually all phagocytic and nonphagocytic cell types and multiply approximately every 6 to 8 hours to form rosettes. Continuous multiplication leads to cell disruption and release of organisms that go on to invade contiguous cells or are transported to other areas of the body by blood and lymph.
– Tachyzoites appear to actively and rapidly migrate across epithelial cells and may travel to distant sites while extracellular.
–Tachyzoites can be visualized in sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin but are better visualized with Wright - Giemsa and
immunoperoxidase stains.
Protozoa can be acquired from almost anywhere, at any time, with symptoms perhaps not first appearing for days, then presently (2011) proving difficult to diagnose, and, largely impossible to treat effectively. Pets and insects are commons ources.
Article : Detection & Diagnosis of Intestinal Protozoa.
INDEX
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3957779/
Detection of Intestinal Protozoa in the Clinical Laboratory.
J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Mar; 52(3): 712–720.
Ian H. McHardy, Max Wu,a Robyn Shimizu-Cohen, Marc Roger Couturier,
and Romney M. Humphries, corresponding author
(includes a number of Tables & Diagrams)
Despite recent advances in diagnostic technology, microscopic examination of stool specimens remains central to the diagnosis of most pathogenic intestinal protozoa. Microscopy is, however, labor-intensive and requires a skilled technologist. New, highly sensitive diagnostic methods have been developed for protozoa endemic to developed countries, including Giardia lamblia (syn. G. intestinalis/G. duodenalis) and Cryptosporidium spp., using technologies that, if expanded, could effectively complement or even replace microscopic approaches. To date, the scope of such novel technologies is limited and may not include common protozoa such as Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, or Cyclospora cayetanensis. ...
... accurate determination of the incidence of (protozoan) infections is hampered by infrequent testing of stool for protozoa when patients present with gastroenteritis, by inappropriate test ordering by physicians, and by the lack of sensitive techniques by which to identify pathogenic protozoa in stool specimens. ...
The microscopic ova and parasite examination (O&P) ...
most clinical microbiology laboratories in the United States struggle with the ability to provide quality O&P results within a clinically significant time frame. A pressing concern for these laboratories is the shortage of skilled technologists capable of reliably evaluating O&P. As the baby boomer generation retires from the workforce, inexperienced technologists, who in some instances are inadequately trained in parasitology, are left to fill the void. Few laboratories in the United States encounter a sufficient number of specimens that harbor intestinal protozoa to maintain technologist proficiency, let alone to allow for robust training of new technologists. As such, laboratories may be unable to accurately identify pathogenic protozoa, differentiate these from nonpathogenic species, and discriminate artifacts on O&P examinations. Further, in many understaffed laboratories, the labor-intensive O&P is performed only once other laboratory tasks are completed, yielding long turnaround times and limiting this test's clinical utility. ...
There is a pressing need for newer diagnostic test options to replace the O&P.
Multiplexed PCR has the potential to meet this need. ... molecular assays, depending on their design, may require a laboratory with proficiency in molecular testing, which would limit their use to major academic hospitals and reference laboratories. Alternatively, sample-to-answer solutions, which provide direct diagnosis from unprocessed samples, such as the BioFire Diagnostics FilmArray platform, could be used in virtually any laboratory setting. ...
While numerous diagnostic tests are available for Giardia, its highly distinctive morphology facilitates microscopic diagnosis. Giardia cysts can be observed in fresh smears, on formalin-ethyl acetate or permanent stained smear, although the latter is associated with a higher sensitivity for identification. Trophozoites are not always found in stool, as encystation begins before passage through the colon. In cases where Giardia is suspected but not detected in stool, duodenal specimens, such as those collected by a string test, may be used for permanent stains and concentrated wet mounts. ... While Giardia cysts are easily recognizable on permanent stained smears, they are shed sporadically, and O&P examinations are often insufficient to demonstrate the presence of this organism. ...
Dientamoebiasis is an enteric infection caused by the flagellate D. fragilis. ...
the morbidity associated with some infections justifies its inclusion as a definitive pathogen.
Given its indistinct appearance, diagnosis is often only possible by experienced technologists, leading to many potentially missed infections. Even under ideal conditions, with prompt preservation of stool and evaluation by a skilled technologist, permanent stained smears are only 34% sensitive compared to molecular methods. ... Despite this relatively high prevalence, no antigen-based, molecular, or serologic diagnostics have been commercially developed to aid with laboratory identification.
Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by various species of Cryptosporidium.
Fecal-oral transmission via contaminated food, drinking water, or exposure in public swimming pools is responsible for most infections. Like all coccidian intestinal parasites, the small and poorly staining Cryptosporidium oocysts can be easily missed in routine O&P exams. ... Furthermore, MAF staining is typically only performed upon physician request, or if the technologist detects structures suspicious for Cryptosporidium on the permanent stained smear. Unfortunately, many physicians assume that testing for Cryptosporidium is included with the routine O&P and infrequently order specialized stains or Cryptosporidium immunoassays, even in outbreak situations.
Entamoeba histolytica.
Roughly 50 million worldwide cases of amoebic dysentery and 100,000 deaths are (detected) with E. histolytica annually. Despite the extreme morbidity associated with intestinal infections by E. histolytica, serological tests are not typically informative in uncomplicated cases because seroconversion is rare outside the context of extraintestinal involvement. ...
Diagnosis of disseminated amebiasis caused by E. histolytica is challenging because stool O&P examinations are almost always negative for these patients. When such cases are suspected, cecal or colonic endoscopy to look for hallmark lesions followed by endoscopic biopsy to visualize the presence of E. histolytica trophozoites are quite helpful. This algorithm has been shown to be effective in differentiating amebic colitis from colon cancer and uncomplicated colitis. Sigmoidoscopy material may also be submitted to the laboratory for permanent stained smear evaluation. In patients with liver abscesses, serological assays are informative due to the concomitant systemic exposure to amoebic antigens; 95% of patients with extraintestinal disease will be positive by serology. When evaluating patients from areas where E. histolytica infection is endemic, it is important to be aware that modern serological assays, which employ recombinant E. histolytica antigens, will turn negative following abscess treatment earlier than the traditional indirect hemagglutination-based tests, which remain positive for at least 6 months following treatment. ...
Blastocystis hominis.
The pathogenicity of B. hominis is largely controversial, given that it is commonly identified in nonsymptomatic individuals. Some experts hypothesize that B. hominis should be split into multiple species, some of which are more pathogenic than others, though few studies have been performed to confirm this hypothesis. The continuing uncertainty is primarily due to the fact that all isolates of Blastocystis are morphologically similar and are occasionally found in combination with other protozoan infections. However, in the absence of antigen detection or molecular diagnostics, the standard method for detection is still microscopy. ... When observed on routine O&P, B. hominis should be reported, along with a semiquantitative assessment.
Balantidium coli.
Balantidiasis is an intestinal parasitic disease that is associated with ciliated B. coli trophozoites, which typically only affect immunocompromised or malnourished individuals and have a worldwide distribution. Like many other intestinal protozoa, no established molecular or serologic tests are available for B. coli. Instead, microscopic diagnosis is facilitated by its distinctive size and morphology on concentrated wet mounts; diagnosis from permanent stains is not recommended, because trophozoites absorb large amounts of dye, which can mask its characteristic features. ...
As discussed above and documented in recent studies, multiplex PCR assays are both more sensitive and specific than microscopy for the detection and identification of pathogenic protozoa. However, despite a rapidly growing field of molecular and genetic technologies for the clinical microbiology laboratory, diagnostic developments for intestinal protozoan parasites have remained relatively stagnant.
Personal: Misinformed & Overlooked.
INDEX
It is late June, 2019 as I write this.
I have not yet fully recovered from the multiple health challenges that became disabling in mid-2016, but I have defined a number of them, eliminated some, significantly reduced others, and remained able to look after myself independently throughout the process. Here is a reflective BRIEF of how such a health disaster developed and how it has been diminished. As a REAL example of what can be, perhaps you can avoid something similar, cope with something less complex, and/or have the confidence that a partial or full recovery may be possible for something others will be confident to tell you that you will NEVER recover, or, respond to your requests for assistance (as they have MANY more resources) with blank questioning stares and suggestions that you are somehow weird because they don't have a simple explanation beyond a reactive prescription for what they have not made any scientific effort to diagnose.
The possibility of a Protozoan infection came late.
The main symptoms I had suggested the presence of something more "major", bigger, and more common.
The reality is that a protozoan infection can be major ... they kill people; it can be silent, chronic, or acute; it is considered by those familiar with protozoan diseases that EVERY person has one or two such infections ... which may remain with them for a lifetime (depending on how long you live). I may have been fortunate in not finding out about mine until more recently AFTER ridding myself with multiple other significant illnesses. Attempting to rid myself of a protozoan infection BEFORE lessening the influence of the other factors could have been terminal --- just too much of a challenge for anyone.
This life challenge of significant health distress began suddenly (within hours) in mid-2015.
During the early 1970s, I had an at work severe back injury, later fully recovered from.
After that, I was treated for "missing time" with a botched lumbar puncture leading to 30 hours of severe pain.
Beginning in mid-1970 and repeated in the early 1990s and early 2000s, I had been exposed to SEVERE whiplash injuries.
During the early 1980s I was earning a Combined Honors at university and studying neurophysiology & communications.
During the mid-1980s, I had acquired 36 hypersensitivities of which 4 were life threatening. I fully recovered.
During the 1990s and early 2000s I had experienced and recovered from 3 very HIGH levels of Mercury toxicity.
During the early 2000s, I suddenly acquired CFS-ME which took me 5 years to understand and recover fully from.
In late 2018, I had another severe lower back injury and this added a few more months of patience demanding delays.
In early 2019, I confirmed, by herbal use, that I had a long present enlarged prostate, adding to the blockage problems.
By early summer, I confirmed that I had at least one Prion illness infection and I could cope with it.
This, 2016 to mid-2019+ episode involved NO intestinal peristaltic action and a suddenly ballooning belly.
The mid-2016 symptoms put an end to the political conflict resolution volunteer work that had occupied me for an average of 80 hours per week, after a year and a half of intensive involvement. For the next year, I made preparation to die, move, or recover. Local medical and other affordable health resources proved unhelpful and discouraging. Options for diagnosis existed but those with the resources were restricted in their application by ignorance, educational inertia, institutional restraint and control, and my own financial resources preventing me from going to another country for more relevant assistance. In mid-2017, I moved to the southern part of the Canadian province of Alberta. A new start with the customary medical tests went nowhere. Exposure to both privately funded tests and their availability enabled me to research further and define several significant health challenging realities: HIGH levels of (toxic) heavy metals and HIGH toxic levels of other minerals. ANY of these are known to depress physiological functions (like peristalsis), encourage cell & tissue mutations (including cysts, tumors, cancers), and result in fatigue and lead to death.
I embarked on detoxing as fast as personally safely possible.
This process had to be interrupted a number of times to enable me to cope with and get past several SEVERE viral infections, an episode of Bartonella, a challenge of Hansen's Disease (leprosy), local infestations of cockroaches and bedbugs, and, an increasing presence of Aspergillosis which grew to become systemic. NONE of these were considered worth diagnosing nor medical problems by my doctor. Other doctors, if available, were restricted within the same bureaucratic attitudes, training, and denial --- not THEIR problem. Once these were out of the way, or severely reduced ... I discovered a ropeworm/biofilm infection which might have been present long-term. I also confirmed that PART of my belly sudden growth was likely due to an acute Potassium deficiency ... which usually was fatal, so had not been researched since the early 1950's! Once these were significantly reduced ... I got to Prions and Protozoan infections.
Following my Spiritually Guided (always found by me to be super scientific) daily best supplement, health device usage, and food choices, I passed a thick layer of FOAM onto the top of the toilet water in mid-June, 2019. I had begun to have periods of NORMAL passage of NORMAL pooh earlier in June. From this event, for months or longer, I have had NORMAL excretion activities ... even more often than daily, since. The culprit was GIARDIA. With the physical weaknesses imposed on me by the earlier and other factors, the Giardia had taken an expanding residence of its own in my Small Intestine. It had contributed to the lack of peristaltic action ... which encouraged the aspergillosis and biofilm problems. I am not finished yet (July 15), but getting close to reacquiring the best health I can have, given my lifetime experiences, exposures, choices, and resources. I have (mid-2019) another protozoan infection to recover from, the Bartonella (now unrestrained by previous illnesses and infections) and, a Prion reality which can only be coped with. Together with those, I have the legacy of 22 Physical mutations that I have adjusted to over the years (beginning in 1954) and presently, largely with dietary changes.
Wishing YOU a much easier and less costly health maintenance and recovery set of experiences.
Most often, it is our ignorance, lack of responsibility, denial, cultural imprinting, Energy Blocks, distorted medical institutions, and resources that bring us to disability, chronic illness, dependencies on others, and a premature death. You can remain part of that systemic reality of Failure, or, you can choose to be humble and revere God and work with God who wants the best available for you.
The current REALITY of Prions can be Horrifying, or, simply Informative.
"Horrifying" suggests that it will be imposed on you and that you can do nothing about it.
"Informative" conveys that it is a Danger which with knowledge can be minimized and coped with, to some degree.
YES, it is likely that 65% (as of mid-2019) of Americans, Canadians, Indians, Chileans, Pakistanis, Britons, French, Irish, Mexicans, and others in nations who import much food, sponsor companies who develop and promote GMO products, have medical systems which encourage the use of dental mercury amalgams, and have large nationally sanctioned armaments industries ... are infected with at least ONE Prion infection and one or more Protozoa infection.
We know also that these illnesses will NOT graduate into their ACUTE and largely debilitating stage (like diagnosed Alzheimer's) of presentation until they are triggered. Other substances and some experiences will be capable of Encouraging a Prion to be increasingly susceptible to a Trigger. And, those triggers may be nearly universal for a specific FORM of Prion, or, they may range anywhere in uniqueness to being triggered only by something universal, or, to something specific to the infected person. As Prions can transfer from almost any food, body fluid, water, air ... and are receptive to infection of any Earth living lifeform that is alive. It is not so much a case of IF you are infected, but WHEN. We also know that there is no known way of diagnosing dependably the presence of a prion presence in a LIVING entity, and, that there is NO likelihood of determining what could healthfully and effectively treat ANY of them beyond a notion of palliative care. Of course we do suspect that they could be eradicated by exposure to the heat of a Hydrogen Bomb solar plus heat burst ... which we have built more than enough to destroy most life on the Earth, excepting some insects.
So, how might we actually LIVE LIFE?
I provide you with an option which I have learned over the years.
Your SOUL is the memory impression which others have of you AFTER you die.
Support any and all efforts to hold others and the media responsible for making dramatic lies.
Do your best to treat others with Respect and provide them with Encouragement when Relevant.
Seek to establish a PERSONAL connection with God that enables you to receive ACCURATE Advice.
Do your Best every day with what resources are available to you to maintain and recover your health.
Do your Best to understand your enemies, seek to lessen their Pain, and be open to their possible Change.
Learn to Revere the Love of God who is always ready to Assist you and reflect that Love towards others.
Stop holding God responsible for mistakes YOU Chose to make without ever considering what God would have advised.
|
Cultural: From Regional to Global.
INDEX
During the past several hundred years the transportation of persons and products from rural to urban areas, from nation to nation, and from continent to continent has been amplified by developments in marine and aircraft and the development of a consumer class. Plantation economies continue to grow in which foods which have previously been grown in in host countries for resident customers are now increasingly grown in large crop dedicated regions in foreign countries for export. For the citizens of the purchasing country entrepreneurs, the cost of the produce is kept low (according to much lower labor costs in the plantation economy, the frequent use of high levels of pesticides and fungicides that are restricted in the consumer country, and the almost monopolistic use of GMO varieties in these foreign locations. With such intensive farming practices, it is unsurprising that the nutritional value of the products (BRIX value) is often 1/4 of that of more organically grown produce and encourages the end consumer to eat much more bulk and calories than otherwise would have been preferred earlier. While this does contribute to a development of obesity in the consumer economy, it also contributes to lowered immune function and increased digestive canal illnesses.
Considering the potential sources of protozoa infections, their often global availability, and, their usually misdiagnosis by the medical community ... it is unsurprising that they can represent a rising and quiet epidemic throughout the global marketing community. With an unknown, though often suggested to be very large proportion of populations being infected as carriers without obvious symptoms yet capable of passing their infection(s) to others, from family members to complete strangers ... the likelihood of these illnesses being recognized for their potential dangers and being treated is minimal. With water supplies and the general environment become MORE toxic with protozoan pathogens by the day, one can only do one's best to minimize exposures as best as one's resources allow. Many of these precautionary factors are adverse to widely promoted, rewarded, and culturally imprinted (by advertising and peer promotion) values and beliefs. A few include these:
- Buy locally grown foods and locally made products (less likely to be toxic).
- Wash everything you buy in a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide or similar non-toxic cleaner.
- Store all opened grains, cereals, crackers in tightly closed glass jars in cool places.
- Travel by way of media documentaries .. cheaper, more informative, less disappointing.
- Take tests (hair or urine) for toxic minerals (parasites love) and detox accordingly.
As you may gather, you may die younger than necessary after living a shorter than desired life of pleasure and desperate contentment followed by a variable period of disability, drug addiction, and relationship conflict. The alternative, demands a high degree of self-esteem with strict limitations of group acceptance and membership and a capacity to forego career advancement that depends upon the manipulation of your customers or employer for self gain. That was one possible for those who reached retirement with their health. Now (2019), increasing numbers of "elderly" are reaching their retirement with severely diminished retirement resources due to banking and securities failures sanctioned by government institutions, with distressing health difficulties, and increasing relationship co-dependencies and conflicts. Having developed a taste (from exposure to trillions of dollars of manipulative advertising) for foreign sourced foods, vacations, clothing, and recreational drugs ... most have few constructive choices forward and a self esteem and awareness too low to climb the mountain.
