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Memory Stimulators.
1954 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

The Caine Mutiny; Rear Window; 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, White Christmas; The Student Prince; Doctor in the House; Jail Bait; The Bridges of Toko Ri; Brigadoon; Seven Brides for Seven Brothers; Four Guns to the Border; Invasion of the Body Snatchers; Suddenly; Carnival Story; The Glen Miller Story; Dial M For Murder; The Detective; Border River; The Naked Jungle; Long John Silver; The Country Girl; So This Is Paris

1954 -
The AEC allows a one year moratorium on atomic bomb testing in Utah.

1954 -
The U.S.A. grants France $785 million in military aid for a commitment level of 80% of the cost of France's war to regain colonial control of Vietnam.

1954 - On January 4,
General Curtis E. LeMay, former Air Force Chief of Staff, was at his own beach on the Gulf of Mexico, about 5 miles from downtown Sarasota, Florida, on an island called Siesta Key. He saw a UFO which he described as shaped like "the top third of an apricot". The sun had fallen below the horizon a few minutes before, and earth and Gulf were now in shadow, yet the object in the sky still gleamed brightly. It had an orange colouration which LeMay assumed came from the sun's reflection on a curved surface of metal or some similar substance. There seemed to be some sort of rim around the bottom. LeMay gauged the size of the object by noting its position relative to 2 trees directly beneath it and later calculated with a compass and square its bearing and height above the trees. Not knowing the distance, he could not determine the size.

It was motionless for a matter of minutes. General LeMay called to his wife who was in the house but neither she nor their guests heard him for they had the volume turned up on a hi-fi. Dr. Gillespie, an older man who had rent the neighbouring property for the season stepped onto the beach. LeMay called out to him and ran up to him directing the doctor where to look. At first, the doctor could not clearly distinguish the object and thought it must be 2 aircraft refuelling in flight. As the General pointed out, they would have had to be going in opposite directions, and the object was motionless. At that instant, the object took off with unbelievable speed, moving on a diagonal line, ascending as it receded into the southwest. The time was 6.11 p.m.

Next, General LeMay drove to MacDill Air Force Base at Tampa, Florida, to report the incident to Colonel Michael McCoy, who was then commanding a bomb wing. McCoy listened to LeMay and then queried if the next move was to send a report to Project Blue Book at Wright-Patterson AFB. General LeMay was sceptical of the likely response that would be received from the Project and declined to send the report affirming that he would remember it for the future.

In 1965, General LeMay was working with writer MacKinlay Kantor, on his autobiography, "Mission with LeMay, My Story", when he recounted the incident. In the January, 1966 issue of "Popular Science" magazine, Kantor wrote an article of the incident and quoted LeMay on UFOs as stating:

"Some natural phenomenon might usually account for those sightings which had been seen and reported, and thus explain them. However, we had a number of reports from reputable individuals (well-educated, serious-minded folks - scientists and flyers) who surely saw something.

Many of the mysteries might be explained away as weather balloons, stars, reflected lights, all sorts of odds and ends. I don't mean to say that, in the unclosed and unexplained or unexplainable instances, those were actually flying objects. All I can Say is that no natural phenomena could be found to account for them ...

Repeat again: There were some cases we could not explain. Never could."

It took 12 years before this incident was made public!

1954 -
Daniel W. Fry claims he conversed telepathically with extraterrestrial beings in a base ship in 1950, while being taken in a remote-controlled spacecraft from White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico to New York City and back.

1954 - In early February,
The USAF decides to conduct a crash program to build an intercontinental missile
- the Atlas - to deliver a hydrogen bomb.

1954 - On February 6,
A Confidential USAF Staff Message read:

"From Commander, A-Division, Carswell AFB, TX,: UFO sighted over base.
Had long fuselage, elliptical wings, stabilizer and no visible means of propulsion.
It was larger than a B-36, had no tail, left no trail of exhaust and emitted no sound.
Passed directly over tower at an Alt. of 3000 to 4000 ft. and was visible to all persons on duty.
UFO, when viewed on 10 mile scope gave a return of 1 inch.
Copy of this report sent to: CSAF, WASH DC; COMDR ADC, ENT AFB, COLO; COMDR ATINTEL, CRT WP AFB, OHIO; COMDR 8th AF, CARSWELL, AFB, TEX."

1954 - February 20:
Gerald Light, a writer-lecturer with an interest in the occult and clairvoyance, Franklin Allen, of the Hearst newspapers, Edwin Nourse, of the Brookings Institute and Truman's financial advisor, Bishop MacIntyre, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and others are asked for their opinions regarding the Roswell and other remains at Muroc AFB, in California. Light wrote "I had the distinct feeling that the world had come to an end with fantastic realism. For I have never seen so many human beings in a state of complete collapse and confusion as they realised that their own world had indeed ended with such finality as to beggar description. The reality of "otherplane" aeroforms is now ... made a rather painful part of the consciousness of ... it is my conviction that (Eisenhower) will ignore the terrific conflict between the various "authorities" and go directly to the people ... if the impasse continues much longer. (History shows that Eisenhower was persuaded not to do so.) Eisenhower apparently confided some of what he saw to comedian Jackie Gleason, a close friend.

Dr. Robert Sarbacher, an expert on instrumental physics and communications engineering who worked with the Navy Department, researching guided missiles for the Pentagon, has stated that he was invited to participate in the same top-level MJ-12 project. He went on to include John Van Neuman, Dr. Vannevar Bush, and he thought Dr. Robert Oppenheimer, of atomic bomb development had also been involved. Of the reports which arrived on the desk of Sarbacher from the Pentagon, he recalls that 'certain materials reported to have come from the flying saucer crashes were extremely light and very tough.' He went on to state "instruments or people operating these machines were also of very light weight, sufficient to withstand the tremendous deceleration and acceleration associated with their machinery. I remember in talking with some of the people at the office that I got the impression these 'aliens' were constructed like certain insects we have observed on earth, wherein because of the low mass the inertial forces involved in operation of these instruments would be quite low'."

In the 1980s, a former U.S.A.F. test pilot broke his silence on the above occurrence to a member of the British Parliament, the Earl of Clancarty. As the last remaining member of the six people who had been in attendance, he was speaking out now because all of the other witnesses were dead.

"Five different alien craft landed at the base.
Three were saucer-shaped and two were cigar-shaped ... the aliens looked something like humans, but not exactly." President Eisenhower was summoned to the (Edwards) air base by military officials. There, as he watched, the humanoids disembarked from their craft, talked to Ike in English, and displayed their spacecraft technology for him. They also demonstrated their ability to make themselves invisible and then to reappear. The president told them that he did not think our world was ready to know of their presence, because it could cause "panic". The president then swore them all to secrecy.

In the mid-1950's a sergeant told Los Angeles UFO investigator Gabe Green about the alleged landings at Edwards AFB, saying, "I was at gunnery practice, under the command of a general. We were shooting live ammo at targets when all of a sudden five UFOs flew right over us. The general ordered all batteries to open fire on the craft. We did, but our shells had no effect whatsoever. We all stopped firing and watched the UFOs land at one of the large hangers."

Eisenhower's decision on this question, while well intended, set the structure of command for the remainder of the century: citizen deferral to politician to government agencies (including the military) to covert representatives. When government is by deception and manipulation in areas of global policy concern (peace, science, environment) it becomes impossible, without meditation and guidance from God, to know who you can believe and who you can trust. Very rapidly, the initial deception breeds many deceptions covering the guilt and pride and ignorance of those which started it. It is now known (1994) that an earlier contact had been made with a separate alien civilization which had infiltrated the military-scientific-political sphere of influence as walk-in replicants and direct advisors. Atomic weapons would otherwise never have been developed!

1954 - On February 20,
A UFO crash near Bandelier, New Mexico was noted is a government communication as follows:

"Supposedly, some people think, President Eisenhower went to see the captured saucers and recovered bodies at Edwards Air Force Base, Hanger-18, instead (according to his press agent) of being at his dentist. Between 6:30 and 7:15 P.M. a saucer crashed in the desert near Bandelier, N.M. K.A.(initials) and Rescue Team 4 were sent from Roswell AFB to A5 investigate the crashed disc. The saucer was 40-50 feet in diameter. There were 4 dead Aliens scattered about the desert by the saucer. Alien description (seen from the helicopter at 30 feet altitude): Height was between 4.0 to 4.5 feet. Large proportioned heads, no helmets. Tight fitting dark blue suits. Faces, under 'copter spotlight, were green with a luminescent tint. The saucer was stored in Hanger-18, Top Security. Hanger-18 was later expanded to 9 stories high and 11 storeys deep with heavy refrigeration equipment, radar equipment, and sophisticated computer equip."

1954 -
John C. Ross reports that Canada's "Project Magnet" is hunting for flying saucers with equipment that could be used to investigate the possibility of flying saucers powered by magnetic propulsion.

1954 - Beginning in February,
The LOWEST sunspot minimum ever recorded;

     start of CYCLE 19,  SOLAR MINIMUM characteristics:
         weak solar storms
         few influenza outbreaks produced by weak solar magnetic activity
         cools the Earth's atmosphere:
      70% more events are observed in the Northern Hemisphere than the South
   cause the magnetic field surrounding the Earth to stabilize in form and strength **
         electric power transmission lines are more stable **
         long-distance undersea cables are more stable in performance.

1954 -
Monsieur Robert Galley, Minister of Defense for France, releases the information, in 1974, that in 1954 France had set up a secret section devoted to the study of UFO's within the Department of Defense.

1954 - On March 1,
Bikini Atoll, in the Pacific Ocean, was the location of the first U.S.A. deliverable thermonuclear weapon, "BRAVO".
Part of the AEC Operation CASTLE, its yield was 15 megatons, about twice as much as had been calculated !
The Taylor instabilities of the process result in such errors. It used the Lithium enhanced fuel. A standby device of the type and size of the "MIKE" device was available in case this test failed, and a bomb was required. Lighter and more efficient weapons were developed after this series.

The series consisted of 6 nuclear weapons tests to be carried out between March 1 and May 14 and ranging from 14.8 megatons to 0.1 megatons.

1954 - On March 13,
The Vietminh attacked Dienbeinphu located in the northwest corner of Vietnam near the Laotian border.
Navarre had established a military position at the intersection of several major roads there in the hope of cutting off the anticipated invasion and with the intent of drawing the Vietminh main units into open battle. In a broad valley surrounded by hills as high as 1,000 feet, he had constructed a garrison ringed with barbed wire and bunkers and hastily dispatched 12 battalions (12,000 troops) of regulars supported by aircraft and heavy artillery. Vo Giap, the Vietminh leader, made a quick strike into Laos and then retraced his path to encircle the French. American observers reported at about the same time that the French at Dienbienphu could "withstand any kind of attack the Vietminh are capable of launching."

First, the Vietminh seized hills "Gabrielle" and "Beatrice", outposts established by the French to protect the valley below, in 24 hours. American and French forces had predicted that this would be impossible because they did not foresee any way of getting artillery to the high ground. The Vietminh had carried disassembled weapons up piece by piece, then reassembled them and camouflaged them so effectively that they were impervious to artillery and strafing. The heavy Vietminh guns quickly knocked out the airfield, making resupply impossible except by parachute drop and leaving the garrison isolated.

By late March, French Chief of Staff General Paul Ely, on a visit to Washington estimated a 50-50 chance of success at Dienbienphu and requested American aircraft for attacks on Vietminh lines around the fortress. The situation was already much worse. Ely expressed concern to the Americans about the possibility of Chinese interference. At the same time, US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Arthur Radford, began to give serious consideration to "Project Vulture", a plan devised earlier in Saigon by French and American officers. VULTURE called for a massive strike by American B-29s and carrier-based aircraft, possibly using tactical nuclear weapons, to relieve the siege of Dienbienphu. Eisenhower was concerned over the political repercussions and stated that only a single strike could be considered, and, if successful, "we'd have to deny it (the use of nuclear weapons and the USA involvement) forever."

Many American top level military advisers were critical of VULTURE and some believed that such an attack would not be controllable and that the fortress itself would be destroyed. U.S.Army Chief of Staff, Matthew Ridgeway, dismissed the plan as "the old delusive idea ... that we could do things the cheap and easy way." He warned Eisenhower that air power alone would not ensure victory in Indochina and that any ground forces sent there would have to fight under difficult logistic circumstances in a uniquely inhospitable terrain. He further advised that the U.S.A. could not provide the number of troops needed to win in Indochina without seriously endangering its defense commitments elsewhere in the Far East and in Europe. Both US Secretary of State Dulles and President Eisenhower wanted to involve other nations in any direct military action at this point so as to spread the responsibility and dilute any potential political flack. On April 3, the U.S. administration rejected Vulture and the Congress rejected American troop involvement unless prior commitments were received from American Allies. On April 5, the French requested implementation of VULTURE; they were promptly denied. On April 6, the U.S. National Security Council agreed that planning and mobilization for possible later intervention should "promptly be initiated."

On April 7, Eisenhower emphasized in a news conference that the loss of Indochina to "Communist Dictatorship" would mean the loss of an important source of tin, tungsten, rubber, people, the American strategic position in the Far East, and the fall of Japan and the rest of the Far East to Communism. During April, while at the Geneva Peace conference, France was deterred from negotiating peace in Vietnam on the promise from the USA that if the French agreed to stay in Vietnam indefinitely, the USA would intervene. By late April, Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy warned that no amount of military aid could conquer "an enemy of the people which has the support and covert appeal of the people," and that victory in Indochina could not be attained as long as France remained in Indochina. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon remarked off the record that if international action failed to materialize, the US might have to act alone. Meanwhile, Senate Democratic Leader Lyndon Johnson involvement on the basis of avoiding the perpetuation of colonialism and exploitation in Southeast Asia. On April 29, the NSC decided to hold off a decision until the Geneva conference ended.

On May 7, Dienbienphu surrendered after 55 days of pounding by the Vietminh artillery and a series of human-wave onslaughts. The French were now driven out of all of North Vietnam except for a small area around Hanoi. By mid-June, as a result of pressure applied by the Chinese and the USSR, the Vietminh agreed to the principle of a temporary partition of Vietnam to permit the regrouping of military forces following a cease-fire. On June 19, the Eisenhower administration adopted a long-range plan for the defense of the rest of Indochina and Southeast Asia. The line drawn, the USA would now take over from the French.

1954 - During the spring,
Morris Ketchum Jessup, astrophysicist, mounted a monumental research effort to study UFO phenomena which would continue through the winter. In his many photographic studies of ancient ruins in Peru, Mexico, and other countries, Jessup had increasingly come to believe that unexplained occurrences and events in history - including mysterious falls of ice, rocks and even animals from the sky could be connected with the presence of so-called UFOs. He had seen geological depressions in Mexico which appeared to be similar to some he had seen on the Moon; had found that the Mexican government had allowed the USAF to do a photo reconnaissance of the region; had discovered that the USAF were holding the photos under highly classified order. He conjectured that the means of operation of these UFOs could be some unaware-to-humans principle of antigravity, and that the movement of UFOs clearly defined them to be of intelligent origin and design.

1954 -On March 13,
The new "Committee for State Security" (KGB), replaced the MVD (Ministry of the Interior) in the U.S.S.R. for a number of functions: State Security, foreign operations, the OOs (military counterintelligence), and certain troop elements. At its best the KGB could be ruthless, skilful and subtle; at its worst it could be crude, clumsy, naive and foolish. Perhaps it is a part of the human condition for opponents often to impute greater skill and efficiency to each other than they really merit. Certainly in the West, the KGB became something of a legend, and not only in spy thriller novels. Westerners tended to magnify the successes of the KGB, for political gain and voter manipulation - while overlooking the fact that over 200 KGB officers defected. This one-sidedness was magnified in the West by the media concentrating on the failures of its security agencies, while tending to hide the news of any triumphs.

Most of the time, KGB agents were trained to show non-threatening common movements so as not to attract attention. Few outside the Direct Action officers had any weapons training, and that group was disbanded for a time from 1973. Excerpts from the training manual include these:

"An intelligence officer cannot achieve success unless he is able to detect the surveillance which counter-intelligence has placed upon him. ... The first basic rule was never to show the surveillants under any circumstances that you have found them out. The second was that surveillance officers in any country had to be respected, and never to forget that we were in their country and breaking their laws, which they were there to protect. ... The good intelligence officer must know the city where he is located as well as a local inhabitant, or even better."

The central KGB apparatus consists of 9 Chief Directorates and Directories.
The First Chief Directorate (PGU) deals with external intelligence.

It has 4 Directorates / Services:
• "S" (illegal intelligence);
• "K" (external counter-intelligence);
• "T" (scientific and technical intelligence;
• "RT" (intelligence work carried out among foreigners on Soviet territory);
• "I" (which processes intelligence received),
• "A" (active measures, or more simply, disinformation; and
• 12 numbered geographic departments.
  ---- Department 7 covers Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore.

1954 - On March 24,
Hundreds of people in cities and towns throughout Great Britain reported UFO sightings which are noted in newspaper stories.

1954 - On March 27,
USA thermonuclear test "ROMEO", part of the AEC "CASTLE" series, was conducted on a barge in the Pacific Ocean, on the Bikini Atoll. Its yield was loosely estimated at 11.0 megatons.

1954 - On April 7,
USA thermonuclear test "KOON", part of the AEC "CASTLE" series, was conducted from land in the Pacific Ocean, on the Bikini Atoll. Its yield was loosely estimated at 0.1 megatons; it was considered the Livermore (Laboratory) "fizzle".

1954 - In April,
Fred A. Karpoff, Jr., a Cleveland aeronautical scientist, was dismissed from his $7,000-a-year job at the Cleveland-Hopkins Airport's aeronautical laboratory, for close and continuing association with his parents. His salary was equivalent at that time to the cost of a small house. In October 1955, he was offered reinstatement; he rejected it.

1954 - On April 12,
The "Gray board", personnel security board appointed by the AEC General Manager, Kenneth Nichols, presides over a hearing into allegations that Robert Oppenheimer is a Soviet spy. Members of the board include Gordon Gray, a government administrator, Thomas Morgan, a financial executive, and Ward Evans, a scientist. As Oppenheimer's clearance had already been revoked, the board members were embarrassed over their participation in a 4 week hearing essentially to determine if his clearance should be withdrawn. Edward Teller's directness in testimony was taken negatively by friends and associates of Oppenheimer and afterwards they shunned him. He stated, "I have always assumed, and I now assume, that he is loyal to the United States ... I thoroughly disagree with him on numerous issues ... I would personally feel more secure if public matters could rest in other hands."

David Griggs, Chief scientist for the USAF, was regarded as "a pillar of honesty, a fine scientist, a strong servant of the military and of the weapons laboratories, very careful to think clearly ... open-minded to new ideas in a way that few scientists are. His personal courage was unquestionable. ... a advisor and inventor of new technology, and had made Air Force equipment work by flying with it while he adjusted it. Eventually, he was grounded (from civilian flying for the USAF) as too precious to be shot down. ... a devastating auto accident in Czechoslovakia ... his legs were badly crushed ... mended his legs perhaps only by willing it."

He offered no testimony as to whether he considered Oppenheimer disloyal; he felt deeply, like Teller, that Oppenheimer's counsel, if followed, could be dangerous to the defense and security of the U.S.A. "We (the scientists at Los Alamos) felt ... (during late 1951 and early 1952) that the effort on this program (thermonuclear development) was not as great as the circumstances required under the President's directive ..." He went on to state that Oppenheimer, when called upon to write a report on the "Vista Project" which was a study of tactical warfare, stated that it was impossible to evaluate the tactical significance (of thermonuclear weapons) AFTER tests in the Pacific had shown that hydrogen bombs could be built, delivered and exploded. In summary, "I can't emphasize too strongly that Dr. Oppenheimer is the only one of my scientific acquaintances about whom I have ever felt there a serious question as to their loyalty."

In the Fall of 1951, Oppenheimer and two other colleagues had formed an informal committee to work for world peace: it recommended that the air defense of the continental U.S.A. was more important than the development of the hydrogen bomb. The Lincoln Summer Study was set up to answer that question; the committee recommended the dissolution of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) to the Study - a conclusion not the responsibility of the Study! This position was suggestively taken on the basis that "through technological breakthroughs, it would be possible to achieve an ability close to 100% to destroy attacking aircraft." From what Briggs knew, such a position was overoptimistic to the point of disaster. Griggs was outspoken and idealistically sensitive such that he had become suspicious when the hydrogen bomb project wasn't being obsessively pushed and when Oppenheimer had not shown him minutes of the GAC meetings (to which he had no authority to see) and had complained to the high officials of the Defense Department.

Luis Alvarez, another scientist, testified that he was dumbfounded when after being included in a Long-Range Planning Committee by Oppenheimer, the latter voiced the opinion that "If we built the hydrogen bomb, then the Russians would build a hydrogen bomb, whereas if we did not build a hydrogen bomb, then the Russians would not build a hydrogen bomb." Alvarez was shocked to later find that the report written by Oppenheimer summarizing the findings of the Committee stated that "the hydrogen bomb program was interfering with the small atomic-bomb weapons program," a statement which did do the program harm and came close to killing it off in early 1951.

Oppenheimer did little to help his cause by testifying that his stories about spies that he spoke of while at Berkeley were the pure fabrication of an idiot, himself. The recommendation of the Gray board was to deny further access to restricted data, in the case of Oppenheimer.

    In summary:

    1. We know, in 1994, that Oppenheimer did pass nuclear secrets to the U.S.S.R.
    2. Having done so, he possibly knew of the U.S.S.R. hydrogen bomb project.
    3. He was acquainted with some of the members of the Majestic-12 Group.
    4. His idealism, feelings of guilt over Hiroshima/Nagasaki, metaphysical and
        astronautics hobbies - would suggest a passivist optimist's attitude.

    5. He had been in contact with the GRAYS previously; they had given him the
       confidence that an atom bomb could be built.

    6. Either directly or by informal report from an MJ-12 member, he knew that
       with GRAY's technology (UFOs and disintegrator beams, etc.) bombs and 
       conventional military aircraft would be redundant.

    7. He believed an agreement could be made between the GRAYS and the U.S.A.
       including exchange of technologies enabling world peace by making weapons
       ineffective.

    8. The GRAYs knew that with openness, human authority figures would facilitate
       their control over the rest of humanity; once America was "captured", the
       rest would fall like a house of cards. 

1954 - On April 26,
USA thermonuclear test "UNION", part of the AEC "CASTLE" series, was conducted from a barge in the Pacific Ocean, on the Bikini Atoll. Its yield was loosely estimated at 6.9 megatons.

1954 - On April 26,
The First Mass Test of the Salk Polio Vaccine was given to first, second, and third grade schoolchildren after a more than one year limited testing of it. Thousands of volunteers helped as 441,000 children were given the vaccine and 201,000 were given a placebo. When the results of the test were announced as 94% effective, public support for vaccinations soared. Dr. Jonas Salk had developed a killed virus vaccine for he believed that a weakened virus could never be 100% safe. Newspaper headlines proclaimed "Victory Against Polio!" but the victory was only effective if used as a preventative. A further campaign in 1955 would result in 5 million more children being vaccinated.

1954 - On May 5,
USA thermonuclear test "YANKEE", part of the AEC "CASTLE" series, was conducted from a barge in the Pacific Ocean, on the Bikini Atoll. Its yield was loosely estimated at 13.5 megatons.

1954 - In May,
Dienbienphu, Vietnam, the French forces surrender after a loss of 13,500 troops of 16,500 in an extended battle. An armistice is signed with the Viet Minh and both sides withdraw to a demarcation line in July with an accord that all French troops will leave Vietnam following free elections to be held before July, 1956.

1954 - On May 14,
USA thermonuclear test "NECTAR", part of the AEC "CASTLE" series, was conducted from a barge in the Pacific Ocean, on the Bikini Atoll. Its yield was loosely estimated at 1.69 megatons.

1954 - On May 15,
The "Emergency Civil Liberties Committee", representing the USA government warned that "the threat to civil liberties in the United States today is the most serious in the history of our country."

The Eisenhower administration was proud of its anything-goes approach to fighting the Communist menace. The "Communist Control Act" of 1954 barred Communists from running for public office. The "Loss of Citizenship Act" of 1954 added punishment similar to that of committing treason to Communist sympathizers. Refugee admissions from the Soviet Union, while approved, were tightly controlled. Executive Order #10450, issued by the President, effectively had each agency of the government run its own screening program with no procedure for appeals. It provided an easy way for agency heads to get rid of misfits: alcoholics, people who did not pay their bills, homosexuals, people with mental illnesses, chronic liars, incompetents, and anyone else that you particularly disliked. Some states made it a felony to be a Communist. The penalty in Texas was 20 years imprisonment. Some persons were repeatedly charged and worn down by the constant hearings. Others, particularly older leftists, were persecuted because they had refused to become informers and were threatened or sent to countries in which they had few ties. One reporter noted: "The suffering in terms of broken families and disrupted lives is beyond the most sympathetic imagination ... [and] people are afraid to look, lest they be tempted to help, and bring down suspicion on themselves." Disability pensions were revoked for dozens of Communists who had been wounded on active duty defending the USA. The old-age pensions of others were stopped, and repayment was demanded of all the pension money already received.

James Kutcher represented one of many.
He was still jobless; he and his parents faced eviction; he was informed that his sole source of income, his disability pension for the loss of both his legs in military service for the USA was being revoked. The case against him was that he was "giving aid and assistance to Communist China and North Korea." How he was doing this was not explained. The hearing was run by a chairman appointed by the Veterans Administration who set out the principle he proposed to follow: "I will make the rules as I go along." In response to a media backlash, the administration decided that while it had been justified in taking the pension, it would restore it for humanitarian reasons. Many others were not as fortunate.

In its first 3 years, the Eisenhower Administration dismissed 10,000 people as security risks.
Half of them had been hired by the Eisenhower Administration. In 1956, the USA Supreme Court would declare that EO #10450 had overstepped the limits of Presidential power and was unconstitutional because only individuals employed in sensitive agencies could be dismissed as security risks. In 1954, Vannevar Bush had described the scientific community as being extremely despondent. The security hearings had revealed, he believed, a deep distrust of science as a good thing and of scientists as good people. Such treatment of civilians both in the USA and the USSR only confirmed to high level scientific and military leaders that politicians were unsuitable to the running of a peaceful world.

1954 - On May 24,
An Experimental Jet Aircraft was destroyed as it attempted to shoot down a flying saucer near Las Vegas, Nevada.

1954 -
Franz Pick-Rene Sedillot begins his foreward to the first edition of his book,
"All the Monies of the World: A Chronicle of Currency Values", with:

"A brilliant economist was recently explaining to me, with the help of profound technical terminology, some very attractive theories. I was awed by the manner this man of principle reasoned, expounded and concluded until the moment when, impelled by I do not know what demon, I questioned him on a point of history. To my surprise he knew almost nothing of it. Was he ignoring the lessons of the past? I do not think so. He had not had the means or the opportunity of studying the matter. He was satisfied with assumptions in the light of recent experiments he had witnessed in his own little corner of our planet. He boldly elaborated his theorems on the basis of his own hypotheses.

This case is not unique. How many plans have thus been constructed in the dark of night? And how many definitive works have been written without the benefit of basic knowledge?"

Sedillot further stated:

"Political actions generate monetary facts: wars, revolutions and bad management precipitate the destiny of currencies. Monetary actions, in turn, give birth to political facts: major inflations, for instance, foster dictatorships. ... Monetary events are interrelated: any exchange control implies a depreciation which, sooner or later, becomes a devaluation; any accelerating inflation eventually erodes the value of a currency. ...