Disease: Amoebiasis, amoebic dysentery.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
LINK 4: Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/
chapter/protozoan-infections-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/
2014 (?)
Amoebiasis was named as an illness in 1969 by the World Health Organization as a condition determined by Entamoeba Histolytica.
This disease is caused by the sarcodina group of protozoa.
They secrete enzymes that are then absorbed by the tissue of the host.
Amoebiasis is transmitted through contact with infected feces.
Food and water contaminated by feces is the most common route of transmission, however, oral contact with fecal matter can also cause infection. Sometimes there are no visible symptoms and the amoeba can live as part of the normal bowel flora.
When it becomes pathogenic some
SYMPTOMS include
- loose stools with
- varying amounts of blood,
- diarrhea,
- flatulence,
- cramps,
- bloating,
- fatigue,
- anemia,
- weight loss,
- abdominal pain,
- abdominal distention,
- tenderness in the abdominal area, liver and colon,
- ulcerations and abscesses,
- slight fever,
- intestinal blockage,
- an inflamed colon.
Disease from this infection can last for years, and even longer when not diagnosed and treated.
The parasite may invades the soft tissues, most commonly the liver ... and form masses that can lead to intestinal obstruction. Bacterial infections may complicate the disease by concealing, adding to, or transforming the symptoms, and, further weakening the immune system.
Amoebiasis, also known as amoebic dysentery, is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
Infection generally occurs through drinking water. The trophozoite of E. histolytica penetrates the wall of the colon, secretes histolytic enzymes and feeds upon its cells causing ulcers.
These ulcers rupture and discharge mucus and blood into the intestine that pass along with stools and results in amoebic dysentery. If the infection is allowed to continue the parasite may reach the liver, lungs and brain where it causes abscesses which prove fatal.
Infected persons may show no clinical symptoms resulting in the possibility of many undetected cases and a frequency much larger than reported. It can become life-threatening and the reasons for this level of toxicity are unknown (2019).
There is no intermediate host in the life cycle of E. histolytica.
Transmission of the parasite from (person) to (person) takes place through the tetra nucleate cysts.
Before the cyst-formation the trophozoite changes into a smaller minute form, which then encysts to form a tetra nucleate cyst.
Once it reaches the small intestine it grows and multiplies in the open spaces and feeds on bacteria, tissue, and/or blood cells. It can penetrate the wall of the intestine where stool is stagnant, as in diverticulosis pockets.
These tetra nucleate cysts are voided with the faecal and contaminated water and food and are then transmitted into new hosts. Faecal contamination of drinking water, vegetables and food are the primary causes. Eating of uncooked vegetables and fruits which have been fertilised with infected human faeces has often led to the occurrence of disease.
Occasionally drinking water supply contaminated with infected faeces gives rise to epidemics. Houseflies may transmit cysts while passing from faeces to unprotected foodstuffs. The cysts of E. histolytica have been found in the droppings of cockroaches which also serve as a source of infection. Dogs and cats can become infected, though they are not presumed to be transmission vectors of note. It may be spread by sexual contact (anal-oral sex) as well by soiled hands and clothing. Day care centers are also a transmission vector. In rural areas, wells may be drilled too close to septic tanks and their weeping beds, or, runoff from cattle raising areas may contaminate wells. Occasionally, colonic irrigation services may service multiple clients yet not have taken non-return valve cautions to keep separate the flushing on one person's colon from another ... leading to possible cross-contamination.
Other amoebic forms may be interchangeable forms of Entamoeba Histolytica that mutate under conditions of biological stress/challenge (including the presence of heavy metals, other pathogens, poor diet, GMO triggers, viral catalysts) and/or psycological conflicts (fear, anger, rage, depression, grief).
Entamoeba hartmann may test positive after a person has been treated for Entamoeba Histolytica.
A person with pathogenic Entamoeba hartmann may experience only one of the following Symptoms:
- diarrhea,
- flatulence,
- cramps,
- bloating,
- irritable bowel,
- allergies,
- nausea,
- pain,
- respiratory difficulties,
- nervous system difficulties,
- skin disorders.
An oral amoebic version is Entamoeba gingavalis, found in the area between the teeth and gums and around the jaw bone. This can result in a number of mouth disease disorders and can encourage the appearance of other pathogen problems including fungal diseases. It is often encouraged by the presence of aging or broken mercury amalgam fillings whose mercury outgasing encourages mutations of organisms, into pathogenic variations.
TESTING for Entamoeba Histolytica is difficult in that it is often only diagnosed in stools samples, yet, as many as 7 or more samples taken at different times and days may be required to detect a present infection. The cysts are very resistant to testing chemicals and can survive for as long as 72 hours in chlorine solutions as well as surviving in water for up to 1 month, and at temperatures of 122 degrees F. Also, with variations in testing procedures and degrees of accuracy varying from lab to lab, a dismissal of diagnosis is frequently incorrect.
Amoebiasis is endemic in tropical countries.
Doctors frequently prescribe
- Emetine,
- Fumagillin,
- Metronidazole,
- Tinidazole,
- Terramycin,
- Erythromycin,
- Aureomycin and
- Chloroquine,
- etc.
There is some evidence that the treatment of Entamoeba Histolytica can make the patient more resistant to future amoebic invasiveness.
Disease: Giardiasis.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
LINK 4: Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/
chapter/protozoan-infections-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/
2014 (?)
LINK 5: Epidemiology of Travelers' Diarrhea.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323546966000185
John W. Sanders, ... Herbert L. DuPont,
in Travel Medicine (Fourth Edition), 2019
Diarrhoea, which is characterised by loose bowels, is caused by a flagellate parasite Giardia (=Lamblia) intestinalis and a sporozoan Isopora hominis. Giardia intestinalis is a parasite in the small intestine and colon of (humans). It is also known as Lamblia intestinalis in Europe.
It has an elliptical or pear-shaped body which is bilaterally symmetrical with dorsal side convex and ventral side flattened and deepened anteriorly to form a concave sucking disc. It bears two nuclei and four pairs of long flagella arranged symmetrically.
With the help of sucking disc the parasite attaches itself on to the convex surface of the epithelial cells in the intestine and may cause a disturbance of intestinal function leading to malabsorption of fat which causes diarrhoea. Consequently the patient may complain of persistent looseness of bowels. Unattached organisms may be carried by the fecal stream from the small intestine to the colon, where it may transform to the infective form.
Giardia infections often do not present symptoms for 7 to 14 days after exposure.
Symptoms:
- mucusy stools,
- diarrhea,
- nausea,
- headache,
- abdominal pain,
- intestinal gas,
- abdominal distention,
- low grade fever,
- loss of appetite,
- upset stomach,
- belching,
- vomiting,
- allergies.
As Giardia can attach itself to the bile ducts of the liver, it can produce symptoms which mimic those of gall bladder disease. With greater pathogenicity, it can show symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and similar inflammatory diseases. It can resolve in 1 to 4 weeks if the immune system is strong. Otherwise, it may develop into a chronic continuing phase with intermittent symptoms with persistent abdominal distention and foul-smelling gas.
If the organisms coat the intestinal wall they can restrict the absorption of nutrients including vitamins A, B6 and B12. Iron anemia symptoms can develop as well as deficiencies of some minerals. This can result in symptoms of deficiencies in these nutrients as well as an increase in the retention of potentially toxic minerals including heavy metals. Antibiotics and other drugs may also be decreased in absorption encouraging higher dosages to be taken. Persons who have a Giardia infection can develop a sugar intolerance, especially to lactose and sucrose.
Giardia is a global pathogen, although it has become increasingly prevalent in North America as vectors have increased in number and frequency of use. It is one of the most common pathogens found in day care centers. Cool, moist conditions favor the survival of the organism and it is resistant to destruction by stomach acid, particularly when this acid is lower in presence as can be the case amongst, younger, older, and disabled persons. It is also transferred through the fecal contents of dogs, cats, parakeets, beavers, muskrats, sheep, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and wild animals. Tainted creeks and streams are no longer safe sources of drinking water for hunters, hikers, or other travelers. Much of the ground water in the USA has been contaminated with Giardia for decades.
The use of animal and human feces for the purpose of attempting to force plant and crop growth by poorly informed and non-discerning farmers and gardeners has contributed a new food based vector to the spread. These manures must be degraded by other parasites which act as a sewage treatment benefit or simply age and reduce the toxicity of manure stacks. Once this biological processing is completed, the fertilizer can be added to the planting soil and mixed in for further treatment by soil organisms. Neither sewage nor manure are combined with water and sprayed on either land/soil surfaces or on the leaves or the plants directly. The economic desperation of an increasing number of the global population together with an inadequate and inappropriate understanding of the dynamics of agriculture continue to spread this pathogen.
This disease is also transmitted through oral contact of feces as the parasite is found in fecal matter.
If hands are not properly washed after using the bathroom or changing a diaper, it is easy to come into contact with this parasite. Drinking water which has been contaminated by this parasite or even ingesting contaminated swimming water can cause giardiasis. Outbreaks have been traced to the contaminated hands and clothing of food handlers, inadequate hygiene practices following the use of bathrooms in all kinds of buildings. Oral-anal sex presents another vector that is expanding. Those infected with other pathogens, such as Candida Albicans, a pathogenic fungi, are also infected to a larger degree than others.
Also called backpacker’s diarrhea or beaver fever, giardiasis is a common disease in the United States caused by the flagellated Giardia lamblia, also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis. To establish infection, G. lamblia uses a large adhesive disk to attach to the intestinal mucosa. The disk is comprised of microtubules. During adhesion, the flagella of G. lamblia move in a manner that draws fluid out from under the disk, resulting in an area of lower pressure that promotes its adhesion to the intestinal epithelial cells. Due to its attachment, Giardia also blocks absorption of nutrients, including fats.
Transmission occurs through contaminated food or water or directly from person to person.
Children in day-care centers are at risk due to their tendency to put items into their mouths that may be contaminated. Large outbreaks may occur if a public water supply becomes contaminated. Giardia have a resistant cyst stage in their life cycle that is able to survive cold temperatures and the chlorination treatment typically used for drinking water in municipal reservoirs. As a result, municipal water must be filtered to trap and remove these cysts. Once consumed by the host, Giardia develops into the active tropozoite.
Infected individuals may be asymptomatic or have gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, sometimes accompanied by weight loss. Common symptoms, which appear one to three weeks after exposure, include diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps, gas, greasy stool (because fat absorption is being blocked), and possible dehydration. The parasite remains in the colon and does not cause systemic infection. Signs and symptoms generally clear within two to six weeks. Chronic infections may develop and are often resistant to treatment. These are associated with weight loss, episodic diarrhea, and malabsorption syndrome due to the blocked nutrient absorption.
Diagnosis may be made using observation under the microscope.
A stool ova and parasite (O&P) exam involves direct examination of a stool sample for the presence of cysts and trophozoites; it can be used to distinguish common parasitic intestinal infections. ELISA and other immunoassay tests, including commercial direct fluorescence antibody kits, are also used. The most common treatments use metronidazole as the first-line choice, followed by tinidazole. If the infection becomes chronic, the parasites may become resistant to medications. Many cases of Giardia infection are misdiagnosed as food poisoning or other ailments.
The most common protozoal infection in returning travelers is G. lamblia.
This organism causes a clinical picture that ranges from an acute self-limited illness to the asymptomatic illness.
If untreated, chronic intermittent diarrhea characterized by flatulence, fatigue, and weight loss can persist for months.
Chlorination is ineffective in preventing waterborne infection. In 1997 reliance upon this method of water treatment at a Greek resort hotel resulted in a large Giardia outbreak among UK tourists.
Filtration or boiling of drinking water will help to prevent infections in such cases, though other possible waterborne sources include recreational water sources. Diagnosis is usually made by stool examination, but multiple careful examinations may be necessary to demonstrate the organism. Stool antigen test kits for G. lamblia are available.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common cause with strains of Campylobacter jejuni and other invasive bacterial enteropathogens also important causes especially in South Asia. Treatment can shorten the disease. Loperamide and other drugs acting symptomatically can decrease the number of watery stools passed and antimicrobial agents can shorten the overall illness. Because of the significance of acquiring fecal carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae with antibiotics, most travel authorities only recommend treatment with these drugs when illness is moderate to severe. Mild illness, which allows people to function relatively normally, is best left untreated or treated symptomatically. A major health consequence of travelers' diarrhea (TD) is development of postinfectious functional bowel disease, which may occur in as many as 5% of those reporting TD.
Atebrin, Chloroquine and Acranil are effective drugs in the treatment of Giardia.
Metronidazole has also been reported to be quite effective in its treatment.
Albendazole has been used against Giardia in addition to roundworms and tapeworms.
Disease: African Sleeping Sickness.
INDEX
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/
chapter/fungal-protozoan-prion-and-other-diseases-of-the-nervous-system/
Fungal, Protozoan, Prion, and Other Diseases of the Nervous System.
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
African sleeping sickness is a disease caused by the protozoa, which are carried by the tsetse fly and are transmitted to humans through tsetse fly bites. This disease is fairly damaging to the human body and can cause serious illness.
see Disease: Trypanosomiasis.
Trypanosomiasis is caused by the species of Trypanosoma which are flagellate parasites of blood plasma (in vertebrate hosts) and gut (in invertebrate hosts). Trypanosoma is generally transmitted by blood-sucking insects. It is the most dreadful of all pathogenic protozoans. Sleeping sickness is a dangerous disease of man in Africa.
In Brazil, this form of sleeping sickness results in 30% of adult deaths.
Three species cause sleeping sickness in man which are as follows:
(i)
Trypanosoma gambiense is transmitted by tsetse flies, Glossina palpalis and G. tachinoides.
It causes Gambian or Central African sleeping sickness.
(ii) Trypanosoma rhodesiense is transmitted by tsetse fly Glossina morsitans.
It causes Rhodesian or East African sleeping sickness.
Both the above species of Trypanosoma are confined to those parts of Africa where tsetse flies, their vectors, are found.
On infection by the parasite trypanosome fever is caused during which the parasite lives freely in the blood, then the parasites collect in the lymph glands, spleen and liver causing their enlargement, finally they enter the cerebrospinal fluid causing sleeping sickness which results in coma and eventually in death.
Suramin and Pentamidine are considered to be the drugs of choice for early and acute infection.
As they cannot pass the blood-brain barrier, they are not of any value when the central nervous system is involved in which case an arsenical is needed. The arsenicals include Tryparsamide, Melarsen, Melarsoprol (Mel B) and Trimelarsen. Nitrofurazone, an oral trypanoside may be used in cases resistant to arsenic.
(iii) Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by a bug called Triatoma megista.
Transmission to man is not due to bug’s bite but through its faeces.
It causes Chagas’ disease or American trypanosomiasis in South and Central America. Chagas’ disease is similar to sleeping sickness. It causes
- continuous fever,
- lymph glands, spleen and liver are swollen with degeneration of infected cells, and
- disorders of the nervous system.
Contaminated insects are most prevalent in the animal burrows and cracked walls and thatched of rudimentarily constructed residences in largely rural areas. Insect vectors are large, winged varieties (like cockroaches) which leave their hiding places at night to seek out their lowered awareness sleeping hosts in the dark. These insects seem to have a preference for biting the skin in the most exposed areas, usually near the eyes and mouth. Other animals are also targeted including rats, dogs, cats, opossums, and, armadillos. The presence of these near human lodgings increases the transfer to humans. Transfusion related infections are also increasing.
Trypanosoma multiplies in the gut with the infective form passing out with the feces ... which infected insects will pass to the next host. The infected host then has the parasite circulate in the blood to invade cells where they multiply until the cell bursts. The invasion and destruction then continues to spread.
Symptoms.
Most infections do not produce any symptoms.
Symptoms that do appear begin 1 to 3 weeks after being bitten.
Diagnosis often is restricted to symptom consideration as most tests are poor indicators.
Anaemia and injury to heart muscles lead to death.
No permanent cure was suggested for this disease. Recently Melzer and Kollert (1963) suggested successful treatment of a case of T. cruzi with Nitrofurazone tablet, giving a total dosage of 18.375 gm in 27 days.
Benznidazole and nifurtimox are drugs that have also been used.
Disease: Leishmaniasis.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
This disease is caused by the Leishmania parasite.
These parasites are found mainly in southern Europe, the tropics and subtropics.
The most common form of this disease being spread is through the bite of a sand fly, which carries the parasite.
External leishmaniasis will affect the skin and internal leshmaniasis affects the inner organs such as the spleen and liver.
Those parasites that affect the skin cause sores, which will enlarge and become deeper as the disease progresses without treatment. Internal infection will cause weight loss, organ enlargement, fever and extremely high or low blood levels.
Leishmaniasis is caused by the species of Leishmania, the flagellate parasite in the reticulendothelial cells of vertebrate host, man and in the gut of an invertebrate host, the blood sucking fly, Phlebotomus.
The genus Leishmania includes 3 or more location dominated species ....
(i) Leishmania donovani;
(ii) Leishmania tropica and
(iii) Leishmania brasiliensis.
(i) Leishmania donovani causes kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis which is widespread and endemic in many places in India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South America and Russia. Its vector is a sand fly, Phlebotomus. These small, delicate, short-lived sand flies are found in animal burrows and crevices. At night, they feed on a wide variety of mammals. The desert gerbil serves as a reservoir host and causes infections when rural inhabitants come in close contact with the burrows of these animals. In other regions, the domestic dog serves as a vector. Rodents in tropical and subtropical areas are a further vector. It is particularly common in areas of China, Asia Minor, Africa, and Central America.
In kala-azar the parasite attacks the endothelial cells, bone marrow, liver, lymph glands and blood vessels of the spleen.
Symptoms appear as early as 2 to 8 weeks after the bites but the incubation period may exceed 2 years.
The disease presents in either of 2 forms.
A Skin Disease.