The constant debasement of a given currency must be followed through the turmoil of the centuries to understand the life of money. Admirably solid at the outset, it fritters away after every war, every revolution, every crisis. Ultimately, it weighs nothing at all, except if measured on high precision scales. ...

But currencies manage to survive and to perpetuate themselves by propagating one another in such fashion that it becomes hard to tell if one is dealing with a particular currency or a family of currencies, with a mother unit or with a great granddaughter. They transmit their own substance either through recasting or by simple embossing .... They bequeath their patronymic names to each other, the same way a title of nobility is handed down. ... Rentenmark ... Mark ... Reichsmark ... Deutsche Mark ... East Mark."

1954 - Between May 29-31,
The first Bilderberg Conference was held at Oosterbeek, Netherlands.
The conferences would take their name from the Bilderberg Hotel in which this first meeting was held. His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands served as the chairman - and would continue to do so for the next 21 years. Both a political and a business leader, Bernhard had adopted the concepts of Joseph H. Retinger - who believed that greater political and military unity of European nations would promote longer-term peace and economic prosperity. Beginning in 1952, the two had organized a committee to plan the first meeting and approached the leaders of the various NATO countries whose involvement was desired. The USA was included as a perceived necessary part of such discussions due to its military and economic power and the benefit which such support could lend itself.

There would usually be 115 participants invited to each annual meeting; 80 would be from Western Europe with the remainder coming from North America. Participants would be invited by the Chairman, following his consultations and recommendations by the Steering Committee membership, the Advisory Group and the Honorary Secretaries-General. Such an approach was to ensure a full, informed and balanced discussion of agenda items. In reality, it ensured a full display of the personal perceptions, idiosyncracies, and both relevant and paranoid concerns of a wide-ranging group of politically and economically powerful average humans who had gained their positions by heredity, negotiation, deception, and, the manipulation of the capital market - more often than by the expression of superior spiritual abilities or effective management skills. One-third of the participants were chosen by their political and government position or contribution; two-thirds were chosen from industry, finance, education and communications. All participants declared the ideal of attending the meeting in their private capacity and not as officials; however, history and common sense would show that relationships formed at the conference and ideas expressed and given the weight of agreement by such a powerful elite would contribute to the decision-making taken by the participants after the conference ended.

A different location would be chosen for the 3-day sessions each year.
Costs of the annual meetings would rest with the Steering Committee members of the host country.
The expenses would be covered entirely by private subscriptions. Meeting reports would be published and distributed on a Confidential and Secret classification to participating members only.

A 1989 draft document by the Bilderbergs, intended to reduce rising public concern over the possible conspiracies promoted by the participants, defined the intent of the meetings as:

"The pioneering meeting grew out of the concern expressed by many leading citizens on both sides of the Atlantic that Western Europe and North America were not working together as closely as they should on matters of critical importance."

          The topics of this first meeting included these:

     A. The attitude towards communism and the Soviet Union;
     B. The attitude towards dependent areas and people overseas;
     C. The attitude towards economic poicies and problems;
     D. The attitude towards European integration and the European Defence Community.

Joseph H. Retinger, who was the founder of the meetings, believed that it was insignificant what dominated the economic ideology of a country. His aim was to unite the world in peace. Such a peace would reside under the control of a supranational, powerful organization or group of organizations. He believed that economic ideologies could be brought into harmony by the influence of powerful multinational organizations dictating and applying powerful economic and military policies. As a firm supported of the ideals of the Jesuit Order (Roman Catholic), he expected that constructive human political organizations - which would be the surviving ones - would pursue Roman Catholic ideals in the marketplace. By economic imperialism, nations which had poor records on civil freedoms and relevant wage levels would be forced to adopt international humane standards or die an economic, and thus, political death. His faith in such a human authority-based system was to prove naieve.

In the very beginning, USA delegates were embarrassed by the issue of McCarthyism, which was reaching its peak of paranoia and persecution. European participants, concerned over the fascist propaganda of McCarthy, saw in their American counterparts the potential for a political shift towards an ultra-right-wing Nazi-like state. Memories of WWII were still fresh in their thoughts and repulsive. In an attempt to regain the confidence of the European delegates, C.D. Jackson stated: "Whether McCarthy dies by an assassin's bullet or is eliminated in the normal American way of getting rid of boils on body politics, I prophesy that by the time we hold our next meeting he will be gone from the American scene."

1954 - In June,
Eleven-year-old Laili Thindu told authorities in Nairobi, Kenya, that he had seen strange lights coming from the direction of Mount Kenya and flying near his village of Kirimukuyu. The lights hovered over a neighbouring village where the drums could be heard, celebrating a marriage ceremony. The objects sent down rays of light, and the drums became silent.

The next morning the boy was told that the entire population of the village and the livestock had been "burned to death" by the light rays.

1954 - During the year,
Wilhelm Reich saw a UFO near his farm in Maine.
He speculated that they were powered by the orgone energy he had been researching for decades.
Late in the year, he directed one of his cloudbusters at a UFO and observed a change in the object's brilliance. From this he speculated that UFOs were drawing energy from the earth by exuding a DOR-producing substance. He considered that UFOs might be dangerous and strengthened the power of the cloudbuster by adding a milligram of radium to its base to create a "space gun". This he used in Arizona, in 1955, to scare away UFOs, whose presence was noticed by Reich visually as well, he thought, by the presence of dark clouds and a significant increase in atmospheric radiation on the orgone-sensitive geiger counter he used. The dry weather, dark clouds and radiation readings were actually the result of American nuclear weapons testing, which was intended to remain secret under government intelligence classification.

Reich had to be stopped before he discovered and revealed the truth to the general population: a truth which government officers did not even want to admit. The national intelligence agencies became convinced that he was a Communist spy sent to corrupt the minds of Americans with ideas about sexual freedom and emotional awareness; that he was using the UFO interest to alarm Americans; that he was spying on their nuclear efforts. During 1954, Reich was brought to trial on the charge of renting his orgone accumulators for the purpose of healing and that such declarations were fraudulent and put forth by a person not licensed to practice medicine in New York state. In spite of the urgings of friends and associates, Reich had not coped well with the American bureaucracy and had not relicensed on his arrival in the USA. He felt that with his demonstrated European credentials and experience, those should be adequate. On May 26, 1956, in a small Maine courthouse he was found guilty, fined $10,000 (enough to buy a house with), and sentenced to two years in jail. In addition, the court ordered that all of his books which referred, "in any way", to orgone energy be destroyed. His laboratory, his books and his publishing house were burned. In jail, he requested a transfer to medical facilities because of a known heart condition he had; he was denied. On November 2, 1956, he was found dead in his cell.

The writings, lectures and work of Reich would not see much influence on human culture for decades. Beginning in the late 1970s and more noticeable in the 1990s, his encouragement for a holistic approach to maintaining health and treating disease would arise. During the same time, bodywork awareness, body language, acupuncture, kinesiology, and the treatment of emotional illnesses by the awareness of energy blocks would become more recognized and affirmed as more beneficial than more conventional therapies. Political freedoms, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s would lead to a greater freedom of sexual, marriage, and gender preference in North American society.

1954 - On June 29,
Over the Atlantic Ocean off Labrador, Captain James Howard and the crew and passengers of BOAC Stratocruiser "Centaurus", while on a trans-Atlantic flight, travelling at 260 knots speed at an altitude of 19,000 feet, saw a craft which kept changing shape. A large cigar-shaped object of metallic appearance with 6 smaller objects moving around it. After observing the UFOs for 15 minutes, a jet fighter was summoned from Goose Bay to provide an escort to Newfoundland. As the fighter approached the 6 small objects maneuvered into single file with the large object and appeared to merge into one end of it. The size of the large object began to diminish in size and when the fighter jet reported it was overhead, the object disappeared from the radar scope "like a TV picture going off". Among the other witnesses were First Officer Lee Boyd and Navigator Captain H. McDonnell. Upon landing, all of the witnesses were debriefed and the flight logs of the officers were confiscated by USAF personnel.

1954 - On June 30,
Early in the morning just after midnight, a BOAC trans-Atlantic flight from New York to London, a stratocruiser (Callsign 'Sierra Charlie') encountered a large cigar-shaped object. It was at a distance of 5 miles and had 6 smaller sized black ovals moving about it. Captain James Howard was in command. Lee Boyd was first officer and the navigator was Captain H. McDonnell. Gradually the objects moved up through some clouds to the height of the jet. After 15 minutes of observation, Goose Bay Nato Base, Labrador was called for assistance; they promised to send an interceptor. Almost immediately after the request was placed, the 6 smaller craft 'entered' the larger object, three from above and 3 from below, and the thing shot away.

The BOAC crew never saw "Pinto One", the interceptor, but they were told that Goose Bay had the UFO on radar and were sending the jet towards it. Arriving at Labrador on time, Canadian and USAF officials and intelligence officers 'debriefed' Howard and Boyd and the USAF confiscated the flight logs, a breach of procedure. Back in London, Howard and Boyd were called to the Air Ministry, after which the official explanation of a solar eclipse was given to the public, although it had not yet taken place when the sightings were reported!

1954 -
The Defence Research Board, Canada, established a restricted landing field to invite UFO landings at its experimental station at Suffield, Alberta. All RCAF and commercial pilots were banned from the area. Even if the aliens had known, they might not have risked landing after hundreds of earlier chases by the RCAF. The project was kept secret until 1967, when it was first declared that the base had not attracted any aliens, and then that such a project never existed.

1954 - In issue 6:5 of the "Journal of Space Flight", ***
W. Proell submitted an article outlining a concept that would become known as "terraforming" in "Martian Rejuvenation: The Effects on Planetary Conditions".
An abstract stated:

"A scheme is proposed to manufacture a habitable environment on Mars by the deliverance of some 10 to the 20th power grams of water with a thermonuclear energy source (hydrogen bomb). Normal photodissociation and hydrogen loss would give Mars an oxygeniferous atmosphere of about 30 mm pressure within 300 years of delivering the water in the form of ice to the planet. Since kinetic energy of the ice mass would have to be dissipated, the crashing of the ice mass would result thermally in great geographic and climatic changes on Mars. Mars is presumed to have a moderately varied life and perhaps intelligent life. Juvenation would certainly have an adverse effect by the shock and induced changes. Although the scheme is now impractical it may someday be necessary and practical."

The fundamental human problem of population overexpansion and crowding has produced for all of human recorded history a drive for spatial expansion and control. Still unaware of the disastrous ecological consequences which attend nuclear explosions in the form of fallout and radiation, humans are already planning to spread the use of their new tools of destruction to other planets.

1954 - On July 2,
The Walesville, New York disaster then and afterwards received much attention as an example of the hostile intent of flying saucers. It serves as an example of how facts in an investigation can become so distorted that it is sometimes impossible to separate reality from fiction. Also, many people who conduct research are biased. They want to have confirmation of their beliefs whether those beliefs support a hoped for positive finding or a sceptics negative expectation. When the facts presented are what they want to believe, they stop searching, often overlooking explanations.

According to several reports, a UFO was spotted on radar on July 1, flying near Griffiths base. An interceptor was scrambled, caught the strange disc-shaped object near Utica and closed in. Then, the cockpit filled with an unbearable heat, yet none of the warning lights came on. The pilot gave the order to bail out and both men did. They watched the plane continue straight for a distance and then begin a gradual descent to Walesville. It crashed near an intersection close to the centre of town, burst into flames, hit a house and smashed a car in an intersection. Four people died.

Authors, Donald Keyhoe and Otto Binder separately concluded that a heat-ray from the UFO had forced the crew from the jet. Other authors, J. Allen Hynek and Jacques Vallee further claimed that 2 interceptors were scrambled on July 2 and suggest that because the story was in The New York Times and that the pilots were interrogated at length and in seclusion that a UFO was responsible.

Air Force behaviour here was like that of any other case.
They always close off all outside communication so that they can get all the facts before the pilots and witnesses have a chance to start speculating. Official sources, which were not all classified and there appears to have been a confusion between 2 incidents, one on July 1 and the second on the following day. On July 1, a partially filled balloon was seen over Rome, New York. The local Air Force officer said he would have it investigated if it were still there the next day. It wasn't.

The crash occurred on the next day when an F-94 on an operational training mission was diverted to an active air defense mission. The first unidentified object it was sent after was not immediately found, instead the jet came on an Air Force C-47, tail number 6099. The controller then turned the interceptor back to the first object. The F-94, flying at 8,000 feet, above cloud cover could not find anything so it began to descend and at that time the pilot was also informed that the unidentified object was in a traffic pattern to land at Griffith AFB. During the descent there was intense heat in the cockpit and the engine plenum chamber fire warning light remained on. Due to the critical low altitude and the fire warning, the pilot and radar observer ejected and were recovered without injury.

1954 - On July 7,
A wire service story reported the experience of a young Canadian miner from Garson, Ontario, Canada.
He reported seeing a flying saucer with a crew of 3 -"13 feet tall with ears like spurs and 3 sets of arms". Enno La Sarza, 25, had told his story to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the RCAF had begun an investigation. The "huge disk" had descended north of the nickel mining town on the previous Friday - the day on which the planet Mars was nearest to the earth's orbit. La Sarza said he asked the beings, from a distance, who they were and they "fixed me with a hypnotic stare until I fainted; when I came to they and the ship had vanished".

1954 - On July 14,
USA President Dwight Eisenhower sent a memo to General Nathan Twinning (MJ-4) requesting his presence at a Majestic-12 meeting on July 16.

1954 - On July 16,
A Majestic-12 meeting is held to discuss "the UFO question" and the response to be provided to spacepersons contacting USA leaders.

1954 - During July,
Ngo Dinh Diem assumed the premiership of the new government of the State of Vietnam, still nominally presided over by Bao Dai. France had granted unqualified independence to the state the month before. Diem was left with antiquated institutions patterned on French colonial practices. It lacked experienced civil servants. It was associated with the past French colonial government and as such had no base support: its authority seldom extended far beyond its own offices.

Diem was strongly anti-French.
Diem's father had been an official at the imperial court of Hue.
Diem had attended French Catholic schools in Hue and the school of public administration in Hanoi, where, after finishing top of his class, he was given an appointment in the bureaucracy of the protectorate of Annam. A devout Catholic, he became intolerant of the Communists before promoting nationalism. As a village supervisor in central Vietnam, he uncovered a Communist-inspired uprising in 1929 and severely punished the leaders. The French rewarded him with an appointment as Minister of the Interior, the highest position in the government, but when they refused to enact reforms which he had proposed, he resigned and would not return to his post even when threatened with deportation. For most of the next 2 decades, Diem lived as a scholar recluse in his own country, refusing to work with the Japanese, the Vietminh and Bao Dai. He eventually travelled to Rome and then to a seminary in the USA. His lectures there attracted the attention of senior American politicians.

He was characterized as having a stubborn determination to persist in the face of great danger and survive.
Idealistic and intellectual, he inclined towards an attitude of all or nothing which deprived him of the flexibility, openness, and awareness of others necessary to bring about peace in Vietnam. An elitist, he looked back to the way things were, politically. A compulsive talker and poor listener, he was unaware of the desires of the common folk in Vietnam. Diem's determination to maintain tight control over the Army frustrated American efforts to establish an efficient military command. Diem personally ordered units into action, bypassing the Minister of Defense and the General Staff. He promoted officers on the basis of loyalty rather than merit and constantly changed the composition of the high command. Diem, on the other hand, wanted an auxiliary military force as a Civil Guard; on the advice of Michigan State University theorists, the Guard was equipped for police duties - pathetically unprepared to arrest a squad of guerillas armed with submachine guns, rifles, grenades and mortars!

Diem's political philosophy was a mixture of Western and Eastern ideas, which with his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu's support, absolute state power, distrust of popular rule and small elite responsibility resembled a model of Emperor Ming Mang's former government. Diem was unwilling to delegate to more than a few others thus leaving him to oversee most things. Like Eisenhower, he was paternalistic and believed that the people must be guided by those who knew better for them. Opposition of any kind was not tolerated and compromise had no place. Diem's system of appointment by patronage encouraged the development of an unskilled civil service and opportunism involving bribes, coercion and extortion. Newspapers which criticized the government were closed down. Nhu's Vietnam Bureau of Investigation pegged suspected subversives, took them to "reeducation centers" and imprisoned, abused or tortured many without just cause. By 1956, 20,000 people would have been incarcerated. The result would be increased apathy and resentment against the Diem government. Americans accepted him on the basis of his anti-Communist attitudes, making them an excuse to overlook his use of coercion and confinement. Diem expected deference, and when he didn't get it he responded with oppression.

1954 - On July 21,
The Geneva agreements regarding southeast Asia were concluded.

"Except for the United States, the major powers were satisfied with their handiwork."

France, Britain, the Soviet Union, Communist China and to some extent North Vietnam believed that they had ended the war and had transferred the conflict to the political realm.

Most of the governments involved "anticipated that France would remain in Vietnam."
They expected that Paris would retain a major influence over the Diem regime, train Premier Diem's army and insure that the 1956 elections specified by the Geneva accords were carried out.

But the Eisenhower Administration took a different view.
In meetings on August 8 and 12, the National Security Council concluded that the Geneva settlement was a disaster that "completed a major forward stride of Communism which may lead to the loss of Southeast Asia."

The Council's thinking appeared consistent with its decision in April before the conference began, that the United States would not associate itself with an unsatisfactory settlement. Secretary Dulles had announced this publicly on several occasions, and in the end the United States had only taken note of the agreements.

1954 - By July 23,
Authoritarian-style leader President Eisenhower had decided that the USA would use the Vietnam partition as an opportunity to build non-Communist forces in southern Vietnam. From 1950 to 1954, the USA had provide France more than $2.6 billion in military aid, for Vietnam. Eisenhower and Dulles blindly and authoritarianly intolerant attributed the failure in Vietnam solely to the colonial policies of the French. Now with the French out of the way, the Vietnamese would be persuaded by the materialism and gifts from the USA that American capitalism held more for them than Vietnamese Socialist Nationalism under the name of Communism. In the proud, yet culturally and economically imperialistic political approach of the USA, Eisenhower remarked; "We must work with these people, and then they themselves will soon find out that we are their friends and that they can't live without us." Dependency, not freedom was the goal. Is slavery to materialism that much different from slavery to alcohol or to the management of a creditor. In either situation, your personal control over your future is minimized.

1954 - In August,
Edmond Campagnac, head of Technical Services of Air France, was waiting with a group of people outside the Air France office on the Avenue de la Liberation, in Tananarive, Madagascar (now Malagasy), when they saw a luminous green ball in the sky. It was late afternoon. The object descended vertically and disappeared behind mountains to the south of the city. Seconds later, the object appeared over the hills near the Queen's Palace moving horizontally at a slower speed than previously observed. It curved past the government buildings, still looking like a green ball, descended lower, almost to roof-top height, and headed along the eastern side of the Avenue, just above the buildings opposite the Air France office.

As the light drew level with the observers, they could see that it was really 2 objects with a lentil-shaped device leading and having an "electric-green luminous gas" colour. Following some 100 feet behind was a metallic-looking cylindrical object about 130 feet long which some described as "cigar-shaped". Behind it was splayed a fume of orange-red flame. The speed of the objects was estimated at 185 mph. Both objects moved silently and as they passed over the buildings all electricity was extinguished, coming back on as they passed away. The objects continued on towards the airport, then west over a zoological park (where the animals unusually stampeded through the fences) and eventually disappeared from view. The Air Force Commandant, General Fleurquin, set up an official enquiry into this invasion of air space and headed it by Father Coze, director of the local observatory. He had also observed it. He estimated that 20,000 people had viewed it and he compiled a report based on interviews with 5000. It is not known what happened to the report or if it reached France, its intended destination.

1954 - During August,
The European Defence Community collapsed, and along with it the European Political Community (EPC).
This left Europe in political and military disarray.
British Prime Minister Anthony Eden immediately proposed an end to the occupation of West Germany, the permission of its rearmament with the provision that Germany renounce the right to nuclear weapons, join NATO and incorporate its forces in the Alliance. To reduce continental European fears of a resurgent Germany, Eden proposed the conversion of the Brussels Treaty Organization into a new institution, the Western European Union (WEU). London would then enter into an agreement with the WEU not to withdraw from the European continent the existing 4 British divisions and the tactical air force then assigned to NATO forces in Germany. These proposals would be accepted at the London Conference on October 20, 1954.

1954 - On August 12,
An Emergency CIA Message was sent to Project Bluebook:

"Lighted Saucer hovering at 2000 feet above Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
Dispatched local helicopter to investigate. Definitely NOT a star.
Helicopter's fuel low, returned to base. Incoming helicopter proceeded toward UFO which then completely disappeared. Pilot lost sight of it, would be glad to be called upon to verify saucer light.
Pilots of Army helicopters were: R.T. Wade, 506th helicopter Co., U.S. Tarma, also of the 506th, Ft. Genning, GA."

1954 - By August,
The first Soviet nuclear power generation reactor is built.
It is capable of 5,000 kilowatts of output.

1954 - In August,
Air Chief Marshall Lord Dowling, head of the RAF during WWII, stated
"Of course the flying saucers are real - and they are interplanetary".

1954 - On August 24,
M. Bernard Miserey, at Vernon, France, saw a giant cigar-shaped object hanging vertically over the north bank of the River Seine. He estimated the size to be 300 feet long, luminous and silent. A horizontal disc-shaped object dropped from the bottom of the giant "cigar", halted its free-fall, wobbled, turned a luminous red with a brilliant white halo and shot towards M. Miserey passing silently over him (SE). This process was repeated 3 more times; then a 5th disc fell almost to the river bank before wobbling and disappearing at great speed in a different direction (N). During this last 'launch' the glow of the large object began to fade and soon was lost to darkness.

1954 - On September 10th,
At Quarouble, near the small French village of Valenciennes close to the Belgian border, 34-year old Monsieur Marcus Dewilde was sitting reading in the kitchen of his small house when his dog started to bark. Thinking there was a prowler outside, Dewilde took his flashlight and ventured outside. He noticed an ill-defined shape near the National Coal Mines railway trackline at the side of his house. Then, as his dog came up to him, cringing on her belly, he heard a sound to his right. He swung his light around and the beam illuminated 2 beings, each just over 3 feet tall. They were wearing what appeared to be a diver's suit and seemed to be shuffling along on very short legs. He noticed they had very broad shoulders, no arms were visible, and they had huge helmets. They were headed for the dark shape on the tracks.

Recovering from his initial surprise, Dewilde ran to cut off their return and was about 2 yards from them when a blinding beam of light, the colour of magnesium flares, issued from an opening in the side of the dark object. The beam struck him and he was paralysed in his tracks. Horrified, he watched the beings pass him by at a distance of a yard. Suddenly, the light went out, Dewilde recovered the use of his muscles, and as he neared the object, he saw a door closing in the side of the object. It then rose slowly from the ground and with a whistling noise, Dewilde saw steam clouding up from beneath it. After rising 30 yards, it flew off towards the east, climbing and glowing red as it went.

Shocked and highly agitated, Marcus awakened his sleeping wife, contacted the local policeman (who thought he had gone mad and sent him away), got access to the Commissioner who set up a meeting with the Territory Security Department and airforce police. There had been a mass of telephone wires over the landed object so it was confirmed that it could not have been a helicopter. Sharply and deeply cut marks in the iron-hard wood of the railway sleepers were calculated by a railway engineer to have been made by a weight of 30 tonnes. It would also have taken great heat to have produced the burnt and calcined ballast stones found between the affected sleepers. The media suggested that he had experienced a hallucination !

1954 - By September,
President Eisenhower had issued "NSC 5410", a directive to make the Majestic Twelve (MJ-12) Committee permanent.
It was evident that the UFO spaceperson incident would not end, there was no control over them; there was a continuing question as to how the U.S.A. would respond to them politically and militarily in the future. MJ-12 was to oversee and conduct all covert activities concerned with the spaceperson questions. "NSC 5412/1" was later issued to explain the purpose of the meetings to a curious Congress and Press.

          Members at this time included :
      ===========================================
     Nelson Rockefeller, Rockefeller Commission, 
     Allen Welsh Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence
     John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State, close advisor to Eisenhower,
     Charles E. Wilson, Secretary of Defense
     Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
     J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
  W. Averell Harriman, Director of the Council on Foreign Relations, banker,
  diplomat to the U.S.S.R. and U.S.S.R. investor, Lend-Lease expediter, advisor to Kennedy
     Dean Acheson,  lawyer, Undersecretary of State,
     Robert Lovett, banker, Eisenhower's President's Board of Consultants on
                                     Foreign Intelligence Activities, advisor to Kennedy
     George Kennan, Ambassador to the U.S.S.R., C.I.A. Policy Planning Dept., advisor to Kennedy
     Jack McCloy, Warren Commission
     Charles E. Bohlen, U.S. Ambassador to U.S.S.R., advisor to Kennedy

Included were 6 men from the executive committee of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR): John McCloy, Robert Lovett, Averell Harriman, Charles Bohlen, George Kennan, and Dean Acheson. Later, Gordon Dean, George Bush and Zbigniew Brzezinski would serve on the committee with others.

The Committee would continue to be called the "5412 Committee", or the "Special Group", during the Eisenhower administration. In the Johnson Administration it would become known as the "303 Committee" because the reference to 5412 had been compromised in a book, "The Secret Government". Under the Presidencies of Nixon, Ford, and Carter, the Committee became known as the "40 Committee", while under Reagan, it became the "PI-40 Committee".

1954 - By September,
George Van Tassel, a contactee, sponsored the first "Giant Rock Convention" in Yucca Valley, California.
It was a carnival affair with alleged contactees giving lectures on their experiences and selling souvenirs.
Over 5,000 people attended. He ran for the Senate on a platform of intergalactic harmony and won 171,000 votes.

Tassel was told by a spaceperson group to withdraw from the election later involving Nixon and Kennedy for President and to throw his support behind Kennedy. If he had not done so, his split of the vote would have made Nixon president. The spacepersons believed that of the two, Kennedy was less likely to start World War III than Nixon. The strident anti-Communist manner of Nixon would have led to WWIII in the Cuban Crisis, yet to come.

1954 - On September 17,
Many Witnesses report sighting a UFO over Rome, Italy.
A series of reported sightings are also made on the same day over France.

1954 - On September 30,
A "Report on the Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency" was submitted by Lieutenant General James Doolittle to U.S.A. President Dwight Eisenhower.
Among its descriptions and conclusions:

"The acquisition and proper evaluation of adequate and reliable intelligence on the capabilities and intentions of Soviet Russia is today's most important military and political requirement .... Because the United States is relatively new at the game, and because we are opposed by a police state enemy whose social discipline and security measures have been built up and maintained at a high level for many years, the usable information we are obtaining is far short of our needs.

As long as it remains national policy, another important requirement is an aggressive covert psychological, political and paramilitary organization more effective, more unique and, if necessary, more ruthless than that employed by the enemy. No One should be allowed to stand in the way of the prompt, efficient and secure establishment of this mission ....

It is now clear that we are facing an implacable enemy whose avowed objective is world domination by whatever means and at whatever cost. There are no rules in such a game. Hitherto acceptable norms of human conduct do not apply. If the United States is to survive, long-standing American concepts of "fair-play" must be reconsidered. We must develop effective espionage and counterespionage services and must learn to subvert, sabotage and destroy our enemies by more clever, more sophisticated and more effective methods than those used against us. It may become necessary that the American people be made acquainted with, understand and support this fundamentally repugnant philosophy."