This appears on the extremities of the face as a small itchy, skin pimple that enlarges over time to become a swelling 1 to 2 centimeters in diameter that may ulcerate. Swollen lymph glands often accompany the skin outbreak. Other lesions may form around the edge of the primary sore and fuse with it. Usually the ulcers heal on their own in 3 to 6 months leaving a pitted, depigmatized scar. Sometimes the lesions fail to heal, leading to destruction of the external part of the affected part. Permanent immunity follows healing.
Soft organs of the Gut illness.
The liver and spleen are particularly affected.
SYMPTOMS of this form:
- fever,
- weight loss,
- enlargement of the spleen & liver,
- anemia,
- high fever and chills,
- weakness,
- watery diarrhea,
- abdominal pain,
- headaches,
- chronic cough,
- death.
Advanced lesions are often difficult to treat, relapse is common, and secondary infections may manifest.
Resistant to antimony combinations are often treated with more toxic drugs.
Untreated the disease may persist for years with death resulting from secondary infections.
These organs are enlarged and there is a bloodlessness and high fever.
If left untreated, 75 to 95 per cent of the patients die within a period of two years.
Treatment with antimony compounds often proves successful.
Most effective drugs:
- Urea stibamine,
- Aminostiburea,
- Neostibosan,
- Solistibosan,
- Sodium-antimony-gluconate,
- Pentamidine isoethionate
- Amphotericin B
(ii) Leishmania tropica causes Oriental sore (Tropical sore) or Delhi boil.
The infection is limited to a local lesion of the skin and subcutaneous tissues which turn into ulcerating wounds.
Its vector is Phlebotomus, a sandfly.
This parasite is found along the shores of Mediterranean through Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Iran to Central Asia, the drier parts of Central and Western India and also in many places of Central Africa.
Treatment includes regular cleaning and dressing of the boils, Pentavalent preparation of antimony.
Dehydroemetine orally in doses of 100 mg daily for 10-21 days has given satisfactory result.
(iii) Leishmania brasiliensis causes a disease called Espundia or American leishmaniasis producing multiple sores over large areas of the skin and oro-nasal mucosa. Ulceration in nasal cavities, mouth and pharynx is quite frequent. The vectors are anthropophilic sandflies.
This parasite is confined to Central and South America.
Treatment includes Pentavalent preparation of antimony.
In resistant cases Pyrimethamine or Amphotericin B may be useful.
Disease: Toxoplasmosis.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
Toxoplasmosis is caused by one of the most common parasites in the world, Toxoplama gondii, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Over 300 species of mammals and 20 species of birds have been identified as intermediary hosts (vectors) yet it can only complete its sexual cycle in the intestinal tract of domestic cats (including contaminated litter boxes), ocelots, bobcats, cougars, and leopards. It has been estimated that 40% of all cats have this parasite. It is now advised that gardeners wear gloves as cysts may be in soil contaminated by infected animals.
Maturing within intestinal cells, the cell ruptures and the parasites are released. These infect other intestinal cells and the cycle repeats for 1 to 3 weeks. Cysts are released and may take 1 to 3 days to mature after which they may remain infectious for as long as a year.
These cysts are very light and small as well as resistant to being killed and foods must be thoroughly cooked or quite frozen to kill the organism. Breathing dust that has been contaminated can also transmit the disease. They can be found in raw milk and especially in pork, lamb, yet also possible in beef and chicken. Cockroaches and flies can transmit the infection to foods as well as humans. Food handlers and cooks can also become sources. Toxoplasma can encase itself in a cyst form that can survive for many years within a host, even for a lifetime.
Many of the people infected by this disease do not have any symptoms.
It has been reported that as many as 50% of Americans have been infected, especially those with compromised or weakened immune systems including those with other diseases, pregnant women, babies and small children, those who are malnutritioned (including over- and under-nutritioned), and those with restricted incomes. Infants who are born to mothers who carry the infection can experience complications at birth.
When pregnant women acquire the disease, they can pass it to their fetus.
Of the infants born, 60% will not show any symptoms but the remainder will often show fluid on the brain forcing an enlargement of the head and compression of the brain, destroying much of the brain tissue. Approximately 9% will die.
Symptoms include
- body aches,
- fatigue,
- fever,
- sore throat and
- swollen lymph nodes,
- low blood sugar,
- rash,
- CNS disturbances,
- brain, lung, eyes, heart problems,
- Paralysis,
- delusional behavior,
- uncontrollable headaches,
- hepatitis,
- brain & spinal cord swelling,
- eye infections,
- blindness,
- hydrocephalus,
- microcephaly,
- epileptic seizures,
- mental retardation,
- spontaneous abortion..
Symptoms are very similar to flu like symptoms and this disease can sometimes be mistaken for the flu.
Human infection of Toxoplama gondii has been reported from European countries, Middle East, Sri Lanka, U.S.A, Australia, Hawaii and many other places. The infection appears to be cosmopolitan.
The dissemination of the parasite occurs through the blood stream ultimately localising in various organs such as brain, spinal cord, eyes, lungs, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, heart muscles and skeletal muscles. Cysts may be found in cat feces. Cysts in meat can be destroyed by thorough cooking and freezing to a temperature of -20 degrees C is also effective. Stools are best disposed of by burning. One is not advised to flush contaminated stools down the toilet, as they may spread via the sewage system and treatment facilities.
Tests are done to tissue or spinal fluid to determine if present.
Blood tests can be done, even on a routine basis. Other tests such as ELISA are available.
The parasites multiply by endodyogeny but under certain conditions large cysts are also formed.
Drugs used:
- Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) combined with Sulphadiazine,
- Spiramycin,
- triple sulfonamide,
- folinic acid.
Disease: Malaria, Plasmodium Falciparum.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
Malaria is a very common disease in some countries and is spread through mosquito bites of mosquitoes that have been infected by one of the many different malaria-causing parasites. In the United States, there are more than 1300 cases of malaria reported (annually). This is mainly reported by individuals travelling to or coming from the South Asian subcontinent or the sub-Saharan Africa who may be carrying the parasite.
Malaria symptoms:
- headache,
- chills,
- tremors,
- aches,
- shaking,
- fever,
- enlargement of the spleen,
- death.
Infections in some persons may not result in any symptoms in the near term while others may become severely debilitated. Even a small number of parasites are capable of resulting in significant symptom expression.
Malaria is caused by the species of a sporozoan parasite, Plasmodium.
There are 4 variations that infect humans:
- Plasmodium falciparum,
- Plasmodium vivax,
- Plasmodium malariae,
- Plasmodium ovale.
The 4 species of Plasmodium cause different forms of human malaria:
(i) Plasmodium vivax causes benign malaria in which fever comes on every 48 hours;
(ii) Plasmodium malaria causes quartan malaria in which fever comes every 72 hours;
(iii) Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant sub-tertian malaria in which the fever is more or less continuous;
(iv) Plasmodium ovale causes mild tertian malaria in which fever comes on every 48 hours.
It has been estimated that 40% of the world population is at risk of infection with 10% of the global population being at severe risk. Beyond the countries that have been historically reservoirs of outbreaks, warming climate trends have enabled the vectors of the disease and the disease to expand into formerly adjacent regions including the USA.
It is transmitted through the bite of female anopheles mosquito.
The mosquito feeds on an infected person, takes in the parasite, and, transfers the parasite to the next person bitten.
The parasite can also be transferred between humans by the passage of blood in the form of a transfusion, or, by the sharing of needles between drug users. Travelers can also become vectors carrying the disease between communities. Symptoms can develop as early as 6 to 8 days after being infected, or, as late as several months later. Symptoms tend to cycle every 48 to 72 hours. There is often a misdiagnosis of a flu.
In (humans) the parasite attacks the liver cells and red blood cells.
A toxic substance, the haemozoin, released by the parasite causes malaria.
Malaria not only causes millions of deaths annually in the tropics but it also prevents the cultivation of the most fertile regions of the earth. This can further affect communities by increasing financial distress, hunger, depression, and, desperation ... which may lead to increases in crimes and conflict.
Various drugs which are now used for the treatment of malaria include
- Quinine,
- Camoquine,
- Chloroquine, (increasing resistance to this is developing)
- Mefloquine, (used as a malaria preventive)
- Fansidar, (not for those with sulfonamide intolerance)
- Plasmoquine,
- Resochin,
- Pentaquine,
- Pamaquine,
- Paludrine,
- Proguanil,
- Pyrimethamine sulfadoxine,
- Tetracycline,
- others.
An overdose of anti-malaria drug can be fatal.
Dosages must be carefully considered between adults, genders, and children.
DEET (N, N-Diethyl meta-toluamide) is effective in insect repellant, yet it has been fatal for some persons.
Permethrin is often sprayed on clothing and bedding, though too much exposure can also be fatal.
The use of netting, application of citrus scents, avoidance of most other perfumes, and full coverage with clothing can also be preventive.
Disease: Babesiosis.
INDEX
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Babesiosis.aspx
Last Updated : December 8, 2017
916-552-9730 or email VBDS@cdph.ca.gov
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/babesiosis-blood-infection#1
Reviewed by Jennifer Robinson, MD on November 15, 2018
This disease is caused by the Babesia parasite that is transmitted through ticks.
It can also be transmitted through blood transfusions of donors who carry the Babesia parasite.
This parasite is common throughout the United States, in cities such as New England, New Jersey, New York, Wisconsin and Minnesota.
Those individuals infected with the Babesia parasite may not experience any symptoms.
However, common signs and symptoms include
- nausea,
- body aches,
- fatigue,
- fever,
- chills,
- weight loss and
- a decreased appetite.
For those who are already suffering from health problems and those who have a compromised immune system, this disease can be life threatening and cause serious health problems.
Disease: Trichomoniasis.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
Trichomonas are parasites in vertebrates and many invertebrates.
Trichomoniasis is caused by the species of flagellate parasite, Trichomonas.
Its body is pear-shaped provided with one nucleus, an axostyle, a parabasal body, 3- 5 anterior free flagella, and one backwardly directed flagellum along the side of the body. The backward directed "rod" has a pointed tip that is considered possibly useful for attachment, and.or, damaging tissue. Trichomonas eats bacteria, white blood cells, and sometimes a red blood cell. Although it lacks a protective cyst form, it can survive outside the body for 1 to 2 hours on a moist surface, as well as up to 24 hours in urine, semen and water.
Trichomonas thrive in an alkaline pH, which can develop from increased progesterone (increases in the latter half of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy), from increased vaginal mucous, and from the overgrowth of certain bacteria including Streptococcus and Proteus.
Three species are found in (humans) which are:
(i) Trichomonas hominis,
(ii) Trichomonas lenax and
(iii) Trichomonas vaginalis.
Symptoms:
T. vaginalis is also found in urinary tract of men infecting the urethra and prostate.
Transmission of parasite was mostly during sexual intercourse by male members who acted as intermediaries.
With the current (2019) dynamics of sexual roles and dynamics this may be expanding to include same gender partners.
Frequently, male carriers of the infection do not demonstrate any symptoms. As it can survive outside the body, as per above, it can also be acquired by contact with contaminated WATER, urine or semen. This translates to further include contaminated sauna benches, towels, toilet seats, shared washcloths, therapeutic baths, hot tubs, and swimming pools. Newborn babies can also acquire it during delivery from a contaminated birth canal.
While Trichomonas usually infects the vagina and urethra in women, it can also involve the cervix, bladder and surrounding organs.
Estimates of infection for the USA are that 25% of sexually active women are infected at any time.
It is a dangerous parasite as it can also help along HIV transmission.
Treatments:
Vinegar supplemented douching can sometimes control the infection.
Arsenic and iodine drugs and antibiotics such as Terramycin and Aureomycin have proved useful in the treatment of the disease.
This disease is treatable with an antibiotic such as metronidazole (flagvl).
Vaginal tablets (dilodhydrozyquin) and suppositories (furazolidone) are also available.
Disease: Balantidial Dysentery.
INDEX
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
LINK 3: Balantidiasis.
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/balantidial+dysentery
from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979)
by V. B. SCHENSNOVICH
Balantidiasis occurs throughout the world.
Balantidial dysentery is a disease of swine and man caused by the holotrichous infusoria Balantidium.
That is, by a ciliate parasite, Balantidium coli.
Among animals, weaned piglets and gilts are most prone to the disease.
The source is sick swine, in whose feces nonmotile forms (cysts) of balantidia reach the soil and floors of pigsties.
When swallowed, the cysts reach the intestine and turn into motile forms, or infusoria, which penetrate the intestinal wall and ulcerate it.
In humans, It inhabits the large intestine.
It may bore into the tissues of the intestine causing ulcers which results in dysentery and diarrhoea.
This may prove fatal. The transmission of the parasite to a new host takes place through cysts in contaminated water and food.
Balantidium coli is the largest intestinal protozoan found in humans and the only pathogen that has cilia, causing it to have rhythmic sweeping movements. It is found worldwide. The cysts of this parasite are transmitted by food and water contaminated with pig and occasionally monkey feces. Person to person transmission usually involves food handlers. Infection in humans is rare but may reach 100% in pigs where it is nonpathogenic.
Symptoms.
- diarrhea,
- abdominal pain,
- inflammation of the colon.
Less often ...
- constipation,
- anorexia,
- weakness,
- insomnia,
- weight loss,
- death.
Infections in humans are usually without symptoms.
In (humans), balantidiasis, or infusorian dysentery, arises as a result of the penetration of balantidia into the wall of the large intestine. The organisms come mainly from swine, but a human being who excretes the infusoria can also infect those around him.
The cysts are transported by flies and may enter the digestive tract of (humans) with contaminated food, water, or vegetables and from the hands. After entering the intestine, the parasites necrotize (kill) the tissues and produce ulcers.
Balantidiasis often occurs with a normal temperature, and at times intestinal function is only slightly impaired.
Stools are liquid, frequent, and admixed with mucus and pus, sometimes with blood; ineffectual urges to evacuate (tenesmus) are common, as is pain along the large intestine. If untreated, the disease invariably progresses.
If there is any ulceration of the intestinal wall of the colon, it can extend to the liver and occasionally be transported by the blood into the spinal fluid. Opportunistic bacteria could grow where the intestinal wall is ulcerated. This protozoan has been associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. It usually resides in the large intestine where it can invade and destroy the wall lining. In severe infections, it is possible to have such a bad case of dysentery that it will cause death.
Affected animals suffer from high temperature and diarrhea admixed with mucus and blood.
A diagnosis is based on physical examination and laboratory confirmation of the presence of balantidia.
There are cases of an asymptomatic parasite carrier state.
The presence of cysts in feces is necessary for a conclusive diagnosis.
The treatment can include the use of disinfectants and bactericidal agents.
The death rate in swine may be as much as 50% of the number contracting the disease.
Treatment.
- Carbarsone,
- Diodoquin
- Oxytetracycline
.... have been found to be effective.
Prevention is accomplished through strict observance of veterinary and sanitary regulations on farms, the keeping of swine in summer camps during the warm weather, and periodic feeding of antibiotics and other agents used to combat infestations.
Disease: Trypanosomiasis.
INDEX
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/
chapter/fungal-protozoan-prion-and-other-diseases-of-the-nervous-system/
Fungal, Protozoan, Prion, and Other Diseases of the Nervous System.
LINK 2: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
LINK 3: http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
Trypanosomiasis is caused by the species of Trypanosoma which are flagellate parasites of blood plasma (in vertebrate hosts) and gut (in invertebrate hosts). Trypanosoma is generally transmitted by blood-sucking insects. It is the most dreadful of all pathogenic protozoans. Sleeping sickness is a dangerous disease of man in Africa.
In Brazil, this form of sleeping sickness results in 30% of adult deaths.
Three species cause sleeping sickness in man which are as follows:
(i)
Trypanosoma gambiense is transmitted by tsetse flies, Glossina palpalis and G. tachinoides.
It causes Gambian or Central African sleeping sickness.
(ii) Trypanosoma rhodesiense is transmitted by tsetse fly Glossina morsitans.
It causes Rhodesian or East African sleeping sickness.
Both the above species of Trypanosoma are confined to those parts of Africa where tsetse flies, their vectors, are found.
On infection by the parasite trypanosome fever is caused during which the parasite lives freely in the blood, then the parasites collect in the lymph glands, spleen and liver causing their enlargement, finally they enter the cerebrospinal fluid causing sleeping sickness which results in coma and eventually in death.
Suramin and Pentamidine are considered to be the drugs of choice for early and acute infection.
As they cannot pass the blood-brain barrier, they are not of any value when the central nervous system is involved in which case an arsenical is needed. The arsenicals include Tryparsamide, Melarsen, Melarsoprol (Mel B) and Trimelarsen. Nitrofurazone, an oral trypanoside may be used in cases resistant to arsenic.
(iii) Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by a bug called Triatoma megista.
Transmission to man is not due to bug’s bite but through its faeces.
It causes Chagas’ disease or American trypanosomiasis in South and Central America. Chagas’ disease is similar to sleeping sickness. It causes
- continuous fever,
- lymph glands, spleen and liver are swollen with degeneration of infected cells, and
- disorders of the nervous system.
Contaminated insects are most prevalent in the animal burrows and cracked walls and thatched of rudimentarily constructed residences in largely rural areas. Insect vectors are large, winged varieties (like cockroaches) which leave their hiding places at night to seek out their lowered awareness sleeping hosts in the dark. These insects seem to have a preference for biting the skin in the most exposed areas, usually near the eyes and mouth. Other animals are also targeted including rats, dogs, cats, opossums, and, armadillos. The presence of these near human lodgings increases the transfer to humans. Transfusion related infections are also increasing.
Trypanosoma multiplies in the gut with the infective form passing out with the feces ... which infected insects will pass to the next host. The infected host then has the parasite circulate in the blood to invade cells where they multiply until the cell bursts. The invasion and destruction then continues to spread.
Symptoms.
Most infections do not produce any symptoms.
Symptoms that do appear begin 1 to 3 weeks after being bitten.
Diagnosis often is restricted to symptom consideration as most tests are poor indicators.