Humanity has a habit of always falling behind the leadership of the anti-spiritual, some call it "the devil". Despite messengers from more advance entities, angels, God and the Holy Ghost urging humanity to seek spiritual guidance, earn faith and trust in the Supreme Being, be humble, self-responsible, self-directed and seeking of peace and accepting of others, history shows the inevitable fall of all large and powerful societies. Here America is challenged to live up to the ideals of its Constitution and the professed Christian faith of its populace, OR, succumb to the example of power, suppression, and fear of the Soviet Republics, China and Korea, AND, the pride, greed, and vices demonstrated by the past empires of the British, French, German, Belgian, Portuguese, Spanish, .... Will those entrusted with the power and responsibility be directed by their God, or has their god become their iniquities?

1954 - In the October-November issue of "Sky and Telescope"
An anonymous article entitled "Vegetation on Mars" was described in an abstract as follows:

"The presence of the 3.45u absorption band in the infrared spectrum of Mars was detected by a statistical analysis of spectra and indicates the presence of organic molecules on Mars. Comparisons of spectra of terrestrial plants show a double absorption band due to the organic molecules at 3.45u which is less evident in mosses and lichens. The limited amount of reflected energy from Mars precluded the assignment of the infrared absorption to any specific area of Mars. It is assumed that the presence of organic molecules is indicative of vegetative life."

1954 - In October,
USA Vice-President Richard M. Nixon calls for the revocation of Edward U. Condon's security clearance pending yet another investigation. The Corning Glass Company was working on classified contracts, and Condon was a top executive with Corning. In what essentially emerged as a crude tribal maneuver designed to thwart the New York gubernatorial campaign of W. Averell Harriman, Condon's erstwhile chief and protector, Nixon and Brownell intervened with Secretary of the Navy Charles S. Thomas, who dutifully suspended the clearance he had issued 3 months earlier. Condon stoically announced that he was ready to be cleared "a fifth time," but then depression set in and in December he resigned from Corning Glass with a statement that no fair and independent judgement was any longer available. His successor as president of the AAAS, Warren Weaver, described Condon as a victim of "a present sickness in our country" and of the "pathological arrogance of demagogues with small and nasty minds."

1954 - On October 14,
Flight-Lieutenant James R. Salandin, flying a Meteor twin-jet fighter aircraft, narrowly avoided collision with a silvery object. He was flying at 16,000 feet over the outlying districts of Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England, and saw 2 circular objects, one silvery and the other gold, streak between and in the opposite direction of flight as two other Meteors flying near him. They disappeared to his left side and when he turned back to look ahead he saw an object that looked like 2 saucers faced together with bun-shapes on both top and bottom. It was travelling at high speed towards him and avoided collision at the last moment by swerving off past him on the left side. It flew close enough to his jet such that the image of its size overlapped his windshield view.

1954 - On October 21,
In Britain, a shiny disc-shaped object approached the house of Mrs. Jennie Roestenberg, a young mother.
The house was near Ranton, a village in Staffordshire.
Both her children were terrified of the object. It had a large transparent window in the front, and gazing down from this were 2 figures in turquoise blue "ski-suits", which covered them from head to toe. They had high foreheads, white faces, and gazed down with a look of concern. They also had blond shoulder length hair.

The craft made a hissing sound which upset the children; wisps of vapour came from the rear, where a purplish light was seen to be glowing as it left. The craft had hovered very low over the farmhouse for about 15 seconds at a 45 degree angle after which it returned to a more level attitude and spiralled upwards, at which time the mother and children ran inside and hid.

1954 -
Cedric Allingham's book "Flying Saucers from Mars" was published.
In it he describes how he was met in Scotland in 1953.
After its publication, he died, preventing any interviews. That was the publisher's story.
In 1983, Chris Allan stated that he had tracked down the real author, a man by another name, who had become a famous TV personality. By then, he was well known in UFO circles for his frequent outspoken dismissals of the subject for the BBC. Whenever he wrote negative pieces about the subject, he seemed to be the only writer who continually mentioned the Allingham case. Chris Allan published his findings in 1986 naming TV astronomer Patrick Moore as the culprit; no suits followed to disprove the statement.

1954 - During the year,
The American military aid program for southeast Asia, reached $1.1 billion (1954 $s) paying for 78% of the French Indochina war burden.

1954 - During the year
Numerous Soviet spies defected to the U.S.A..
Among them were Vladimir Petrov, KGB chief in Austria; Yuri Rastvorov, a KGB officer stationed at the Soviet Embassy in Tokyo; Nikolai Khokhlov, a member of the SMERSH section of the KGB - the assassination section; Joseph Swialto, Polish intelligence.

1954 - November 23,
U.S.A. President Dwight Eisenhower, in speaking to Senator Knowland comments:

"In the conduct of foreign affairs we do many things we can't explain. ... (I) know so many things that I am almost afraid to speak to my wife. ... The CIA are very active, and there are a great many risky decisions on my part constantly ... but I try to spare other people some of the things I do."

In a democracy, a President or Executive who tries to "protect" the voters from the truth of reality does not believe that they are strong enough or capable in dealing with that reality. Voters are adults, not children. Sheltered from reality long enough, they will become as children - unable to accept responsibility, disappointment or sacrifice. It becomes easy for them to assume a position of pride in reference to the achievements of which only they hear. This pride and detachment from reality shields them from the failures and losses which would balance their confidence with humility and reverence, leaving them open to denial of what, with open eyes and common sense is suggested by the events which occur.

1954 - From this year through 1956,
High-level radioactive waste is dumped directly into the Teeha River, at Chelyabinsk, U.S.S.R. and pollutes all the way to the arctic. Chelyabinsk-10 is a Soviet "mailbox" comparable to the American "Livermore Laboratories" and Chelyabinsk-70 is a Soviet "mailbox" used as a weapons lab. Mailboxes are facilities known only by their postal addresses as a way of keeping their existence secret.

1954 - On December 1,
The U.S.A. Project U2 received approval from President Dwight Eisenhower.
Earlier in the year, the Intelligence Advisory Board had studied ways to improve the systems that provided advance warning of enemy attack on the U.S.A. That had led to the "Killian Committee", chaired by James Ryan Killian, Jr., president of MIT and head of the army's "Scientific Advisory Panel". A subcommittee chaired by Edwin H. Land of the Polaroid Corporation recommended the development of a new plane that could fly higher than the Soviet anti-aircraft missile ceiling and that a new high definition camera be developed to photograph the U.S.S.R. installations. The "U2 Project" was put together and when organized with all the problems worked out, presented to Eisenhower, who approved it. Eisenhower's strength from his war command was in his demand for an agenda to be prepared before a meeting. If you had done your homework and could tell him what you were going to talk to him about, what decision you were trying to reach and what research supported the decision, any meeting had a better chance of being productive than one without an agenda. It also meant less of his time and the satisfaction of a speedy, and hopefully, well informed decision.

Richard Bissell, of the National Security Agency (NSA), brought the project under CIA control by the CIA paying the full cost of the program - $22 million (essentially making it a "Black Ops" secretely funded program). Before formal approval, the Project was set up as a special group a short distance from the CIA headquarters with cable communications being received direct without distribution through the CIA and without the knowledge of Dulles directly. At its peak, the staff numbered 225. Clarence L. (Kelly) Johnson, president of Lockheed, designed the U2 and it was built and test flown in the unheard of pace of 8 months. Bissell persuaded Eisenhower to allow the project to use the Federal atomic testing grounds in Utah so that the highest security clearances required would be enforced. The project would have its own secret air base, unknown even to the American military. This was the beginning of highly funded technological projects carried out by authorities which superseded the government AND military bureaucracies. A standard 9% profit was included in the construction budgets. It was the beginning of secret testing bases for secret aircraft.

Bissell was a pioneer technocrat with a passion for detachment and a desire to remove emotion and belief from situations. He understood that the more people involved in a project the less secret it could remain. Technology remedied this problem by exchanging thousands of agents for dozens of specialists. Bissell had worked with Truman in the White House, Eisenhower respected his administrative experience and originality and increasingly agreed with Bissell's belief that only by the use of higher grade technologies could the U.S.A. keep up with or ahead of the U.S.S.R. By having the CIA pay the bill, the Congress was not involved, nor would it need to be informed.

It would be expected that after the meeting which Eisenhower had with the spacebeings earlier in the year, Bissell would have been privy to the details. This led to his expression of complete faith in technology with what appeared to others to be an awed assessment of its capabilities. Knowledge of the existence of technology which enabled living forms to become invisible as well as aircraft that were oblivious to attack, appeared able to change form, and could travel at unheard of speeds could raise a person's confidence in the potential for power and control through the use of technology. Reverse engineering crashed UFOs was not as easy as disassembling and reassembling a Meccano set.

Between January 1947 and December 1952, at least 16 crashed or downed UFOs had been recovered, together with 65 spacebeings bodies. Of those, 11 were in New Mexico, 1 in each of Arizona, Nevada and Norway, with 2 from Mexico. Probably no more than 50 people, mostly military or government Executive Office personnel, all sworn to secrecy under penalty of treason, knew of the finds. It was hoped that the U2 would supply sufficient surveillance of the Soviet facilities before the U.S.S.R. developed missiles with a high enough ceiling to shoot it down. What was unknown to the N.S.A. was that the Soviet Union was developing higher range missiles in the hope of shooting down UFOs which it thought were a form of sophisticated U.S.A. spy technology!

Project SIGMA, begun after EBE became ill, had by this time been expanded to include the gathering of intelligence by electronic means including the monitoring of all radio communications, Earth or Space in origin.

1954 - On December 14,
In Campinas, Brazil, samples of ejected metals from a UFO were recovered.
Numerous witnesses observed 3 disks in flight over the city. One of the disks started wobbling wildly and lost altitude. The other objects followed it down and it stabilized at an altitude of 300 feet. Suddenly, the troubled disk emitted a thin stream of silvery liquid. This material was collected after cooling and subsequently analyzed and determined to be tin with other metals present. Authorities found the liquid to be spattered over a wide area, including roofs, streets, sidewalks, even clothes left outside to dry. An second analysis determined the substance to be mostly tin with 10% other components. The significance could be no more than that of looking at the remains in the cigarette tray of a Jaguar automobile and trying to figure out what the car is made of and how it is powered.

1954 - On December 27,
A gyrating UFO was sighted at the Agaunica Cobalt Mine, Lake Tamiskaming, Ontario, Canada.

1954 - By the middle 50s,
According to an official of the "Federation of American Scientists", about 1,000 scientists had encountered security difficulties. The New York Times reported that, in any single year, between 20,000 and 50,000 technicians, engineers and scientists were not working or were marking time pending security clearance. The results, as leading scientists constantly tried to impress on politicians and the public, inevitably made America less, not more, secure from attack. Working directly or indirectly for the government became something that young scientists strove to avoid.

BACK to PEAR
INDEX

Memory Stimulators.
1955 - HIGHLIGHTS:

Movies:

Oklahoma; The Rains of Ranchipur; The Dambusters; East of Eden; Night of the Hunter; Alexander the Great; Love is a Many Splendoured Thing; The Seven Year Itch; Chief Crazy Horse; Rebel Without a Cause; Marty; Bride of the Monster; The Man from Bitter Ridge; Strategic Air Command; Three For The Show; The Man from Laramie; The Long Gray Line; A Man Called Peter; Daddy Long Legs; The Desperate Hours

Songs:
Cherry Pink/Apple Blossom White; Rock Around the Clock; Autumn Leaves; Yellow Rose Of Texas; Love Is A Many Splendored Thing; Moments To Remember; Ain't That A Shame; Hearts of Stone; Let Me Go, Lover; He; I Hear You Knockin'; Unchained Melody; Till; March From the River Kwai; Friendly Persuasion; Live Fast, Love Hard, Die Young; If You Were Me and I Were You; So Doggone Lonesome; A Satisfied Mind; There She Goes; Folsom Prison Blues; I Don't Care.

1955 - By the mid-1950s,
Victor Lebow wrote of the importance of "forced consumption" in an article published in the "New York Journal of Retailing":

"Our enormously productive economy demands that we make consumption a way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfactions in consumption ... We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced, discarded at an ever-growing rate."

This direct affront to a spiritual approach to one's lifestyle would leave the industrialized world drowning in its own pollution and waste within 50 years: half a healthy human lifetime.

1955 - On January 6,
U.S.A. President Eisenhower, in his State of the Union Message states:

"... we must stay alert to the fact that undue reliance on one weapon or preparation for one kind of warfare simply invites an enemy to resort to another. We must, therefore, keep in our armed forces balance and flexibility adequate for our purposes and objectives."

1955 - On January 13,
"The Case For the UFO", by Morris Ketchum Jessup was ready for the publisher, Citadel Press.
It was the first extensive study of the phenomena presented to the public. It was characterized in the preface as:

"a serious attempt to bring order out of chaos, an attempt to pull all of the facets of this controversy into a basic stratum upon which to make an intelligent evaluation of the subject."

One of Jessup's areas of interest was in the motive power of these UFOs, which he believed held significance to many of the unexplained massive constructions which he had seen at Central and South American anthropological sites. A quote from a letter to a correspondent dated December 20, 1954, noted:

"The extension of the (UFO) motive-power theme to include some jolts to religion are rather obvious. ... This space race (species) could be our God . They could have left millennia ago."

A reliable source of motive power, he believed, was the all-important key to man's development; and until mankind could discover (or rediscover) something more reliable than the 'bully-brute' force of rocket power, he would be tied to the Earth like a child to its mother. That 'something' in Jessup's mind, was the utilization of the universal gravitational field as a source of energy.

Jessup would begin to appeal both in print and at lectures to the public for serious research to be undertaken in this area of science, either by the government or by private individuals and corporations. He encouraged his audience to contact their legislators "en masse" with the motivation that:

"If the money, thought, time, and energy now being poured uselessly into the development of rocket propulsion were invested in a basic study of gravity, beginning perhaps with continued research into Dr. Einstein's Unified Field concepts, it is altogether likely that we could have effective and economical space travel, at but a small fraction of the costs we are now incurring, within the next decade."