Anaemia and injury to heart muscles lead to death.
No permanent cure was suggested for this disease. Recently Melzer and Kollert (1963) suggested successful treatment of a case of T. cruzi with Nitrofurazone tablet, giving a total dosage of 18.375 gm in 27 days.
Benznidazole and nifurtimox are drugs that have also been used.
Disease: Cryptosporidiosis.
INDEX
https://www.thebody.com/index/treat/cryptosp.html
The Body, An HIV/AIDS Resource - InfoNet
June 21, 2012
LINK 2: Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/
chapter/protozoan-infections-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/
2014 (?)
LINK 3: http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
Crytosporidium is a fairly common parasite.
It is found in animals, humans, soil, and water. It can be transmitted easily.
(A) protozoan intestinal illness is cryptosporidiosis, which is usually caused by Cryptosporidium parvum or C. hominis.
These pathogens are commonly found in animals and can be spread in feces from mice, birds, and farm animals.
Contaminated water and food are most commonly responsible for transmission.
The protozoan can also be transmitted through human contact with infected animals or their feces.
Cryptosporidium is widespread in the environment and can be found in lakes and streams.
Cows, pigs, cats, dogs, and other mammals may contribute to the increased numbers of this parasite.
The infective stage is the oocyst which is about half the size of a red blood cell.
Less than 10 organisms can cause an infection. Humans can be infected at any time in their lives, but only previous exposure to the parasite results in either full or partial immunity. This disease may be one of those underreported causes of illness because most people ... that are infected ... assume that it is some type of influenza with diarrhea and abdominal cramps.
The life cycle begins in humans with the ingestion of the oocyst.
This is the resistant stage found in the environment. The preferred site of infection is the last part of the small intestine, where it can penetrate individual skin cells. Multiple divisions occur until the parasite reaches a phase where it can reproduce itself indefinitely. A resistant wall (Cyst phase) is formed around some of them in one part of its life cycle and passed out with the stool into the environment.
Each generation can develop and mature in as little as 12 to 14 hours.
Because of its rapid life cycle, plus its ability to reinfect its host, huge numbers of organisms can colonize the intestinal tract in several days. When the lower part of the small intestine becomes too crowded, the parasite often moves to other locations, such as higher up in the small intestines or further down to the large intestine. In people with a suppressed immune system, Cryptosporidium can sometimes be found in the stomach, the ducts of the liver and pancreas, and the respiratory tract.
In the United States, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis generally occur through contamination of the public water supply or contaminated water at water parks, swimming pools, and day-care centers. The risk is greatest in areas with poor sanitation, making the disease more common in developing countries. It was not considered to be a health problem in the USA until 1993 when many people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin became ill with diarrhea after drinking contaminated municipal water. It can become immune to the chlorine often used to treat municipal water supplies. It can also be found in springtime runoffs which may seep into municipal and private wells.
Signs and symptoms include
- watery diarrhea,
- nausea,
- headaches,
- vomiting,
- cramps,
- low grade fever,
- dehydration, and
- weight loss.
The illness is generally self-limiting within a month.
However, immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS, are at particular risk of severe illness or death.
If it combines with another illness, like a virus, it may invade the lung area and become fatal.
In 3rd world countries, it is thought that up to 70% of people may have been exposed to this pathogen.
Blood test surveys in the USA have indicated that 80% of those tested had been infected with Cryptosporidium at some time or other.
Prevention.
There is no medication that prevents crypto.
The best protection is cleanliness. Avoid contact with human or animal wastes. Wash your hands after using the bathroom, gardening, handling dirty laundry or animals, or changing diapers. Crypto can be transmitted through oral-anal sexual activity. Do not swallow water when swimming, since water may be contaminated with human or animal waste containing crypto. Raw oysters may carry crypto.
In some developing countries and in some US cities the public water supply is contaminated with crypto.
Check with your water department. ... consider the following steps:
- Boil drinking or cooking water for one minute; or
- Drink bottled water; or
- Drink filtered water:
---- Use a home filter labeled "1-micron filter" or
----"Meets National Science Foundation (NSF) standard number 53 for cyst removal;" or
---- Drink distilled water.
Bottled water may not be safe if it has not been boiled or filtered correctly.
The best way to prevent infection by crypto is frequent hand washing.
Also, avoid contaminated water, or ice made with contaminated water.
If your local water supply is contaminated with crypto, use only boiled or filtered water for cooking and drinking.
Diagnosis involves direct examination of stool samples, often over multiple days.
As with giardiasis, a stool O&P exam may be helpful. Acid fast staining is often used.
Enzyme immunoassays and molecular analysis (PCR) are available.
Laboratories will have varying degrees of accuracy and may fail to detect cryptosporidium even when present.
The first line of treatment is typically oral rehydration therapy.
Medications are sometimes used to treat the diarrhea.
The (good) treatment for crypto is antiretroviral therapy (ART).
The broad-range anti-parasitic drug nitazoxanide can be used to treat cryptosporidiosis.
Other anti-parasitic drugs that can be used include azithromycin and paromomycin (Humatin).
We can't get rid of the crypto infection.
However, there are ways to control the diarrhea it causes.
These include Imodium, Kaopectate, Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), tincture of opium and similar preparations.
Disease: Cyclosporiasis.
INDEX
https://www.medicinenet.com/cyclospora_infection_cyclosporiasis/article.htm
#is_it_possible_to_prevent_cyclospora_infections
Medical Author: Sandra Gonzalez Gompf, MD, FACP
Medical Editor: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Medically Reviewed on 8/6/2018
LINK 2: Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/
chapter/protozoan-infections-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/
2014 (?)
LINK 3: http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
The intestinal disease Cyclosporiasis is caused by the protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensis.
It is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions and therefore uncommon in the United States, although there have been outbreaks associated with contaminated produce imported from regions where the protozoan is more common.
Cyclospora cayetanensis are autofluorescent under ultraviolet light.
This parasite is transmitted through contaminated food and water and reaches the lining of the small intestine, where it causes infection. Signs and symptoms begin within 7 to 10 days after ingestion. Based on limited data, it appears to be seasonal in ways that differ regionally and that are poorly understood.
Some individuals do not develop signs or symptoms.
Those who do may exhibit
- explosive and watery diarrhea,
- fever,
- nausea,
- headache,
- vomiting,
- cramps,
- bloating,
- itchy skin,
- muscle aches,
- loss of appetite,
- weight loss,
- fatigue, and
- bloating.
These symptoms may last for months without treatment.
Many of these symptoms are shared by anything that results in blood toxicity spread amongst organs, most often from the intestines.
In the USA, 3 minor outbreaks had all been traced to using water contaminated by human fecal waste.
It was later found in Guatemalan raspberries that resulted in 1000 reported cases. The raspberries were not thought to be the original source of the contamination. Soiled hands of pickers, packers, or other handlers are possibilities. Also, in many agricultural countries, an inappropriate rationalization by inadequately educated desperate low income farmers may lead to the application of fecal waste (manure) being sprayed on crops in hopes of added growth through fertilization. The reality is that for fecal waste to be safely used for fertilizer, it must be stockpiled, digested by other bacteria, applied to the soil, and tilled into the soil and allowed to be integrated by soil organisms.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a recommended treatment.
Other drugs often considered by doctors include metronidazole followed by iodoquinol, and paromomylin or diloxanide furoate.
Microscopic examination is used for diagnosis.
A stool O&P examination may be helpful.
The oocysts have a distinctive blue halo when viewed using ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy.
Disease: Acanthamoeba keratitis.
INDEX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoeba_keratitis
last edited on 10 May 2019
LINK 2: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/
acanthamoeba/gen_info/acanthamoeba_keratitis.html
Page last reviewed: November 2, 2010
Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID),
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED)
LINK 3: https://eyewiki.aao.org/Acanthamoeba_Keratitis
Original article contributed by: Erica Bernfeld M.D.
All contributors: Alex Kozak, Brad H. Feldman, M.D., Erica Bernfeld M.D.,
Ryan.C.Plumb.AAO and William T. Door M.D.
last modified on March 27, 2019
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare disease in which amoebae invade the cornea of the eye, and affects roughly 1.2 to 3 million people each year. Acanthamoeba are protozoa found nearly ubiquitously in soil and water, and can cause infections of the skin, eyes, and central nervous system. Infection of the cornea by Acanthamoeba is difficult to treat with conventional medications, and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) may cause permanent visual impairment or blindness, due to damage to the clear portion of the front of the eye (called the cornea) or through damage to other structures important to vision.
In the United States, Acanthamoeba keratitis is nearly always associated with soft contact lens use.
Acanthamoeba spp. is most commonly introduced to the eye by contact lenses that have been exposed to the organism through the use of contaminated lens solution, using homemade saline-based solution or tap water, or from wearing contact lenses while bathing or swimming. However, it may also be introduced to the eye by exposure to soil or vegetation, or by trauma.
Once on the contact lens, Acanthamoeba is able to survive in the space between the contact lens and the surface of the eye.
Soft contact lenses are more adherent to the corneal surface than hard lenses, which allows the Acanthamoeba organism to bind to mannosylated glycoproteins on the corneal surface. Expression of these proteins on the corneal surface is increased by contact lens use. This increase in glycoprotein content, along with microtrauma to the corneal epithelial surface due to contact lens use increases the risk for infection. Once the organism has gained access to the surface of the eye, it is able to invade through the epithelium and Bowman's layer. In some cases, the infection can then group around corneal nerves, producing radial deposits (radial keratoneuritis), and causing extreme pain. These are features also seen in viral and bacterial keratitis, and may be misleading. The organism is also capable of invading deeper into the cornea; using metalloproteases it is able to penetrate deep into the stroma of the cornea. As the disease progresses, it may penetrate through cornea but very rarely causes infection inside the eye (endophthalmitis) due to a robust neutrophil response in the anterior chamber.
While the vast majority of cases of (diagnosed) Acanthamoeba keratitis occur in contact lens wearers, there have been many cases of Acanthamoeba described in those who do not wear contact lenses, especially outside the United States. In non-contact lens users, the greatest risks for developing Acanthamoeba infection are trauma and exposure to contaminated water. Further predisposing factors include contaminated home water supply, and low socioeconomic status. Infection is also more commonly seen in tropical or sub-tropical climates.
Beyond the route of inoculation into the eye and external risk factors, host factors are also likely to play a significant role in the development of Acanthamoeba keratitis. In fact, studies of contact lens users in the UK, Japan, and New Zealand found that 400 to 800 per 10,000 asymptomatic contact lens users had lens storage cases contaminated with Acanthamoeba spp. However, the rate of Acanthamoeba keratitis among these patients was only 0.01 to 1.49 per 10,000 contact lens users. Although the exact host factors have not been fully described, it is likely that corneal epithelial defects, tear film composition, eye surface pH, and level of anti-Acanthamoeba IgA antibodies in the tear film.
Species within the genus, Acanthamoeba, are generally free-living trophozoites.
These trophozoites are relatively ubiquitous and can live in, but are not restricted to, tap water, freshwater lakes, rivers and soil.
In addition to the trophozoite stage, the organism can also form a double-walled cyst which may also be present in the environment, and can be very difficult to eradicate through medical treatment.
Due to the relative rarity of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) compared to other causes of keratitis (bacterial, viral, etc.), it is often misdiagnosed, especially in the early stages of the disease. ...
The symptoms ... include
- decreased or blurred vision,
- sensitivity to light (photophobia),
- redness of the eye (conjunctival hyperemia),
- pain out of proportion to physical exam findings,
- a lack of discharge from the eye.
Early manifestations in the cornea can be seen as punctuate keratopathy, pseudodendrites, and epithelial or subepithelial corneal deposits. These features can lead an examiner to confuse AK with a viral keratitis, such as that caused by Herpes zoster virus or Herpes Simplex Virus. As the disease progresses and infiltrates the corneal stroma, a classic "ring infiltrate" may be present on examination (although this is only seen in about 50% of cases). Corneal ulceration, or in severe cases, perforation, can also occur and may be accompanied by hypopyon.
In cases of keratitis, diagnosis is typically achieved through evaluation of corneal scrapings.
Scrapings are taking from the cornea, and plated on agar for culture, and also can be stained using Gram stain and Giemsa stain to differentiate between bacterial keratitis and AK. To culture Acanthamoeba, scrapings are placed on a non-nutrient agar saline plate seeded with a gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli. If Acanthamoeba are present, they will reproduce readily and become visible on the plate under 10-20X objective on an inverted microscope. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to confirm a diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis, especially when contact lenses are not involved. Confocal microscopy is a non-invasive technique that allows visualization of Acanthamoeba in vivo in cases in which corneal scraping, culture, and cytology do not yield a diagnosis
Multiple classes of drugs have been found to be effective in killing the trophozoite form of Acanthamoeba, including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, and anti-neoplastic agents. However, no single therapy has been found to eliminate both trophozoite and cystic forms, and to eradicate corneal infection.
... medications used in treatment
Biguanides, ... polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) 0.02% to 0.06% drops, and chlorhexidine 0.02 to 0.2% drops.
These medications disrupt the cell wall of the trophozoite organism, leading to its death. However, these agents have shown limited efficacy against the cystic forms. Due to the efficacy of these drugs against the Acanthamoeba, as well as their low toxicity to the cornea, they are commonly used as the first line medications in the treatment of AK. Biguanides have also been found to act synergistically when used in combination with diamidines, with propamidine isethionate and hexamidine being the most commonly used. A limitation of diamidine use is relative corneal toxicity with long term use.
A combined regimen of propamidine, miconazole nitrate, and neomycin has also been suggested.
Due to the potential for negative long term visual outcomes with AK, therapy is usually started with a combination of a biguanide and a diamidine. Early use of high dose dual therapy helps to eliminate both trophozoite and cyst forms of the organism, while also preventing deep penetration of cysts into the corneal stroma. Cysts that are not eradicated from the cornea will cause reoccurrence. The treatment is often initiated by instilling drops onto the surface of the eye every hour, 24 hours a day, for at least the first 48–72 hours. If an appropriate response to therapy, this may be reduced to hourly administrations during the day only, which is continued for several weeks to months.
... topical steroids of anti-inflammatory medications ...
During infection, severe inflammation in the cornea and anterior chamber can cause more severe symptoms including pain and visual disturbance. Topical steroids may be used to reduce this inflammation and thereby alleviate symptoms. However, the role of steroids is typically very limited, because their dampening of the immune response may lead to worsening of the infection. Additionally, steroids can increase the number of trophozoites in the cornea by inducing excystation. Therefore it is typically recommended that steroids be used briefly to aid in symptom resolution, and that anti-amoebic agents be used both during, and for several weeks after topical steroid use.
Disease: Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (Naegleriasis).
INDEX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naegleriasis
last edited on 30 May 2019
LINK 2: http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
Naegleriasis (also known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis) is an infection of the brain by the free-living unicellular eukaryote Naegleria fowleri. Naegleria fowleri is also known as the "brain-eating amoeba". The term "brain-eating amoeba" has also been applied to Balamuthia mandrillaris, causing some confusion between the two; Balamuthia mandrillaris is unrelated to Naegleria fowleri, however, and causes a different disease called granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Unlike naegleriasis, which is usually seen in people with normal immune function, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is usually seen in people with poor immune function, such as those with HIV/AIDS or leukemia.
This form of nervous system infection by amoeba was first documented in Australia in 1965.
In 1966, four cases were reported in the USA. By 1968 the causative organism, previously thought to be a species of Acanthamoeba or Hartmannella, was identified as Naegleria. This same year, occurrence of 16 cases over a period of two years (1963–1965) was reported in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia. In 1970, the species of amoeba was named N. fowleri
Australian physicians Fowler and Carter first described human disease caused by ameba-flagellates in Adelaide in 1965. Their work on ameba-flagellates has provided an example of how a protozoan can effectively live both freely in the environment, and in a human host. Since 1965, more than 144 cases have been confirmed in different countries. In 1966, Fowler termed the infection resulting from N. fowleri, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) to distinguish this central nervous system (CNS) invasion from other secondary invasions made by other amoebae such as Entamoeba histolytica. A retrospective study determined the first documented case of PAM possibly occurred in Britain in 1909.
N. fowleri is typically found in warm bodies of fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and hot springs.
It is also found in soil, poorly maintained municipal water supplies, water heaters, near warm-water discharges of industrial plants, and in poorly chlorinated or unchlorinated swimming pools, in an amoeboid or temporary flagellate stage. There is no evidence of it living in salt water. As the disease is rare, it is often not considered. Symptoms are similar to those of meningitis.
Although infection occurs very rarely, it nearly always results in death, with a case fatality rate greater than 95%
Since its first description in the 1960s, only 7 people worldwide have been reported to have survived PAM as of 2015, including 3 in the United States and one in Mexico; one of the US survivors had brain damage that is probably permanent. Less than 1% of people with naegleriasis survive.
Signs and symptoms
Onset of symptoms begins 1 to 9 days following exposure (with an average of 5).
Initial symptoms include
- changes in taste and smell,
- headache,
- fever,
- nausea,
- vomiting,
- back pain,
- stiff neck
Secondary:
- confusion,
- hallucinations,
- lack of attention,
- ataxia,
- cramp,
- seizures,
- death.
After the start of symptoms, the disease progresses rapidly over 3 to 7 days, with death usually occurring anywhere from 7 to 14 days later, although it can take longer. In 2013, a man in Taiwan died 25 days after being infected by Naegleria fowleri.
It affects healthy children or young adults who have recently been exposed to bodies of fresh water.
Some people have presented with a clinical triad of edematous brain lesions, immune suppression, and fever.
N. fowleri invades the central nervous system via the nose, specifically through the olfactory mucosa of the nasal tissues. This usually occurs as the result of the introduction of water that has been contaminated with N. fowleri into the nose during activities such as swimming, bathing, or nasal irrigation.
The amoeba follows the olfactory nerve fibers through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone into the skull.
There, it migrates to the olfactory bulbs and subsequently other regions of the brain, where it feeds on the nerve tissue, resulting in significant necrosis and bleeding.
The organism then begins to consume cells of the brain, piecemeal, by means of an amoebostome, a unique actin-rich sucking apparatus extended from its cell surface. It then becomes pathogenic, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM or PAME).
Naegleria, in contrast to other amoebae, differentiates within two hours into the flagellate state.
Pathogenicity can be further confirmed by exposure to high temperature (42 °C): Naegleria fowleri is able to grow at this temperature, but the nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi is not.
Risk can be reduced by ... wearing of nose-clips to prevent insufflation of contaminated water would be effective protection against contracting PAM, noting that "You'd have to have water going way up in your nose to begin with".
Disease: Blastocystis hominis.
INDEX
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: Blastocystis hominis.
http://www.badbugs.org/
A special thanks to Jackie Delaney.
LINK 3:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocystis
Revised: 2008-08-02
Genetic classification :
Blastocystis has presented a challenge to the medical and scientific community due to the diversity of hosts the organism can infect, the diversity of Blastocystis species which exist, and the fact that most species of Blastocystis found in mammals and birds are able to cause infection in humans. The organism has been called controversial, cryptic, and enigmatic. Even its classification has proved challenging. Blastocystis was originally classified as a yeast, then as a protozoan. An analysis of gene sequences was finally performed in 1996, which placed it into the Stramenopile kingdom.
For many years, scientists believed one species of Blastocystis infected humans, while different species of Blastocystis infected other animals. So they called Blastocystis from humans Blastocystis hominis and gave different species names to Blastocystis from other animals, for example Blastocystis ratti from rats. Various genetic analysis showed Blastocystis hominis as a unique entity does not really exist -- there is no single species of Blastocystis that infects humans.
In fact, nine distinct 'species' of Blastocystis (as defined by genetic differences) can infect humans, including those previously called Blastocystis ratti. Because of this, in 2007 scientists proposed discontinuing the use of the term Blastocystis hominis. Their proposal is to refer to Blastocystis from humans and animals as Blastocystis sp. subtype nn where nn is a number from 1 to 9 assigned to each species group.
Four common forms of Blastocystis hominis.
Vacuolar form
The vacuolar form is the typical cell form of Blastocystis seen in culture and is often used for the identification of the organism. These vacuolar forms vary greatly in size, with diameters ranging between 2 µm and 200 µm. The vacuolar form is otherwise known as central body form because it has a large central vacuole surrounded by a thin band of peripheral cytoplasm which contains other organelles. Flocculent material has been described as being scattered unevenly throughout the vacuole. The function of the vacuole is still unclear.
Granular form
The granular form is somewhat morphologically similar to the vacuolar forms except that distinct granules are observed in the central vacuole and / or cytoplasm. Within the central vacuole, these granules appear in different forms too. Three types were suggested – metabolic, lipid, and reproductive granules. Metabolic granules play a role in chemical processes that are necessary for the maintenance of life in the organism.
Amoeboid form
The other form that exists is the amoeboid form. The amoeboid form of Blastocystis is non-motile and strongly adhesive. A research study has reported that amoeboid forms are produced only in cultures taken from symptomatic individuals, with asymptomatic individuals producing exclusively vacuolar forms. ... it suggested the symptoms could be due to the accumulation of the strongly adhesive amoeboid forms on the host's intestinal wall. ...
Cyst form
The Blastocystis cyst form is a more recent discovery and has helped in the advancement of understanding the way the infection is transmitted. As compared to the other forms, it is generally smaller in size and has a thick multilayered cyst wall. It lacks a central vacuole and few nuclei, multiple vacuoles and food storage deposits were observed. The cyst form is the most resistant form of this parasite and is able to survive in harsh conditions because of its thick multilayered cyst wall. Experiments have been carried out to show its ability to withstand acidic gastric juices. Besides, the cysts did not lyse when placed in distilled water and could survive well at room temperature for up to 19 days, indicating its strong resistance. In another experiment, the cyst form was even able to survive in culture medium containing antiprotozoal drugs! ...
With the distraction and weakening of the immune function through decreased assimilation, disrupted elimination, and increased toxins in the blood and lymph, any predisposed genetic weaknesses will be heightened, and, any background parasitic presence or organ weaknesses will be heightened. Compacted stools and constipation may replace the more usual loose stools. Any and all of these possibilities complicate the expression of symptoms and lessen the likelihood of accurate diagnosis and treatment.
B. hominis was first described in 1911, but may have been mistaken for “cholera bodies” as early as 1949. B. hominis was thought to be a yeast or a fungus until 1996, when a small piece of ribosomal RNA analysis placed it in the group of protozoa known as Stramenopiles. Aside from resemblance of its rRNA, B. hominis does not share many similarities with the other Stramenopile. More recent analysis support the Stramenopile classification.
"... feeling ill and weak, and suffering " bad headaches on the right side of my head that I felt as if I was having a stroke. I am only 27 years old and I felt like I was 80. I was weak, light headed, I had a low grade fever, terrible stomach cramps, I lost my appetite, could not sleep, I was losing weight, dizziness and light-headedness."
"fatigue, low energy levels, soft stool" and "poor memory/mental fogginess"
The Institute of Parasitic Diseases (IPD) did a study and found that half of the people tested had
Blastocystis hominis. It was found in more stool specimens than any other parasite (and is NOT tested for in any Canadian medical lab). On a blood test there may be an increase in a particular white blood cell called eosophils due to being infected with this parasite. Infections are more frequent in adult males and in immune compromised persons with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. It may take repeated and long-term exposure to establish an infection. There is not a cyst or larvae stage ... This organism infects the intestines where the small intestine meets the colon. It is hard to eradicate because of its ability to lodge itself in the wall of the intestine.
Symptoms.
In some healthy individuals this parasite does not cause any symptoms.
Other people suffer from gastrointestinal illness ....
- abdominal pains or cramps,
- nausea,
- vomiting,
- gas,
- diarrhea,
- fever,
- sleeplessness,
- dizziness, and
- fatigue.
It is also associated with chronic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. ... arthritis ...
Other symptoms include
- weight loss,
- headaches,
- allergies,
- nervous disorders,
- itchiness, and
- muscle problems.
The toxic byproducts from this parasite can lead to autoimmune reactions.
Disease: Dientamoeba Fragilis.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/
factsheets/Pages/dientamoeba-fragilis.aspx
NSW Ministry of Health
Locked Mail Bag 961
North Sydney NSW 2059
Australia
Last updated: 01 November 2015
This is a parasite of the large intestine in humans.
It is considered one of the most frequent parasite infections in the USA, especially in day care centers and other urban areas. It lives as a larva in the intestinal tract, cecum, and colon.
Detection by laboratory testing is difficult and many persons go undetected.
It can also be found in the eggs of some worms, especially pinworms, which can also be close to endemic at times.
Drugs often medically suggested include iodoquinol and paromomycin.
Disease: Entamoeba Histolytica.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: 8 Diseases from Protozoan.
http://www.med-health.net/Protozoan-Diseases.html
2013-09-18
LINK 3: Protozoan Diseases and Humans.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/invertebrate-zoology/
protozoa/protozoan-diseases-and-humans/28395
Article Shared by Richa Shah
2019-05-22
LINK 4: Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/
chapter/protozoan-infections-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract/
2014 (?)
Amoebiasis was named as an illness in 1969 by the World Health Organization as a condition determined by Entamoeba Histolytica.
This disease is caused by the sarcodina group of protozoa.
They secrete enzymes that are then absorbed by the tissue of the host.
Amoebiasis is transmitted through contact with infected feces.
Food and water contaminated by feces is the most common route of transmission, however, oral contact with fecal matter can also cause infection. Sometimes there are no visible symptoms and the amoeba can live as part of the normal bowel flora.
When it becomes pathogenic some
SYMPTOMS include
- loose stools with
- varying amounts of blood,
- diarrhea,
- flatulence,
- cramps,
- bloating,
- fatigue,
- anemia,
- weight loss,
- abdominal pain,
- abdominal distention,
- tenderness in the abdominal area, liver and colon,
- ulcerations and abscesses,
- slight fever,
- intestinal blockage,
- an inflamed colon.
Disease from this infection can last for years, and even longer when not diagnosed and treated.
The parasite may invades the soft tissues, most commonly the liver ... and form masses that can lead to intestinal obstruction. Bacterial infections may complicate the disease by concealing, adding to, or transforming the symptoms, and, further weakening the immune system.
Amoebiasis, also known as amoebic dysentery, is caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
Infection generally occurs through drinking water. The trophozoite of E. histolytica penetrates the wall of the colon, secretes histolytic enzymes and feeds upon its cells causing ulcers.
These ulcers rupture and discharge mucus and blood into the intestine that pass along with stools and results in amoebic dysentery. If the infection is allowed to continue the parasite may reach the liver, lungs and brain where it causes abscesses which prove fatal.
Infected persons may show no clinical symptoms resulting in the possibility of many undetected cases and a frequency much larger than reported. It can become life-threatening and the reasons for this level of toxicity are unknown (2019).
There is no intermediate host in the life cycle of E. histolytica.
Transmission of the parasite from (person) to (person) takes place through the tetra nucleate cysts.
Before the cyst-formation the trophozoite changes into a smaller minuta form, which then encysts to form a tetra nucleate cyst.
Once it reaches the small intestine it grows and multiplies in the open spaces and feeds on bacteria, tissue, and/or blood cells. It can penetrate the wall of the intestine where stool is stagnant, as in diverticulosis pockets.
These tetra nucleate cysts are voided with the faecal and contaminated water and food and are then transmitted into new hosts. Faecal contamination of drinking water, vegetables and food are the primary causes. Eating of uncooked vegetables and fruits which have been fertilised with infected human faeces has often led to the occurrence of disease.
Occasionally drinking water supply contaminated with infected faeces gives rise to epidemics. Houseflies may transmit cysts while passing from faeces to unprotected foodstuffs. The cysts of E. histolytica have been found in the droppings of cockroaches which also serve as a source of infection. Dogs and cats can become infected, though they are not presumed to be transmission vectors of note. It may be spread by sexual contact (anal-oral sex) as well by soiled hands and clothing. Day care centers are also a transmission vector. In rural areas, wells may be drilled too close to septic tanks and their weeping beds, or, runoff from cattle raising areas may contaminate wells. Occasionally, colonic irrigation services may service multiple clients yet not have taken non-return valve cautions to keep separate the flushing on one person's colon from another ... leading to possible cross-contamination.
Other amoebic forms may be interchangeable forms of Entamoeba Histolytica that mutate under conditions of biological stress/challenge (including the presence of heavy metals, other pathogens, poor diet, GMO triggers, viral catalysts) and/or psycological conflicts (fear, anger, rage, depression, grief).
Entamoeba hartmann may test positive after a person has been treated for Entamoeba Histolytica.
A person with pathogenic Entamoeba hartmann may experience only one of the following Symptoms:
- diarrhea,
- flatulence,
- cramps,
- bloating,
- irritable bowel,
- allergies,
- nausea,
- pain,
- respiratory difficulties,
- nervous system difficulties,
- skin disorders.
An oral amoebic version is Entamoeba gingavalis, found in the area between the teeth and gums and around the jaw bone. This can result in a number of mouth disease disorders and can encourage the appearance of other pathogen problems including fungal diseases. It is often encouraged by the presence of aging or broken mercury amalgam fillings whose mercury outgasing encourages mutations of organisms, into pathogenic variations.
TESTING for Entamoeba Histolytica is difficult in that it is often only diagnosed in stools samples, yet, as many as 7 or more samples taken at different times and days may be required to detect a present infection. The cysts are very resistant to testing chemicals and can survive for as long as 72 hours in chlorine solutions as well as surviving in water for up to 1 month, and at temperatures of 122 defrees F. Also, with variations in testing procedures and degrees of accuracy varying from lab to lab, a dismissal of diagnosis is frequently incorrect.
Amoebiasis is endemic in tropical countries.
Doctors frequently prescribe
- Emetine,
- Fumagillin,
- Metronidazole,
- Tinidazole,
- Terramycin,
- Erythromycin,
- Aureomycin and
- Chloroquine,
- etc.
There is some evidence that the treatment of Entamoeba Histolytica can make the patient more resistant to future amoebic invasiveness.
Disease: Endolimax Nana.
INDEX
http://www.woodlandbooks.com
-- Book - : The Parasite Menace.
Woodland Publishing,
P.O. Box 160, Pleasant Grove, Utah, USA 84062
1-800-777-2665
by Skye Weintraub, N.D. --- 2000
LINK 2: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4778187/
Systematic review on Endolimax nana: A less well studied intestinal ameba.
by Casper Sahl Poulsen and Christen Rune Stensvold
Trop Parasitol. --- 2016 Jan-Jun; 6(1): 8–29.
LINK 3: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383306/
Mitanshu Shah, Christopher Bryan Tan, Dhyan Rajan, Shadab Ahmed,
Krishnaiyer Subramani, Kaleem Rizvon, and Paul Mustacchiac
Case Rep Gastroenterol. --- 2012 May-Aug; 6(2): 358–364.
This is one of the smallest intestinal amoebas and was not recognized as a pathogen until the late 1990s.
It lives in the lower bowel (colon), yet can move to other parts of the body.
Research and rationalized projection (which is often incorrect) has suggested a connection between Endolimax Nana and rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, and hives.
It is common to find reports on associations between diarrhea and Endolimax infections.
This association may at least in part be explained by Endolimax being an indicator of fecal contamination, which may often entail co-infection by other organisms capable of causing diarrhea.
Blastocystis hominis and Endolimax nana exist as two separate parasitic organisms; however co-infection with the two individual parasites has been well documented. Although often symptomatic in immunocompromised individuals, the pathogenicity of the organisms in immunocompetent subjects causing gastrointestinal symptoms has been debated, with studies revealing mixed results. Clinically, both B. hominis and E. nana infection may result in acute or chronic diarrhea, generalized abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, flatulence and anorexia. Co-infection of these organisms occurs due to their identical mode of transmissions, via the fecal-oral route and ingestion of cysts from contaminated water supplies. In healthy individuals, the prevalence of B. hominis and E. nana is 10–15% worldwide, with higher rates in underdeveloped countries (and) in immunocompetent subjects.
Most data on E. nana have emerged from general surveys of intestinal parasites in selected cohorts and mostly in the absence of any particular focus on Endolimax. Hence, the genus of Endolimax remains largely unexplored in terms of morphology, taxonomy, genetic diversity, host specificity, and epidemiology.
Endolimax appears to respond well to both metronidazole and diphetarsone treatment.
Metronidazole has been shown to be an effective treatment option for both B. hominis and E. nana infection.
Nitazoxanide and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole have also been reported to be effective in cases of metronidazole resistance.
Disease: Balamuthia mandrillaris.
INDEX
Also known as: Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balamuthia_mandrillaris
2019-07-31
LINK 2: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4326988/
Balamuthia mandrillaris: Morphology, biology, and virulence.
by Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui and Naveed Ahmed Khan
Tropical Parasitol. 2015 Jan-Jun; 5(1): 15–22.
Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba that is known to cause the deadly neurological condition known as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Balamuthia mandrillaris does not feed on bacteria (at least in laboratory conditions). Instead, Balamuthia must be cultured on primate liver or human brain microvascular endothelial cells (the cells that constitute the blood–brain barrier). Itis also known as Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE).
B. mandrillaris is found in the soil and water and was first discovered in 1986 in the brain of a mandrill that died in the San Diego Wild Animal Park. B. mandrillaris can infect the body through skin wounds or by inhaling the dust containing Balamuthia.
Balamuthia has been isolated in nature.
It is believed to be distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world.
This is supported somewhat by the presence of antibodies to Balamuthia present in healthy individuals.
The genus name Balamuthia was given by Govinda Visvesvara (b. September 28, 1931), in honor of his late mentor, the renowned parasitologist William Balamuth (1914–1981) for his contributions to the studies of parasitic and free-living amoebae.
It was in 1993 when Visvesvara isolated and studied the pathogen for the first time
B. mandrillaris is larger than human leukocytes, thus making phagocytosis impossible.
Instead, the immune system attempts to contain them at the portal of entry by mounting a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
They may enter the body through the lower respiratory tract or through open wounds.
An indicator lesion is usually localised and very slow to heal, or fails to heal altogether.
In some presentations, the infection may be mistaken for certain forms of skin cancer or leishmaniasis.
Balamuthia lesions on the face often cause swelling.
Symptoms:
- skin lesions,
- focal paralysis,
- seizures,
- facial paralysis,
- difficulty swallowing,
- double vision,
- headache,
- fever,
- characteristic skin lesions,
- stiff neck,
- nausea,
- sleepiness,
- mood swings,
- hemiparesis,
- aphasia,
- vomiting,
- acute confused state,
- cranial nerve palsies,
- increased intracranial pressure,
- brain edema,
- death
The risk factors for patients suffering from the(se) diseases include exposure to contaminated water such as swimming pools, on beaches, or working with garden soil. The clinical symptoms resemble viral or bacterial meningitis, leptomeningitis, and tuberculous meningitis.
The routes of entry include the respiratory tract, leading to amoebae invasion of the intravascular space followed by hematogenous spread. Alternatively skin lesions may provide direct amoebal entry into the bloodstream. Of note, are the (2005) studies using animal models, which show the gastrointestinal tract as a possible route of entry. Amoebal invasion of the CNS most likely occurs at the sites of the blood-brain barrier. Other routes of entry may include amoebal invasion of the nasal mucosa and migration along nerve fibers, followed by invasion of the olfactory bulb.
It is thought that the cutaneous and respiratory infections can lasts for months, but the involvement of the CNS can lead to fatal consequences within days or weeks.
The cutaneous form of the infection is often overshadowed by the CNS involvement.
In this form, the disease is likely to take a cutaneous route before secondarily attacking the CNS.