The attention he began to receive began to concern the USA Intelligence Agencies and he was designated as a target for the disinformation discreditation program. While Jessup built up a good following of interested persons and observers who reported sightings, he also raised concerns from the military-industrial establishment that a loss of air defense and rocket development contracts could see great losses of jobs and profits. The alluded to technology would provide a world monopoly to a minor few companies, because of its extreme advancement, and no competition would be possible or positive. WWII had regenerated the American economy; the Korean War had provided new momentum; the situation in Vietnam suggested new possibilities for continued American prosperity: a supreme technology could stop all of that and force world peace by making military conflicts untenable before such power. Jessup had to be stopped.

He began to receive "contrived" reports intended to make him appear easily duped and an extremist - to both feed the apparent government conspiracy involved and to make such a conspiracy appear to incredible for anyone to believe in.

1955 - During the year,
A CIA MK-Ultra project, a guided-animal experiment fails due to human theoretical simplicity.

"One of the problems with an audio device in the wall or under the mat is that ... you get all the noise and you can't make out the conversations. So they worked on an audio device that had the ability to mask out noise (like the human ear cochlea). Then they got this idea: let's stop trying to make a(n electronic) cochlea - let's use a real cochlea. Cats have cochleas. So they wired up a cat, he could mask everything out. ... They trained him to listen to conversations and not to listen to all the background noises.

A lot of money was spent.
They slit the cat open, put batteries in him, wired him up.
The tail was used as an antenna. They had a monstrosity. They tested him and tested him.
They found he could walk off the job when he got hungry, so they put another wire in to override that. Finally they're ready. They took it out to a park and pointed it at a park bench and said "Listen to those two guys. Don't listen to anything else - not the birds, no cat or dog - just those two guys!" They put him out of the van, and a taxi comes along and runs him over. There they were, sitting in the van with all those dials, and the cat was dead!"

1955 - On February 23,
The AEC commissioners met for meeting 1062, in Washington, D.C.
Scientists from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory briefed the commissioners:

1. When an atomic bomb fireball touched the ground, greater fallout would occur;
2. Weather conditions that met all the safety criteria were only expected to occur one day in 25;
3. Only small-yield devices were recommended for testing in Utah, with the remainder to be scheduled for the Pacific sites.

Many large yield atomic tests were already planned.
Commissioner Libby was "pretty disturbed" by these recommendations:
"I think this will set the weapons program back a lot, if we have to go to the Pacific".

Uncharacteristically, both Las Vegas newspapers reported the concerns as nonsense: the military had brought a lot of prosperity to the state. Commissioner Libby agreed: "That is a sensible view. People have got to learn to live with the facts of life. And part of the facts of life are fallout." The characteristic tone of most of the meetings prevailed: sincere regrets, a sense of urgency, and a feeling that some unlucky American citizens would unfortunately have to bear the brunt of the burden. As Commissioner Murray stated, "We must not let anything interfere with this series of tests - nothing!" The tests proceeded.

1955 - On February 23,
Lord Mountbatten and Frederick Briggs signed a sworn statement that was retained by the Broadlands Archives Record.
It described the landing of an object on Lord Mountbatten's property which was shaped like a child's humming top, between 10 to 30 feet in diameter. Looked like a kitchen saucepan. Had cylindrical column about the size of a man descending from the centre. Had portholes all around the middle, like a steamer boat. I noticed a man standing on the end of the central column. He was dressed in a dark suit of overalls, and wearing a close fitting hat or helmet. As the object powered up, a bright blue light came from one of the portholes (like a mercury-vapour lamp). A force knocked me over. The flying saucer proceeded to rise and retract the central column.

1955 - On March 2,
"Turk", a 43 kiloton atomic device was fired at Yucca Flats, Utah.
It dumped 23.6 microcuries per square meter of radiation on Denver, Colorado; 10.2 fell on Grand Junction.

1955 - On March 7,
K.A. (initials) from Rescue Team 4, Roswell AFB, New Mexico, was given a general discharge from the USAF because he had told his Sergeant about the Top Secret recovery of a UFO.

1955 - During March,
"NSC 5412/1" was set forth as a directive by the U.S.A. National Security Council.
It set up the Planning Coordination Group which consisted of Ad hoc member depending on the subject on the agenda. Nelson Rockefeller, who had been Special Assistant for Psychological Strategy, which was changed to Special Assistant for Cold War Strategy when he was appointed, was also made head of the 5412 Committee. The basic members were Rockefeller, a representative of the Department of Defense, a representative of the Department of State, and the Director of Central Intelligence.

NSC 5412/1 established the rule that covert operations were subject to the approval by an executive committee, whereas in the past these operations were initiated solely on the authority of the Director of Central Intelligence. This directive was created to quell the curiosity of Congress and the press of the Majority Twelve Committee, permanently set up in 1954 to continue investigations into the aliens-from-space situation.

1955 - On March 17,
Richard M. Nixon, U.S.A. Vice President, told the Executive Club of Chicago,

"... Our artillery and our tactical air force in the Pacific are now equipped with atomic explosives which can and will be used on military targets with precision and effectiveness. ... Our forces could not fight an effective war in the Pacific with (conventional) explosives if they wanted to. Tactical atomic explosives are now conventional and will be used against the military targets of any aggressive force."

1955 - On March 27,
70 People at Fort-Lamy Airport, France, witnessed a UFO sighting.

1955 - During the year,
Henry Mayer summed up the USA paranoia concerning scientific research secrecy as follows:

"The number of scientists, engineers and production workers disqualified for security reasons is still unknown, but it is certainly much larger than the 4,000 who have been dismissed from government jobs as 'security risks'. Today, in the Eastern region alone, there are more than 1100 such cases before security boards."

Lewis Strauss, later speaking only of the first 7 years of the AEC would declare that 3,910 scientists were denied clearance, were dismissed or resigned.

1955 -
The USAF had an official project to intercept and photograph UFOs; mentioned once in the Blue Book files and confirmed by a number of pilots which used them. Gun cameras were originally set to automatically film the UFOs at a range of 1300 feet, but the test pilots could never close to that range. Thousands of frames of film were exposed only to be sent to Wright Field. The pilots never saw any of it and with the lack of solid information about what they were chasing, many became combat jumpy and transferred out. Their concerns included dangers of radiation, side effects, disappearances.

1955 - On May 5,
Canadian military servicemen were involved in their first participation in atomic weapons tests.
"Exercise Sapling" was reported in the July, 1955 issue of "Canadian Army Journal".
The No. 1 Radiation Detection Unit of the Royal Canadian Engineers had been formed in 1949 to deal with the problems of radioactive fallout resulting from a thermonuclear blast. Until the passage of the U.S.A "Revised Atomic Energy Act" in August of 1954, participation of non-Americans in "indoctrination trials at the Nevada Test Site of the AEC" were not allowed. Previous training had been supplied at the Joint Atomic Biological and Chemical Defense School. It was acknowledged that fallout presented a "hazard to Personnel ... (which) cannot be detected by the senses."

Officers and NCOs from the Royal Canadian Navy, Air Force and Army made up the unit.
Army bush clothing was chosen for the working dress. Specially equipped vehicles and the troops went by rail to Las Vegas and from there by road to the Camp Desert Rock northwest of the Frenchman Flat site. The Spring series of nuclear tests were in the "Operation Teapot" series. Within this series, U.S. Army participation was included in the Desert Rock exercises, after the U.S. Army Camp adjacent to the proving grounds.

"Exercise Sapling" was appended to the AEC shot codenamed "Apple Two".
It was designed to "permit troops in trenches and armoured vehicles to observe and experience the effects of an atomic explosion at close range." The troops were positioned 3200 yards from Ground Zero. Due to unsatisfactory weather conditions, the shot was delayed from the original schedule of April 22; one evening in the interim there was a thunderstorm with winds reaching 80 mph which flattened the 152 American tents while the Canadian ones all were maintained standing. Following participation of the RDU-1 in "Exercise Desert Rock", they commenced "Exercise Sapling" in which personnel equipped with dosimeters satisfactorily decontaminated personnel and equipment, and monitored, surveyed and mapped the site. It was found, also, that "troops could survive the effects of the blast, heat, and radiation if at the time of the explosion they were in a well constructed trench."

1955 - In May,
A flight of SAC bombers approached San Francisco Bay from the Pacific and were not properly identified.
The prospect of nuclear devastation to the Americans appeared remote because Americans had no experience of modern warfare on their own soil and in their own cities. In this case, the USAF sounded "Warning-Yellow" - which meant that an attack was imminent. Sirens blared throughout Oakland. Only 15% took note. The rest refused to believe, or, were simply unaware, that there was a civil defense emergency.

1955 - On May 8,
Dominic Sondy sighted a gigantic cigar-shaped object over Detroit, Michigan.

1955 - During May,
Operation "ROVER" was begun at the Los Alamos laboratory by the AEC under joint NASA-AEC sponsorship.
It was a nuclear rocket program.
The emissions from nuclear isotopes were used in one approach to provide electricity.
A second approach utilized critical reactor assemblies to deliver power measured in kilowatts, intended to supply auxiliary power after other propulsive power sources had raised the vehicle into space. These two approaches were given the name (SNAP) "Space Nuclear Auxiliary Power". SNAP designs were expected to find applications not only in the powering of space ships already in orbit but also to providing power to underwater or remote terrestrial locations for long periods without human attention. Development and test of chemical booster sections was also included in ROVER.

1955 - In July,
Ngo Dinh Diem, prime minister of (South) Vietnam calls an election.
By October, the results include the formation of the Republic of Vietnam, distinct from the DRV (Democratic Republic of Vietnam). Diem deposes Bao Dai, emperor of Vietnam since 1932, who had earlier named Diem as prime minister. In 1956, Diem will assume dictatorial powers and the Viet Minh will begin an uprising. Diem will encourage U.S.A. assistance by referring to the rebels as "Viet Cong" (Vietnamese Communists). Against the provisions of the Geneva agreement, Diem refuses to talk to the Communists.

1955 - During the year,
The American CIA begin human experiments to control behaviour and sexual activity.
These experiments would not be revealed publicly until August 3, 1977 after a British reporter's enquiry had been made to American legislators. Excerpts from articles released on and after that date included:

"Human 'guinea pigs' have been used by the CIA in experiments to control behaviour ... also considered hiring a magician for another secret programme on mind control ... over 20 years are revealed in documents thought to have been destroyed ... attempt to change sex patterns and other behaviour involved using drugs on schizophrenic as well as normal people. Hallucinatory drugs like LSD were used on students.

... the tests were carried out in "safe houses" in San Francisco and New York where unwitting sexual psychopaths were subjected to experiments and attempts were made to change sexual conduct and other forms of behaviour. At least 185 private scientists and 80 research institutions, including universities, were involved. ... one man had killed himself - by leaping from a hotel window in New York City - after he had 'unknowingly' been used in a 'CIA-sponsored experiment'. ... Operations 'Midnight' and 'Climax' ... experiments ended in 1973 ... documents made available through the Freedom of Information Act ... nearly all heavily censored."

The general procedure was to have individuals decoyed into an apartment in expectation of sexual favours: prostitution. The client would then be plied with cocktails, which unbeknown to him, were laced with a variety of chemicals. Through a two-way mirror in the next room, a CIA agent would note the changes in behaviour which accompanied the drugs: headache, dizziness, drunkenness, forgetfulness, sleep, paranoia, violence, depression, etc. The surrounding was such that if the clients became suspicious of what was going on it was believed they would keep the situation quiet rather than risk revealing that they had gone to see a presumed prostitute. The method, although crude, gave a quick definition of which drugs were effective in producing a particular behaviour under covert administration.

1955 - On July 12,
Todos M. Odarenko reported an observation from Pepperrel AFB, Newfoundland, Canada.
A UFO was sighted by a tanker aircraft pilot - a KC 97, and ground radar. The pilot of the Archie 29 called the directional changes of the UFO unusual in that the radar scope showed the movements identical to the pilot's description. The observation continued for 49 minutes.

1955 - During July,
Nelson Rockefeller is appointed by President Eisenhower along with a study group, to meet for several weeks at Quantico, Virginia and formulate some bold proposal which the President could present at the August Geneva Conference to discuss the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The "Open Skies" proposal is the result.

"Open Skies" would allow the United States and the Soviet Union to make regular flights over each other's territory and was rationalized as encouraging stability by precluding fears of a surprise attack. The world, in general thought it was an excellent idea; the Russians, in particular thought it impossible.

Unknown to the public and the Americans, the USSR had an active space program at this stage with a capability of placing an H-bomb in orbit. Unknown to the public and the USSR, the Americans had a secret reconnaissance plane just about ready to send over the USSR. Development of smaller versions of thermonuclear weapons was active in both countries; the ability to recognize what size or form of aircraft could not carry a future developed nuclear weapon was not available. Did the American really expect that the Soviet Union would consider such a proposal, or, were they simply trying to win media points in the Cold War?

1955 - On August 6,
The U.S.A. first flight of the U2 prototype was made.
It was built at he Lockheed "Skunk Works" near Burbank, California.
Government cost and support of the project was completely hidden within the intelligence community.
It was developed to obtain information about the U.S.S.R. nuclear project, space program and missile progress. Technology used was significantly advanced: new fuel; all-metal airframe; a light, extremely flexible wing with gliderlike qualities; specially designed Pratt & Whitney turbojet engines; a special high resolution wide-angle lens camera capable of taking 4000 frames over 8 hours.

Designed to fly at an altitude over 70,000 feet (The official world altitude record for flying was 65,889 feet at the time.), it initially had a flame out problem. The pilots were all civilians who were strapped in for 10 hours with no bathroom facilities in a small cockpit, after undergoing oxygen prepressurization before the flight. Its speed was 500 mph and its range began at 2200 miles and increased to 3000 miles; the thinness of the air at 70,000 feet left a small margin (8 mph) over stall speed for a plane with a wingspan of 80 feet and a fuselage length of over 49 feet. A total of 22 airplanes were eventually built; probably no more than 20 flights were made over the U.S.S.R. between 1956 and 1960.