The time period of transition from the cutaneous form to the CNS ranges from 30 days to 2 years, with an average of 5–8 months. The skin lesions may appear at the site of an abrasion of the skin surface of the patient, or lesions can appear as single or multiple plaques or nodules. These plaques may appear on the face, the trunk or the limbs, with a rubbery to hard consistency.
Balamuthia's lifecycle, .. consists of a cystic stage and a non-flagellated trophozoite stage, both of which are infectious, and both of which can be identified as inclusions in the brain tissue on microscopic examination of brain biopsies performed on infected individuals. The trophozoite is pleomorphic and uninucleated, but binucleated forms are occasionally seen. Cysts are also uninucleated, possessing three walls: an outer thin irregular ectocyst, an inner thick endocyst, and a middle amorphous fibrillar mesocyst.
B. mandrillaris has two stages in its life cycle, an active trophozoite stage during which it divides mitotically.
However, under unfavorable conditions, the trophozoite transforms into a dormant cyst stage.
The trophozoites contain numerous mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and divide by asexual reproduction that occurs by binary fission. The trophozoites form broad pseudopodia and exhibit filamentous structures. Under harsh conditions (lack of food, extremes in osmolarity, pH and temperatures, increasing density of parasite populations), the amoebae switch into a dormant cyst stage a process known as “encystment.” B. mandrillaris cysts are resistant to repeated freeze–thawing (5 times), temperatures of up to 70°C, 0.5% SDS, 25 ppm chlorine, 10 mg pentamidine isethionate per mL and 200 mJ ultraviolet irradiation cm2.
... given the amoebistatic response of B. mandrillaris to the classical antifungal compound, ketoconazole, it is likely that their membranes contain ergosterol. This is not surprising, given that Balamuthia is a close relative of Acanthamoeba, and ergosterol is known to be a major sterol membrane component of Acanthamoeba. Of note, ergosterol biosynthesis is limited to fungi and protozoa while human cells contain cholesterol. Thus, ergosterol biosynthesis can be exploited to interfere with the biological processes of B. mandrillaris without harming the host. B. mandrillaris does not feed on Gram-negative bacteria.
... the ability of B. mandrillaris to produce human diseases is a multifactorial process and among other factors, is dependent on their ability to survive outside its mammalian host for various times and under diverse environmental conditions (high osmolarity, varying temperatures, food deprivation, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs). It is most likely the cyst stage that allows B. mandrillaris to overcome such conditions. Consequently, the ability of B. mandrillaris to switch its phenotype can be considered as contributory factors toward disease and are indicated as indirect virulence factors.
Encystment ensures the survival of the organism in adverse environmental conditions.
The trophozoites emerge from the cysts under favorable conditions and actively reproduce, thus completing the life cycle.
A major concern during the course of therapy is that B. mandrillaris can transform into cysts.
Cysts are highly resistant to physical and chemical conditions and present a problem in successful antimicrobial chemotherapy. Several lines of evidence suggest that B. mandrillaris encephalitis develops as a result of hematogenous spread, but it is unclear how circulating amoebae enter the central nervous system and cause inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuronal injury.
While the number of infections due to B. mandrillaris is fairly low, the difficulty in diagnosis, lack of awareness, problematical treatment of BAE, and the resulting fatal consequences highlights that this infection is of great concern, not just for humans but also for animals.[
Balamuthia can produce encephalitis in relatively immunocompetent individuals, leading almost always to death.
This is of particular concern in view of
(i) The increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients
(ii) the excessive use of antibiotics
(iii) global warming with increased outdoor activities
adding to the ubiquity of these pathogens, thus increased exposure to the susceptible hosts etc.
The majority of B. mandrillaris encephalitis cases are reported from the Americas; this may be due to greater research interests on the part of investigators in this region. As physicians and researchers elsewhere become more familiar with this pathogen, patterns may change in the future.
Several recipients of kidney transplants were diagnosed to have acquired Balamuthia with the organ and were treated.
Successful treatments have included flucytosine, pentamidine, fluconazole, sulfadiazine, a macrolide antibiotic and trifluoperazine.
Disease: Sarcocystosis.
INDEX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcocystis
2019-08-19
Sarcocystis is a genus of parasites, the majority of species infecting mammals, and some infecting reptiles and birds.
Hoareosporidium is now considered a synonym of Sarcocystis. The original type species was Sarcocystis miescheriana. Its description has since been considered less than satisfactory and S. muris has been proposed as the type species. Isospora hominis has been reclassified as Sarcocystis hominis.
The lifecycle of a typical member of this genus involves two host species, a definitive host and an intermediate host.
Often, the definitive host is a predator and the intermediate host is its prey.
The parasite reproduces sexually in the gut of the definitive host, is passed with the feces, and ingested by the intermediate host. There, it eventually enters muscle tissue. When the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, the cycle is completed. The definitive host usually does not show any symptoms of infection, but the intermediate host does. In some cases, a single species may act as both the definitive and intermediate hosts.
About 130 recognized species are in this genus.
Revision of the taxonomy of the genus is ongoing, and all the currently recognised species may be a much smaller number of species that can infect multiple hosts. These protozoa are mostly found in mammals. Because of initial confusion over the taxonomy of this parasite, it was originally referred to as Isospora hominis (in humans).
Symptoms:
- norexia,
- nausea,
- abdominal pain,
- distension,
- diarrhea,
- vomiting,
- dyspnea,
- tachycardia,
- eosinophilia
- acute fever,
- myalgias,
- bronchospasm,
- pruritic rashes,
- lymphadenopathy,
- subcutaneous nodules associated with eosinophilia,
- elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate,
- elevated creatinine kinase levels.
Symptoms may last as long as five years.
The organism was first recognised in a mouse by Miescher in 1843.
Similar structures were found in pig muscle in 1865, but these remained unnamed until 1899, when the name Sarcocystis miescheriana was proposed for them.
Initially, whether these organisms were fungi or protozoa was unclear.
This uncertainty was resolved in 1967 when electron microscopic studies showed that they were protozoa, related to Toxoplasma and Eimeria. The lifecycle remained unknown until 1970, when bradyzoites from sarcocysts in bird muscles were inoculated into cultured mammalian cells and seen to undergo development into sexual stages and oocysts. Transmission studies with Sarcocystis of cattle (then considered a single species — Sarcocystis fusiformis) in dogs, cats, and humans revealed 3 morphologically distinct species, which were named S. bovicanis, S. bovifelis, and S. bovihominis.
Infection can be prevented by cooking the meat before eating.
Alternatively, freezing the meat at -5°C for several days before ingestion kills the sporocysts.
Because infection is rarely symptomatic, treatment is rarely required.
Amprolium and salinomycin were effective in preventing severe illness and death in experimentally infected calves and lambs. These agents have not been tried in humans to date.
Disease: Rhinosporidiosis.
INDEX
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinosporidiosis
2019-07-27
Rhinosporidiosis is an infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi.
This organism was previously considered to be a fungus, ....
It is now considered to be a protist classified under Mesomycetozoea.
There is some evidence that DNA extracted from purified uncontaminated round bodies (Rhinosporidium seeberi) is of cyanobacterial origin.
Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease affecting the mucous membrane of nasopharynx, oropharynx, conjunctiva, rectum and external genitalia. Though the floor of the nose and inferior turbinate are the most common sites, the lesions may appear elsewhere too.
Traumatic inoculation from one site to others is common.
Laryngeal rhinosporidiosis, too, has been described and may be due to inoculation from the nose during endotracheal intubation.
After inoculation, the organism replicates locally, resulting in hyperplasia of host tissue and localised immune response.
Symptoms & Diagnosis:
- Unilateral nasal obstruction
- Epistaxis
- Local pruritus
- Rhinorrhea
- Coryza (rhinitis) with sneezing
- Post nasal discharge with cough
- Foreign body sensation
- History of exposure to contaminated water
- Increased tearing and photo phobia in cases of infection of palpebral conjunctiva
- Pink to deep red polyps
- Strawberry like appearance
- Bleeds easily upon manipulation
Diagnosis: confirmed by biopsy and histopathology
- several round or oval sporangia and spores which may be seen bursting through its chitinous wall
Treatment
Surgical excision - wide excision with wide area electro-coagulation of the lesion base
Medical treatment is not so effective but treatment with a year-long course of dapsone has been reported
Product: Berberine, Thorne Research.
INDEX
https://www.thorne.com/products/dp/berberine-500
Retail: C$47.00 -- USA $33.55
LINK 2: https://www.amazon.com/
Thorne-Research-Berberine-500-Botanical-Metabolism/dp/B009LI7VRC
Amazon: USA $33.55 -- Special: USA $31.87
Link 3: https://well.ca/products/thorne-research-berberine-500_141056.html
Regular: C$23.99 --- 60 Vegetarian Capsules
500 mg -- 60 caps
a versatile botanical compound with wide application
- 500 mg Berberine HCl per capsule
- higher amount to help maintain healthy blood sugar metabolism*
- supports healthy lipid levels*
- provides cardiovascular support*
- a constituent of many herbs, including barberry (the source in this product), Oregon grape, goldenseal, and Coptis
Berberine is an alkaloid that is present in a number of plants, including
- Berberis vulgaris (barberry),
- Berberis aristata (tree turmeric),
- Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape),
- Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), and
- Coptis chinensis (goldthread).
This important plant extract demonstrates important benefits for
- glucose metabolism,
- maintenance of healthy lipid levels,
- insulin sensitivity,
- cardiac support,
- weight management,
- gastrointestinal health,
- immune modulation, and
- cognitive support.
FEEDBACK:
- Ok, so this supplement was a complete blessing in disguise!
I originally ordered this to help with my acne and inflammation.
While it didn't do anything for my acne initially (I took two bottles worth) it DID expel parasites from my body!
After taking this I started to get stomach distress which it indicates on the bottle can happen. I started to bloat too. Then after almost three weeks I started to expel round worms and pin worms in my stool! Little did I know that this stuff does in fact kill parasites!!
- This has been a miracle drug to the person for whom I purchased it because they are insulin resistant (apparently many people are who do not know it). The person lost an incredible amount of weight as a direct result of taking this version of berberine. The only side effect seems to be a more active bowel movement schedule. Not diarrhea, just more and looser BMs.
If you are having an insulin resistance problem i.e. you can't lose weight no matter how much you exercise and cut calories you (could) consider looking into whether you are insulin resistant and taking berberine. ...
- As a woman with PCO/Insulin Resistance, everyday is a constant struggle to feel good and not gain 50 lbs from eating ... well, ANYTHING. After years of metformin and then thyroid medication, I really felt like I was never going to be in good shape & health, no matter how much I worked out and ate well.
Then my Naturopath told me about Thorne's Berberine.
About 4 weeks into taking this natural miracle, I'm effortlessly fitting into my ridiculously skinny jeans and feel better than I have in maybe forever.
Product: Cloves, New Roots, Ground, capsules.
INDEX
https://www.nationalnutrition.ca/new-roots-cloves-500mg-100-caps.html
Reg.: $14.58 --- Sale: $13.12 --- (Save $1.46) --- June 13, 2019
Order Code: NR0445 --- UPC: 628747102506
LINK 2: Cloves, Myrtaceae, Syzygium evergreen.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove
last updated: 16 June 2019
LINK 3: https://realfoodrebel.com/9-powerful-herbs-for-parasites/
December 19, 2015 --- Brenda Cosentino
Features:
- Relieves tooth pain
- Clove oil is highly antiseptic.
- Helps control vomiting.
- The main active component is eugenol, which kills bacteria, parasites & fungus.
- By killing bacteria, eugenol helps keep meat fresh and prevents stomach upset, traveler’s diarrhea and wound infections.
New Roots Herbal 500 mg Cloves
Cloves are the rich, brown, dried, unopened flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum, an evergreen tree in the myrtle family.
The name comes from the French "clou" meaning nail. Used in China for more than two thousand years, legend has it that cloves are an aphrodisiac. Although there isn't any evidence to back this claim, we do know that oil of clove is a time-honored remedy for toothaches. Clove oil is highly antiseptic. There are many proven benefits when using cloves: it relieves tooth pain and has an antiemetic action that helps control vomiting.
This herb keeps food fresh because the main active component of cloves is eugenol, which has long been known to help kill bacteria, parasites and viruses. By killing bacteria, eugenol helps keep meat fresh and prevents stomach upset, traveler's diarrhea and wound infections.
This herb is also used for combating intestinal problems such as indigestion, and laboratory studies have shown its effectiveness. It has been used in Asia for thousands of years for many ailments. There is an ingredient in cloves that fights the bacteria responsible for creating diarrhea, and has a history as a relief for such problems.
Studies show that the oil in cloves can help kill several strains of Staphylococcus bacteria and one strain of Pseudomonas, organisms that can cause skin infections. To treat cuts, empty one capsule mixing with water to form a paste. Apply the poultice directly to the site of the cut. Cover it with a warm towel.
Cloves contain eugenol, caryophyllene, and tannins which have powerful anti-microbial properties – these components are what actually travel in the bloodstream killing microscopic parasites and all parasitic larvae and eggs. Eugonal is one of the most powerful anti-microbial agents known. Eugonal kills all microscopic protoza and removes parasite eggs at every stage of development. Because of the bioactive chemicals of clove, the spice may be used as an ant repellent.
Cloves are tremendously effective in killing malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, scabies and other parasitic infections as well as viruses, bacteria and fungi, including candida. Cloves also destroy pseudomonas aeruginosa, all species of Shigella, staph and strep.
Product: Coconut Oil, Tropical Traditions.
INDEX
p-coconut-oil.htm
Coconut oil is rich in lauric acid, which is known for being anti-viral, antibacterial and anti-fungal.
Coconut oil is also being used by thyroid sufferers to increase body metabolism, and to lose weight.
Virgin coconut oil is also used for making natural soaps and other health products, as it is one of the healthiest things one can put on their skin.
Much research on the nutritional and medicinal benefits on coconut oil has surfaced in recent years.
Much of that research has been done by Dr. Mary Enig. Dr. Enig has classified coconuts as a "functional food," which provides health benefits over and beyond the basic nutrients. She has specifically identified lauric acid as a key ingredient in coconut products:
"Approximately 50% of the fatty acids in coconut fat are lauric acid. Lauric acid is a medium chain fatty acid, which has the additional beneficial function of being formed into monolaurin in the human or animal body. Monolaurin is the anti-viral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal monoglyceride used by the human or animal to destroy lipid coated viruses such as HIV, herpes, cytomegalovirus, influenza, various pathogenic bacteria including listeria monocytogenes and heliobacter pylori, and protozoa such as giardia lamblia. Some studies have also shown some antimicrobial effects of the free lauric acid."
As a "functional food," coconut oil is now being recognized by the medical community as a powerful tool against immune diseases.
Product: Garlic Active Principles, Cyto-Matrix.
INDEX
http://www.cyto-matrix.com/p_garlic_active_principles.php
All products formulated by naturopathic doctors.
Cyto-Matrix products are distributed exclusively through
licensed health care practitioners and specialty pharmacies.
Retail: $78.00 -- 90 caps -- 2017-11
Garlic Active Principles (G.A.P.)™ is a new and unique composition of highly standardized garlic active principles.
This clinically proven formula targets patients with metabolic syndrome by rebalancing all lipid parameters and reducing fatty mass through the reduction of triglycerides in the adipocytes.
Garlic standardized extract reduced TC by 24%, LDL by 36%, TG by 30% and
increased HDL by 35% in a 10 month RCT published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Conveniently dosed at just one gelcap per day with a meal for optimum patient adherence.
Supercritical Extraction Technology.
Ingredients
All products are manufactured in a state of the art facility without the use of unnecessary excipients, such as magnesium stearate and sodium benzoate. No artificial colours and/or flavours.
Ingredients:
Medicinal Ingredients Per Each gelcap:
282 mg --- Garlic (allium sativum) Supercritical Extract
Providing:
0.0855 mg --- Vinyldithiines
0.0210 mg --- Sulfides
2.0000 mg --- Natural Vitamin E (D-a-tocopherol) Non GMO
Available in 45 and 90 gelcaps per bottle
Directions: Take 2 soft gels once daily or as recommended by practitioner.
Cautions and Warnings:
Consult a health care practitioner prior to use if you are pregnant; are taking blood thinners or protease inhibitors; or if you have diabetes. For relief of upper respiratory tract infections and catarrhal conditions: Consult a health care practitioner if symptoms persist or worsen.
Known Adverse Reactions:
Allergy has been known to occur; in which case discontinue use.
Product: Lemon Balm (Melissa) Liquid, St Francis Herb Farm.
INDEX
https://www.nationalnutrition.ca/st-francis-herb-farm-lemon-balm-melissa-liquid-100ml.html
Reg.: $28.99 --- Sale: $21.99 --- (Save $7.00) --- 2019-06-29
(Melissa officinalis) - 100 ml
Lemon Balm - also known as melissa - is a tradtinal sleep supplement for those experiencing stress.
St. Francis Herb Farm uses only high quality European source lemon balm for the tincture. Produced in the St. Francis high tech facility ....
Anxiety
Anxiety evolved as a coping mechanism to alert us to danger and allow us to act quickly and efficiently.
It becomes maladaptive when it restricts our activities or causes our body to be in a constant state of fear.
In most cases, anxiety is due to thoughts or emotions.
The situation that brings on anxiety is individual but our body reacts to the perceived threat the same way it would if there was an actual threat. In other cases, substances like caffeine, nicotine, toxins or lack of sleep can contribute to anxiety. Medical conditions such as hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism, strokes, mitral valve prolapse, iron deficiency anemia or adrenal tumors cause the nervous system to respond with anxiety symptoms.
Anxiety causes physical stress on the body. The autonomic nervous system is activated resulting in a sense of uneasiness, sweating and trembling or outright anxiety attacks. Attacks can include diarrhea, heart palpitations, memory blocks and inappropriate behaviour.
Prolonged anxiety can manifest with headaches, digestive complaints, impotence, insomnia, an inability to relax or a sensation of a lump in the throat. Conventional treatment involves the use of antidepressants or tranquilizing drugs to reduce panic attacks. These treatments do not assess the root cause of the anxiety. Side effects of these drugs include drowsiness, light-headedness, fatigue, weight gain, decreased libido and dependency. Behavioural therapy and other forms of counseling can be of significant help to many who suffer from anxiety. Music and colour therapy as well as biofeedback have also been studied for anxiety.
Product: Microbe Electrifier/ DC combo.
INDEX
http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/MEDC.html
USA $189.00 --- 2018-07-10 --- Plus shipping.
LINK 2: http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/video.html (10 min)
1. Current Indicator
2. Frequency Selector: 4 Hz, 10 Hz, ..
3. Electrode Selection: electrodes on both wrists, both ankles, separate wrists.
4. Damped Wave Option: spiked or square wave.
LINK 3: http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/2wrist.html
LINK 4: http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/order61.html (Price List Page)
by Michael Forrest, BioElectric
1636 NW 82nd Avenue
Doral, FL 33126 USA
19jaguar75@gmail.com
USA phone: 305-572-5327 (limit 10 minutes)
Skype: bioelectric7
Online FORM: http://www.123formbuilder....
Payment is by PayPal or Western Union (or Money Gram).
--- One can pay by credit card or from a bank account on PayPal.
This is a Microbe Electrifier Plus with the extra option of either allowing an AC blood electrification frequency (4, 10, or 40 Hz) or the selection of DC (direct current) output instead in order to have a good treatment method for localized infections (an infection in one part of the body). You should use the 3" square electrodes when using this feature. As an example DC works great on dental infections. People with root canals should treat them with DC to kill the residual bacteria left there which create the toxins which disable cancer immunity. [more info] It works good against things like gastritis, appendicitis, bladder infections, toenail fungus, and sore throats.
If you are interested in any of my Microbe Electrifiers then first you need to see my YouTube video (above) explaining why I think they are the best and worth every penny. Otherwise just go to the price list page (above). You need to understand that all the other blood electrifiers are made to have both electrodes on one wrist which is more comfortable but very ineffective, and what is the purpose of buying an electromedicine device but to have something effective? A full explanation of why this ineffective method is the most popular (is below). I want to help people get well and guiding them away from the ineffective devices and to BioElectric devices is how to do it.
Bob Beck was hounded by the FDA in his later years and they were waiting for some way to come against him legally.
One way would of been having someone claim that it made their heart problem worse as a result of using the two electrodes on both wrists. And they could have paid off an actor and a doctor to get this done. So Beck decided to advise placing both electrodes on one wrist so all the electrical current stays in that forearm with none coming close to the heart. All of his previous success stories had been with people placing the electrodes on both wrists or both ankles though. So one of his latest papers recommended that method but admitted that using them that way you have to turn up the current to 3 milliamperes which is basically almost full power setting. That is because with both electrodes on one wrist 95% of the 3 milliamperes goes straight across the wrist instead of going into the arteries. So the remaining 5% of 3 milliamperes is .15 milliamperes (150 micro-amps). But here's the catch 22: I have never met anyone that can tolerate more than 1 milliamp for any length of time. Beck must have known this and was hoping that people would figure out the message behind the message and use it like he had advised previously.
So ... now all the companies making and selling Beck blood electrifiers make them to be used that way which is more convenient. They also purposely don't have any indicator of when 3 milliamperes is being delivered to the patient because they know everyone would send them back saying that amount is impossible to achieve.
So now you understand the whole story and why I say mine is the best.
If you worked with me you would see the emails I get from people that wasted their money on one of my competitors devices and report to me how they got no good results from it. It's so sad to me that most of the electromedicine business is pretty much a scam. They give electromedicine a bad name. But I am here to only provide effective devices for your benefit. Give me a chance to prove what I am saying. Also don't hesitate to ask me for free advice concerning diet and supplements because I have lots of experience with how to get well naturally.
SAVE 10%
Send a "gift" via PayPal directly to 19jaguar75@gmail.com as to "friends and family" so PayPal won't take out 5%.
Multiply your total by .9 and send that amount. Don't mention what the money is for and then email me what it is you want and your mailing address and phone.
Don't forget the shipping/handling fee.
Product: MMS, Master Minerals.
INDEX
p-master-min,htm
Miracle Mineral Solution (ClO2) and Water Purification Drops.
http://www.subtleenergytherapy.com/catalog/..products_id=33
Kenneth Richardson, see above
For more than 100 years clinics and hospitals have used the active ingredients in this solution to sterilize hospital floors, tables, equipment, and other items. Now this same powerful germ-killer can be harnessed by the immune system to safely kill pathogens in the human body.
Amazing as it may seem, when used correctly, the immune system can use this killer to attack only those germs, bacteria and viruses that are harmful to the body without affecting the bodies friendly bacteria or any of the healthy cells. ...
Net Weight: 5.5 oz. (163 gm), $24.95
Contents: Distilled water & sodium chlorite.
Packaged in Canada.
MMS - Miracle Mineral Solution and Water Purification Drops
http://www.globallight.net/Mms-Miracle-Mineral-Solution...
Global Light Network
23505 Bat Cave Rd
San Antonio, TX 78266
1-888-236-2108 or 1-623-242-0037 or 1-623-242-0041
Libby Gordon-Dartez and David Dartez
GLN@GlobalLight.net
Business hours are M-F 9am through 6pm Central Standard Time
US $20.00 --- 28% Sodium Chlorite solution. 4 fl. oz. by volume.
US $ 2.00 --- Citric Acid -- MMS Activator 2 oz.
US $23.00 --- MMS Convenience Package: MMS + Citric Acid + Blue bottle
Dioxychlor(TM), researched, developed and available from
American Biologies(TM)
1108 Walnut ave., Chula Vista, CA.92011
1-800-227-4473
Dioxychlor.
This was developed by Dr.'s Robert Bradford and Dr Rodrigo Rodriguez, MD from the American Biologics Mexico SA Research Hospital, a medical center in Tijuana, BC, Mexico... This compound liberates nascent (atomic) oxygen inhibit spored, mycoplasms, viruses and fungi. It kills pathogenic microbes on contact. The nascent oxygen released by using Dioxychlor is stored in the body. Dioxychlor is not new; it was used in World War I for infections. Stanford University has done much research on it. When Dioxychlor is taken homeopathically under the tongue, it goes directly into the lymph system, as opposed to diluting it and taking it in water. Individuals who have chemical sensitivities must start out with very low dosages sublingually... (perhaps 4-5 drops ) ....
To understand fully the action of Dioxychlor on target organisms, it is necessary to describe in detail the chemical structure of this oxidant as well as the biochemical structure of substances found in these target organisms with which Dioxychlor(TM) interacts. These targets include viruses (the nucleic acides, RNA, DNA), bacteria and fungi.”
Dioxychlor(TM) is available on the Internet for sale and the entire scientific paper is available as well.
The formula although somewhat weaker than MMS is the exact same chemical.
http://www.miraclemineral.org/importantinfo.php
A Holistic Protocol for The Immune System",
by Scott J. Gregory, O.M.D.
ISBN # is 0-930852-22-2 (pbk.)
Tree of Life Publications,
Box 126, Joshua Tree, CA, 92252
5th edition copyright date of 1993.
Dosages:
You can get an idea if the MMS will handle the problem by evaluating the nausea.
That is, if you start out at say one drop or even 1/2 drop and it does not make you nauseous and then you begin to increase the drops twice a day once in the morning and once in the evening. That is if 1/2 drop doesn't make you nauseous in the morning, then in the evening or late afternoon try one full drop. Then the next morning take two drops and in the evening 3 drops. Sooner or later the number of drops is going to make you nauseous. You then take a drop or two less the next dose for a time or two and continue to increase the drops. You are always looking for the nauseous point, taking less for a time or two and attempting to take more.
Detoxing:
You will be able to know if it is going to help you if you can continue to pass the nausea point and increase the drops.
What is happening is that when nausea hits, some of the cancer has been destroyed and it is now a poison that the body can clear out. Being able to clear out this poison is a part of it. The body can clear this poison out but it might generate some nausea in the process, or diarrhea or even vomiting. That’s not bad. The idea is that as the cancer is destroyed the body must clean out the poisons. As the cancer is destroyed the body can tolerate more and more drops. That’s the indicator, is the body being able to tolerate more and more drops? If you find that you finally can increase the drops without getting nauseous it is an indicator that the body is doing it's job.
Herbal Assistance:
So if there is an indication that one is not improving, then I suggest the following direction.
Purchase some Indian Herb from Kathleen in Texas. It costs $60 a vial and that is plenty.
Phone 806 647-1741 She has a thousand letters from people who have been helped.
She and her father have been selling the Indian herb for over 60 years.
When you get this herb use it with the MMS to get the best results.
Kathleen: 806 647-1741
Preparation and Activation:
When I mention drops of MMS I always mean add 5 times that many drops of lemon, lime, or citric acid solution, wait three minutes and then add 1/3 to 2/3 glass of water or juice and drink. Never use MMS without the addition of lemon, lime, or citric acid or in an emergency if you have no citric acids, use vinegar. Use only apple, grape, or pineapple juice without added vitamin C or ascorbic acid or see #6 below for overcoming the taste. ...
Product: Night Jasmine
INDEX
Product: Quinine
INDEX
Product: Organic sulfur without fillers, SuperSulfur, 16 oz.
INDEX
https://www.naturodoc.biz/supersulfur.html
Price: USA $39.95 --- Code: LB-OS --- Weight: 1.12 pounds
Organic Sulfur, crystals, 16oz.
99.7% pure organic sulfur supplement without fillers. From pine lignans sourced from marine pine trees.
The use of organic sulfur dates back to 1075 when it was found to soften the skin.
It has been used as a beauty aid that replaces sulfur lost due to artificial fertilizers, and as a food supplement to promote oxygen transport across cell membranes. Many diseases are worsened by anaerobic conditions (low in oxygen), and organic sulfur helps the body use and transport oxygen more efficiently. SuperSulfur can be taken as a sleep aid before bedtime and can be added to tooth-brushing regimens to address gum disease.
Suggested Use: Take 1 tsp. (4 grams) per 100 lbs. of body weight twice a day.
Dissolve a measured dose of SuperSulfur Crystals™ in approximately 8 oz. of warm pure water.
Take alone away from other supplements or meals by a half hour or more.
Product: MagEnhance Magnesium-L-Threonate Complex.
INDEX
https://www.amazon.ca/MagEnhance-Magnesium-L-Threonate
-Magnesium-Glycinate-Magnesium/dp/B073WZ9SM3/ref=sr_1_3_sspa
MagEnhance Magnesium-L-Threonate Complex,
With Magnesium Glycinate and Taurate,
100% Money Back Guarantee! Vitamin Magnesium.
by Intelligent Labs
CDN$ 34.99 --- 2019-08-16
& FREE Shipping on orders over CDN$ 35.
- Triple strength magnesium capsules.
- Magnesium-L-Threonate (Magtein) was designed specifically at MIT!
- ALSO WITH MAGNESIUM GLYCINATE AND MAGNESIUM TAURATE -- Our chelated magnesium
- EASILY ABSORBABLE WITH THE LOWEST CHANCE OF SIDE EFFECTS --- easy to swallow magnesium capsules
- LOVE IT OR 100% MONEY BACK GUARANTEE!
If you are not 100% satisfied, whether you've used 1 capsule or the whole bottle, simply return it for a full refund, no questions asked, which means there is absolutely no risk on your behalf. We stand by our product because we know it's the best available, anywhere!
Ingredients:
- Magnesium-L-Threonate,
- Magnesium Glycerinate,
- Magnesium Taurate,
Other Ingredients:
- Vegetable Cellulose (Capsule),
- Microcrystalline Cellulose,
- Ascorbyl Palmitate,
- Silicon Dioxide
We include Magnesium Glycinate the most absorbable form of Magnesium to help correct Magnesium deficiencies in the body, as well as Magnesium Taurate, the natural calm Magnesium.
Product: Magtein Magnesium L-threonate, NOW, 90 Caps.
INDEX
https://www.amazon.ca/
Now-Magtein-Magnesium-L-threonate-Capsules/dp/B079V4YLYB/ref=sr_1_12
CDN$ 44.95 --- 2019-08-16
90 capsules --- 1 daily
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral best known for its role in bone and nervous system function.
Recent research has demonstrated that it is also critical for normal brain health and normal cognitive function by maintaining the density and stability of neuronal synapses. However, most forms of Mg are not easily absorbed into the nervous system.
Magtein is a patented form of Mg that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier for utilization in the brain.
Ingredients:
- 48 mg --- Magnesium
---- from 667 mg Maf L-Threonate (Magstein)
Other Ingredients:
- Vegetable capsule -- hypromellose, water,
- Rice Flour,
- Magnesium Stearate
- Silica
Dosage:
... take 1 capsule daily
Product: Magtein™ Magnesium L-Threonate, Vitacost.
INDEX
https://www.vitacost.com/vitacost-magtein-magnesium-l-threonate
Vitacost Magtein™ Magnesium L-Threonate
2010 mg per serving - 90 Capsules
Our price: US $27.99 --- 2019-08-16
30 Servings.
Ingredients: per serving of 3 capsules
- --144 mg --- Magnesium (as magnesium l-threonate)
- 2010 mg --- Magnesium L-Threonate Magtein™
Other ingredients:
- Rice flour,
- hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- vegetable magnesium stearate.
Dosage: Take 3 capsule daily with food ...
Device: PCI Water Test.
INDEX
https://www.parasitetesting.com/Water
Water Test --- USA $157.00
Parasitology Center, Inc.
11445 E. Via Linda, Ste. 2-419
Scottsdale, Arizona 85259 2638
Phone: 480-767-2522
Email: info@parasitetesting.com
This test is used to evaluate the presence of water borne parasites as well as other parasites, bacteria, and fungus. The most common microscopic human parasites (Protozoa) are transmitted via drinking water contaminated with fecal material from infected persons. Approximately 1/5th of US households supplied by surface water treatment plants carry parasites such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia. This test also screens for the amoebas and Schistosomiasis.
The Water test results will be available 3-5 days after receipt of specimens.
Parasitology Center, Inc. (PCI) in Scottsdale, Arizona is a research facility of parasites of the intestinal tract and organ systems including the skin.
Device: Parasite String Test.
INDEX
https://www.healthline.com/health/string-test
Medically reviewed by Debra Sullivan, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE, COI
on February 29, 2016 — Written by Colleen M. Story
(This test is usually only available when and if prescribed by your doctor and may be limited to a hospital admission.)
(Protozoa parasites are often present in the small (upper) intestine to which there are few diagnostic tests as stool tests are typically restricted to colon (lower) intestinal infections.)
A string test, also called an "entero-test," is one type of test used to detect the presence of parasites in the upper part of the small intestine. Once established, these parasites can grow and thrive at your expense.
An abnormal test result may mean you have Giardia intestinalis or another parasite in your system.
The string test, or entero-test, is used to retrieve samples of materials in the first part of your small intestine, just past the stomach. These samples are examined under a microscope for the potential presence of parasites.
Prior to the test, you may be asked to abstain from eating or drinking for up to 12 hours.
For the actual test, you’ll swallow a gelatin capsule, much like a vitamin supplement.
This capsule contains a spool of nylon string and a weight, to help it go down into your stomach.
The end of the string is usually taped to your cheek or the back of your neck just before you swallow the capsule.
Once the pill is down, your doctor will likely advise you to sit back and relax for about 4 hours.
Children often sleep during this part of the test. As you rest, your natural digestive processes will gradually dissolve and move the capsule down through your stomach, unraveling the spool of string as it goes. Meanwhile, the string gathers materials from the stomach and upper intestine, including any potential parasites.
After the specified amount of time, the string will be pulled back up out of your stomach through your throat, placed in a secure container, and transported to the lab for examination within one hour.
A positive test will reveal the type and presence of intestinal parasites, ...
Device: The SOTA Magnetic Pulser.
INDEX
https://www.sota.com/magnetic-pulser.html
USA $350.00 --- 2018-07-10
LINK 2: https://www.chrisbeatcancer.com/bobbeck/
LINK3: https://www.sota.com/files/pdf/sota_brochure_legal.pdf
LINK 4: https://www.sota.com/default.aspx?page=Silver-Pulser
LINK 5: User Guide, 8 pages, pdf
This is a device that creates a PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field).
This is a moving magnetic field which causes 50-100 micro-amperes to be generated deep within tissues to neutralize the parasites, viruses, and pathogens that are latent in tissues and not circulating in the blood. The magnetic pulser is designed for specifically targeting lymph nodes, organs, and tumor sites, and should be used in conjunction with the Silver Pulser blood electrification device.
The SOTA Magnetic Pulser offers the benefits of a pulsed magnetic field to help balance the body’s natural electricity for health.
- Automatic Timer
- Bio-North Pole identified
- Fast and Slow Modes
- Output greater than 6,000 Gauss
- Magnetic Field penetrates up to 9 inches
- Two-year limited Warranty
The Magnetic Pulser generates pulsed magnetic fields which are known to create microcurrents.
For most applications, it is best to use the Bio North (-) polarity side of the Hand Paddle — the polarity is clearly marked on the Hand Paddle. The Bio North (-) polarity of the Hand Paddle can be applied to any area of the body. The Magnetic Pulser can be applied over clothing as the magnetic field penetrates clothing. Keep the Hand Paddle on one area or move to different locations during a session.
Basic Wellness Program:
Begin slowly, 10 minutes per day, and then gradually increase the length of each session until you are applying at least 20 minutes per day.
Daily use varies from 20-30 minutes to two hours or more.
Continue use for 8 to 12 weeks minimum.
When used as part of a wellness program, consistent daily use for many weeks is more important for results than using occasionally.