Nothing was reverse engineered from the captured UFOs at his point: no one had even figured out how to cut the metal let alone define the composition. Frustration was present in the executive offices. It was comparable to an aboriginal hunter-gatherer finding a state-of-the-art 1995 portable computer and trying to find out how to cook it for supper or how to use it to capture or kill a quarry. He knows it is something which has been made and that it is powerful for those who made it, but how to understand and make use of it appears to be an impossible task.

1955 - During the year,
The first major conference on the environment was held.
It focused on the way in which human populations changed the environment.
Paper were published in 1956 with the title of "Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth".

1955 - During September,
Implantation of humans by the GRAYS begins with intent.
Beginning in 1946, the GRAYS had experimented with the implantation of humans aged 5 to 10 years of age. Having proven its worth, they now undertake implantation on a massive scale of 27 subjects per month.

All incidents occurred at night.
The subjects were approached by a group of GRAYS from one of their small transportation craft, stunned, placed in a state of hypnosis immediately, admonished to be calm and told that they would not be hurt. They were "floated" aboard the craft and subjected to a series of laboratory tests on a table, much as humans would conduct biological tests on rats and other animals throughout the 1960s to 1990s. Much of the experience was blocked from the memory of the victim by their early stage of maturity and intellectual awareness, by the brightness of the surroundings - which tended to blind them, by the normal neurological defenses of humans used to safeguard the individual from conscious awareness of traumatic experiences, and by hypnotic suggestions instructing them to remember the experience, or parts of it, as if it were another activity with which they were familiar and not afraid of. Frequently a post-hypnotic suggestion was given to the victim such as:

"Feel your body. Feel it. You're going to die if you remember any more. Feel your head, it's going to burst, your chest is going to cave in and you're going to die if you remember any more."

If the victim were triggered off by something to begin remembering details of the incident, then symptoms like a headache, a feeling of cold body temperature, a palpitating heart - could be accompanied by a recognized warning like that mentioned above, or simply by the feelings one would expect to accompany such a warning: fear verging on panic; a desire to withdraw from human contact and conversation; tiredness and nausea. A small number of individuals, who seem to have been more open to strange experiences, self-assured and spiritually calm - appear to have been more able than others to recall details of such experiences more easily than the majority.

Recalled are almost identical descriptions of experiences shared by individuals separated by time and distance and having no awareness of each other's existence. The GRAYS do not mind read, as we understand the term: they have quickly picked up a fine sense of non-verbal communication. 80% of effective human communication has been said by some researchers to be non-verbal. By careful body-reading, GRAYS detect emotional changes and concerns and attempt to moderate such with their own expressions of assurance. They do not talk to communicate. Rather, they have used a technology much like an electronic phrase book where the user pushes a set of buttons to hear a foreign phrase repeated with perfect intonation and diction stating what you want to communicate.

Part of the examination process, from this date, would often involve the implantation of a small round sensor into the brain through the upper nasal cavity, through the temple area, through the ear, or through a position behind the ear. Implantation through the nasal cavity involved pushing through the upper nasal tissues, leaving a small hole, and sometimes a substantial nosebleed after the victim was returned to their bed or other location and allowed to awaken. These tiny "balls" were inserted or withdrawn on the end of a long thin round pencil-like object or wand. In other than the nasal area, odd small red bumps or skin disruptions looking as if a large pin might have been inserted are present after the experience for a time accompanied by a healing itch and/or intense pain or a deep dull pain. The sensors are used for tracking purposes for the GRAYS, even as humans will themselves do so in later years with birds, bears, and other animals - to suggest what a "normal" lifestyle is for the species.

Two other uses developed from the presence of the sensors: the individual could be located easily wherever they travelled and reabducted at a later time for an update inspection; other humans who tend to associate with the initial subject and are found in proximity to the subject on later occasions may themselves be targeted for investigation and possible implantation. In agreements between human representatives and the other participants of the Tri-Galaxy Government , formed in April of 1953, BLONDS and GRAYS agreed not to intentionally kill or dismember humans as part of their biological research on the human species. In return, the representative humans (from the U.S.A., U.S.S.R., and Britain) agreed to return any GRAYS found at the site of any future UFO crashes. While the implantation subjects always felt terrible pain from the insertions, the "researchers" attempted to calm the patient and reduce the terror and the pain involved by soothing words projected by the phrasing devices.

1955 - During September,
The Bilderburg Committee administrative offices are set up in Geneva, Switzerland.
The informal annual conferences of global decisionmakers would be targeted towards the eventual creation of a world government with the expectation that such would be a federation of 6 or 8 continent-sized political - military entities. Desire for material sufficiency for all was believed to be an adequate motivational factor to promote international economic and military harmony.

1955 - During September,
Richard Price, an 8-year-old American, while near a cemetery in Troy, New York state, encounters several humanoids. He remembers being taken aboard a spacecraft, being placed on a medical examination table and having an implant injected beneath his penis skin. A special machine had been used to scan his body while he was laying on the table and it was after that the special machine was brought forward which looked like a needle attached to a box by a cable. As the needle was inserted into his skin an apparent greatly enlarged view of the microphysiology of the area was displayed on a screen and the operator appeared to use the instrument to attach the implant into the flesh by means of leads. He was told to "Leave it alone, or you'll die." Richard was confused after the experience and afraid to tell his parents or others until 1964.

1955 - During the year,
The crew of a Gulf Oil tanker travelling in the Gulf of Mexico, reported that a huge, circular, double convex object trailing smoke dived into the water only a few hundred yards from the vessel during full daylight hours.

1955 - On October 9,
General Douglas MacArthur stated:

"The nations of the world will have to unite - for the next war will be an interplanetary war. The nations of the Earth must someday make a common front against attack by Hostile Aliens: people from other planets."

It is noteworthy that in MacArthur's reductionist military rationality all spacepersons are considered to be hostile.

1955 - During October,
Morris K. Jessup, who had written "The Case For the UFO" earlier in the year, received the second of 3 letters from a writer who identified himself as "Carl Allen" or "Carlos Allende". The third letter would arrive in January, 1956. The writer declared that he knew all kinds of mysterious secrets about levitation and other matters. These other matters included a "Philadelphia Experiment" which purportedly happened in 1943. The two letters were written in different colour of pen and pencil and contained erratic spellings. The details of the "Experiment" were described in the 1943 period in which they occurred. What follows are Allen/Allende's reflections and advice regarding the experiment:

"Your invocation to the Public that they move en Masse upon their Representatives and have thusly enough Pressure placed at the right & sufficient Number of Places where from a Law demanding Research into Dr. Albert Einsteins Unified Field Theory May be enacted (1925-27) i is Not at all necessary. It May Intereset you to know that The Good Doctor Was Not so Much influenced in his retraction of that Work, by Mathematics, as he most assuredly was by Humantics.

His Later computations, done strictly for his own edification & amusement, upon cycles of Human Civilization & Progress compared to the Growth of Mans General overall Character Was enough to Horrify Him. Thus, We are ' told ' today that that Theory was 'Incomplete.'

Dr. B. Russell asserts privately that It is complete.
He also says that Man is Not Ready for it & Shan't be until after W.W. III. Nevertheless, 'Results' of Mr friend Dr. Franklin Reno, Were used . These Were a complete Recheck of That Theory, With a View to any & Every Possible quick use of it, if feasable in a Very short time. There Were good Results, as far as a Group Math Re-Check AND as far as a good Physical 'Result', to Boot. YET, THE NAVT FEARS TO USE THE RESULT. The Result was and stands today as Proof that The Unified Field Theory to a certain extent is correct. Beyond that certain extent No Person in his right senses, or having any senses at all, Will evermore dare to go. I am sorry that I Mislead You in My Previous Missive. True enough, such a form of Levitation has been accomplished as described. It is also a Very commonly observed reaction of certain Metals to Certain Fields surrounding a current, This field being used for that purpose. Had Farraday concerned himself about the Mag. field surrounding an Electric Current, We today Would NOT exist or if We did exist, our present Geo-political situation would not have the very time-bombish, ticking off towards Destruction, atmosphere that Now exists. Alright, Alright! The 'result' was complete invisibility of a ship, Destroyer type, and all of its crew, While at Sea. (Oct. 1943) ...

A Highly complicated Piece of Equipment Had to be constructed in order to Unfreeze those who became 'True Froze' or 'Deep Freeze' subjects. Usually a 'Deep Freeze' Man goes Mad, Stark Raving, Gibbering, Running MAD , if His 'freeze' is far More than a Day in our time.

'I speak of TIME for DEEP 'Frozen Men' are Not aware of Time as We know it.
They are Like Semi-comatose person, who Live, breathe, Look & feel but still are unaware of So Utterly Many things as to constitute a 'Nether World' to them. A Man in an ordinary common Freeze is aware of Time, Sometimes acutely so. Yet They are Never aware of Time precisely as you or I are aware of it. The First 'Deep Freeze' As I said took 6 months to Rectify. It also took over 5 Million Dollars (1943 USA $s ?) worth of Electronic equipment & Special Ship Berth. If around or Near the Philadelphia Navy Yard you see a group of Sailors in the act of Putting their Hands upon a fellow or upon 'thin air', observe the Digits & appendages of the Stricken Man. If they seem to Waver, as tho within a Heat-Mirage, go quickly & Put YOUR Hands upon Him, For that Man is The Very Most Desperate of Men in The World. Not one of those Men ever want at all to become again invisible . I do Not think that Much Nore Need be said as to Why Man is Not Ready for Force-Field Work. Eh?

You Will Hear phrases from these Men such as 'Caught in the Flow (or the Push) or 'Stuck in the Green' or 'Stuck in Molasses' or 'I was 'going' FAST', These Refer to Some of the Decade-Later after effects of Force-Field Work. 'Caught in the Flow' Describes exactly the 'Stuck in <olasses' sensation of a Man going into a 'Deep Freeze' or 'Plain Freeze' either of the two. 'Caught in the Push' can either refer to That Which a Man feels Briefly WHEN he is either about to inadvertantly 'Go-Blank' IE Become Invisible' or about to 'Get Stuck' in a 'Deep Freeze' or 'Plane Freeze.'

There are only a few of the original Experimental D-E's Crew Left by Now, Sir Most went insane, one just walked 'throo' His quarters Wall in sight of his Wife & Child & 2 other Members (WAS NEVER SEEN AGAIN), two 'Went into 'The Flame,'I.E. They 'Froze' & caught fire, while carrying common Small-Boat Compasses, one Man carried the compass & Caught fire, the other came for the 'Laying on of Hands' as he was nearest but he too, took fire. THEY BURNED FOR 18 DAYS. The faith in 'Hand Laying' Died When this Happened & Mens Minds Went by the scores. The experiment Was a Complete Success. The Men Were Complete Failures.

Check Philadelphia Papers for a tiny one Paragraph (upper Half of sheet, inside the paper Near the rear 3rd of Paper, 1944-46 in Spring or Fall or Winter, NOT Summer.) of an Item describing the Sailors Actions after their initial Voayage. They Raided a Local to the Navy Yard 'Gin Mill' or 'Beer Joint' & caused such Shock & Paralysis of the Waitresses that Little comprehensible could be gotten from them, save that Paragraph & the Writer of it, Does Not Believe it, & Says 'I only wrote what I heard & them Dames is Daffy. So, all I get is a 'Hide-it' Bedtime Story.'

Check observer ships crew, Matson Lines Liberty ship out of Norfolk, (Company MAY Have Ships Log for the Voyage or Coast Guard have it) The S.S. Andrew Furuseth, Chief Mate Mowsely, (Will secure Captains Name Later) (Ships Log Has Crew List on it.) one crew member Richard Price or 'Splicey' Price May Remember other Names of Deck Crew Men, (Coast Guard has record of Sailors issued 'Papers') Mr. Price Was 18 or 19 then, Oct. 1943, and Lives or Lived at that time in His old Family Home in Roanoake, VA, a small town with a Small phone book. These Men Were Witnesses, The Men of this crew, 'Connally of New England, (Boston?), May have witnessed but I doubt it. (Spelling May be incorrect) DID Witness this, I ask you to Do this bit of Research simply that you May Choke on your own Tongue when you Remember what you have 'appealed be Made Law'

Very Disrespectfully Yours,

Carl M. Allen

P.S. Will Help More if you see Where I can (Z416175)

In 1969, Allen/Allende admitted to Jim and Carol Lorenzen, a Tucson, Arizona couple who had founded and were directors of the "Aerial Phenomena Research Organization" (APRO) that the letters he had written were "false .. the craziest pack of lies I ever wrote." He later changed his mind, the Lorenzens's had given him little attention or thanks, and said that his confession - had been a crazy pack of lies.

In 1980, the parents of Carlos Miguel Allende, born in Springdale, Pennsylvania, on May 31, 1925, confided to writer Robert Goerman, that their son had spent much of his life wandering the United States, dwelled permanently in a world of fantasy, bragged that he had a fantastic mind. It is common throughout recorded human history for the human characteristics of initiative, high self-esteem, high intellectual ability, imagination - to be held by persons socially ostracised until the society awards them dignity based upon their perceived benefit to the beliefs and direction of that society.

The rejection, coercion, and penalty often afforded by the status quo majority often encourages human defenses of paranoia, social withdrawal, chronic anxiety, impatience, pride, loss of self esteem, depression, and acting out. The crazy person of one era may later be recognized as a genius; aspects of the person's work may be recognized as genius while other parts are hidden; the works of many such persons are simply lost, or, destroyed - by others through anumosity or good intentions, and, by themselves through frustration and anger. Only the truth and an awareness of the fundamentals of human history are adequate to determine if such persons were reactionaries, rebels, or simply confused intellectual dreamers.

1955 - By November,
Radio emissions from Jupiter are discovered, suggesting the presence of a magnetic field which is 4,000 times greater than the Earth's. The radio emission is believed to be produced by the spiralling of electrons around the field lines of the planet.