Longer and more frequent sessions may be more beneficial.
Focused Wellness Program:
Increase the amount of time used daily by increasing the number of sessions.
Use beyond the 8 to 12 week minimum. When following a more intense program, it may be necessary to continue for many months or even years.
Device: Microbe Electrifier/ DC combo.
INDEX
http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/MEDC.html
USA $189.00 --- 2018-07-10 --- Plus shipping.
LINK 2: http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/video.html (10 min)
1. Current Indicator
2. Frequency Selector: 4 Hz, 10 Hz, ..
3. Electrode Selection: electrodes on both wrists, both ankles, separate wrists.
4. Damped Wave Option: spiked or square wave.
LINK 3: http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/2wrist.html
LINK 4: http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/order61.html (Price List Page)
by Michael Forrest, BioElectric
1636 NW 82nd Avenue
Doral, FL 33126 USA
19jaguar75@gmail.com
USA phone: 305-572-5327 (limit 10 minutes)
Skype: bioelectric7
Online FORM: http://www.123formbuilder....
Payment is by PayPal or Western Union (or Money Gram).
--- One can pay by credit card or from a bank account on PayPal.
This is a Microbe Electrifier Plus with the extra option of either allowing an AC blood electrification frequency (4, 10, or 40 Hz) or the selection of DC (direct current) output instead in order to have a good treatment method for localized infections (an infection in one part of the body). You should use the 3" square electrodes when using this feature. As an example DC works great on dental infections. People with root canals should treat them with DC to kill the residual bacteria left there which create the toxins which disable cancer immunity. [more info] It works good against things like gastritis, appendicitis, bladder infections, toenail fungus, and sore throats.
If you are interested in any of my Microbe Electrifiers then first you need to see my YouTube video (above) explaining why I think they are the best and worth every penny. Otherwise just go to the price list page (above). You need to understand that all the other blood electrifiers are made to have both electrodes on one wrist which is more comfortable but very ineffective, and what is the purpose of buying an electromedicine device but to have something effective? A full explanation of why this ineffective method is the most popular (is below). I want to help people get well and guiding them away from the ineffective devices and to BioElectric devices is how to do it. ...
SAVE 10%
Send a "gift" via PayPal directly to 19jaguar75@gmail.com as to "friends and family" so PayPal won't take out 5%.
Multiply your total by .9 and send that amount. Don't mention what the money is for and then email me what it is you want and your mailing address and phone.
Don't forget the shipping/handling fee.
Usage: Microbe Electrifier Plus / DC Electrifier.
INDEX
http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/MEPDC2-instr.html
LINK 2: http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/usage.html
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=SB4YNr2R5TU
(NOTE: Go to the above original online LINK to access the in-text ONLINE links)
Install batteries:
Remove the back cover using a small Phillips screwdriver.
Attach four 9 volt alkaline batteries to the battery clips.
Be sure not to pull on the battery wires since they are a small gauge wire and not made to be pulled on.
Click here to see correct battery placement.
--- LINK: http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/batteries.html
Put the bubble wrap on top of them (to keep them from being able to move around) and screw on the lid.
To test for proper operation and strength of batteries:
Flip the power switch to the ON position and the frequency switch to 4 Hz.
Press the Test button down and look at the green test lights to see that they are
alternating on and off.
(At 10 Hz and 40 Hz the lights will mostly stay on).
If the four 9 volt batteries need replacement the Test lights will not light at all.
To replace the batteries just use a Phillips screwdriver to unscrew the cases bottom 4 screws, pull off the cover, and then pull off the snap clips from each battery so that they can be replaced with new alkaline ones. Reinstall the padding as it was so as to prevent the batteries from rattling when the box is jiggled.
Choosing electrode site:
Both electrodes on the inside of one wrist is the easiest site for convenient usage, but it affects the least amount of blood and the current has to be turned up to a painful level for enough to flow in the arteries since most of it will just cross over through the muscles. Beck proved that 3mA of current is necessary with this arrangement but no one except for nerve-damaged people can tolerate that high level. Using one electrode on one wrist and the second one on the other wrist is my favorite because plenty of blood is affected. This method causes people to worry about current affecting the heart but the current doesn't go thru it. [drawing] Using the electrodes on both ankles affects the most amount of blood, but will barely allow enough electrical current for some people (due to mineral deficiencies) and is hardest for initiating and maintaining correct electrode placement.
--- LINK: (offline) dragonfly/arterialsystem.png
Locating electrode placement sites for both wrists:
The locations are the inner side of the wrists about 1+1/2 inches below the wrist crease to the outside of the main tendon on the thumb side. Each wrist should have one electrode held in place by one wrist band.
(picture) (Offline: dragonfly/hands.jpg)
This is the most preferred electrode placement.
Locating electrode placement sites for ankles:
On the inner side of each foot locate the pulse of the unseen artery between the ankle and the heel.
If you can't feel it then go for a brisk walk for ten minutes and then feel for it without elevating your foot.
On top of these pulsating arteries are the sites.
(picture) (Offline: dragonfly/feet.jpg)
Connecting Electrodes:
Clean & dry the electrode sites. Soak each of the cloth electrodes thoroughly with tap water or saltwater.
Squeeze the middle of the insulation of the Microbe Electrifier's alligator clips (at the end of its wires) so that you open the jaws and then let them bite onto the electrodes ends with one jaw inside the electrode.
(picture) (Offline: dragonfly/caiman.jpg)
Place the electrode over the artery. Then put the elastic band around it and the wrist (or ankle).
Don't pull it tight. Just enough stretch to keep it in place is good.
If using electrodes on the ankles, then attach them there with 1" wide medical tape.
Re-wet the cloth electrode after 1 hour of use.
Making Saltwater:
Tap water (not distilled or de-ionized) is to be used to wet the cloth electrodes so that they'll be electrically conductive.
If you can turn the unit's current control fully clockwise and not get a zing from the electricity then it's probably because your tap water is deficient in minerals which makes it not very electrically conductive. To remedy that you can make some saltwater by putting a couple of shakes of salt from the saltshaker into a cup of water and stirring it. This is very electrically conductive but also corrosive to the alligator clips.
Using the device:
Clean your skin where you want to place the electrodes and then connect the wet electrodes to you.
Turn the current control dial fully counter-clockwise, set the unit to 10Hz, and flip the switch to the ON position.
Turn the current dial slowly clockwise until the red current light comes on fully.
Then switch the frequency switch to the frequency setting you want to use if it's not 10Hz.
The current light will indicate when you are getting at least .14mA (140uA) through your bloodstream.
If it won't light at maximum dial position then one of three conditions exist;
1) Your body's salt & mineral level is very low (read this), (Offline: dragonfly/salt.html)
2) Where you placed the electrodes is unsuitable,
3) You need to use saltwater on the electrodes instead of tap water.
If your body's salt level is low then start salting your food with sea salt (which doesn't cause high blood pressure).
If the electrodes 'sting' or 'bite' then
1) the current dial setting is too high,
2) your skin is dirty,
3) you need to relocate the electrodes.
Below is a video showing how to wet the electrodes, connect them to your wrists, and then how to turn up the current dial till the red light is fully on. (It is with the simple version of the Microbe Electrifier.)
--- LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch...
Current Level:
The target .14mA is right at the beginning of the effective range of electrical current which is shown by the active red light.
More current is likely to damage the skin. Never turn the current up high enough to cause a stinging sensation which indicates skin being damaged. If .14mA causes stinging then set it to a lower level that is safe for your skin. Think of the .14mA level not as something essential but as a reference point from which you can find the perfect setting for yourself.
Comfort Suggestions:
If the elastic strap is too tight it will leave ridges on the skin when taken off.
You can also sew something soft onto the inside of the band (if a natural fiber then not where the electrodes will be because natural fibers will wick away the electrodes moisture). If your skin becomes irritated where the electrodes touch then maybe you're applying too much current or you should place the electrodes on the ankles instead of the wrists.
AC/DC Option:
The AC/DC switch allows you to select either Alternating Current for blood electrification with the small wrist electrodes or Direct Current for localized infection treatment with the large electrodes.
Transfection, or, electroporation:
When doing 4 hertz blood electrification, why do I have to limit taking herbs and medicine to the time right after finishing device usage? Because during electric current application (at low frequencies) blood cells more readily absorb chemicals that are in the bloodstream. (~20x more.) So it would be necessary to give the body plenty of time (22-23 hours) to expel the medicinal chemicals by only taking them after each session. (otherwise use 40 Hz which doesn't allow much of this effect). This high-absorption effect on blood cells exists only while the electric current is applied and is called 'transfection' or 'electroporation'.
-Device-: Personal Oxygen Bar.
INDEX
http://www.hammacher.com/Search/Default.aspx?query=Oxygen+Spa
Catalog # MP-83259, --- US$ 399.95 --- Item 83259
Hammacher Warranty: Lifetime
Manufacturer:
Zadro Health Solutions, Inc
Huntington Beach, CA 92649
1-800-468-4348
1-714-892-9200
LINK: http://www.zadrohs.com
E-mail: zadrohs@zadrohs.com
Zadrohs Warranty: 90 days.
FEATURES:
- Increases the concentration of oxygen you breathe by 43%.
- Enhances a sense of calm and relaxation.
- Plugs into AC.
- 15 3/4" H x 11 1/2" W x 5 1/2" D
- Weighs 11 lbs.
- pushbutton controls
- built-in speaker
- 4 musical patterns
- Automatic purging after each session.
A compressor draws in air and first passes it through 2 removable, washable filters that remove larger dust particles and impurities.
A membrane then isolates the oxygen, increasing its total concentration.
The concentrated oxygen is then pumped through a tube to a headset ... warn either over the head or around the neck ... where it gently exits an adjustable outlet near the mouth, allowing you to recline, lie supine, or sit in your favorite comfortable chair as you inhale.
It has easy-to-use pushbutton controls that allow you to enjoy 10- to 30-minute sessions, and its built-in speaker plays up to 4 different ethereal musical patterns to accompany inhalation.
After each session, it will automatically purge itself of excess water vapor and heat from the compressor before shutting itself down.
Modeled after oxygen bars found in resorts and spas, this is the personal oxygen bar that increases the concentration of oxygen you breathe by 43%, helping you to achieve a sense of calm to facilitate relaxation.
A compressor draws in ambient air and first passes it through two removable, washable filters that remove larger dust particles and impurities. A membrane then isolates oxygen, increasing its total concentration. The concentrated oxygen is then pumped through a tube to a headset — worn either over the head or around the neck — where it gently exits an adjustable outlet near the mouth, allowing you to recline, lie supine, or sit in your favorite comfortable chair as you inhale.
It has easy-to-use pushbutton controls that allow you to enjoy 10- to 30-minute sessions, and its built-in speaker plays up to four different ethereal musical patterns to accompany inhalation.
After each session, it will automatically purge itself of excess water vapor and heat from the compressor before shutting itself down.
Product: Deep Tissue Sonic Massager.
INDEX
https://www.hammacher.com/Product/Default.aspx?sku=90301&promo=search&query=PU-90301
NOVAFON Pro
Item 90301 -- Price USA $229.95 --
Lifetime Guarantee by the Retailer.
This is the handheld massager that uses safe sound waves to deeply penetrate tissue and relax sore muscles.
Similar to the ultrasound treatments administered by physical therapists, the massager’s imperceptible sonic vibrations penetrate more than 2" below the skin’s surface to help reach -- and relieve -- pain and tension at their source.
The gentle massage treatment activates the body’s natural healing mechanisms, stimulating circulation and repair to help loosen knots and ease discomfort.
Safe for use on the whole body, including the face, the device comes with an extension handle to comfortably treat hard-to-reach areas such as the back.
Its two frequency settings include a percussive mode that simulates the energizing touch of Swedish massage.
Recommended for up to 20 minutes twice per day.
Plugs into AC. 8" L x 2" W x 3" D. (19 oz.)
Product: Deep Tissue Sonic Massager.
INDEX
https://www.toolsforwellness.com/product/novasonic-by-novafon-intrasound-professional-massager/
NOVAFON Pro
SKU: 42499 -- Price USA $199.00 --
FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $99
Lower price, free shipping, shorter guarantee.
800.456.9887
818.532.1260
MON – FRI 8 AM – 5 PM Central Time
FAX: 818.532.1775
Tools For Wellness
2900 N Quinlan Park Rd. Ste B240-217
Austin TX 78732 USA
How Novasonic Works
In 1928, Erwin Schliephake, a German scientist, discovered that sound waves accelerated healing.
When sound waves are applied to the body, the cells and tissue absorb some of the energy, thus increasing circulation to enhance healing.
A Novasonic Transducer is a compact and high-precision electrical device which transmits sound waves to the treatment area through a ‘sound-head,’ applied without pressure to the skin surface. The sound waves can penetrate up to 2 1/4? within the body, treating areas inaccessible to conventional manipulative techniques. The intensity of the waves and associated vibration can be adjusted easily, just like the volume on a radio.
The Novasonic massager utilizes a sound transducer that vibrates at selected frequencies within the audible range (between 16-20,000 Hertz). Sound waves are transmitted to the treatment area through a specially designed “sound head”, applied without pressure to the skin surface.
The sound waves can penetrate up to 2 ¼” within the body, treating areas inaccessible to other techniques.
Furthermore, the intensity of the waves and accompanying vibration can be adjusted easily.
The unit may look like an ultrasound unit, but Novasonic uses audible sounds, a different technology.
This provides intensive stimulation of the natural functions of the cellular, circulatory and nervous systems.
The Novasonic has two speeds (high and low), and an intensity control knob.
There are two sound heads; flat for large areas, and round for points.
The Novasonic can be used to stimulate cartilage, joints, muscles, and tissue.
The direct consequence of each molecular impact is to create altering compression and dilation zones in effect, a form of massage, but at a cellular level, deep within the treated tissue. This stimulation results in an immediate and demonstrable tightening of the cell-wall membranes, leading to increased blood circulation and improved metabolism. It is by this intensive stimulation of the natural functions of the cellular, circulatory and nervous systems of the body that the beneficial effects of the therapy are achieved. Novasonic simply gives nature a helping hand. Users report significant relief, particularly in the joints.
Frequently Asked Questions
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How does the Novasonic unit actually function?
Novasonic has a small head in the end of the unit that turns ordinary, household 60 Hz electricity into a range of audible sound waves that can easily penetrate the body up to 2.5 inches deep.
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Does the Novasonic generate heat in the tissues?
No heat is generated. Any warming sensation is due to increased circulation.
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Just what is it about the Novasonic that does cause some relief?
The sound waves or vibrations are in the hearing range and they stimulate local circulation and relax muscles and tissues just like any type of massage would, except much more gently.
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What are the basics of the Novasonic Unit?
The Novasonic handle weighs less than one pound. It uses less than 25 watts of electricity.
The unit is very portable for trips since it is less than two pounds with the carrying case.
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Are there any special instructions for best and safe use of the Novasonic?
Always unplug the transformer when not in use (extends the life of the transformer).
It is recommended that the unit not be used on the lower back or the abdominal region of any pregnant woman.
It is recommended that it not be used on the chest area of a person using a pacemaker.
These are all reasonable and prudent precautions.
If you have blood clot problems of the lower leg do not use the unit on your calf since any form of massage there could loosen the clots leading to extremely serious outcomes. As always, if you have any medical condition you are strongly urged to consult with your physician. Keep in mind that this is NOT a medical device and we make no medical claims regarding use.
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Do I have to push the unit really hard against my body to get good results?
No, in fact use only a light touch. About 1 or 2 ounces of pressure is best.
If you push hard, you will dampen the power of the unit and stop its effectiveness.
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How well built is the Novasonic unit?
It is an extremely fine, quality unit made in Europe by skilled technicians.
The unit is a good appliance and like any quality unit should be treated as such.
It is advised that turning the power knob should be done gently.
It is also advised that if you use the unit with creams or oils that a plastic baggy be placed over the head of the unit to protect it from the creams and oils since they will rapidly degrade the rubber membrane found just under the power head. This use of oils and cremes is not covered under the warranty and will lead to repair fees.
If you choose to change the head — screw off the head and screw on the other head, but MBR>
please do NOT over-tighten the head as this can possibly damage the unit.
The Novasonic should yield great comfort for years if carefully used and kept clean.
This chrome model includes a bi-modal switch with percussion therapy.
2 year manufacturer warranty. Ships via Standard Delivery.
Plugs into AC. 8" L x 2" W x 3" D. (19 oz.)
INDEX
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LINK to Empower,
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Articles on the Internet are transitory.
The publishers may remove them, change sites, change URLs, or change titles.
For the purpose of maintaining an availability of these articles for myself and you, I have reprinted parts in the relevant monographs with authorship maintained, coding simplified for error-free loading and minimal file size, and a LINK to the original document. Identity trackers and advertising bots have been removed from the original bloated and manipulative coding. NOTHING in writing is absolute; don't treat human opinion, projection, and observation as an Idol. Doing so can kill you, or worse, have you impose abuse on others.
I gathered and researched this data, mediated with the Grace of God through prayer as a benefit in my integrating discovered available digital information which would acquaint me with the overall content related to the health issues. I have found that God is ALWAYS available when we are Reverent in our Asking, open-minded in our Listening, and, Assertive in our Choice of Action. Doctors did not expect me to survive birth. In the past 25 years, medical and health "experts" have cautioned or directed me, more than 14 times, that I had little time left to live, or would die ... because THEY did not understand my challenges, were not motivated to professionally diagnose, or, chose to superstitiously recall as absolute previously flawed training. I am still alive beyond age 70. With the assistance of God, my Personality, the research and a lack of dismissiveness of a number of persons ... I have found resolution to numerous health challenges. This has enabled me to assist many others who had been abandoned, brainwashed, or traumatized. May my experience and successes also empower you. This is one document which you may find helpful as a BASIC introduction to maintaining and improving YOUR health.
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