1955 - By November,
"Terminal Experiments", as part of the "Artichoke Program" were being willingly conducted by Dr. Maitland Baldwin, brain surgeon at the National Institutes of Health, as part of sensory deprivation investigations for Morse Allen of the CIA.

1955 - On November 21,
USA President Dwight Eisenhower at a meeting of the National Security Council (NSC), stated his frustration with the American policy of not sharing nuclear weapons technology with strategic and military allies:

"For God's sake, let us not be stingy with an ally ....
In point of fact, instead of being generous, we treat many of our NATO allies like stepchildren.
By such actions we cut our own throat. Our policy was in great contrast to the generosity which the British had shown in sharing with us their discoveries about radar at the beginning of the Second World War."

As a General, Eisenhower was too short-sighted to see the possibility that old allies sometimes become new enemies just as old enemies sometimes become new friends. As one who was more interested in whether an activity could be done successfully or not rather than in how it was done or what the ramifications of such would be, he also was not perceptive of the limitations of the new high-tech armaments nor of the likelihood for misuse if placed in the hands of many. Accidents ALWAYS happen when technology is relied upon; the more that technology is relied upon and the more people who are using it, the more likely it is that an accident will happen. An "accident" with nuclear technology could result in the incineration of hundreds of thousands of persons - most of whom would assuredly be civilians.

1955 - On November 23,
The U.S.S.R. exploded its second thermonuclear bomb high above the ground after it was dropped from an aircraft.
The calculated yield was in the 15 megaton range.

1955 - During November and March,
"The Special Group" was set up under orders "NSC 5412/1" and "NSC 5412/2" under the direction of U.S.A. President Dwight Eisenhower. Control procedures for covert action and clandestine activities had become necessary as such operations had grown from 1948. A group of "designated representatives" made up of nominees of the President and the secretaries of defense and state, to review such projects. Particularly in the cases of Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford, the projects were represented by the assistant to the President covering national security affairs, a position held successively by McGeorge Bundy, Walt Rostow, and Henry Kissinger.

Under Eisenhower and Kennedy, it was called the "5412 Committee" or "the Special Group".
Under Johnson, it became the "303 Committee", after the room in the White House Annex where it met. Under Nixon it was called the "40 Committee", following the number of the new directives by which it met. The National Security Council (NSC) approved projects referred to it by this committee. In 1960, a subcommittee of this group would advise on "Executive Action" assassination planning.

The Special Group was set up from the beginning to legally protect the President from responsibility for covert actions undertaken by the CIA. Both the NSA and CIA agents and their programs might be initiated on the basis of the recommendation of the 5412 Committee on the assumption that it was their understanding that the President wanted or approved of an action or project being undertaken. Of course, in a court of law, an "understanding" does not mandate a clear "yes". Throughout WWII, General Eisenhower would have authorized assassinations, even as other generals do in war. Eisenhower, General or President, was a person who solved problems by considering the alternatives presented to him (often by military staff) and then ordering action.

This system became a shadowy one in which the director of the C.I.A. could usually secure the necessary sanctions for projects without anyone else, except the president or his designated representative, being too sure about what was involved.

Military training, in most states, does not teach diplomacy and negotiation ... you don't go into battle to sit down at the table with the enemy you have been ordered to kill, or at least defeat, and have tea while negotiating how you can best honour each other's freedoms and possessions: you go knowing that you must destroy him, or he will destroy you. Iniquities are the teachings which lead to war and triumph in war. The American Presidential system became modified to the point where a few selected persons could make private decisions about foreign policy for their country.

1955 - By the end of November,
Psywar Experiments including the administration of psychoactive drugs to volunteers at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, by the U.S. Army were well underway. During the next 20 years at least 7000 soldiers would be used as human guinea pigs to determine the war potential of a number of drugs. Human subjects were used on the justification that animal studies could not be generalized to humans. Animals other than humans appeared to be less sensitive to the drugs; communication with and feedback from the other animals as to perceptions and feelings were obviously not available. Both debilitating and enhancing effects were sought. Due to the medical theory of the era, the possibility of long-term, delayed action, permanence of influence, and catalytic potentials of the drugs were neither tested for nor presumed. Consequently, no follow-ups were carried out and those survivors who later complained of symptoms were either ignored, ridiculed, or ostracised by the military officers responsible.

Between 1955 and 1967, 740 soldiers and 900 civilians would be administered concentrations of the drug LSD which were 3 to 100 times the normal dose consumed by casual users. Colonel James Ketchum was one of the Army physicians involved and noted that the test environments were carefully constructed with the awareness that side effects of the drug use could include psychotic, violent actions. Common symptoms included depression, sluggishness, difficulty in obeying orders, uncontrollable laughter, severe disturbance if separated from the group, and visual anomalies.

Between 1955 and 1975, thousands of humans were tested with the drugs PCP (Angel Dust) and BZ.
The latter could result in a stupor which lasted for 3 days and left losses of memory. PCP often influenced the participant to believe that they possessed abnormal strength and stamina while finding it difficult to maintain a focus of attention on objectives and the remembering of goals and instructions. Volunteers, and non-volunteers were never told, either before or after the experiments, as to what the side effects could be or what the dangers were. Researchers intellectualized that for accurate testing uninfluenced by the factors of anticipation and expectation, ignorance was necessary. The fact that the influence of the drugs was known at an early stage to be potentially devastating to psychological health and even fatal did not appear to bother the scientists through a psychological process which came to be known in the mid-1950's as cognitive dissonance.

Humans in the situation of cognitive dissonance suspend their own personal moral beliefs and intellectual reasoning to favour that exhibited by mentors, superiors or employers. Both or either from a conditioned (taught) reverence for human authority and a fear of rejection or dismissal, the human involved assumes that the "authority", by the grace of social recognition and authority, knows the difference between what can be done and what should not be done. University subjects were tested and found consistently to follow the directions of a test administrator in the application of electrical shock, apparent but made to appear real, to other subjects - to the extent that the magnitude of the shock was believed to be capable of severely injuring the targeted subject and could even be fatal.

The same human deference to authority is the basis of the training of most human administrators of political military torture enacted against supposed and real social dissidents and terrorists. It was found that by not telling the laboratory assistant as to what they were injecting or gassing their subjects with, they could be directed, like robots, to inject substances which could prove fatal - without care of concern. Again, it was intellectualized that if the experimenter did not know what the injected substance was, he or she could not influence the subject's responses. On occasion, comments by perceptive and intuitively skilled subjects were disclaimed by the administrators as prior intellectual interest and defensiveness towards the test or drugs involved. In a typically authoritarian manner, this made the subject responsible for any negative test results which suggested immorality on the part of the administrators.

Some of the reactions, as revealed by the records and by the testimony of subjects, AFTER the 30 year secrecy limitation involved, included the following. One subject complained repeatedly during the test that he felt incapacitated and could not distinguish colours. Many complained of being left with a terrific headache following the administration of the drug - which left them feeling frantic to get rid of it, and, for others, felt like their head was being squeezed in a vice. A relatively common feeling, induced by at least one of the drugs, was a twisted perception which made small items like spiders and flies appear huge in proportion. This produced feelings of fear, helplessness, and terror in the subject. In some situations, the subject lost definition of the object held near them and projected paranoid images onto the object. At least one subject believed that a gas mask being held in front of his face was the severed head of his commanding officer. Giant spiders were seen which appeared to be 2 or 3 feet in diameter. Another person believed that he saw boils forming all over his skin and became unusually fearful. Others reported feeling a consuming desire to kill anyone in the vicinity and carried out as much violent behaviour as was possible within the environment. Some persons experienced difficulty in rationalization, confusion, loss of memory, an inability to control their mental functions or their perception of time, a regression to visions of past experiences. Afterwards, as the influence of the drug diminished, a great fear of death could change to a feeling of being reborn and one's memory would slowly return. In all cases, the participants were ordered not to tell anyone else about any of the procedures or their responses. 3500 persons are known to have been so tested.

While 200 participants were re-examined after their experiments, once, non of the remainder were given any followup, cautions, or assistance for residual effects. Within the small group re-examined, 24% reported long-term psychological effects - during an era in which the participants were fearful that reporting such symptoms could lead to a medical discharge from the armed forces - and, permanent unemployment. Interim studies now suggest that the rates could have been as high as 100%. Long-term symptoms included terrifying flashbacks, dissociative activities, acute and chronic feelings of despair and depression, epilepsy, diabetes, nervous breakdown, and near catatonia for several years. Such changes further resulted in fears that the person was going crazy, an inability to maintain a job (because the person's mind now seemed incapable of concentration), fear of dismissal, financial hardship, disruptions of relationships (partly because they felt compelled not to reveal the likely cause of the changes to their spouse and friends), intense frustration and mood changes. Many spouses did not know of their husband's involvement in the psywar drug testing for 7 to 20 years; some never knew.

It was not unusual for such persons to have been experienced by spouses, relatives and friends as having had a "personality change" from a gentle, kind and compassionate person - to an aggressive, abusive, "hair-trigger" tempered person. Violent episodes could erupt over issues later acknowledged as "little". Emotional dis-orientation during the experiments and imposed emotional denial afterwards contributed to a deadening of all emotional expression save that of defensive emotions: fear, anger, violence, withdrawal, depression, distrust. These experiences, though never recognized as such by the intellectualizing scientists, bore a common parallel to the "battle fatigue" illnesses which would later be referred to as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Both were derived from unexpected and unprepared for experiences which produced intense negative shocks to the individual's brain which resulted in intense confusion and disorientation. In return, these influences produced recurrent flashbacks of the experience(s) - which further terrorized and confused the individual. For those most influenced, the capacity to feel love, happiness, contentment, patience, compassion, forgiveness, ... were gone. It was as if their mind was stuck obsessing on the traumatic event until it could be resolved. For periods longer than 20 years, the Department of Defense would not admit to any of the participants what drug had been used on them so that they could independently seek help. The few who remained and became known in later years complained that they had been killed by their own Army - that they no longer had a heart - that their mind was alienated from their body, and that they wanted to be again what they were originally. Since the government and the scientists who originated the problems took no responsibility for them, no constructive followup or research was ever authorized or performed.

By mid-1995, no apology had been made to any of the participants for the government's denial of them; no thank you was ever given for their sacrifice in the name of "duty to their country." Instead, government representatives intellectualized that they believed that perhaps only 1% of the participants had severe symptoms - so it justified not cautioning the rest of the possibilities. Of course, all government declare themselves immune from charges arising from employees; soldiers and volunteers are employees; no one counts the ignorant. The worst tragedy of all was that, for some of these victims there was a cure: energy balancing. It would not be recognized in North America until the 1970's and the medical establishment and government authorities would still not have authorized its use by the mid-1990's. It was more important to maintain one's position of authority and power "over the little people"; to maintain one's professional territory of authority; to build more devastating weapons of destruction and increase the fouling of the environment. Could any approach to decision-making be less spiritual and more disrespectful? Here was an industry devoted to breaking the human spirit, manipulating the individual into becoming a fighting robot, and abusing the social relationships which form the basis of orderly human society: constructive caring friendships and intimacies.

1955 - During the year,
Brig-General Dale O. Smith, USAF, wrote the following in an article for the "American Ordinance Association".

"In spite of the enlightenment of our age ... we live in an era of abysmal military ignorance. ... Ignorance of any subject does not lead to an understanding and control of it. ... Since war is such a major factor in our moral and political life, it is inconceivable how we can advance our knowledge unless we study war with all the fervour and intensity we can muster. ... If war is looked upon as a social disease that needs understanding before it can be controlled, just as human disease is regarded as a physiological phenomenon, then perhaps we could study war without the emotional overtones that tend to mask real learning. ... Today we spent up to 70% of our national budget on things military. This is proof positive that the threat of war is our major national concern. The 35 billions of dollars budgeted in the 1956 programme is a sum almost too great to comprehend. ... Over $2 billion is directly allotted to upwards of 8000 research and development contract each year. ... But is this knowledge assimilated by the minds of the American public? ... Only a handful of engineers and scientists working on particular defence contracts truly profit from what is learned, and no system encourages them to pass it on.

... Principles of management have taken over in the armed forces, and available firepower has tacitly become a symbol of success comparable to monetary profit in industry. ... Business seems to be taking on professional standards, .... At the same time the military is adopting older business standards, including all that goes with a 40-hour-week outlook on one's job - acceptance of limited tasks with no thought to ultimate objectives or strategies other than as related to a false monetary criterion and little encouragement for improving professional literature.

Smith identifies in this article the crucial weakness of political cultures:
an inability to recognize that for peace you must cope with reality; the real world requires complex communication skills (language, understanding, self-assertiveness, negotiation, sympathy, acknowledgement, empathy, forgiveness, patience, trust, leadership, self-esteem, motivation and faith) to cope constructively with groups of people who individually and in groups have differences in experience, expectation, attitude, assumptions, education and belief. The basis for education in EVERY politicized culture has been the recognition and acceptance of authority; debasement of self in return for the acceptance, protection and privileges received from a parent, a company, a state, a religion, a supervisor.

Communication has consistently been sacrificed for POWER and predictability.
The authority of God comes last or when we have totally failed, and so lies the depth to which we have buried the courage of the spirit within us. The iniquities (anger, envy, gluttony, greed, lust, pride, vengeance, fear, sloth) which link the progression of events throughout this study to their predicted conclusion are in focus here. Smith's admonition to learn from the past so as not to repeat the past in the future is always available but never taken on a national basis prior to 2000 A.D.

1955 - Towards the end of the year,
"Project 617" is completed by the Soviet Union.
It involves the development of a submarine propelled by the Walter hydrogen-peroxide system, has a streamlined hull, a small sail structure, and a vertical rudder. It will be first sighted by Western observers about late 1956 and will be given the name, the "Whale". In the West there was speculation that this was a nuclear-propelled submarine.